14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June 28-30, 2004 U.S. Nuclear Power Sister Plant Radiological...

14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004

U.S. Nuclear Power Sister Plant U.S. Nuclear Power Sister Plant Radiological Effluent Release Radiological Effluent Release

ComparisonsComparisons

J.T. Harris1,3, D.W. Miller2,3 1Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; 2University of Illinois

at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL;3North American Technical Center, Urbana, IL


OutlineOutline

IntroductionIntroduction NATC U.S. Effluent DatabaseNATC U.S. Effluent Database Effluent Release TrendsEffluent Release Trends Dose DeterminationDose Determination U.S. Commercial NPP BenchmarkingU.S. Commercial NPP Benchmarking ConclusionsConclusions


IntroductionIntroduction

Effluent TrackingEffluent Tracking– Liquid and gaseous effluents Liquid and gaseous effluents – BNL Collected and tabulated US NPP effluent data prior BNL Collected and tabulated US NPP effluent data prior

to 1994to 1994– 1996 NATC asked to take over task (as independent 1996 NATC asked to take over task (as independent

scientific organization for UNSCEAR)scientific organization for UNSCEAR)– Since 1998, NATC has collected and performed Since 1998, NATC has collected and performed

research on effluent data from NRC and licensees research on effluent data from NRC and licensees (support of UNSCEAR, EPRI, NEI, ANI, licensees and (support of UNSCEAR, EPRI, NEI, ANI, licensees and universities)universities)



NATC U.S. Effluent DatabaseNATC U.S. Effluent Database– In 2000, NATC program became known as the Public In 2000, NATC program became known as the Public

Radiation Safety ProgramRadiation Safety Program– Goals include: Goals include:

development and maintenance of database for use by NPPs, development and maintenance of database for use by NPPs, regulatory bodies and scientific analysisregulatory bodies and scientific analysis

Expanded trend analysis and discussion of effluent dataExpanded trend analysis and discussion of effluent data Standardized entry form development for licensee useStandardized entry form development for licensee use Establishment of effluent website for general useEstablishment of effluent website for general use Establishment of an effluent expert groupEstablishment of an effluent expert group

(Expanded to radwaste)(Expanded to radwaste)



Data Compilation and Data Compilation and PurposePurpose– Current (Ongoing) StudyCurrent (Ongoing) Study

Evaluate significance, if Evaluate significance, if any, of NPP effluent any, of NPP effluent releases in terms of releases in terms of trends, dose commitments trends, dose commitments and benchmarking and benchmarking (emphasis on sister plant (emphasis on sister plant comparisons)comparisons)

Analysis of data from Analysis of data from 1994-2002 (2003 in 1994-2002 (2003 in progress)progress)


NATC U.S. Effluent DatabaseNATC U.S. Effluent Database

Developed to satisfy needs of U.S. and Developed to satisfy needs of U.S. and international organizationsinternational organizations– Format – U.S. NRC Reg. Guide 1.21 reports and Format – U.S. NRC Reg. Guide 1.21 reports and

UNSCEAR UNSCEAR – Raw and un-normalized values (Ci and GBq) for Raw and un-normalized values (Ci and GBq) for

individual units and sites (operating and shutdown)individual units and sites (operating and shutdown)– Normalized values (activity vs. net electrical energy, not Normalized values (activity vs. net electrical energy, not

the best)the best)– Collective effective dose calculated (UNSCEAR)Collective effective dose calculated (UNSCEAR)


Effluent Release TrendsEffluent Release Trends

Important to evaluate release trends, Important to evaluate release trends, especially as nuclear power generation especially as nuclear power generation steadily increases in the U.S.steadily increases in the U.S.

Trends evaluated for un-normalized and Trends evaluated for un-normalized and normalized data (better reflect particular normalized data (better reflect particular operating conditions and no skewed values, operating conditions and no skewed values, but public doesn’t care)but public doesn’t care)


Effluent Release TrendsEffluent Release Trends

8-year period fairly constant, with slight decreases in some 8-year period fairly constant, with slight decreases in some categoriescategories

Total Gaseous Releases

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Years

Tot

al R

aw R

elea

se (

GB

q)

Fission/Activation Gases

Tritium

Particulates

Total I-131

Total Liquid Releases

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Years

Tot

al R

aw R

elea

se (G

Bq)

Tritium

Fission and Dissolved Gases


Effluent Release TrendsEffluent Release TrendsNomalized Total Gaseous Releases

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Years

Nor

mal

ized

Rel

ease

(G

Bq/

GW

a)

Fission/Activation Gases

GasTritium

ParticulatesTotal I-131

Normalized Total Liquid Releases

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Years

Nor

mal

ized

Rel

ease

(G

Bq/

GW

a)

Tritium

Fission and Dissolved Gases

8-year period fairly constant, with slight decreases in some 8-year period fairly constant, with slight decreases in some categoriescategories


Dose DeterminationDose Determination

Dose determination performed to evaluate the Dose determination performed to evaluate the human effects of effluentshuman effects of effluents

Currently NATC uses UNSCEAR effluent dose Currently NATC uses UNSCEAR effluent dose assessment model (for average trends)assessment model (for average trends)– Uses “representative” environmental conditions and Uses “representative” environmental conditions and

population densitypopulation density– Collective effective dose per unit of electrical energy Collective effective dose per unit of electrical energy

generated (normalized release divided by calculated generated (normalized release divided by calculated collective doses per unit release – from dose pathway collective doses per unit release – from dose pathway models)models)


Dose DeterminationDose Determination

Total Gaseous Effluent Releases Collective Effective Dose

1.E-01

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Years

CE

D (

man

mS

v/G

W a

)

Fission/ActivationGasesTotal I-131

Tritium

Particulates

Total Liquid Effluent Releases Collective Effective Dose

1.E-01

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Years

CE

D (m

an m

Sv/G

W a

)

Tritium

Fission/Dissolved

Total BWR and PWR effluent collective effective doses Total BWR and PWR effluent collective effective doses (very low – highest value 0.12% annual limit)(very low – highest value 0.12% annual limit)


U.S. Commercial NPP U.S. Commercial NPP BenchmarkingBenchmarking

Commercial nuclear power industry has long used Commercial nuclear power industry has long used benchmarking studies to promote excellence in plant benchmarking studies to promote excellence in plant work management and operation practiceswork management and operation practices

Other organizations also benchmark (U.S. NRC, ANI, Other organizations also benchmark (U.S. NRC, ANI, INPO, and NATC)INPO, and NATC)

Reductions in plant RETS-REMP programs have led to Reductions in plant RETS-REMP programs have led to concern among U.S. NRC and ANI- thus it is even more concern among U.S. NRC and ANI- thus it is even more important now to further monitor and compare effluent important now to further monitor and compare effluent releasesreleases

Performance ranks lead to increased scrutinyPerformance ranks lead to increased scrutiny



Current study – ranking/comparing releases by Current study – ranking/comparing releases by plant design (sister plants)- un-normalized data plant design (sister plants)- un-normalized data (within and between groups)(within and between groups)

BWR sister plantsBWR sister plants– GE: BWR-2, BWR-3, BWR-4, BWR-5, BWR-6GE: BWR-2, BWR-3, BWR-4, BWR-5, BWR-6

PWR sister plantsPWR sister plants– B&W 2 Loop, CE 2 Loop, Westinghouse 2 Loop, 3 Loop B&W 2 Loop, CE 2 Loop, Westinghouse 2 Loop, 3 Loop

(Gen 1 & 2), 3-Loop (Gen 1) and 4 Loop (Gen 1 & 2)(Gen 1 & 2), 3-Loop (Gen 1) and 4 Loop (Gen 1 & 2)



0.010.1110100

1000

10000

100000Gaseous Iodine

GaseousPart iculates

Liquid Fission andEntrained Gases

Liquid T rit ium

Gaseous T rit ium

Gaseous Fission &Activat ion Gases

BWR ResultsBWR Results

02.5

57.510

12.515

17.520

22.525 Gaseous Iodine

Liquid T rit ium



Gaseous T rit ium


Average Effluent ReleaseAverage Effluent Release Average Collective Effective DosesAverage Collective Effective Doses



0.001

0.1

10

1000

100000 GaseousPart iculates

Gaseous Iodine


Gaseous T rit ium


Liquid T rit ium

PWR ResultsPWR Results

Average Effluent ReleaseAverage Effluent Release Average Collective Effective DosesAverage Collective Effective Doses

02.5

57.510

12.515

17.520

Gaseous Iodine



Gaseous T rit ium


Liquid T rit ium



ResultsResults– BWRBWR

Effluent release values very wide rangingEffluent release values very wide ranging No obvious trendsNo obvious trends Age affect (newer plants, higher liquids; older plants, higher Age affect (newer plants, higher liquids; older plants, higher

gaseous)gaseous)

– PWRPWR Wide ranging but more consistent with each other (compared to Wide ranging but more consistent with each other (compared to

BWR designs)BWR designs) No affect from ageNo affect from age

– U.S. NPP effluent data never presented this wayU.S. NPP effluent data never presented this way


ConclusionsConclusions Development of U.S. Effluent database has been used to provide data Development of U.S. Effluent database has been used to provide data

to utilities, UNSCEAR, U.S. NRC and CEPN (European Technical to utilities, UNSCEAR, U.S. NRC and CEPN (European Technical Center)Center)

Calculated “average” CEDs give indication of how low effluent releases Calculated “average” CEDs give indication of how low effluent releases are and can be used for international comparisonsare and can be used for international comparisons

Sister plant breakdowns give additional tool for utilities and new Sister plant breakdowns give additional tool for utilities and new perspective for comparisonperspective for comparison

However, more studies need to be performed to truly grasp effluent However, more studies need to be performed to truly grasp effluent releases, as releases are not dictated solely by electrical generationreleases, as releases are not dictated solely by electrical generation– Other studies underway - complete inventory of radioactive materials solid Other studies underway - complete inventory of radioactive materials solid

radwaste), work practices, individual isotopes, radwaste systemsradwaste), work practices, individual isotopes, radwaste systems– Use of standardized report and expert groupUse of standardized report and expert group– More discussion through RETS-REMP workshopMore discussion through RETS-REMP workshop– Discussion with UNSCEARDiscussion with UNSCEAR

Effluent data important for future (baseline data for new siting, Effluent data important for future (baseline data for new siting, radionuclide buildup in the environment and public perception)radionuclide buildup in the environment and public perception)


Thank you!!Thank you!!

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