Gandhinagar Institute of Technology Operating System (140702) EXPERIMENT- 1 AIM: -An Introduction to UNIX operating system. 1. UNIX Architecture 2. UNIX Characteristics 3. Types of Terminal 4. Types of Shell Objectives Learn to Introduction of Operating System. Learn about various UNIX architecture, Characteristics and types of terminal and types of Shell. Tools / Preparation: In the system first required to install Unix/Linux Operating System with the proper drivers. Operating System : The operating system (OS) is the program which starts up when you turn on your computer and runs underneath all other programs - without it nothing would happen at all. Pandya Jalpa (120123116020) 1 4 th sem I.T.
Transcript
Gandhinagar Institute of Technology Operating System (140702)
EXPERIMENT- 1
AIM: -An Introduction to UNIX operating system.
1. UNIX Architecture2. UNIX Characteristics3. Types of Terminal4. Types of Shell
Objectives
Learn to Introduction of Operating System. Learn about various UNIX architecture, Characteristics and types of terminal and types of
Shell.
Tools / Preparation:
In the system first required to install Unix/Linux Operating System with the proper drivers.
Operating System :
The operating system (OS) is the program which starts up when you turn on your computer and runs underneath all other programs - without it nothing would happen at all.
In simple terms, an operating system is a manager. It manages all the available resources on a computer, from the CPU, to memory, to hard disk accesses.
Tasks the operating system must perform:
Control Hardware - The operating system controls all the parts of the computer and attempts to get everything working together.
Run Applications - Another job the OS does is run application software. This would include word processors, web browsers, games, etc...
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Manage Data and Files - The OS makes it easy for you to organize your computer. Through the OS you are able to do a number of things to data, including copy, move, delete, and rename it. This makes it much easier to find and organize what you have.
UNIX HISTORY
The UNIX operating system was born in the late 1960s. It originally began as a one man project led by Ken Thompson of Bell Labs, and has since grown to become the most widely used operating system.
In the time since UNIX was first developed, it has gone through many different generations and even mutations.
Some differ substantially from the original version, like Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) or Linux.
Others, still contain major portions that are based on the original source code.
UNIX architecture
Hardware
Kernel
Shell (Command Interpreter)
Tools ans Applications (Utilities)
UNIX characteristics
Multi user Capability
Multi tasking Capability
Communication
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Security
Portability
Types of Terminal
Dumb Terminal
– Consist of a Keyboard and display unit with no memory or disks of its own.
– Acts as Independent machines.
Terminal Emulation
– Software that makes PC work like a dumb terminal.
Dial In Terminals
– Are Telephone lines to connect with the host machines.
Types of Shell
Bourne Shell (sh)
• This is the original Unix shell written by Steve Bourne of Bell Labs. It is available on all UNIX systems.
• This shell does not have the interactive facilites provided by modern shells such as the C shell and Korn shell. You are advised to to use another shell which has these features.
C shell (csh)
• This shell was written at the University of California, Berkeley. It provides a C-like language with which to write shell scripts - hence its name.
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• This shell was written by David Korn of Bell labs. It is now provided as the standard shell on Unix systems.
• It provides all the features of the C and TC shells together with a shell programming
language similar to that of the original Bourne shell.
• It is the most efficient shell. Consider using this as your standard interactive shell.
Bourne Again Shell (BASH)
• Bash is a Unix shell written for the GNU Project.
• The name of the actual executable is bash. Its name is an acronym for Bourne-again shell, a pun on the name of the Bourne shell (sh) (i.e. “Bourne again” or “born again”), an early and important Unix shell written by Stephen Bourne and distributed with Version 7 Unix circa 1978.
• Bash was created in 1987 by Brian Fox. In 1990 Chet Ramey became the primary maintainer. Bash is the default shell on most Linux systems as well as on Mac OS X and it can be run on most Unix-like operating systems.
WHO: specifies that a user(a), group(g) or other(o) is
to be changed.
-PERM : Indicates deletion of permission.
+PERM : indicates addition of permission.
Description: Change the permission mode of the file.
Output : CHMOD 777 F1
Gives all the permissions i.e read write and modify
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to user, group and other for the file f1
CHMOD 700 F1
Gives all the permissions i.e read write and modify
to user and no permission to group and other for the file f1.
12).UMASK
Options : No option.
Description: Used to change the default permissions for a file.
Permissions calculated as (777 – the specified
Permissions) i.e 000 for all permission.
Output : UMASK 000
Sets the default permissions i.e read write and
modify to user, group and other.
UMASK 077
Sets the default permissions to i.e read write and
modify to user and no permission to group and
other.
13). HEAD
Options : No options.
Description: Display beginning <n> lines of the file.
Output : HEAD F1
Display the beginning 10 lines of file f1.
HEAD 2 F1
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Display the starting 2 lines of file f1.
14). TAIL
Options : No option.
Description: Display last <n> lines of the file.
Output : TAIL F1
Display the last 10 lines of file f1.
TAIL 2 F1
Display the last 2 lines of file f1.
15). DATE
Options : No option.
Description: Display current date and time or modify the date.
Output : DATE
Displays the current date.
16). EXPR
Options : No option.
Description: Used to do basic arithmetic operation i.e addition,
Subtraction, multiplication, division.
Output : EXPR 1 + 2
Gives 3 as output.
EXPR $A + $B
Gives the addition of values of variable A and B.
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EXPR 2 \* 4
Gives the product of 2 and 4 as output.
17). WHO
Options : No option.
Description: Display all the current user who are currently
logged on.
Output : WHO
Name of users which are currently logged into
TELNET are displayed with port nos.
WHO AM I
Name of the user logged in on the same system
with port no.
18). UNAME
Options : No option.
Description: It display the version of Operating System.
Output : UNAME
Gives the version of OS currently being used.
19). FINGER
Options : No option.
Description: Display all the detail of all the users.
Output : FINGER
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Displays the additional details I any of the users
logged on.
20).CMP
Options : -C : Print differing bytes as characters.
-I NUM : Ignore the first num bytes of input.
-L :Print offsets and codes of all differing bytes.
Description: Compares files.
Use standard input if a file is - or missing.
This command is normally used for
comparing binary files, although files can be of any type.
Output : CMP F1 F2
Compares file f1 and f2 and returns 0 if files have
same content, 1 if a difference is there and 2 if
files are inaccessible.
21). COMM
Options : -1: suppresses displays of lines unique to file 1
-2: suppresses displays of lines unique to file 2.
-3 : suppresses displays of lines unique to file 1 & file 2.
Description: Compare lines common to the sorted files file1 and file2. Output is in three columns, from left to right: lines unique to file1, lines unique to file2, and lines common to both files. comm is similar to diff in that both commands compare two files. But comm can also be used like uniq; comm selects duplicate or unique lines between 2 sorted files, whereas uniq selects duplicate or unique lines within the same sorted file.
Output : COMM F1 F2
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Column1 contains data which is unique to file f1, column 2 contains data which is unique to file 2 and column 3 contains data which is common to both the files .
22). SORT
Options : -M : merges previously sorted files together
-N : uses numerical values as the sorting sequence.
-D : sorts according to dictionary rules.
-F : ignores case in sorting sequence.
-R : sorts in reverse of the normal sorting sequence.
-U : eliminates records with duplicate key.
Description: Sorts the lines in the given file in character order
and outputs them.
Output : SORT F1
Sorts the content of file f1 in alphabetical order.
23). SPELL
Options : -B : checks British spelling of words.
Description: Lists incorrectly spelled words found in file.
Output : SPELL F1
Those words of file f1 which are not spelled
Correctly are listed.
24). WC
Options : -L : counts no. of lines in a file.
-w : counts no. of words in a file.
-c : counts no. of characters in a file.
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Description: Counts no. of lines, words and characters in the
file.
Output : WC F1
Output is the no. of lines, no. of words and no. of characters in f1.
WC –C F1
Output is the no. of characters in f1.
25). TTY
Output : No option.
Description: Give the terminal devaice name.
Output : TTY
Output is the port to which computer is connected.
26). ECHO
Options : No option.
Description: To print any String.
Output : ECHO HELLO
Hello
ECHO ADDITION OF 4 AND 2 `EXPR 4 + 2`
Gives output as :
Addition of 4 and 2 is 6.
27). MAN
Options : No option.
Description: Display information of particular command.
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Output : MAN CAT
Help of CAT command is displayed.
28). MORE
Options :-C : clear the screen and redraw
-D : displays errors rather than ringing bell.
-S : squeeze multiple blank lines into one blank line.
NO. : starts display at specified line no.
-F : moves file unconditionally to target.
-I : prompts user for combination to avoid overwriting
target.
NICE : executes command with lower than normal
priority.
Description: Display the named files on a terminal, one screen
full at a time.
Output : MORE F1,F2,F3
Displays the contents of file f1, f2 and f3, one
screen full at a time.
HISTORY || MORE
Displays history of commands page wise.
29). PASSWD
Options : -D : Delete the password for the user's account.
Description: Create or change a password associated with a
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username. Only the owner or a privileged user
may change a password.
Output : PASSWD IT0748
New password:
Confirm password:
30). PWD
Options : No option.
Description: Display present working directory.
Output : PWD
Output is like :
Home/it074/d1
Which is the present working directory.
31). GREP
Options : -C : displays count of the no. of lines containing
expression.
-L : prints file name of file connecting expression.
-I : ignores casing while looking for expression.
-V : prints all lines not containing the pattern
expression.
Description: Scans the given files and displays the lines which
match the given pattern.
Output : GREP CAT *.SH
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Displays all the lines containing CAT in all the
.SH extension files.
32).PS
Options : -A : shows most frequently requested process status.
-E : shows information about all currently running
processes.
-F : generates a full listing for each running process.
Description: Display all the current working process.
Output : PS
Displays all the currently running process.
33). RM
Options : -F : removes all files without prompt.
-I : removes files one at a time by interactive user
prompting.
-R : removes files recursively including directories.
Description: It is used to remove the file.
Output : RM F1
Removes file f1 from the directory.
RM –R D2
Removes directory D2 with its contents if any .
34). SET
Options : No option.
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Description: It display the complete list of the environment
variable.
Output : SET
home\it074
IFS
Logname=it074
Mail=\var\mail\it074
35). CUT
Options : -B : Specify list of positions; only bytes in these
positions will be printed.
-C : Cut the column positions identified in list. Column
numbers start with 1.
-D : Use with -F to specify field delimiter as character
c (default is tab); special characters must be
quoted.
-F : Cut the fields identified in list.
-N : Don't split multibyte characters.
-S : Use with -F to suppress lines without delimiters.
Description: Cut out selected columns or fields from one or
More files.
Output : WHO || CUT –D”” –F
Find out who is logged on, but list only login name.
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36). READ
Options : No option.
Description: It is used to read values from keyboard and assign
it to some variable.
Output : READ $A
Whatever value the user enters is assigned to variable A.
37). LN
Options : -D : Allow hard links to directories. Available to
privileged users.
-S : To create a link with to a file in another directory,
with the same name.
-F: Force the link (don't prompt for overwrite
Permission).
-I : Prompt for permission before removing files.
-N : Replace symbolic links to directories instead of
dereferencing them. –f is useful with this option.
Description: Used to create links for files, allowing them to be
accessed by different names.
Output : LN F1 F2
Here F2 refers to or links to file F1.
38). KILL
Options : No option.
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Description: Used to kill the process or a job.
Output : KILL %3
aborts 3rd job in the system.
39. ALIAS
Options : No option.
Description: Lets us define aliases for a particular command.
Output : ALIAS L=`LS –L`
Here, whenever we type l and enter, LS –L
command gets executed.
40). DIFF
Options : -R : Reports all the differences between files with the
same name In two different directories.
Description: Reports the differences between 2 files, or nothing
if the files are identical.
Output : DIFF F1 F2
Gives differences between file F1 and F2 in same
format as COMM command.
41).LOCATE
Options : No option.
Description: Lists all the files on your system with specified
keys in their name.
Output : LOCATE F
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