International Journ Internat ISSN No: 245 @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www An Ove A. C. Department of BCA & MSC.SS, Sri ABSTRACT Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is used to of a molecular, supramolecular and atom earliest, widespread description of na referred to the particular technolog precisely exploiting atoms and m fabrication of macro-scale products, also to as molecular nanotechnology. Nanotechnology as defined by size is broad, including fields of science a surface science, organic chemistry, mole semiconductor physics, micro-fabricatio The associated research and application assorted, ranging from extensions of device physics to completely new app upon molecular self-assembly, from de materials with dimensions on the nano reign of matter on the atomic scale. Keyword: nano-scale, atomic scale, nan molecular self-assembly, supramolecula INTRODUCTION Rise of Nano-Technology: The hypothesis that seeded nanotechnol discussed in 1959 by renowned phy Feynman in his talk There's Plenty of Bottom, in which he narrates the p synthesis via direct manipulation of atom The term "nano-technology" was first u Taniguchi in 1974, though it was not w [1]. By Feynman's theory, K. Eric Drexler "nanotechnology" in his 1986 book Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotech proposed the idea of a nanoscale "asse nal of Trend in Scientific Research and De tional Open Access Journal | www.ijtsr 56 - 6470 | Volume - 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep w.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct erview on Nano-Technology Sountharraj 1 , P L. Subramanian 2 1 Assistant Professor, 2 Student i Krishna Arts & Science College, Kuniyamuthu o exploit matter mic scale. The anotechnology gical goal of molecules for o now referred naturally very as assorted as ecular biology, on, etc. ns are equally f conventional proaches based eveloping new oscale to direct no-technology, ar. logy were first ysicist Richard f Room at the probability of ms. used by Norio widely known used the term k Engines of hnology, which embler" which would be able to create a fa other items of whimsical c control [2]. In 1986, Drexler co-founded (with which he is no longer af public cognizance and nanotechnology concepts and In the 1980s, two major bre growth of nanotechnology in m Initially, the invention of t microscope in 1981 whic visualization of individual ato successfully used to manipul 1989. Binnig, Quate and Gerber also atomic force microscope that y Second, Fullerenes were disco Kroto, Richard Smalley, a simultaneously won the 1 Chemistry. C 60 was not at t nanotechnology; the term subsequent work with related carbon nanotubes and sometim which is a proposed pote nanoscale electronics and devi FUNDAMENTAL CONCEP Nanotechnology is the c systems at the molecular sc One nanometer (nm) is on meter [4]. By resemblance, typica lengths, or the crevasse be evelopment (IJTSRD) rd.com p – Oct 2018 2018 Page: 933 ur, Coimbatore, India acsimile of itself and of complexity with atomic The Foresight Institute ffiliated) to help increase understanding of implications. eakthroughs sparked the modern aeon. the scanning tunneling ch equip unparalleled oms and bonds, and was late individual atoms in o invented the analogous year [3]. overed in 1985 by Harry and Robert Curl, who 1996 Nobel Prize in the outset by the name was used concerning d graphene tubes (called mes called Bucky tubes) ential applications for ices. PT: controller of functional cale ne billionth, or 10 -9 , of a al carbon-carbon bond etween these atoms in a
Transcript
International Journal of Trend in
International Open Access Journal
ISSN No: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
An Overview oA. C.
Department of BCA & MSC.SS, Sri Krishna Arts & Science College,
ABSTRACT Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is used to exploit matter of a molecular, supramolecular and atomic scale. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely exploiting atoms and moleculesfabrication of macro-scale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology. Nanotechnology as defined by size is naturally very broad, including fields of science as assorted as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, micro-fabrication, etc. The associated research and applications are equally assorted, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to direct reign of matter on the atomic scale. Keyword: nano-scale, atomic scale, nanomolecular self-assembly, supramolecular. INTRODUCTION Rise of Nano-Technology: The hypothesis that seeded nanotechnology were first discussed in 1959 by renowned physicist Richard Feynman in his talk There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, in which he narrates the probability of synthesis via direct manipulation of atoms. The term "nano-technology" was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974, though it was not widely [1]. By Feynman's theory, K. Eric Drexler used the term "nanotechnology" in his 1986 book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, which proposed the idea of a nanoscale "assembler" which
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal | www.ijtsrd.com
C. Sountharraj1, P L. Subramanian2 1Assistant Professor, 2Student
Sri Krishna Arts & Science College, Kuniyamuthur, Coimbatore
Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is used to exploit matter a molecular, supramolecular and atomic scale. The
earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely exploiting atoms and molecules for
scale products, also now referred
Nanotechnology as defined by size is naturally very broad, including fields of science as assorted as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology,
fabrication, etc.
The associated research and applications are equally assorted, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based
assembly, from developing new ith dimensions on the nanoscale to direct
The hypothesis that seeded nanotechnology were first discussed in 1959 by renowned physicist Richard Feynman in his talk There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, in which he narrates the probability of synthesis via direct manipulation of atoms.
technology" was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974, though it was not widely known
By Feynman's theory, K. Eric Drexler used the term "nanotechnology" in his 1986 book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, which proposed the idea of a nanoscale "assembler" which
would be able to create a facsimile of itself and of other items of whimsical complexity with atomic control [2]. In 1986, Drexler co-founded The Foresight Institute (with which he is no longer affiliated) to help increase public cognizance and understanding of nanotechnology concepts and implications. In the 1980s, two major breakthroughs sparked the growth of nanotechnology in modern aeon. Initially, the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 which equip unparalleled visualization of individual atoms and bonds, and was successfully used to manipulate individual atoms in 1989. Binnig, Quate and Gerber also invented the analogous atomic force microscope that year [ Second, Fullerenes were discovered in 1985 by Harry Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl, who simultaneously won the 1996 NoChemistry. C60 was not at the outset by the name nanotechnology; the term was used concerning subsequent work with related graphene tubes (called carbon nanotubes and sometimes called Bucky tubes) which is a proposed potential applications fornanoscale electronics and devices. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT:� Nanotechnology is the controller of functional
systems at the molecular scale� One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10
meter [4]. � By resemblance, typical carbon
lengths, or the crevasse between these atoms in a
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
www.ijtsrd.com
6 | Sep – Oct 2018
Oct 2018 Page: 933
Kuniyamuthur, Coimbatore, India
would be able to create a facsimile of itself and of r items of whimsical complexity with atomic
founded The Foresight Institute (with which he is no longer affiliated) to help increase public cognizance and understanding of nanotechnology concepts and implications.
1980s, two major breakthroughs sparked the growth of nanotechnology in modern aeon.
Initially, the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 which equip unparalleled visualization of individual atoms and bonds, and was
nipulate individual atoms in
Binnig, Quate and Gerber also invented the analogous year [3].
Fullerenes were discovered in 1985 by Harry Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl, who simultaneously won the 1996 Nobel Prize in
was not at the outset by the name nanotechnology; the term was used concerning subsequent work with related graphene tubes (called carbon nanotubes and sometimes called Bucky tubes) which is a proposed potential applications for nanoscale electronics and devices.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT: Nanotechnology is the controller of functional systems at the molecular scale One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10−9, of a
By resemblance, typical carbon-carbon bond lengths, or the crevasse between these atoms in a
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
molecule, are in the range 0.12–0.15 nm, and a DNA double-helix has a diameter around 2
� On the other hand, the tiny cellular lifebacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around 200 nm in length
� There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch� A sheet of newspaper is near 100,000 nanometers
thick � On a comparison scale, if a marble were a
nanometer, then one meter would be the size of the Earth
INVETIGATION approaches: � Nano material � Top down approches � Bottom up approches NANO MATERIALS: � Interface and colloid science has given a better
advancement to abundant materials which may be useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other fullerenes, and snanoparticles and nanorods. Nanomaterials with fast ion transport are also linked to nanoionics and nanoelectronics
� Evolution of applications engulf semiconductor nanoparticles to be used in the succeeding generation of products, such as display technology, , solar cells and biological imaging,lighting; see quantum dots.
� Recent implementation of nanomaterials consist of range of biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, and biosensors.
Zinc oxide: Dirt repellent, hydrophobic , cosmetics & stain resistant. Silver ion: Healing property Aluminum silicate: Scratch resistance Gold ion: Chip fabrication, drug delivery. BOTTOM UP In the bottom up approach non identical materials and devices are formulated from molecular components of their own. They chemically assemble themselves by cognizing the molecules of their own breed.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
On the other hand, the tiny cellular life-forms, the genus Mycoplasma, are around
There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch A sheet of newspaper is near 100,000 nanometers
On a comparison scale, if a marble were a nanometer, then one meter would be the size of
Interface and colloid science has given a better advancement to abundant materials which may be useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other fullerenes, and sundry nanoparticles and nanorods. Nanomaterials with fast ion transport are also linked to nanoionics and
Evolution of applications engulf semiconductor nanoparticles to be used in the succeeding generation of products, such as display
nology, , solar cells and biological
Recent implementation of nanomaterials consist of range of biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, and biosensors.
Dirt repellent, hydrophobic , cosmetics & stain
In the bottom up approach non identical materials and mulated from molecular components of
their own. They chemically assemble themselves by cognizing the molecules of their own breed.
� Examples of molecular self assemblycrick base pairing, nano-
TOP DOWN In top down approach nano objects and materials are generated by huge entities without bouncing its atomic reactions usually top down approach is rehearse less as liken to the bottom up approach.� Solid-state techniques can also be acquainted
with creating devices known as nanoelectromechanical which are affiliated to systems or MEMS.
� MEMS became empirical once they could be fabricated using remoldfabrication technologies, normally used to urge electronics.
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUEThere are several influential modern developments. The atomic force microscope (AFM)� The Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Were also developed. Lithography in MEMS theme is typically the relocation of a pattern into a photosensitive material by selective exposure to a ralight. Why the properties of material/structure are different at nanoscale? � Ratio of surface area to volume structure will be
increasing (most atom are at or close to the surface which make them more poorly bonded and more reactive)
� Quantum mechanical effect are significant (size and structure on the same scale as the wavelength of electron and quantum confinement occurs resulting in reshape of electronic and optical property).
CARBON NANOTUBES ARE 20TIMES STRONGER THAN STEEL.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Oct 2018 Page: 934
Examples of molecular self assembly are Watson -lithoghraphy [5].
nano objects and materials are generated by huge entities without bouncing its atomic reactions usually top down approach is rehearse less as liken to the bottom up approach.
can also be acquainted with creating devices known as
electromechanical systems or NEMS, which are affiliated to microelctromechanical
MEMS became empirical once they could be fabricated using remold semiconductor device fabrication technologies, normally used to
TECHNIQUE: There are several influential modern developments.
atomic force microscope (AFM) Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) are
that launched nanotechnology
Varity of assorted techniques of nanolithography
Dip pen nanolithography Electron beam lithography(inkjet printer)
Lithography in MEMS theme is typically the a pattern into a photosensitive material
by selective exposure to a radiation source such as
Why the properties of material/structure are
Ratio of surface area to volume structure will be increasing (most atom are at or close to the surface which make them more poorly bonded and
Quantum mechanical effect are significant (size and structure on the same scale as the wavelength of electron and quantum confinement occurs resulting in reshape of electronic and optical
CARBON NANOTUBES ARE 20TIMES
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
FUTURE: � Nanotechnology may make it possible to
manufacture flimsier, strudy, and programmable materials that entails less energy to produce than conventional material and that promise extraordinary fuel efficiency in land transportation, ships, aircraft, and space vehicles.
� The future of nanotechnology could very well comprises the use of nanorobotics.
� These nanorobots have the latent to take on human tasks as well as tasks that humans could never complete. The rebuilding of the depleted ozone layer could potentially be able to be accomplished. There would be an purenano surgical field to help cure everything from natural aging to diabetes to bone spurs.
� There would be almost nothing, that couldn’t be patched up(eventually) with the establishment of nano surgery.
DRAW BACK: � Nano-particles can get into the body through the
skin, lungs and digestive system, thus generating free radicals that can engender of cell damage.
� Once nano-particles are in the bloodstream, they will be able to cross the blood-brain ba
� The most menacing Nano-application used for military purposes is the Nano-bomb engineered self multiplying deadly viruses that can persist in wiping out a community, country or even a civilization.
� Nanobots because of their replicating behavior can be big threat for GRAY GOO [8].
CONCLUSION: Nanotechnology is an innovative technology that has just started; it is an anarchistic science that will all what we recognized before. This innovative technology will help us to keep ourselves healthy, because of nano-robots which repair the damage in our body. The other advantage is that it helps the scientist to analyze the atoms in the substance and make them smaller, lighter but yet a stonger substance to be used in future, just with the help oftubes that are known to be a hundred times stronger than steel, in addition to that it is flexible too.this new technology it is much more easy to convert energy, for instance the windmill that is being creatwith nano-technology blades are much more efficient in converting energy than the ordinary ones existing now. Now nano-technology covers almost all the field of science so as to bring a betterment in all
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture flimsier, strudy, and programmable materials that entails less energy to produce than conventional material and that promise extraordinary fuel efficiency in land
nd space vehicles. The future of nanotechnology could very well
These nanorobots have the latent to take on human tasks as well as tasks that humans could never complete. The rebuilding of the depleted ozone
potentially be able to be accomplished. There would be an purenano surgical field to help cure everything from natural aging to diabetes to
There would be almost nothing, that couldn’t be patched up(eventually) with the establishment of
particles can get into the body through the skin, lungs and digestive system, thus generating free radicals that can engender of cell damage.
particles are in the bloodstream, they brain barrier[7].
application used for bomb that contain
engineered self multiplying deadly viruses that can persist in wiping out a community, country or
ng behavior can
technology that has science that will shift
all what we recognized before. This innovative elp us to keep ourselves healthy,
robots which repair the damage in our body. The other advantage is that it helps the scientist to analyze the atoms in the substance and make them smaller, lighter but yet a stonger substance
future, just with the help of carbon nano-tubes that are known to be a hundred times stronger than steel, in addition to that it is flexible too. With
more easy to convert energy, for instance the windmill that is being created
technology blades are much more efficient in converting energy than the ordinary ones existing
technology covers almost all the field of science so as to bring a betterment in all
prospective. It is expected that nanocover a lot more domains in further for the effective living on earth. Further the invension will be covered in the field of nano-science so as to make for lives better and easy. It is expected to have stunning results in future. REFERENCE 1. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=KqHvAwAA
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Oct 2018 Page: 935
prospective. It is expected that nano-technology will cover a lot more domains in further for the effective living on earth. Further the invension will be covered
science so as to make for lives better and easy. It is expected to have stunning results
