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ISN pg 140140 title: Latin American Latin American RevolutionsRevolutions
–How did the Scientific Revolution How did the Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment?lead to the Enlightenment?
–How did the Enlightenment lead How did the Enlightenment lead to the French Revolution?to the French Revolution?
–How do you think the American How do you think the American Revolution & French Revolution Revolution & French Revolution are going to lead to revolutions are going to lead to revolutions in Latin America?in Latin America?
Latin American Independence
Overview of Latin AmericaFor 300 years, Spain used its
colonies in Latin America for 3 reasons:
–GoldGold: to increase their wealth (cash crops, gold, silver)
–GloryGlory: to increase their power
–GodGod: to convert Native Americans to Catholicism
Mercantilism!
Today, 90% of Latin America is Roman Catholic
Spanish Colonies in Latin America
Treasures from the Americas!Treasures from the Americas!
The Colonial Class SystemPeninsularesPeninsulares—
governors sent by the king to rule
the colonies
CreolesCreoles—European settlers who moved to the
colonies to live
MestizosMestizos—Natives of mixed
European & Indian blood
MulattosMulattos—Natives of mixed
European & African blood
Native AmericansNative Americans Black SlavesBlack Slaves
Growing DiscontentBUT…in the early 1800s, many
Latin Americans became inspired by the Enlightenment, American & French Revolutions & began to demand their independence from European colonizers
In the 1800s, Latin Americans began to challenge for their independence
Who led the revolutions in Latin America?
PeninsularesPeninsulares
CreolesCreoles
MestizosMestizos MulattosMulattos
Native AmericansNative Americans Black SlavesBlack Slaves
The CreolesCreoles played the largest role because they were wealthy, well-
educated in the Enlightenment but they were controlled by the Peninsulares
Why did the CreolesCreoles lead the Latin American wars for independence?
Independence in Haiti
Uprising in Haiti The 1st Latin American uprising took
place in the French colony of Haiti90% of Haitians were slaves who
worked fields to provide Europe with sugar & coffee (French were usually cruel slave masters)
In the 1790s, François Toussaint-Louverture (a former slave) led a revolt but was captured by Napoleon’s army in 1802
Uprising in Haiti Haitians took advantage of the
French soldiers’ sickness due to malaria & defeated the French
In 1804, Haiti became Latin America’s 1st independent former colony
Independence in Mexico
Independence in MexicoMexico was under Spanish rule,
but by 1810 an independence had begun led Miguel HidalgoMiguel Hidalgo a Catholic priest; Hidalgo
was captured
& killed
Independence in MexicoIn 1821, a revolution in Spain
allowed creoles to declare their independence; military general Agustín de IturbideAgustín de Iturbide named himself emperor of Mexico
In 1823, Iterbide was overthrown & Mexico became a democratic republic
South American Colonies
VenezuelaColumbia
Panama
Bolivia
Ecuador
Chile
Peru
Independence in South AmericaInspired by revolutionary
movements, the people of South America revolted
Simón BolívarSimón Bolívar—led revolt against Spanish; Won freedom for Northern Latin America (Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, Bolivia, Ecuador)
Independence in South AmericaJosé de San MartínJosé de San Martín—freed
Southern Latin America (Chile & Peru)
By 1826, all of South America was liberated
Common Problems in Latin America
Common ProblemsLatin Americans created
democratic republics in their newly independent nations, just like the USA & France
But, because Latin Americans were not given the chance to vote or hold office when they were colonized, they did not know how to rule themselves well
Common Problems
Almost all Latin American nations were run by a caudillocaudillo, who claimed to be a president but ruled as a dictator
After independence, there was little change for common people; creoles & caudillos took power from the peninsulares but did not help the lower class native people
These caudillos wanted power, not improvements for the citizens
Common ProblemsThe new nations in Latin America
–had little manufacturing so they became dependent upon the United States for trade
–had weak armies so they were vulnerable to conquest by stronger European countries
Common ProblemsThe USA wanted to protect Latin
America (and its “economic interests” in Latin America); US President James Monroe issued the Monroe Monroe DoctrineDoctrine in 1823— “Latin America is off limits! The US will protect it”
Questions to PonderWhat purpose did Latin American
colonies serve for European nations?
Describe the class structure in Latin America during the 1800s.
Are Latin American nations better off independent than they were as European colonies?
ISN pg 140 or 141—Compare & ISN pg 140 or 141—Compare & contrast the French & Latin American contrast the French & Latin American Revolutions by creating a Venn Revolutions by creating a Venn Diagram:Diagram:
Latin Latin AmericanAmerican
FrenchFrench