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1. AMLA

Classification

Kingdom : Plantae Division Flowering plant Class: Magnoliopsida Order : Malpighiales Family : Phyllanthaceae Tribe : Phyllantheae Subtribe : 

Fluegginae Genus : Phyllanthus Species: P. emblica Zoological name : Phyllanthus emblica

Other Names. Indian gooseberry, Bhumi amla, Bhumyamalki, Amlaki,adiphala, dhatri, amalaka, amali, amalakamu, usirikai, Anola, Amlika, nellikai,malacca tree, nillika, nellikya, emblic are the other names used for the Amla. 

Description

Amla is the medium size deciduous plant. It grows to the height of 8 -18 meter. Ithas a crooked trunk and spreading branches. Its flower is yellow greenish incolour. The fruit is spherical pale yellow with six vertical furrows. The maturefruits are hard and do not fall for the gentle touch. amla-plantThe average weightof the fruit is 60 -70 g. It has a gray bark and reddish wood. Its leaves arefeathery, linear oblong in shape and smell like lemon. Its wood is hard in texture.

It wraps and splits when exposed in the Sun or in the excessive heat.Location : It is planted through the deciduous of tropical India and on the hillslopes up to 2000 meter. It is commercially cultivated in the state of UttarPradesh in India. It is also grown in Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradeshalso.

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Cultivation methods :Amla can grow in light as well as the heavy soils. It isgrown under the tropical conditions. The young plants are protected from the hotwinds as they dye easily. Amla is generally propagated through seeds. It requires

proper sunlight. It is irrigated during the monsoon season. It starts bearing fruitsin seven years from the day of planting.

Medicinal uses : The fruit is the richest source of Vitamin C and is a diuretic,aperient, Laxative and hair dye. It cures insomnia and is healthy for hair. It isused as the cardio protective, useful in hemorrhage, menprrhagia, leucorrhoeaand discharge of blood from uterus. Amla power and oil are used traditionally inAyurvedic applications for the treatment of scalp. Amla power improves immunity

and gives physical strength. It improves complexion and removes wrinkles. Amlais also used to treat constipation and is used as a cooling agent to reduce theeffects of sun strokes and sun burns.

Other uses : It is the main ingredient used in the shampoo. Amla oil is used allthe world. Amla is used in sauces, candy, dried chips, pickle, jellies and powder.It is even used in the dyeing industry. It extract is popularly used in the ink. Amlawood is commonly used in firework.

Cultural Importance :Amla has been regarded as the sacred tree in India. It sinworshiped as the Mother Earth and is believed to nurture humankind becausethe fruits are very nourishing. It stimulates spiritual purity. Kartik Mahatma andVrat Kaumudi order the worship of this tree. Its fruits and flowers are used inworship.

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2. ARJUN TREE

Classification

Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order : Myrtales Family : Combretaceae Genus : Terminalia Species: T. arjunaZoological name : Terminalia arjuna

Other Names

Arjuna, Koha, Kahu, Arjan, White Marudah, White Murdh, Arjuna Myrobalan,

Orjun, Yerra maddi, Sadada, Sadaru and many more.

Description

Arjuna is the large size deciduous tree. The height of the Arjuna tree reachesupto 60 -85 feet. It is the evergreen tree with the yellow flowers and conicalleaves. It has a smooth gray bark. Fruit is 2.5 -3.5 cm long, fibrous woody,glabrous with 5 hard wings, striated with numerous arjun-treecurved veins. It hasa buttressed trunk and a vast spreading crown from which the branches dropdownwards. Its leaves are dull green above and pale brown beneath. Arjunaflowers between March to June and fruits between September to November.

Other Species : Terminalia chebula, T. bellrica and T. ciliata are the otherspecies of Arjun tree found in India.

Location : Terminalia Arjuna is common throughout India especially in the subHimalayan tracts and Eastern India. They are widely grown in BandhavgarhNational Park, Pench Tiger Reserve and Kanha National Park in India. It ismainly grown on the banks of the rivers and streams.

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Cultivation methods :Its fruit is dried in the sunlight and than stored up to 6 -12months. Seeds are pretreated by soaking in the water for 48 hours before sowingin beds. 8 – 9 months seedlings are better to transplant in the field.

Medicinal uses : The Bark of the Arjuna tree contains calcium salts, magnesiumsalts, and glucosides has been used in traditional Ayurvedic herbalism Juice ofits leaf is used to cure dysentry and earache. Arjuna helps in maintaining thecholesterol level at the normal rate, as it contains the antioxidant propertiessimilar to the Vitamin E. It strengths the heart muscles and maintains the heartfunctioning properly. It also improves functioning of cardiac muscle. Arjuna isused for the treatment of coronary artery disease, heart failure, edema, angina

and hypercholesterolemia. Its bark power possesses diuretic, prostaglandinenhancing and coronary risk factor modulating properties. It is also considered asbeneficial in the treatment of Asthma.

Other uses : Its wood is used in boat and house building as it is very hard. Itswood is also used in the making of the agricultural implements and weapons too.It is grown in the cities and towns for the purpose of shade.

Cultural Importance :Arjuna is one of the sacred tree of India. It has acquiredthe social and religious sanctity with the passage of time. It is said that Arjunahas been born of the two sons of Kubair after saint Narada cursed him. Theleaves and flowers of this tree are offered to the Lord Vishnu and Lord Ganpation the several religious occasions. It has been used in Ayurvedic formation sinceancient times.

3. BANYAN TREE

Classification

Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order : Urticales Family : Moraceae Genus : Ficus Zoological name : FicusBenghalensis.

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 Other Names

Bargad, Bor, Ber, Ala and Pedda mari, Nayagrodha, Ala mara, Bar, Vad,Vatnam, Bahupada, Peddamarri, Al are the other names used for the Banyantree. Indians call it a wish fulfilling tree.

Description

Banyan tree is a huge tree with very extensive branches. It is said that at onetime more than 10, 000 people can sit under its shade at one time. It is a

evergreen tree. It branches spread out and send trunk like roots to the ground inorder to support itself. It grows to a height of more than Banyan Tree21 metersand lives for many years. The leaves are 10 -20 cm long and has many aerialroots. The leaves are broad, oval and glossy. White milky fluid oozes out ofleaves, if broken. It can grow in to the gaint tree covering several hectares.

Other Species : F. aurea, F. benghalensis, F. citrifolia, F. macrophylla, F.microcarpa, F.pertusa, F. rubiginosa are the other related species of the Banyan

tree.

Location : Found in almost all the parts of India, Banyan tree is the National treeof India. It is grown throughout the sub- Himalayan region and in the deciduousforests. One can Banyan Tree in the Botanical Garden of Calcutta. They arewidely grown in the Ranthambore National Park and Corbett National Park inIndia.

Cultivation methods :Banyan tree is easily propagated by root tip cuttings orthe eye cuttings. Cut apiece of the stem about half a inch below and above theleaf. Insert the stem piece and a little of the leaf stalk into the rooting medium. Toreduce evaporation from the leaf surface, you can roll the leaf and secure with arubber band. In a couple weeks roots and a new shoot will start developing. Itcan grow in any type of soil.

Medicinal uses : The Banyan tree also has several medicinal properties. Its leaf,bark, seeds and fig are used for the variety of disorders like diarrhea, polyuria,dental, diabetes and urine disorders. The wood of the Banyan tree is used inmaking door panels, boxes and the other items. Its bark is used for making paperand ropes. The milky latex that comes from its leaves and stems is used in manyAyurvedic medicines.

Other uses : In India its edible leaves are used as the plates. It is planted for the

soil conservation. Wood is used for well curbs, door panels, boxes, furniture etc.It is suitable for paper pulp. The wood of the aerial roots is stronger and is usedfor the tent poles and cart yokes.

Cultural importance : Banyan tree is respected and is considered as sacred bythe people in India. In the sacred Hindu Book 'Bhagwad Gita' Lord Krishna has

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sung praises on the Banyan tree. People in India grow Banyan tree closer to thePeepal tree. As Banyan tree is considered as the male plant closely related tothe Peepal tree. It symbolize Trimurti with Vishnu as the barl, Shiva as the

branches and Brahma as the roots. Indians considered Banyan tree as 'KalpaVriksha' the tree that fulfill all your wishes.The mighty Banyan Tree is consideredas immortal and has always been the focal point for the village communities inIndia. It is probably the biggest and friendliest of all trees. Banyan tree is the treeof knowledge and tree of life.

4. PEEPAL TREE

Classification

Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order : Rosales Family : Moraceae Genus : Ficus Species : F. religiosa ScientificName : Ficus religiosa

Other Names

Bo tree, Bodhi tree, Sacred tree, Beepul tree, Pipers, Pimpal, Jari,Arani,Ashvattha, Ragi, Bodhidruma, Shuchidruma, Pipalla, Ashvattha and theBuddha tree are the other names used for the Banyan tree.

Description

Peepal is a large, fast growing deciduous tree. It has a heart shaped leaves. It is

a medium size tree and has a large crown with the wonderful wide spreadingbranches. It shed its leaves in the month of March and April. The fruits of thePeepal are hidden with the figs. The figs are ripen in peepal-treethe month ofMay. The figs which contain the flowers grow in pairs just below the leaves andlook like the berries. Its bark is light gray and peels in patches. Its fruit is purple incolour. It is one of the longest living trees.

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Other Species : Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam, Artocarpus incissus L.,Artocarpus nobilis Thw. Are some of the other species of the Peepal tree.

Location : Peepal tree is grown throughout India. It is mainly grown in State ofHaryana, Bihar, Kerala and Madhya Pradesh. It is also found in the RanthamboreNational Park in India.

Cultivation : Peepal tree is easily propagated through the seeds or through thecuttings. It can grow in any type of soil. Young peepal needs proper nourishment.It requires full sunlight and proper watering.

Medicinal uses : This tree of life has also got the medicinal value. The juice ofits leaves extracted by holding them near the fire can be used as the ear drop. Itspower bark has been used to heal the wounds for years. The bark of the tree isuseful in inflammations and glandular swelling of the neck. Its root bark is usefulfor stomatitis, clean ulcers, and promotes granulations. Its roots are also good forgout. The roots are even chewed to prevent gum diseases. Its fruit is laxativewhich promotes digestion and checks vomiting. Its ripe fruits are good for the foultaste, thirst and heart diseases. The powered fruit is taken for Asthma. Its seeds

have proved useful in urinary troubles. The leaves are used to treat constipation.

Other uses : People in India collect the Peepal leaves, clean them, dry them andthan paint them with the gold acrylic in order to preserve them for years. Fromthe bark of the Peepal tree reddish dye is extracted. Its leaves are used to feedthe camels and the elephants. When the leaves are dried they are used for thedecoration purpose.

Cultural importance : Peepal tree has the great importance in India especiallyamong the Buddhist who regard Peepal tree as the personification of Buddha.Lord Buddha attained enlightenment mediating under the Peepal tree. It isregarded as the sacred tree and the people uses its leaves for the religiouspurposes. According to the Buddha – 'He who worships the Peepal tree willreceive the same reward as if he worshiped me in person'. The Peepal tree hasits own symbolic meaning of Enlightenment and peace. People tie threads ofwhite, red and yellow silk around it to pray for progeny and rewardingparenthood. Hindus in India holds the great spiritual regard for the Peepal Tree,they regard it as the tree beneath which Vishnu was born.

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 5. EUCALYPTUS 

Classification

Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order : Myrtales Family : Myrtaceae Genus : Eucalyptus Zoological name : Eucalyptusglobulus, Eucalyptus polybrachtea.

Other Names

Tailapatra, Sugandhapatra, Tailaprana, and Nilgiri Taila are the other names

used for the Eucalyptus.

Description

Eucalyptus is a tall evergreen tree. It attains the height of more than 300 feet.Leaves of the tree on juvenile shoots are opposite, sessile, cordate-ovate andcovered with a bluish white bloom. The adult leaves are alternate, lanceolate andare 6-12 inches long and 1-2 inches broad. It eucalyptus-treeflowers are cream incolour. The appearance of its bark varies with the age of the tree. Its barkconsists of long fibers and can be can be pulled off in long pieces. Stems of theseedlings and coppice shoots are quadrangular. Flowers are in cymose panicles.The fruit is a capsule.

Other Species : Eucalyptus abdita, Eucalyptus acies, Eucalyptus apiculata,Eucalyptus albopurpurea, Eucalyptus alligatrix, Eucalyptus ammophila,

Eucalyptus amplifolia, Eucalyptus andrewsii are the other related species ofEucalyptus. There are 700 species of Eucalyptus.

Location : It is widely grown in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujrat, Haryana,Mysore, Kerala and in the Nilgiri Hill. It grows well in deep, fertile, well drained

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loamy soil with adequate moisture. It is also found in Nagarhole National Park and Bandipur National Park in India.

Cultivation methods :Eucalyptus grown in well drained sandy soil. It ispropagated through seeds, soft wood cuttings and semi hard wood cuttings. Atthe time planting it must be taken into account that ts roots are not broken. Itneeds water before and after planting. It requires full sunlight.

Medicinal uses : Eucalyptus is known for its use either as an essential oil or leaftea for its ability to relieve congestion and ease breathing in colds. It oil is alsoused as the pain reliever foe sore and overextended muscles. The essential oil of

Eucalyptus contains cineole, a potent antiseptic that helps in killing the bacteriaand fungi. It helps in increasing cardiac action. It is taken in all types of fever. Ithelps in purifying the blood. It lowers the blood sugar. It brings relief to thepatients of Asthma and bronchitis. It is the excellent topical remedy for aching

 joints and rheumatism. It helps in improving the blood circulation.

Other uses : Eucalyptus is used as the pulpwood in the manufacture of thepaper as well as raw material. It is used as the poles for the construction of huts

and houses. It is used in making plywood, doors and windows.

6. MAHOGANY

Classification

Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order : Sapindales Family : Meliaceae Genus : Swietenia Species : S. mahagoniScientific Name : Swietenia mahagoni

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Other Names

Mahogany, West Indian Mahogany, Spanish mahogany, Madeira redwood,acajou, caoba, caoba de Santo, cheria mahogany, Cuban mahogany, Americanmahogany, True mahogany, small leaf mahogany, Dominican mahogany aresome of the other names of Indian Mahogany.

Description

Indian Mahogany grow up to the height of 30 -40 feet. It is fast upright growingtree with abroad rounded symmetrical crown. It is 20 -30 feet in spread. The fruit

is a large greenish brown capsule, splitting into 5 parts relwasing flat, longwinged, light brown seeds. Its wood is red brown indian-mahogany-treein colour.Both the male and the female flowers are produced on the same plant. The barkis smooth dark brown in colour. The leaves are pinnate which are 12 -25 cmlong, with four to eight leaflets.

Other Species : Swietenia humilis , Swietenia candollei, Swietenia fabrilis,Swietenia mahagoni, Swietenia macrophylla are the other related species of the

Indian Mahogany.

Location : India Mahogany is found in almost all the parts of India. It can also befound in Thattekkad Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaziranga National Park and CorbettNational Park in India.

Cultivation methods :Indian Mahogany is mostly propagated through seeds. Itrequires partial shade or full Sun for its growth. It needs water periodically. It

looses its leaves at the end of the winter. The new leaves start growing after twothree weeks. The new leaves are reddish purple in colour, which turn yellowgreen afterwards.

Medicinal uses : The bark extracts are used as an astringent for wounds. It isused to cure malaria, anemia diarrhea, fever, dysentery and depurative. Theleaves contain several limonoids; seven phragmalin limonoids ofswietephragmins A-G as well two other different types of 2-hydroxy-3-O-tigloylswietenolide and deacetylsecomahoganin.

Other uses : Its wood is used in making furniture, fixtures, musical instruments,inlay, boat, caskets and many more. Its wood is a very popular material for drummaking.

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 7. INDIAN ROSEWOOD

Classification

Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order : Fabales Family : Fabaceae Subfamily : Faboideae Genus : Dalbergia Species: D. sissoo Scientific Name : Dalbergia sissoo

Other Names

Aguru (Sanskrit), Bombay Rosewood (English), dalbergia (Arabic), nakku katti(Tamil Nadu), ostindisches Rosenholz, pradu-khaek, pradu-khaek, shinshapa(Sanskrit), shisham (Hindi), shishu (Bengali), shisu (Bengali), sisam (Hindi),sisham (Nepali), sissai (Hindi), sissau (Nepali), sisso (English), sisso (Tamil),sissoo (English), sissoo (Arabic), sissoo (Hindi), sissu (Hindi), sisu (Bengali), sisu(Spanish), sisuitti (Tamil), skuva, sonoswaseso (Javanese), tali, yette (Tamil) aresome of the other names used for the Indian Rosewood.

Description

Indian Rosewwod is a erect deciduous tree. It grows to the height of 25 meterand 2-3 meter in diameter. It has leathery leaves which are up to 15 cm long. Theflowers are whitish pink in colour. Its crown is oval in shape. The fruit is brownand pod like in shape. The fruit is dry and hard. The sapwood is white to palebrown in colour and the heartwood is golden to dark brown in colour.

Other Species : Dalbergia nigra, Dalbergia latifolia are the other known speciesof the Indian Rosewood.

Location : Indian Rosewood mainly grows on the banks of the river below 900meter elevation. It is widely found in the Indian Stat of Haryana. It can also be

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found in the Periyar National Park, Bandipur National Park and Sariska TigerReserve in India.

Cultivation methods : Indian Rosewood is mostly propagated through the rootsuckers and seeds. It requires fertile well drained soil. Seeds are soaked in waterfor 48 hours before sowing. Seeds are germinated in three weeks. YoungRosewood needs full sunlight. It requires dry to wet soil. Young plants are wellwatered until established. Flowers occur from October to February

Medicinal uses : Indian Rosewood holds many medicinal properties. Rosewoodoil stimulates new cell growth, regenerate tissues, and heps minimize lines and

wrinkles. It helps balance both dry and oily skin. It can prove useful against acne.

Other uses : It is the important fuel wood and is also used for shade and shelter.Its wood is used for the making furniture, doors, windows, ship floors, plywood,skis, musical instruments, carvings etc. Because of durability Rosewood is oftenused in the martial art weaponary, particulary as the shaft of spears and in thegun staves. Its oil is used in Perfumes.

Cultural importance : Many people grow Rosewood because they believeharvesting the wood denudes the rain forests.

8. NEEM

Classification

Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order : Sapindales Family : Meliaceae Genus : Azadirachta Species : A. indicaScientific Name : Azadirachta indica

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Other Names. It is popularly known as the miracle tree. It is known asNimba in India. The Sanskrit name of Neem is Arishtha meaning the reliever ofthe sickness. Margosa tree.

Description

It is a tall evergreen tree with the small bright green leaves. It is up to 100 feettall. It blossoms in spring with the small white flowers. It has a straight trunk. Itsbark is hard rough and scaly, fissured even in small trees. The colour of the barkis brown grayish. The leaves are alternate and consists of several leaflets withserrated edges. Its flowers are small and white in colour. The loive like edible fruit

is oval, round and thin skinned.

Other Species : A. juss, A. azedarac are the other related species of Neem tree.A. juss, A. azedarac are the other related species of Neem tree. A. juss, A.azedarac are the other related species of Neem tree.

Location : Neem tree is found throughout India. It is a popular village tree.Although it is also widely grown in Ranthambore National Park, Bandhavgarh

national Park, Mrugavani Naional Park, Bannerghata National Park, SariskaWildlife Sanctuary and Guindy National Park.

Cultivation : Neem tree can easily be grown in the dry, stony, shallow andclayey soils. It needs very little water and plenty of sunlight. It grows slowlyduring the first year of planting. It can be propagated through the seeds andcuttings. Young neem tree can not tolerate excessive cold.

Medicinal uses : The indigenous people of Nilgiris consume the dried andpowered tubulers of the terrestrial orchids as an energizing tonic. Neem alsoholds medicinal value. Each part of neem is used in the medicines. It has beenused in Ayurvedic medicines for more than 4000 years. Neem oil extracted fromits seeds is used in medicines, pest control and cosmetics etc. Its leaves areused in the treat Chickenpox.. According to the Hindus, it is believed that theGoddess of the chickenpox, Sithala lives in the Neem tree. Neem tea is usuallytaken to reduce the headache and fever. Its flowers are used to cure intestinal

problems. Neem bark acts as an analgesic and can cure high fever as of malaria.Even the skin diseases can be cured from the Neem leaves. Indians evenbelieve that the Neem can even purify diseases.

Other uses : People in India use its twigs to brush their teeth. Neem isconsidered as the useful tree in rehabilitating the waste land areas. Neem seedpulp is useful for methane gas production. It is also useful as carbohydrate whichis rich base for other industrial fermentations. Neem bark contains tannins whichare used in tanning and dyeing. In south India its wood is used to make thefurniture. The bark of the yields the fiber that is woven into ropes. Neem cake iswidely used in India as fertilizer for sugarcane, vegetable and other cash crops.Many countries have been consistently growing the Neem tree against the global

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warming. The worldwide Neem Foundation has helped in making the peopleaware about the importance of neem and its uses globally.

Cultural Importance : One can find Neem in almost all the parts of India. It issaid that planting Neem tree in the house is a ensured passage to heaven. Itsleaves are stung on the main entrance to remain away from the evil spirits.Brides take bath in the water filled with the Neem leaves. Newly born babies arelaid upon the Neem leaves to provide them with the protective aura. Neem givesout more oxygen than other trees. The neem tree is also connected with the Sun,in the story of Neembark 'The Sun in the Neem tree'. Neem is the wonder treeand finds mention in the number of ancient texts.

9. INDIAN TULIP TREE

Classification

Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order : Malvales Family : Malvaceae Genus : Thespesia Species : T. populneaScientific Name : Thespesia populnea

Other Names

Portia tree, Pacific Rosewood, Suriya (Sinhala), Poovarasu, Plaksa, Sea sideMahoe are the other names used for the Indian Tulip tree. It is also known as theScarlet Bell tree, Flame of the forest and Fountain tree.

Description

Indian Tulip Tree attains the height of 40 feet or more. It is a very large tree. Ithas heart shaped leaves and the cup shaped flowers. It is a fast growing,evergreen tree. It is very bushy when it is young but thins out with the age. Eachflower is white – yellow in colour and has indian-tulip-treemaroon eye that ages

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to purple. The flowers bloom year round and lasts for three days. The majorbranches of the tree grow straight, with the thick corrugated bark. They are Itsbarks are stringy and light grey in colour. Its fruit is the round capsule which isabout one inch across. Its seeds are grayish brown in colour.

Other Species : Hibiscus tilliaceus, H. pernambucensis , H. elatus are the otherrelated species of the Indian Tulip Tree.

Location : Indian Tulip tree is found in the lower dry forests to the wet forests.Deep, rich, well-drained soils of forest coves and lower mountain slopes. It iswidely grown in the Eravikulam National Park in India..

Cultivation methods : Indian Tulip trees are easily propagated through theseeds. It requires a deep rich soil for its cultivation. It must be taken care that theinner part of the seed is not destroyed. The seeds are germinated within 14 28days. Tulip plant can also be propagated with the cuttings. It is also grown in thepots. It sheds its leaves in the month of February. New leaves appear in themonth of April and March.

Medicinal uses : The bitter inner bark of the Indian Tulip tree is used as diureticand stimulant. Its raw green bark is also chewed as an aphrodisaic. Its tea isused in the treatment of indigestion, dysentery, rheumatism, coughs and fevers.In India its bark was used to treat the skin diseases, and haemorrhoids. Itsleaves are applied to the inflamed and swollen joints. It is also used in thetreatment of ringworm. Its roots are used as the tonic.

Other uses : The fruits, flowers and young leaves are edible. The tough fibrous

bark is made into rope in several areas. The bark is also used to caulk boat.Even the cork is made from the inner bark. The yellow dye is obtained from itsfruits and flowers and the red one from the bark. Its parts are also used in themaking of gum, oil and tannin. Its timber is also used to make the papers. Itswood is used to make bowls, paddles and other carved objects.

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10. SAL TREE

Classification

Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order : Malvales Family : Dipterocarpaceae Genus : Shorea Species : S. robustaScientific Name : Shorea robusta

Other Names

Shala, Sarai, Sargi, Salwa, Sakhu, Sakher, Shal, Kandar and Sakwa are the

other names used for the Sal tree.

Description

Sal is a large sub deciduous tree. It is up to 30 meter high. Sal tree is seldomcompletely leafless. It has large leathery leaves and yellowish flowers. They havetough texture. Young trees have a linear crown, which becomes rounder andflatter with aging. The sapwood is whitish in colour, thick and is less durable. The

heartwood becomes dark brown to black in colour on exposure. The wood poresare filled with resin.

Location : Sal tree are found in Assam, Nepal, Bengal and on the bank of theYamuna river. In Haryana Sal can be found in the Morni Hills and the Kalesarforests. Sal tree grows in North East and Central India up to 1700 meterelevation. It is widely grown in the foothills of the Himalayas. Sal trees are alsofound in the Bandhavgarh National Park, Corbett National Park and Dudhwanational Park in India.

Cultivation methods : Sal tree requires well drained, moist and sandy loam soil.It can grow in type type of temperature. It is mostly propagated through cuttings.In dry conditions it sheds it leaves from February to March. New leaves appear in

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the month of April and May. The flowers mature into fruit in summers and theseeds ripen in June -July.

Medicinal uses : The resin is used in the indigenous system of medicine as anastringent and detergent and is given in diarrhea and dysentery. It is also usedas an ingredient of ointments for skin diseases and in the ear troubles. It is alsoused in the foot care cream. The fruits of the Sal tree are used in the treatment ofexcessive salivation, epilepsy, and chlorosis. The powered seeds haveinsecticides properties. The powered seeds are even used to treat dentalproblems. It cleanses the skin of oily secretion and is used as the cleanser forwashing hair.

Other uses : The leaves of the Sal tree are used by the tribal people forpreparing rice cakes and for smoking. The leaves are used to make platters,bowls, small baskets and many more. Distilled leaves produce an oil which isused in perfumery. It is also used in flavouing chewing gums and tobacco. Itsdried and fallen leaves are used as fertilizers. It is used for caulking ships andboats. The oil that comes out from its seed is edible and is known as Sal butter. Itis often used in cooking and for the burning in the oil lamps. The seeds of the Sal

tree are used for fat extraction. Its oil is even used for adulterating ghee. Tribalpeople give marriage invitation in the form of folded Sal leaves, with the little bitof turmeric and rice inside it.

Cultural Importance : Sal tree is worshiped among the Buddhist and Hindus inIndia. It is mentioned in many scriptures that the Buddha was born and diedunder the Sal tree. A branch of the tree bend down to support his mother Mayaand as soon as he held on the tree, the baby appeared. Sal tree has special

significance in the festivals and marriages of Adivasi. A pole of the Sal tree isconsidered very important and unless the bridegroom sits on the altar made oftree of Sal, the marriage has no meaning. It also holds great value in the lives ofthe indigenous populance of Chotanagpur plateau. It is the main attraction of thefestival of Sarhul, which means Sal Blossoms Festival. The whole festivalrevolves round the Sal tree.

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 11. TEAK

Classification

Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order : Lamiales Family : Verbenaceae Genus : Tectona Scientific Name : TectonaGrandis

Other Names

Saka, Burma teak, Rangoon teak, moulmein teak, gia thi, jati sak, kyun, mai sak,rosawa and tekka are the other names used for the Teak tree.

Description : Teak is tall evergreen tree. It has yellowish blonde to reddishbrown wood. It attains the height of about 30 meter. The fruit is a drupe. It hasbluish to white flowers. It produces the large leaf similar to the tobacco leaf. Thebark is whitish gray in colour. It is generally grown straight teak-treewith the

uneven texture, medium lusture and the oily feel. The upper surface of the tree isrough to touch and the inner surface has hairs. The fruit is enclosed by thebladder like calyx, which is light brown, ribbed and papery.

Other species : Tectona grandia, Tectona hamiltoniana, and Tectonaphilippinensis are the other related species of the Teak tree.

Location : Teak is well grown in all the parts of India. It is also found in the GirNational Park, Satpura National Park, Pench Tiger Reserve in India.

Cultivation methods : The new plants can also be propagated from cuttings. Itis usually planted when the four to six weeks old. Plough the land thoroughly andlevel it. The best season to plant the teak is monsoon, most probably after the

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first shower. Carry out weeding operations regularly. Teal requires loamy soil richin humus and having the right content of moisture with good drainage. It growswell in hilly and dry areas. It requires a dry tropical climate for its growth. Itflowers in february and March.

Medicinal uses : Teak also holds the medicinal value. The bark is bitter tonicand is considered useful in fever. It is also useful in headache and stomachproblems. Digestion may be enhanced by the teak wood or bark.

Other uses : It is used in the furniture making, boat decks and for indoor flooring.It is widely used to make the doors and house windows. It is resistant to theattack of termites. Its wood contains scented oil which is the repellent to insects.The leaves yield the dye which is used to colour the clothes and edible. Teak isprobably the best protected commercial species in the world.

12. KIKKAR TREE

Classification

Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order : Fabales Family : Fabaceae Subfamily : Mimosoideae Genus : Acacia Species: A. karroo Scientific Name : Acacia karoo

Other Names

Cape Gum, Cassie, Piquants Blancs, Cassie Piquants Blancs, Cockspur Thorn,Deo-Babool, Doorn Boom, Kaludai, Karroo Thorn, Kikar, Mormati, Pahari Kikar,Pahari Kikar and Udai Vel are the other names used for the Kikar.

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Description

Kikar is the small thorny tree. It grows to the height of 7 – 12 meter. It has yellowround head flowers which are nectar less. The bark is red -brown to blackish and

rough. The leaves are light green and fern like up to 120 mm long and 50 mmwide. Flowers are 10- 15 mm in diameter, which grow in cluster between 4 -6 andare sweetly scented.

Other Species : Acacia campbellii, Acacia dekindtiana , Acacia eburnea sensuauct, Acacia horrida sensu auct, Acacia inconflagrabilis, Acacia karoo, Acaciaminutifolia, Acacia natalitia, Acacia pseudowightii, Acacia roxburghii, Mimosaeburnea are the other realted species of Kikar.

Location : It is widely found in the State of Haryana in India. It can also be foundin the Ranthambore National Park of India.

Cultivation methods : It is mainly grown in the cold temperature. It can begrown in any type of soil. It requires water for seed germination.

Medicinal and Other uses : The bark and seeds are the source of tannin. Thevarious parts of Kikar are useful in Diarrhoea. The leaves and the bark are usefulin arresting secretion or bleeding. The pods help remove catarrhal matter andphlegm from the bronchial tubes. The gum allays any irritation of the skin andsoothes the inflamed membranes of the pharynx, alimentary canal and genito-urinary organs. Fresh pods of babul tree are effective in sexual disorders likespermatorrhoea, frequent night discharges, loss of viscidity of the semen andpremature ejaculation.

Cultural Importance : It is widely used for fire work and timber. It is introducedand cultivated for erosion and fuel wood. Flowers are used for ornamentalpurposes, leaves serves as fodder for goats, also used in fencing and hedges. Itis honey bee species. Its wood is used for the paper production. Its is alsosometimes used as the gum. 

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7:40 pm, May 29, 2009