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PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPY:PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPY:
An Introduction An Introduction
Departement of Pharmaco o!" & therap"Departement of Pharmaco o!" & therap"Medica facu t" # Pad$ad$aran %ni er'it"Medica facu t" # Pad$ad$aran %ni er'it"
HS SW
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF STUDYBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF STUDY
IN PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPYIN PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPY
As prerequisite of Clinical Medicine,
Pharmacology and Therapy is a 2 semestercredit given in 2 nd semester, ill coverseveral !" such as #ntro, P$, P%, &A,
'"%A, #%', A%'(P), PP, %#, prescriptionriting, drug dosage form and Traditionaland Her*al Medicine
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Pharmaco o!"Pharmaco o!"
The (no) ed!e of :Hi'tor"* 'ource * ph"'ica andchemica propertie'* compoundin!*+iochemica & ph"'io o!ica effect'*mechani'm of action' * a+'orption*di'tri+ution* +iotran'formation &
e,cretion *therapeutic & other u'e' of dru!'-.enet*
/0012
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Pharmacology :The science of substances that
used to prevent, diagnose andtreatment diseases Medicalpharmacology
(Katzung, 1 !"
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Pharmacology :Pharmacology :The study of substances that interactThe study of substances that interactwith living systems through chemicalwith living systems through chemicalprocesses, especially by binding theprocesses, especially by binding theregulatory molecules and activating orregulatory molecules and activating orinhibiting normal body processinhibiting normal body process((Katzung)Katzung)
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Pharmacognosy :The branch of pharmacology thatstudy about sources of drugs.
Pharmacy :The scienti c study aboutpreparing, compounding anddispensing of drugs
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Pharmacokinetics The study of absorption, distributions,
biotransformation and excretion of drugs What the body do to the drugs Fate of the drug in the body In ol ed in ho! the concentration of
drug in the body aries !ith time
Pharmacodynamics The study of biochemical and
physiological e"ects of drugs and theirmechanism of action
What the drug do to the body
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#linical pharmacology#linical pharmacology
The scienti c study of drugsin man(WHO, 1970)
Justifed , because drugse"ect :
$ften ha e signi cantinterspecies
ariation
%ay be modi ed by disease
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(e elopment of(e elopment ofclinical Pharmacologyclinical Pharmacology
(related actors)(related actors)
). The increasing number of ne!drugs * drugs explosions +
. The reali-ation that the choice,safe e"ecti e use of drugsdepend on kno!ledge that canbest be obtained by systematic
scienti c study/. The occurrence of se eral
therapeutic disasters
0. Information explosions in
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1cope of clin. pharmacology1cope of clin. pharmacology
). Impro ement of patient care2y promoting the safer and moree"ecti e use of drugs
. Increase researchPharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic,clinical trial, indi idual ariations indrug response, other
/. Teaching%edical students, hospital sta",physicians
0. 1er ices(rugs information, TDM, DUS, D!M ,drug ad iser in some institutions
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&nimal pharmacology : the study of drugs inexperimental
animal
#omparati e pharmacology : the study that compare
pharmacology of drugs inanimal
and man
to claim that animaldrugs studies can bereasonably
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PharmacotherapeuticsPharmacotherapeutics The study of the drugs use in the
pre ention treatment ofdisease
1ome mechanism of actions ofdrugs :
1timulate 3 depress biochemical or
physiological functions relie orelie os"#$to#ss"#$to#s
<er the course of disease 4liminate the pathogenic cells 3
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PharmacogeneticPharmacogeneticss 1tudy the relationship bet!een
geneticsfactors and ariations in drug
response(%rod", 199&)
#oncerned !ith drugs responsesthat are
go erned by heredity ('aure ce %e et, 19&7)
Inherited causal factors are : %ioche#ical 5 genes go ern the production of
en-ymes
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ToxicologyToxicology The aspect of pharmacologythat
deals !ith the ad erse e"ect ofdrugs(%e et, 1997)
The study of e"ect,antidotes and
detection of poison anddescription of
e"ects of drugs o erdose(%rod", 199&)
#oncerned !ith :
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What is (rugs 6What is (rugs 6
#hemical agent that a"ects li ingprocess
(%e et, 1997)
&ny substance 3 product that isused or intended to be used to modify orexplore
physiological systems orpathological
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These substances may be chemicalsadministered and result in
1# achieve beneficial therapeuticeffects on some process $ithin the
patient %r for
their to'ic effects on regulatoryprocesses in parasites infecting thepatient
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4ssential drugs : (rugs that meet the health needs of the
ma7ority of the populations 1hould be a ailable in the appropriatedosage forms and strengths at all times
8eneric drugs : generic name Patent drugs *branded 5 drugs+:
pharmaceutical products marketed under
brandnames
9erbal medicine
Traditional medicine
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#lass of drugs in market#lass of drugs in marketI. on;ethical drug sold !ithout prescription
imited drugs *W;class+ = semi $T# drugs With cautionary labeling 2lue dot in package eg.: &spirin, paracetamol ; Through apothecary 3 licensed drugs
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II. Ethical drug
Sold base on prescription Red dot in package Two class
- Potent drugs (G-class) eg.: antibiotic antih!pertensi"e
- Narcotics drugs (#-class) eg.: $orphine heroine %nderstrict super"ision
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&a'orit! o cases : rug interacts $ith )eceptor
rugs 1# may be produced by body :*ormones not produced by body : +enobiotics
Poison is drug
To'in is poison of biological origin
norganic poison : lead and arsen
rug enters the bod! changesthe li"ing processes therapeutic
e ect (acti"ating or inhibiting)
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*+T%RE #, R%GS :
-# The Physical .ature of rug
/olid, li0uid, gaseous
# rug /ize Molecular 2eight
3# rug )eactivity and rug )eceptor onds
3ovalent 4 5lectrostatic 4 *ydrophobic
# rug /hape ()asemic"
5# )ational rug esign (.e$ drug"
6# )eceptor nomenclature (decided by 7P*-)"
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The purpose of medicine therapyThe purpose of medicine therapy
1. Prevention
2. Treatment 3. Diagnose
4. In Family Planning/
Contraception
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E ect o rugs :+nalgesic ronchodilator
+ntip!retic asodilator
+ntiin la$$ator! asoconstrictor
+ntibiotic iuretic
+naesthetic epressant
+ntiparasite Sti$ulant
+ntilipide$ia /oagulant
+ntih!pertensi"e +ntihista$inic
+ntiarrh!th$ia Insecticide
+ntidotu$ etc.
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rug Responses Side E ects
0!poreacti"e #toto1ic
0!perreacti"e lood !scrasia 0!persensiti"e 0epatoto1ic
2+llerg! *ephroto1ic
0abituation /ardioto1ic
Tolerance +bdo$inal disc.
Tach!ph!la1is *euroto1ic +ddiction Teratogenic
/arcinogenic
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