14 Summer Training Course

for Slope Land Disaster

Reduction

Olgert Jaupaj, Albania

Brajesh Jaiswal, India

In natural systems, landslides are recognized as one of the most significant “natural

hazards” in many areas throughout the world (Crozier and Glade, 2005). Landslide is a

general term used to describe the mass movement of soil and rock downslope under

gravitational influence.

Landslides annually destroy or damage industrial or residential developments,

forest and agricultural lands. They are often cause deaths, missing people,

injuries and homelessness. They affect settlements, roads and other

infrastructures, constituting a major problem worldwide.

In 2006 Philippines (Leyte) rockslides and debris avalanche triggered by

heavy rainfall killed 1100 people, 375 homes and a school were destroyed.

In 2008 China(Sichuan) an earthquake ( 8 magnitude) have been recorded a

total of 15.000 landslides, inducing 20.000 deaths

In 2008 in Egypt (East Cairo) a destabilization due to man-made

construction, a rockslide buried part of village destroying 150 houses, 107

deaths and 400 people missing.

In 2009 Xiolin landslide and debris flow triggered by typhoon Morakot killed

more the 400 people

In 2010 Uganda(Bududa) debris flows triggered by heavy rainfall killed

more than 400 people, and 200.000 displaced

In 2011 Brazil (Nova Friburgo RJ) with more than 1'000 landslides in a

radius of 50 km, killed more than 1'000 people, dozens of injured and at least

20'0000 persons homeless and destroyed

Examples of large landslides around the world

Some examples of large landslides that have occurred in

Albania in recent years

In 1977 Moglice (Korce) a huge landslide triggered by heavy rainfall destroyed more than 50 house

In 2008 Gjirokaster a destabilization due to man-made construction, a landslides killed 3 people, a building were destroyed

In 2009 Synei (Kavaje) landslides triggered by heavy rainfall , 8 houses ,roads and other infrastructures were destroyed were destroyed butfortunately no death

In 2013 in Ngarcia (Gjirokaster) triggered by heavy rainfall, 11 houses, roads and other infrastucture were destroid but fortunately no death

Number of great natural catostrophes & associated

economic losses worldwide 1950-2010

Landslide affected regions of India

1

2

3

1. Western Himalayas

(Uttarakhand, Himachal

Pradesh and Jammu &

Kashmir)

2. Eastern and N.E

Himalayas (West Bengal,

Sikkim and Arunachal

Pradesh) , Naga-Arakkan

Mountain belt (Nagaland,

Manipur, Mizoram and

Tripura)

3. Western Ghats including

Nilgiris (Maharashtra,

Goa, Karnataka, Kerala &

Tamil Nadu)

Landslide Facts

Landslides rank third in terms of number of

deaths due to natural disasters.

Landslides kill 1 person / 100 Km²/ yr.

Estimated average losses due to landslides in

Himalaya costs > Rs. 550 crores / yr. & > 200

deaths.

Konkan Railway Track Subsidence

Landslide blocks Konkan Railway Track

Malpa Landslide India

Varunavat Landslide

Birahi Cloud Burst

B2 Landslide

Sikkim (NH-39)

9th Mile Landslide

Sikkim (NH-39)Tangni Landslide

Uttaranchal (NH-58)

Kaliyasaur Landslide

Uttaranchal (NH-58)

Patalganga Landslide

Uttaranchal (NH-58)

Narendranagar Landslide

Uttaranchal (NH-58)

Year Place Death

1998 Malpa, Pithoragarh district 210

1998 Okhimath, Rudraprayag

district

107

2002 Ghansyali Tehsil, Tehri-

Garhwal

29

2004 Chamoli District 25

2014 Malin, Pune 150

Landslide of India

Landslide Assessment

Introduction

Study Area

The study area is a part of

Alaknanada Bhagirathi and

Ganges basin which lies in

the state of Uttarakhand,

India extends with area of

1093.44 sq.km

Lat/Long extend from

30°1'53.56"N,

78°15'24.27"E to

30°35'5.74"N,

79°35'43.56"E

Field Photographs

Devprayag area as seen on satellite image.

A field view of overloading of hill slope at

Devprayag

A field view of overloaded slope by multi-

stored building at Devprayag.

Chamoli and surrounding area as viewed from

satellite image.

A field view

of rock fall

zone further

north of

Chamoli.

Joint

openings of

more than 8

cm are

visible.

A field view of active slide zone in the

immediate upslope of Birahi Ganga

Bridge.

A field view of cracks developed in houses due to

slow land subsidence in Saikot

Data and Software Used

– DATA USED

• ASTER 30m x 30m resolution DEM (Digital Elevation model)

• Lithology Map (1:50000)

• Weathering Map (1:50000)

• Road Map

– SOFTWARE USED

• The following given below software were used to process, create,

manipulate and analyse the data for our study:

• ArcGIS 10

• ERDAS IMAGINE 9.1

• Google Earth

Elevation Map And distribution of Landslides

A high elevation has high

potential energy and thus is a

causative factor for landslide.

Th landslides in the study area

ranges from 411m to 2843m

with mean elevation of

1015.67m.

Most of the large to medium

landslides were found to be

occurred at elevation higher

1000 m. A large number of

small landslides were found to

be occurred at mean elevation

of about 956 m.

Slope Map And distribution of Landslides

Slope is most important

causative factor of landslide.

Steep slopes are more

vulnerable to landslide while

gentle slopes are stable. The

slope for landslides varied

from about 10° to upto about

63°.

Most of the landslides were

found to be concentrated on

steep slopes. About 59% of

landslides were occurred on

unstable slopes (30° and

above).

Lithology Map and distribution of Landslide

Study area has various

lithological units having

asymmetrical area

distributions. First five major

lithological units, covers most

of the study area. Landslides

number varied through these

lithological units. Most of

these landslides, about 74%,

were concentrated on three

major lithological units i.e to

dark grey phyllite with slate,

biotite schist with grey granite

gneiss and sandstone with

shale.

Distribution of Landslides on different Lithology

and mean slope of Landslides

Distribution of Landslides among different

Weathered zone

Weathering in the study area

varied from very high

weathering to nil weathering

and had five categories i.e

Very high, High, Moderate,

Low and Nil. 58% of the area

is low weathered while about

36% of the area is high to

moderately weathered. About

half of the landslides were

present in the low weathered

zone. High and moderate

weathered zone had about 45%

of landslides. Rest were

present in very high and Nil

weathered zone.

Landslide relation with weathering

Proximity of landslides to road

A significant correlation

between identified landslides

and proximity to road was

observed. Almost 94%

landslides were either on the

road side or near the road

(within 1km distance). It

showed that most of the

landslides were due to

anthropogenic activity i.e

due to road construction.

Only 6% of landslides were

occurred due to natural

processes.

Spatio-temporal change of Kaliyasur Landslide

Kaliyasaur landslide is located on a sharp bend at a

distance of 171 km from Badrinath between Rudraprayag

and Srinagar at an altitude of 700 m near Kaliyasaur

village.

This landslide is repeatedly activated many times such

as in 1952, 1963, 1965, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1984,

and 1985.

The rocks exposed on the slide face are the white and

pink quartzite inter bedded with slate (Bhandari, 1987).

2003 2010

2011 2014

Increase in instability of slope is due to cutting slopes during road construction

and heavy rainfall are major cause of landslides in mountainous areas.

Three major lithological units found in the study area are fragile. Foliated

structure found in these lithologies has tendency to slide and slope cutting or

heavy rainfall could easily make slopes instable towards sliding.

Lineaments such as fracture, joints, faults present in the rock structure,

exhibits zone of weakness were present in large number in the study area.

Though, there were large numbers of landslides within the vicinity of these

lineaments, most of these landslides were along the roads.

Discussion

The study area is found to be highly prone to landslides. Weak lithologies, weak

lineament zones, varied degree of physical and chemical weathering and road

construction or widening are the major reasons behind the instability or

vulnerability of steep slopes towards landslides

Conclusion

FUTURE WORK

Instrumentation & Monitoring of Landslide

Rainguage

Control Station

Camra

Inclinometer

Piezometer

Wire Extensometers

Inclinometer Piezometer

Extensometer Rainguage

Monitoring Camra

Remote Control Station

REAL TIME DATA

Landslide Gracia modelling using

Ls_Rapid

Ngarcia Landslide occur in 25, March

2013 in Gracia village triggered by

heavy rainfall, 11 houses, roads and

other infrastucture were destroid but

fortunately no death

Geographically, the LANDSLIDE is

located in south-western part of Albania

GEOGRAPHY OF

STUDY AREA

FOTO KU TE JEM EDHE UNE

NGA ATO FOTOT QE KEMI

BERE BASHKE

DATA PREPARATION

Create the DEM of the study are from the topografic map using Arc_GIS

Create the DEM of landslide are using Arc_GIS

Export the DEM in ASCII and modifie for the LS-Rapid

Soil parameters

Other parameters (e.g., time, output, display)

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