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The Advent of Rome

Overview of the periods of Roman history; thequestion of Imperialems; areas of expansion;

Rome and the Hellenistic Kingdoms

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Phases of Roman History

The Monarchy of Rome (753510 B.C.)

The Republic (50927 B.C) Early Republic, Romes expansion in Italy (509264 B.C.) Middle Republic, Romes expansion in the Mediterranean

(264133 B.C.) Late Republic, period of civil war and upheaval (13327

B.C.)

The Augustan Age, peace and prosperity restored

(27 B.C.A.D. 14) The Empire (A.D.14235) The Late Empire (A.D. 235476)

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The Question of Imperialism

Definitions

The creation, maintenance, or extension of empire;controlling many nations and areas

Exploitation of inferior states through military andpolitical pressures

A system of imperial government, esp. government byan emperor

Roman context

Imperium: supreme authority, power to command;dominion or realm (territory under Roman command)

Rome, of course, had an empire long before she hadan emperor!

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Motives for Roman Expansion

Ancient

Roman prayer: Subdue to the Latins and extend theimperiumof the Roman people

Polybius: defensive imperialism

Modern

Accidental, Rome stumbled into empire, drawn in byentangling alliances and commitments

Preemptive, defensive; concerned about balance of

power and potential enemies Economic

Desire for power, glory, and opportunity (individual andcollective)

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Sources

Livy, 2145

Augustan age historiographer

Ab urbe condita

Polybius, 1549

Second century B.C. historiographer

Plutarch

2nd century A.D. biographer

Flamininus, Cato Maior, Aemilius Paullus[major Romanconquerers]

Appian

Early 2nd century A.D. historiographer

Macedonica, Syriaca, Iberica, Libyca[histories organized bytheater]

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The Punic Wars against Carthage

Made Rome a great power in the Mediterranean World

Transformed her into a sea power

Gave Rome her first overseas provinces

I Punic (264-241 B.C.): Sicily, first provinces

Sardinia and Corsica gained shortly thereafter

II Punic War (218-201 B.C.): Spain, two provinces

Carthage defeated after a desperate struggle in Italyfollowing Hannibals invasion

III Punic War (149-146 B.C.): North Africa Carthage itself besieged and destroyed

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Punic Wars: the Battles and the Territory

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The Roman West

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The Eastern Kingdoms Fall . . .

Above:Macedonia, after fightingfour wars, became a Romanprovince along with Greece. Right:the Seleucid Empire lost most ofAsia Minor to Roman provincesand clients. Upper right:The lastking of Pergamum left his kingdomto the Roman people; it becamethe province of Asia.

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The Balance of Power in the East

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Supremacy of Roman Power in the East

After weakening the Seleucid kingdom, Rome intervenesonly to maintain a balance of power

Antiochus IV Ephiphanes tries to reinvigorate SeleucidSyria

Rome thwarts Antiochus expansion into Ptolemaic Egypt

C. Popillius Laenas forces Antiochus to break off siegeof Alexandria with a circle in the sand (Liv. 45.12 =Mellor, 347)

Rome supports the Maccabean revolt in Judea, leadingto the Hasmonean Jewish state

Egypt effectively becomes a Roman protectorate

Rome intervenes in dynastic disputes, ensures royalwills, maintains kings

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Roman Administration

Inside Italy

Full citizens (civitas optimo iure)

Half citizens (civitas sine suffragio), numbers decliningas more gain full citizenship

Socii(including Latin colonies with special rights)

Outside Italy

Provinces

In Faith allies with moral obligations (Rome had

helped previously, dependant upon Roman support) Client Kingdoms

Free states (amicitia, or friendship alliances)

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Provincial Administration

Patchwork quilt of allies, subjects, and statuses

Provincia

From provincereto conquer, a governors sphere ofmilitary responsibility

Civitates foderatae(treaty states)

Independent with treaties with Rome, but withingovernors sphere

Civitates liberae et immunes(free and tax-free)

Civitates stipendaria(tibutary states)

Subject to land and poll tax

All states self-governing, all pay tariffs and tolls

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Provincial Governors

Praetors, propraetors, proconsuls

no new praetors elected after Sicily, Sardinia-Corsica, andthe Spains

Duties

Defend province

Apply jurisdiction

Between communities

When Roman citizen involved

Increasingly heard appeals

Administration Quaestor (largely financial)

Legati(lieutenants)

Assessors

Household servants and staff!

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Administrative Abuses

Governor supreme

No checks and balances as in Rome

Lacked colleague, comitiae, plebeian tribunes, etc.

Extortion, violence, arbitrariness

Galba acquitted by Senate for Spanish action

Led to establishment of a standing court, quaestio derebus repentundae, to deal with provincial misconduct,especially extortion

Jury still composed largely of senators!

Financial exactions and abuses

Publicanior tax farming corporations

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Mithridates and the Pontic Threat

Taking advantage of the SocialWar in Italy (9188 B.C.),Mithridates, King of Pontus,seized Cappadocia and Bithyniain 88 B.C.

A Roman envoy forced him towithdraw, but he subsequentlyinvaded the province of Asia aswell

Pontic invasion of Greecefollowed

Throughout the East, oppressedprovincials welcomed Mithridatesas a liberator Romans and Italians

massacred

Sulla brutally retakes Greece(8786 B.C.)

Treaty of Dardanus withMithridates (85 B.C.)

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Togate Roman versus Hellenistic Nude

Left: Honorific statue of

a municipal aristocrat, c.

80 B.C.

Right: Roman generaldepicted as a Hellenistic

king, c. 150 B.C.

Glorification of the

individual: first

equestrian statue

commissioned by theSenate of Sulla (now

lost; see Zanker 3-4)

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Realistic, and individualized,portraiture

Left to right:Now-anonymous man from Sardinia; M. Licinius Crassus; C. Iulius Caesar

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Rise of Pompey

71 B.C., M. Licinius Crassus defeats Spartacus Pompey returns from Spain as Crassus is mopping up

Tension between two resolved by decision to run for joint consulship

70 B.C., Consulship of Crassus and Pompey Consulship is Pompeys first office!

67 B.C., lex Gabiniagives Pompey imperium maiusagainst pirates Destruction of Seleucid and then Rhodian naval power had left a vacuum on

the seas

A resurgent Mithridates and his son-in-law Tigranes encouraged piracy

66 B.C., lex Maniliagives Pompey Lucullus Mithridatic command Lucullus has already driven Mithridates into hiding; vulture comment

64 B.C. Pompey in Syria

Dismissal of Antiochus XIII Asiaticus and Philip II Philoromaeus endsSeleucid dynasty

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Grand Pretensions: Pompeys imitationof Alexander the Great

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Rome and Parthia

Parthian, a central Asian people who had took some of the Iranianhighlands from the Seleucids The Arsacid Dynasty ruled Iran from 248 B.C. until their overthrow by the

Persian Sassanid Dynasty in A.D. 224 In 139 B.C. Mithridates I captured Demetrius II Nicator and occupied

Mesopotamia Ctesiphon, across from Seleucia-on-Tigris, became their Western capital

Do not forget about the large Babylonian Jewish community!

The annexation of Syria brought the Roman frontier in contact with theParthian Empire Parthian strengthtwo types of cavalry: the heavily-armed and armoured

cataphracts and lightly armed but highly-mobile mounted archers (cf.Roman heavy infantry)

Parthian weaknesseslittle skill in siege warfare, had difficulty occupyingand administering territory (tended to be feudal)

Battle of Carrhae (53 B.C.) Crassus, trying to imitate or outdo Pompey, invaded Mesopotamia Roman army wiped out, Pompey killed

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Caesar: Civil War

and Dictatorship The die is cast

Invaded Italy in 49 B.C. whenpolitical opponentsthreatened him

Dictator I Civil War in Greece

Victory over Pompey atPharsalus (red circle)

Flight of Pompey to Egypt, hisdeath

Alexandrian War

Intervention into Ptolemaicdynastic struggle putsCleopatra VII on throne assole ruler (green circle)

Caesars affair and son 47 B.C., Caesar dictator II

Defeats Pharnaces at Zela:Veni, vidi, vici(blue circle)

46 B.C., Caesar dictator III (againstNumidian allies of optimates) andconsul III Reforms begin

45 B.C., Caesar dictator IV (dicatorrei publicae constituendae causa) forten years, consul IV Exceptional honors begin

March 15, 44 B.C. Assassinated