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Chapter 14Evolution: A History and a Process

14.1 Darwin developed a theory of evolution

Evolution:

Adaptation:

In __________, a young man at _________ years old volunteered set to set on a voyage to

visit different countries. The ship was meant to charter the _________________

___________________ coastline for the British navy. This man did not want to

_______________ or be in the navy. He wanted to _______________________ _________________.

This man was named ______________________ ______________________.

There were two theories about life before Darwin.

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2.

In the _________________, French naturalists ___________________ ____________________ came up

with the idea that Earth is much older than a few _____________________ years. In the

______________________, __________________ _______________________ ___________________ proposed

that life evolves. He thought that by using certain _______________ _______________,

organisms develop certain characteristics, and these characteristics would be

___________________ to offspring.

Darwin’s voyage

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Darwin’s Observations

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Depending on the ______________________, Darwin noticed variations in __________________

and ________________________.

Some tortoises had _____________ necks (eat tall shrubs), while other had _______________

necks (to eat food off the ground). Some finches had long ________________ (eat bugs),

while others had ___________ beaks (eat nuts).

Geologist _____________________ ____________________ proposed that geological processes

such as __________________ could explain the physical features of todays Earth. Darwin

learned that the slow process of mountains suggested that the Earth is very

_______________. These ________________ and _________________ changes occurred over long

periods of time.

In ____________________ after doing further research and support from other scientists,

Darwin wrote a __________________ page essay that outlined his ideas, but did

_____________ release it to the public. After gathering more research in

__________________ he released his book ______________ ___________________ _______

________________.

Why did Darwin wait so long to release his book?

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Darwin’s two main points

1. Believed that organisms today descended from ancestral species.

Descent with modification:

Example. The jackrabbit with dark fur blends in to the desert, while the jackrabbit with light fur blends in to the snow.

2. Natural selection:

14.2 Evolution has left much evidence

What are some evidence for evolution?

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Fossils:

Fossil record:

Extinct:

Paleontologists found fossils from _________________ billion years ago.

Geographic distribution:

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Similarities in structure

Homologous structures:

Analogous structures:

Vestigial structures:

Similarities in development:

Molecular Biology:

14.3 Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism for evolution

Population:

Suppose we take a single species and colonize them on different islands. What will happen over time?

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The ideas of natural selectionAll species tend to produce excessive numbers of offspring, called ______________________________.

As we produced more offspring, _____________________ become limited.

The leads to a ________________________________ ________ _____________________.

The best adapted organisms will survive and reproduce. This is called _________________________ ____________ __________ ____________________.

What makes organisms different is called __________________.

Variation:

Artificial selection:

Ex. Natural Selection in Action

What do you spray on your grass to kill insects?*

With the first spray of pesticide on your yard you can kill 99% of the insects.

If you use the same pesticide are you going to kill the same amount the next time you spray?

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Why?

14.4 Microevolution is a change in a population’s gene pool

Gene pool:

Microevolution:

Frequency of alleles:

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:

Applying the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium allows use to

see if the _________________ in a population are __________________.

Genetic drift:

All populations are subject to genetic drift. The ___________________ the population is,

the more impact of genetic drift has on the population.

When you flip a coin 10 times, how many heads would you expect?

If you flipped a coin 10 times and heads came up 7 times, would that be reasonable?

What if you flipped a coin 1000 times and heads came up 700 times? Would that be

reasonable?

As ________________ __________________increase, the likely percentage should level out.

Within a small population you are more likely to see __________________ ______________.

Bottleneck effect:

Founder effect:

Gene flow:

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Gene flow example flowers.

Suppose only ________________ flowers live in a field. Wind takes the pollen of the white

flowers and lands on a population of _______________ flowers. Now the genes of each

flower are being _____________________.

Mutation:

Albinism can happen in many species.

When can albinism be helpful in an environment?

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What would happen to the population of the albino organism?

Genetic drift, gene flow, and mutations can cause microevolution or change in

________________ _________________________ but it is by ________________ that these changes

would be __________________________.

Fitness:

If you are the biggest, strongest animal in your specie, are you always going to be fit?

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A return to the Galapagos

What is happening with this picture regarding finches beak length and passing of

time?

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14.5 Evolutionary biology is important in health science

In some African populations, sickle cell disease affects ____________ out of ___________

individuals. Sickle cell is a disease of the __________________ shape of blood cells which

weakens the body, causes pain, and damage to organs. Caused by a

_____________________ allele, so if your genotype is _______________ you have sickle cell, if

your genotype is ________________ you do not have sickle cell, buy you are a carrier.

If you are a carrier _____________, you are immune to ________________. Areas in Africa

here malaria is common, the benefits outweigh the risks of having sickle cell allele in

a population.

In some places ____________ of the population is homozygous for sickle cell, however

_____________ of the population is heterozygous and protected from malaria.

Evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria

What does the word antibiotic mean?

Anti- bio- antibiotic=

Antibiotic:

When you take an antibiotic, some bacteria stays alive and becomes

___________________. Those bacteria will ______________________ and now resistant to the

original ______________________.

Example ____________________.

Doctors now do not want to prescribe ____________________ because bacteria is

becoming _____________________.