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Large scale Fischer-Tropsch diesel productionopportunities and challenges to shift from black(coal)to green(biomass)Robin Zwart, Bram van der Drift
Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN)
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Contents
Introduction EU directives, proposals & consequences Technology options of thermal biorefining
Economics Short-term implementation Conclusions
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Development of high-qualityknowledge and technology forthe transition to a sustainableenergy supply, and bringing this
to the market
~70 M/y turnover
~530 employees
ECN missionECN: Energy research Centre of the Netherlands
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entrained flow simulator OLGA: oil basedgas cleaning
wet ESPFischer-Tropsch reactor
gas compressor5 kg/h indirect gasifier
100kg/hC
FBgasifier
etc.
ECN biomass activitiesECN biomass activities
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biofuels
natural gas
LPG
H2
Total
2010 2015new proposal
20202020
5.75% 7%
2% 5%
- 2%
8%
10%
5%
7.75% 14% 23%
15%
10%
a few %
> 30%
5%
2005
2%
2%
biofuels
natural gas
H2
Total
2010 2015 2020
5.75% 7%
2% 5%
- 2%
8%
10%
5%
7.75% 14% 23%
2005
2%
2%
The driving force for Fischer-Tropsch diesel productionEU biofuels Directives and Proposals
EU bioenergy Directives and Proposals
00-20% reduction of GHG emissions in 2020
40-60% reduction of GHG emissions in 2050
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2000 2010 2020 20402030
PJ/y
40
150min
912
Biomass (required)Biofuels (required)Biomass (available)
5
7560
450max
Biomass availability and targets in the Netherlands
912 PJ in 2030 from Rabou, Deurwaarder, Elbersen, Scott: Biomass in the Dutch Energy Infrastructure in 2030, January 2006
Estimated biomass import:
> 450 PJth
(hence over 15 GWth)
importinevitable
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16 GW of biomass?!?
50 MWth plants
600 MWth plants
8 GWth plants
(commercial GtL and CtL plants)
(commercial IGCC, planned Choren plant)
(commercial CFB, Choren -plant)
IMPLEMENTATIONVIA
LARGE-SCALE PLANTS
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Large-scale plants?!?
Shell GtL plant Pernis oil refining
Dakota Great Plains Synfuels plant
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System line-up of Fischer-Tropsch diesel productionBiomass to liquids
Gasconditioning CC
Electricity(for use in plant)
Fischer-Tropschsynthesis
off-gas
Fischer-TropschDiesel
(ultra-pure high qualitydesigner fuel)
light product
Biosyngas
GasificationPre-treatment
Biomass
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High temperature (typically 1300-1500C)
Pure oxygen The ashes melt: slag Conversion: over 99%
Conventional technology for coal on large-scale
Large-scale implementation?
Shift from large-scale black (coal) to green (biomass)
but: small fuel particles needed
Option 1: High T entrained flow gasification
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[Shell] [Siemens]Buggenum, Netherlands
Freiberg, Germany
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Low temperature (typically 800-900C)
Pure oxygen, steam needed as moderator No melting: dry ash Conversion: typically
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VTT pilot plant, Finland
Vrnamo, Sweden
GTI pilotplant, USA
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Options summary
high temperaturegasifier
pre-treatment syngas
biomass
low temperaturegasifier
tar cleaningor reforming
Proven (coal)Large scale 20%
Ebiomass
Under development Small scale
100%Ebiomass
R&D on: milling
torrefactionpyrolysis advanced feeding
R&D on: tar cracking CxHy reforming deactivation
time
installed
capacity
entrained flow
fluidised bed
LONG-TERM
SHORT-TERM
product gas
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The thermochemical options for biorefineriesBiomass to liquids
Torrefaction
Gasification
OLGA Tarremoval unit
Cryogenicdistillation
CO2 removal
Sulphurremoval
Aqueousscrubber
Biosyngas
CombinedCycle
minerals
CO2 NH4+
H2O
H2O
Base chemicals
acetylene
ethylene
Transportation fuel synthesis
Fischer-Tropsch diesel
MeOH / DME
ethanol / mixed alcohols
hydrogen
Electricity
& Heat
Fine chemicals
formic acid
acidic acid
propionic acid
Fertiliser
(NH4)2SO4
Impregnating regentheavy tars
Solvents
benzene
toluene
xylenes
Fine chemicalslight tars
Product Gas
H2CO
CO2
H2O
CH4
C2H2 & C2H4
BTX
light tars
heavy tars
NH3 (HCN)
H2S (COS)
Claus processelementary S
Gaseous fuelCH4 / LNG
Chemical industry,sequestering,oil industry (EOR),greenhouses
CO2
Irrigation / tap water
H2O
BiologicalProcesses
Cryogenicdistillation
Biosyngas
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High temperature biorefineries (EF gasifier)Biomass to liquids
Torrefaction
Gasification
OLGA Tarremoval unit
Cryogenicdistillation
CO2 removal
Sulphurremoval
Aqueousscrubber
Biosyngas
CombinedCycle
minerals
CO2 NH4+
H2O
H2O
Base chemicals
acetylene
ethylene
Transportation fuel synthesis
Fischer-Tropsch diesel
MeOH / DME
ethanol / mixed alcohols
hydrogen
Electricity
& Heat
Fine chemicals
formic acid
acidic acid
propionic acid
Fertiliser
(NH4)2SO4
Impregnating regentheavy tars
Solvents
benzene
toluene
xylenes
Fine chemicalslight tars
Product Gas
H2
CO
CO2
H2O
CH4
C2H2 & C2H4
BTX
light tars
heavy tars
NH3 (HCN)
H2S (COS)
Claus processelementary S
Gaseous fuelCH4 / LNG
Chemical industry,sequestering,oil industry (EOR),greenhouses
CO2
Irrigation / tap water
H2O
BiologicalProcesses
Cryogenicdistillation
Biosyngas
Entrained flow
CO, CO2,
H2, H2O
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Product quality of torrefied biomassTorrefaction
Torrefactionand
pulverisation
Pelletisation
Waste
TOP fuel pellets
Demolition
wood
Green b iomass
Size reduction
Combustion / Gasification
Logistic operations (transport)
Feedstock bandwidthBiofuel standardisation
TOP fuel powder
750-850 kg/m3
15-20 GJ/m3
++
+
+++
Tough and fibrous
10 to 18 MJ/kg (LHV, ar)
Hygroscopic, Hydrophilic
Vulnerable to biodegradation
Contaminated
Heterogeneous
< 5 GJ/m3
Friable and less fibrous
19 to 22 MJ/kg (LHV, ar)
Hydrophobic
Preserved
Reduced contaminations
Homogeneous
< 5 GJ/m3
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Great plains synfuels plant began operating in 1984 and today produces > 54 billion standard cubic feet of natural gas
(http://www.dakotagas.com)
Great Plains Synfuels PlantProduction of Synthetic Natural Gas from lignite coal
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System line-up of Fischer-Tropsch diesel productionBiomass to liquids
Torrefaction
Gasification
OLGA Tarremoval unit
Cryogenicdistillation
CO2 removal
Sulphurremoval
Aqueousscrubber
Biosyngas
CombinedCycle
minerals
CO2 NH4+
H2O
H2O
Base chemicals
acetylene
ethylene
Transportation fuel synthesis
Fischer-Tropsch diesel
MeOH / DME
ethanol / mixed alcohols
hydrogen
Electricity
& Heat
Fine chemicals
formic acid
acidic acid
propionic acid
Fertiliser
(NH4)2SO4
Impregnating regentheavy tars
Solvents
benzene
toluene
xylenes
Fine chemicalslight tars
Product Gas
H2
CO
CO2
H2O
CH4
C2H2 & C2H4
BTX
light tars
heavy tars
NH3 (HCN)
H2S (COS)
Claus processelementary S
Gaseous fuelCH4 / LNG
Chemical industry,sequestering,oil industry (EOR),greenhouses
CO2
Irrigation / tap water
H2O
BiologicalProcesses
Cryogenicdistillation
Biosyngas
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Combining technologies to improve efficiencies and economicsBiomass to liquids
Biomass
CH4 (SNG)
Separationof Chemicals
ChemicalsProduction
Synthesis
productGasification
Product
gas
Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, Tars
CryogenicSeparation
Ethylene, Acetylene
CO, H2
Low Temperature
Gasification
(MILENA)
Tar Removal
Technology
(OLGA)
Natural Gas
Liquids (NGL)
Removal
Synthesis Processes
(FT, SNG, DME.
mixed alcohols, )
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Combining technologies to improve efficiencies and economicsBiomass to liquids
E u r o p e a n M a r k e t D e m a n d
Products Market Demand (kt)
Acetylene 94
Toluene 590
Benzene 2160
Ethylene 5930Xylenes 950
Methanol 1612Hydrogen 260
Synthetic Natural gas 46720
F-T diesel 17990
Mixed alcohols 8960
Meeting the Market Demands (%)
Toluene
76
Xylene
12
SNG14
Mixed Alcohols
100
Ethylene
56
Benzene
111
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Combining technologies to improve efficiencies and economicsBiomass to liquids
Tars
4%
Ethylene
22%
Acetylene2%
Xylene
1%
Toluene
2%
Benzene14%
SNG
10%
Mixed Alcohols
45%
Sales Revenues Breakdown:
Main Cost Drivers :
Mixed Alcohols
SNG Benzene
Ethylene
Example of co-production
of mixed alcohols, SNG,
BTX and ethylene
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600 MWth Buggenum IGCC Co-gasification of biomass with coal (up to 20%E) Syngas production via Entrained Flow gasification
The largest existing biosyngas plantShort-term implementation of biosyngas
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Short-term options in the NetherlandsNUON Buggenum IGCC:- Shell Entrained Flow gasifier- Startup 1993
- Co-gasification up to 34%wt or 20%E of renewables- 600 MWth,input/ 250 MWe, output- Currently 7500 hours/yr on syngas
NUON Magnum IGCC:- Copy of the Buggenum IGCC- Startup 2011- Co-gasification similar to Buggenum IGCC- 3x600 MWth,input/ 750 MWe, output (+450 MWe from natural gas)- Planned > 7500 hours/yr on syngas
2011 Biobased FT diesel potential:- 7.3 PJ (based on proven co-gasification percentages)- 36.3 PJ (based on maximum capacity available)
1.5-7.3%of current
consumption500 PJ
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For more information,
please contact:
Ir. Robin Zwart Publications can be found on:
phone +31 224 56 4574 www.ecn.nl/en/bkm
fax +31 224 56 8487
email [email protected]
Visit also:
Milena Internet site for the Milena gasification technology (www.milenatechnology.com)OLGA Internet site for the OLGA gas cleaning technology (www.olgatechnology.com)
BioSNG Information site on BioSNG production (www.biosng.com)
Phyllis Internet database for biomass, coal, and residues (www.phyllis.nl)
Thersites internet model for tar dewpoint calculations ( www.thersites.nl)
Thank you for your attention