CfE Higher Biology

Unit 3 - Homework

Sustainability and Interdependence

Name: ____________________________________________

Teacher: __________________________________________

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CfE Higher BiologyUnit: Sustainability and

Interdependence

Homework Booklet

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HWNo DUE TOPIC MARK % COMMENT

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Key Area 1: Food supply, plant growth and productivity

Section 11. The following statements refer to photosynthesis.

1 Water is split into oxygen and hydrogen.

2 Sugar molecules are combined to form starch.

3 G3P is used to regenerate RuBP.

Which of the statements correctly refer to photolysis?

A 1 onlyB 1 and 3 onlyC 2 and 3 onlyD 1, 2 and 3

2. The following absorption spectra were obtained from four different plant extracts. Black areas indicate light which has been absorbed by the extracts.

Which extract contains chlorophyll?4 | P a g e

3. The graph below shows changes in the mass of chlorophyll and rate of photosynthesis in leaves during a 10 day period in autumn.

Chlorophyll content of leaves can limit the rate of photosynthesis.

During which period do the results not support this statement?

A 9–10 daysB 8–9 daysC 4–8 daysD 0–4 days

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4. The graph below shows the rate of photosynthesis at two different levels of carbon dioxide concentration at 20 °C.

From the evidence given, identify the factors most likely to be limiting the rate of photosynthesis at points X and Y on the graph.

Point X Point YA Light intensity TemperatureB Temperature Light intensityC Light intensity CO2 concentrationD CO2 concentration Temperature

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5. The graph below shows how world population and fertiliser usage changed between 1920 and 2000.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these results?A World fertiliser usage was 120 million tonnes in 1980.B World population increased steadily between 1960 and 2000.C World fertiliser usage was 105 million tonnes in 1960.D World population increased more rapidly than fertilisation usage from 1940 to 1960.

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Section 21. Human food production can be increased by the use of fertiliser which

improves crop growth.A field trial was carried out to show how the mass of fertiliser applied per hectare affected the growth of a wheat crop and to determine the level of fertiliser which should be recommended for use with this crop.After the harvest of the wheat at each fertiliser level the following measurements of plant growth were made:

• Total dry mass of grain produced per hectare• Dry mass of a sample of 1000 grains

The results are shown in the graph below.

(a) (i) Use values from the graph to describe the changes in the total dry mass of grain produced as the fertiliser application increased from 0 kg to 120 kg per hectare.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

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(ii) Calculate the average increase in total dry mass of grain produced for each additional kg of fertiliser applied from 20 kg to 80 kg per hectare.Space for calculation

___________________ tonnes per hectare

(b) (i) Calculate the simplest whole number ratio of the dry mass of 1000 grains produced at 0 kg fertiliser per hectare to that at 120 kg fertiliser per hectare.Space for calculation

________________ : ________________ At 0 kg per hectare : At 120 kg per hectare

(ii) Calculate the percentage increase in the dry mass of 1000 grains when

the fertiliser level was increased from 0 kg to 80 kg per hectare. Space for calculation

___________________ %

(c) At which of the following fertiliser levels is the average dry mass of an individual wheat grain the lowest?Tick () the correct box.

60 kg per 80 kg per 100 kg per 120 kg perhectare hectare hectare hectare

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(d) The table below shows information about fertiliser level and yields of the wheat crop.Complete the table by:(i) inserting the missing term to complete the column heading;(ii) inserting the missing fertiliser level using information from the graph;(iii) calculating and inserting the missing harvest index.

Fertiliser level(kg per

hectare)

Biological yield(total plant biomass)

(tonnes per hectare)

…………………………………..yield

(total dry mass of grain)

(tonnes per hectare)

Harvest Index

50 4.0 3.04.5 3.6 0.8

(e) As a result of the field trial, the recommended level of fertiliser was 60 kg per hectare.Suggest two reasons why this level was recommended.

1. ______________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________

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Key Area 2: Plant and animal breedingSection 1

1. Which line in the table below correctly describes the type of variation and inheritance pattern normally involved in growth rate in pigs?

Type of variation Inheritance pattern

A discrete polygenicB discrete single geneC continuous single geneD continuous polygenic

2. White eye colour in Drosophila is caused by a recessive allele. The dominant allele is for red eyes. What result would be predicted from a cross between a heterozygous red-eyed female and a white-eyed male?

A All white-eyed fliesB All red-eyed fliesC Equal numbers of white-eyed and red-eyed flies.D Three times as many red-eyed flies as white-eyed flies

3. Natural selection reduces in-breeding depression in self-pollinating plant species by eliminating

A mutated allelesB recessive allelesC dominant allelesD deleterious alleles

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4. Cystic fibrosis is an inherited condition caused by a recessive allele. The diagram below shows a family tree with affected individuals.

Which individuals in this family tree must be heterozygous for this condition?A 3 and 5B 4 and 6C 1 and 2D 2 and 6

5. Huntington’s Disease is an inherited condition in humans caused by a dominant allele. A woman’s father is heterozygous for the condition. Her mother is not affected by the condition. What is the chance of the woman being affected by the condition?A 1 in 1B 1 in 2C 1 in 3D 1 in 4

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Section 21. Red Fife and Coteau are cultivars of wheat. Their grain is grown for bread-making. A field trial was carried out to compare their economic and biological yields. Equal numbers of plants of each cultivar were grown in 16 field plots for six months as shown in the diagram below.The graph below shows the average economic yield of grain and the average yield of the remaining plant biomass from samples of each cultivar.

`

(a) In designing a field trial, account should be taken of the factors below:

A selection of treatmentsB number of replicatesC randomisation of treatments - Complete the table below using letters from the list to match the reasons fo taking the factors into account.

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Factor to be taken into account

Reason

To ensure any observer bias does not influence the resultsTo ensure results are reliable & account for any variability in resultsTo allow valid comparisons between samples

(b) Give one precaution, not already mentioned, which would have to be taken so that the comparison of the yields from each cultivar was valid and explain the reason for it.

Precaution ________________________________________________________________

Reason ___________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

(c) (i) Coteau has a harvest index of 0·6.Calculate the harvest index of Red Fife.Space for calculation

_____________________

(ii) Name the cultivar which would have the least value in food production

and justify your choice.

Name ________________________________________________________________

Justification_______________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

(d) The area available to grow crops is limited, hence the need for increased fertiliser use. Name two other factors which increased food production will depend on.1. __________________________________________________________________________

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2. __________________________________________________________________________

2. Give an account of the capture of light energy and its conversion into chemicalenergy in the light dependent stage of photosynthesis. (10)

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Key Area 3: Crop protection & Key Area 4: Animal WelfareSection 1

1. Crop pests may be controlled by various methods.Which control methods are used in integrated pest management?A selective chemicals onlyB biological onlyC systemic and selective chemicalsD chemical and biological

2. Which of the following are adaptations of perennial weeds?A vegetative reproduction and short life cycle B storage organs and vegetative reproductionC short life cycle and storage organsD high seed output and short life cycle

3. Dandelions are weeds which often grow in grass lawns.Which of the following could be sprayed onto a lawn to remove the dandelions?A selective fungicide B non-selective herbicideC selective herbicideD non-selective fungicide

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4. A cabbage crop was sprayed with pesticide to treat an infestation of caterpillars. The concentration of pesticide was measured in the tissues of the caterpillars and of birds which ate them. Which line in the table below shows the animal with the highest pesticide concentration in its tissues and identifies the reason for this?

Animal with highestpesticide concentration

Reason

A birds accumulation has occurredB caterpillars pesticide is systemicC caterpillars accumulation has occurredD birds pesticide is systemic

5. The list below describes observed behaviour of pigs on a farm.1 Repeated wounding of other pigs by biting2 Lying in a position which does not allow young to suckle3 Stereotypic flicking of the head

Which of these behaviours indicate poor animal welfare?A 1 and 2 onlyB 1 and 3 onlyC 2 and 3 onlyD 1, 2 and 3

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Section 21. In an investigation, the behaviour of a group of pigs in an enclosure

was observed. Each pig’s behaviour was observed initially and then every ten seconds for twenty minutes. The behaviours observed were allocated to different categories and the results shown in the pie chart below.

(a) Calculate how long the pigs spent feeding.Space for calculation

__________________minutes

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(b) Express as the simplest whole number ratio the proportion of time spent walking, lying down and feeding. Space for calculation

________________walking: ________________lying down: _______________feeding

(c) Suggest one improvement which could be made to this investigation to improvethe reliability of the results.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

(d) i) Other studies with pigs are set up to show which conditions they favour. What name is given to such tests?

__________________________________________________________________________

ii) State one disadvantage of providing better conditions for livestock such as pigs.

__________________________________________________________________________

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Key Area 5: Symbiosis & Key Area 6: Animal BehaviourSection 1

1. The Alcon blue butterfly (Maculinea alcon) spends most of its life cycle as a caterpillar associated with usually only one species of red ant (Myrmica species). Once the caterpillar chews its way out of the flower where the butterfly laid its eggs, it will die unless ants find it. Ants respond to the caterpillar’s secretions and adopt it, taking it into their nest. The caterpillar is fed by worker ants and grows quickly, occasionally eating ant larvae.Which of the following represents the association between the butterfly species and the ant species?A CompetitionB MutualisticC ParasiticD Predatory

2. Schistosoma is a parasitic flatworm found in East Asia. Its eggs hatch in fresh water, releasing a free-living stage that infects a species of freshwater snail. The parasite multiplies asexually within the snail before being released into the water as a second free-living stage. This stage is capable of penetrating the skin of humans and other mammals when they are in fresh water. Inside the liver of the mammal, the flatworms develop into sexually mature adults that disperse eggs via the host’s large intestine.

The snail would be described as a A primary hostB secondary hostC parasiteD vector

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3. A pride of lions was studied hunting for three different prey species.The table below shows the number of hunts carried out and the percentage of hunts that resulted in one kill.Prey species Number of hunts Percentage of hunts

resulting in one killBuffalo 60 15Impala 80 30Wildebeest 80 35

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this data?A Cooperative hunting allows the lions to hunt more successfully.B Lions killed more wildebeest than any other prey species.C Buffalo used social defence mechanisms most successfully.D More individual buffalo escaped than any other prey species.

4. After a kill, the dominant individuals in a wolf pack will feed first followed by the subordinate ones. This behaviour is best described asA social hierarchyB cooperative hunting C defenceD appeasement

5. The list below gives examples of benefits gained from types of behaviour in animals. W increased survival of shared genes X unnecessary conflict reduced Y subordinates gain more food than by foraging alone

Which line in the table below matches correctly types of animal behaviour with the benefits they give?

Type of animal behaviourcooperative hunting appeasement kin selection

A W X YB Y W XC X Y WD Y X W

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Section 21. The tentacles of coral polyps have a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algal cells as shown in the diagram.

(a) (i) Name the type of symbiosis shown by the relationship between coral polyps and the photosynthetic alga.

_____________________________________________________ (ii) State one benefit to the coral polyps in this relationship.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________(b) Symbiotic relationships have arisen by co-evolution.Describe one piece of evidence from this example that would support this statement.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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_______________________________________________________(c) Algal cells are eukaryotic and contain chloroplasts.State one difference between the organisation of DNA found in chloroplasts compared with DNA found in the nucleus of algal cells. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a social insect which lives in colonies. The queen is the only female in a colony that reproduces. Other females are workers which collect food, maintain the colony and care for the developing offspring.a) Explain the advantage to the worker bees of caring for the offspring of the queen______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) The graph below shows the changes in the number of honey bee hives kept by bee-keepers in the USA from 1945 to 2005.

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i) Use values from the graph to describe the changes in the number of bee hives in the forty-year period from 1965 to 2005._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b) ii) Express as the simplest whole number ratio, the number of bee hives in 1955 and 2005. Space for calculation

_________________hives in 1955 : ________________ hives in 2005

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iii) Calculate the percentage decrease in bee hive numbers between 1960 and 1990 Space for calculation

_________________ %

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KA 7- Mass Extinction and Biodiversity & KA 8-Threats to Biodiversity

Section 11. Which of the following best describes the effect of the emergence of a dominant heather species on a moorland plant community?

A. Lowers species diversity and raises relative abundance of other plant speciesB. Raises species diversity and raises relative abundance of other plant speciesC. Lowers species diversity and lowers relative abundance of other plant speciesD. Raises species diversity and lowers relative abundance of other plant species

2. The graph below shows how the population of algae in a fresh water loch was affected by the concentration of nitrate ions in the loch water and by light intensity through the seasons of a year.

Which of the following statements can be deduced from the graph?A. The increase in nitrate ion concentration in late summer is followed by an increase in algal population.B. The size of the algal population depends directly on the level of light intensity.C. The increase in algal population in spring is triggered by an increase in concentration of nitrate ions in the water.D. The algal population decreases when light intensity decreases.

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3. Cod is an important fish species which is caught for human food.The graph below shows changes in the estimated biomass of cod stocks in a region of the North Sea between 1960 and 2000.

Which line in the table correctly shows the overall decrease in estimated cod biomass in this region in the ten year periods shown?

Ten-year period Decrease in estimated cod biomass in the region (tonnes)

A 1960 and 1970 150B 1970 and 1980 100C 1980 and 1990 100D 1990 and 2000 50

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4. Northern elephant seals have very low genetic variation caused by a catastrophic decline in numbers of this species due to over-hunting by humans. Present day animals have all descended from the small number that survived.What term is used to refer to the loss of genetic variation associated with a serious decline in population?A Founder effectB Bottleneck effectC Stabilising selectionD Directional selection

5. Following a mass extinction event, biodiversity

A- decreases slowly, due to speciation of survivors.B- increases slowly, due to speciation of survivors.C- decreases slowly, due to habitat fragmentation.D- increases slowly, due to habitat fragmentation.

6. What name is given to non-native species that spread rapidly and eliminate native species?

A Indigenous speciesB Naturalised speciesC Invasive speciesD Introduced species

Section 21. The gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is a critically endangered fish-eating crocodile species which lives in north India.Present day gharial populations have less variety of alleles and the allele frequency is also lower.

(a) (i) Name the type of diversity which has been reduced in this case. ______________________________________________________________

(ii) Explain why less allele variety and a lower allele frequency is also increases the risk of a species becoming extinct. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________________

(b) The gharial was formerly distributed evenly along the Ganges river and its main tributaries in north India but its range has been reduced by pollution which has destroyed parts of their habitat.The map shows the Ganges river with the locations of four remaining isolated populations numbered 1–4.

(i) Give the term used to describe the process which has restricted the gharials to these four isolated areas.__________________________________________________________________________

(ii) Suggest one measure which could be taken to avoid extinction of the gharial in north India.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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2. Write notes on biodiversity under the following headings: (i) measuring biodiversity (ii) threats to biodiversity

(10)

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