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14736_RK-2 Bluetooth Technologies

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    An Introduction toAn Introduction to

    BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGYBLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY

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    CONTENT

    Overview of Bluetooth History

    The Bluetooth Specifications

    Typical Bluetooth Scenario

    Protocols Profiles

    Security

    Comparison with other technologies Future of Bluetooth

    Summary

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    Example : The Networked Home

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    What is Bluetooth?

    Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification for alow-cost, low-power, short-range radio technology for ad-hoc

    wireless communication of voice and data anywhere in the

    world.

    One of the first modules (Ericsson) A recent module

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    Ultimate Headset

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    Cordless Computer

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    Bluetooth Goals & Vision

    Originally conceived as a cable replacement technology

    Short-Range Wireless Solutions

    Open Specification

    Voice and Data Capability

    Worldwide Usability

    Other usage models began to develop:

    Personal Area Network (PAN)

    Ad-hoc networks

    Data/voice access points

    Wireless telematics

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    Overview of Bluetooth History

    What is Bluetooth?Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communications technology.

    Why this name?

    It was taken from the 10th century Danish King Harald Blatand whounified Denmark and Norway.

    When does it appear?

    1994 Ericsson study on a wireless technology to link mobile phones &

    accessories.

    5 companies joined to form the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)

    in 1998.

    First specification released in July 1999.

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    Timeline

    1994 : Ericsson study complete / vision

    1995 : Engineering work begins

    1997 : Intel agrees to collaborate

    1998 : Bluetooth SIG formed: Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia & Toshiba

    1999 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0A

    SIG promoter group expanded: 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft &Motorola

    2000 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0B, 2000+ adopters

    2001 : First retail products released, Specification 1.1

    2003 : Bluetooth Specification 1.2

    2005 : Bluetooth Specification 2.0 (?)

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    Special Interest Group

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    Technical features

    Connection TypeSpread Spectrum (Frequency Hopping)

    & Time Division Duplex (1600 hops/sec)

    Spectrum2.4 GHz ISM Open Band (79 MHz of

    spectrum = 79 channels)

    Modulation Gaussian Frequency Shift KeyingTransmission Power 1 mw 100 mw

    Data Rate 1 Mbps

    Range 30 ft

    Supported Stations8

    devicesData Security Authentication Key 128 bit key

    Data Security Encryption Key 8-128 bits (configurable)

    Module size 9 x 9 mm

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    Bluetooth FHSS

    Employs frequency hopping

    spread spectrum

    Reduce interference with

    other devices

    Pseudorandom hopping

    1600 hops/sec- time slot is

    defined as 625 microseconds

    Packet 1-5 time slots long

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    Time-Division Duplex Scheme

    Channel is divided into consecutive slots (each 625Qs)

    One packet can be transmitted per slot

    Subsequent slots are alternatively used for transmitting and receiving

    Strict alternation of slots between the master and the slavesMaster can send packets to a slave only in EVEN slots

    Slave can send packets to the master only in the ODD slots

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    Classification

    POWER RANGE

    CLASS I 20 dBm 100 m

    CLASS II 0-4 dBm 10 m

    CLASS III 0 dBm 1 m

    Classification of devices on the basis of Power dissipated &

    corresponding maximum Range.

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    Typical Bluetooth Scenario

    Bluetooth will support wireless point-to-point andpoint-to-multipoint (broadcast) between devices in apiconet.

    Point to Point Link

    Master - slave relationship

    Bluetooth devices can function as masters or slaves

    Piconet

    It is the network formed by a Master and one or more slaves

    (max 7)

    Each piconet is defined by a different hopping channel to

    which users synchronize to

    Each piconet has max capacity (1 Mbps)

    m s

    s s s

    m

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    Piconet Structure

    Master

    Active Slave

    Parked Slave

    Standby

    All devices in piconet hop together.

    Masters ID and masters clock determines frequency hopping

    sequence & phase.

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    Ad-hoc Network the Scatternet

    Inter-piconet communication

    Up to 10 piconets in a

    scatternet

    Multiple piconets can operate

    within same physical space

    This is an ad-hoc, peer to

    peer (P2P) network

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    Bluetooth Protocol Stack

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    Baseband

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    Baseband

    AddressingBluetooth device address (BD_ADDR) 48 bit IEEE MAC address

    Active Member address (AM_ADDR) 3 bits active slave address

    all zero broadcast address

    Parked Member address (PM_ADDR) 8 bit parked slave address

    This MAC address is split into three parts The Non-significant Address Part (NAP)

    Used for encryption seed The Upper Address part (UAP)

    Used for error correction seed initialization & FH sequence generation

    The Lower Address Part (LAP)

    Used for FH sequence generation

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    Packet Structure

    Voice

    No CRC

    Data CRC

    ARQFEC (optional) FEC (optional)

    72 bits 54 bits 0 - 2744 bits

    Access

    CodeHeader Payload

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    ecti tate ac i e

    Standby

    Inquiry Page

    Connected

    Transmit data

    Park Hold Sniff

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    Channel Establishment

    There are two managed situations

    A device knows the parameters of

    the other

    It followspagingprocess

    No knowledge about the other Then it follows inquiring &

    pagingprocess

    Two main states and sub-states

    Standby (no interaction)

    Connection (working)

    Seven more sub-states for

    attaching slaves & connection

    establishment

    Connection

    State

    Machine

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    Channel Establishment (contd.)

    Seven sub-states

    Inquiry

    Inquiry scanInquiry response

    Page

    Page scan

    Master responseSlave response

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    Link Manager Protocol

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    Link Manager Protocol

    The Link Manager carries out link setup, authentication & link

    configuration.

    Channel Control

    All the work related to the channel control is managed by the master

    The master usespollingprocess for this

    The master is the first device which starts the connection

    This roles can change (master-slave role switch)

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    Service provided to the higher layer:

    L2CAP provides connection-oriented and connectionless data

    services to upper layer protocols

    Protocol multiplexing and demultiplexing capabilities

    Segmentation & reassembly of large packets

    L2CAP permits higher level protocols and applications to transmit

    and receive L2CAP data packets up to 64 kilobytes in length.

    L2CAP

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    Mi le are r t c l r u

    RF

    Baseband

    AudioLink Manager

    L2CAP

    Data

    SDP RFCOMM

    IP

    Applications

    Middleware Protocol Group

    Additional transport protocols to

    allow existing and new applications to

    operate over Bluetooth.

    Packet based telephony controlsignaling protocol also present.

    Also includes Service Discovery

    Protocol.

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    Middleware Protocol Group (contd.)

    Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)

    Means for applications to discover device info, services and its

    characteristics.

    TCP/IP

    Network Protocols for packet data communication, routing.

    RFCOMM

    Cable replacement protocol, emulation of serial ports over wireless network.

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    IP Over Bluetooth

    IP over Bluetooth v 1.0

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    IP Over Bluetooth

    IP over Bluetooth v 1.1

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    File Transfer Profile

    Profile provides: Enhanced client-server interactions:

    - browse, create, transfer folders

    - browse, pull, push, delete files

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    Headset Profile

    Profile provides:

    Both devices must provide capability to initiate connection &

    accept/terminate calls.

    Volume can be controlled from either device.

    Audio gateway can notify headset of an incoming call.

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    Core Bluetooth Products

    Notebook PCs & Desktopcomputers

    Printers

    PDAs

    Other handheld devices

    Cell phones

    Wireless peripherals:

    Headsets

    Cameras

    CD Player

    TV/VCR/DVD

    Access Points

    Telephone AnsweringDevices

    Cordless Phones

    Cars

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    Other Products

    2004 Toyota Prius & Lexus LS 430 hands free calls

    Digital Pulse Oximetry System

    ToshibaW

    asher & Dryer Nokia N-gage

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    Security

    Security Measures

    Link Level Encryption & Authentication.

    Personal Identification Numbers (PIN) for device access.

    Long encryption keys are used (128 bit keys).

    These keys are not transmitted over wireless. Other parameters are

    transmitted over wireless which in combination with certain

    information known to the device, can generate the keys.

    Further encryption can be done at the application layer.

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    A Comparison

    WLAN

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    Bluetooth vs. IrD

    Bluetooth

    Point to Multipoint

    Data & Voice

    Easier Synchronization due

    to omni-directional and no

    LOS requirement

    Devices can be mobile

    Range 10 m

    IrD

    Point to point

    Intended for Data

    CommunicationInfrared, LOS communication

    Can not penetrate solid objects

    Both devices must be stationary,

    for synchronizationRange 1 m

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    Bluetooth: Today & Tomorrow

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    Will Bluetooth become a household name?

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    Future of Bluetooth

    Success of Bluetooth depends on how well it is integrated into

    consumer products

    Consumers are more interested in applications than the technology

    Bluetooth must be successfully integrated into consumer products

    Must provide benefits for consumer

    Must not destroy current product benefits

    Key Success Factors

    InteroperabilityMass Production at Low Cost

    Ease of Use

    End User Experience

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    Summary

    A new global standard for data and voice

    Eliminate Cables

    Low Power, Low range, Low Cost network devices

    Future Improvements

    Master-Slave relationship can be adjusted dynamically for optimal

    resource allocation and utilization.

    Adaptive, closed loop transmit power control can be implemented

    to further reduce unnecessary power usage.

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    Things that think

    dont make sense unless they link.

    - Nicholas Negroponte, MIT Media Laboratory

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    Thank You


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