2014 BMT Pharmacists Conference: Debate - Haploidentical vs. Umbilical Cord Blood Transplant Claudio G Brunstein Associate Professor of Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN
Objectives
• Defend the selection of patients for umbilical cord blood (UCB) grafts.
• Review outcomes in patients who received reduced-intensity conditioning for UCB transplantation.
Eliane Gluckman, MD
Hopital St. Louis, Paris
20th anniversary first cord blood transplant (2008)
MaEhew Farrow,
recipient
First cord blood transplant
Hal Broxmeyer, PhD
Indiana University
School of Medicine
Cord Blood is RelaOvely Recent Technology
Obtaining Cord Blood
Courtesy of Dr. Mary Laughlin, University of Virginia
Advantages • UCB units are rapidly available
• HLA matching is less frequently a barrier to finding a donor
• Risk of acute and chronic GVHD is low in the presence of HLA mismatch
• Low risk of infecOon transmission
• No risk for the donor
Mismatched Cord Blood LimitaOons • RelaOvely limited repository • No donor lymphocytes • Delayed engraWment • Fixed cell dose • Cost • Growing regulatory complexity
Cord Blood SelecOon HLA DRB1 at allele level
HLA A and B at anOgen level Cryopreserved nucleated cell dose 2.5-‐3.0 x 10e7/kg
Select the unit with highest cell dose regardless of the
HLA-‐matching
Two Approaches AWer a certain cell dose select the best
HLA-‐matched unit
UCB UCB
The Double Cord MN Style If no single graW is big enough then …
HLA A & B: Ag level HLA DRB1: Allele level
4/6
4/6 4/6
HLA-‐match • 6/6 ≥ 3.0 x 107/kg
• 5/6 ≥ 4.0 x 107/kg
• 4/6 ≥ 5.0 x 107/kg
MSKCC
• Individual unit cell dose ≥ 1.5 x 107/kg • Combined cell dose ≥ 3.0 x 107/kg Boston combined cell dose 3.7 and allele level A, B and DRB1
Cord Blood SelecOon HLA DRB1 at allele level
HLA A and B at anOgen level Cryopreserved nucleated cell dose 2.5-‐3.0 x 10e7/kg
• CD34 cell dose • High resoluOon HLA matching • Matching at HLA-‐C • DirecOon of mismatch • Mismatching Kir-‐ligand • Non-‐inherited maternal allele • AnO-‐HLA anObodies • Experience with the cord blood bank • Red cell depleted • Licensed vs unlicensed cord blood
Tie Breakers
Days 0 20 40 100
Prob
ability, %
100
0
20
40
60
80
80 60
How important is to use well HLA-‐matched cord blood units?
UCB matched (n=35), 85%
UCB MM high dose (n=362), 79%
UCB MM low dose (n=97), 64%
Adapted from Eapen et. al. Lancet 2007
Neutrophil recovery in Children aWer Single UCBT
AWer adjusOng for disease status at transplantaOon, leukemia-‐free survival was BeEer
for HLA-‐Matched UCB
Adjusted
Proba
bility, %
0
20
40
60
80
100
12 24 60 48 36 0
Months
UCB matched (n=35) 60%
UCB 1-‐Ag MM high (n=157) 45% UCB 2-‐Ag MM (n=267) 33% UCB 1-‐Ag MM low (n=44) 35%
Adapted from Eapen M et. al. Lancet 2007
keep in mind:
HLA-‐matching and cell dose are Oed to each other and the goal is to use a large, well matched, cord blood unit.
In adults, it is easier said than done.
If high resoluOon seems to have some influence in outcomes, should we be considering matching at HLA-‐C locus (like in
unrelated adult volunteer donors) when selecOng UCB Units?
Eapen et al. Lancet Oncology 2011
Tretment Related Mortality Zero, single, or mulOple loci mismatches
A, B, C, and DRB1 match 6/69 1·∙00 ..
One locus (A, B, C, or DRB1) mismatch 27/147 2·∙02 (0·∙83–4·∙91) 0·∙12
Two loci (A, B, C, or DRB1) mismatch 75/259 3·∙27 (1·∙42–7·∙54) 0·∙006
Three loci (A, B, C, or DRB1) mismatch 83/253 3·∙34 (1·∙45–7·∙71) 0·∙005
Four loci (A, B, C, and DRB1) mismatch 28/75 3·∙51 (1·∙44–8·∙58) 0·∙006
HLA-‐A and B anOgen HLA-‐DRB1 allele
HLA-‐A, B and DRB1 allele
Kurtzberg et al Blood 2008
If beEer “convenOonal” HLA-‐matching maEers, should we consider high resoluOon HLA-‐matching at A, B and DRB1 when
selecOng cord blood units?
Kurtzberg et al Blood 2008
HLA-‐A and B anOgen HLA-‐DRB1 allele
HLA-‐A, B and DRB1 allele
Effect of High Resolution HLA Matching on Outcomes of Single UCB Transplantation
Eapen et al. Blood 2014
Effect of High Resolution HLA Matching on Outcomes of Single UCB Transplantation
Eapen et al. Blood 2014
Effect of High Resolution HLA Matching on Outcomes of Single UCB Transplantation
Eapen et al. Blood 2014
Relapse
Effect of High Resolution HLA Matching on Outcomes of Single UCB Transplantation
Eapen et al. Blood 2014
Relapse
Years Post-‐Transplant
6-‐8/10
2-‐5/10
9-‐10/10
P=0.03
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 1 2 3 4 5
CumulaO
ve In
cide
nce
Years Post Transplant
6-‐8/10 2-‐5/10
9-‐10/10
P=0.08
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 1 2 3 4 5
All paOents Acute leukemia paOents
Effect of High ResoluOon HLA Matching on Outcomes of Double UCB TransplantaOon
Non-‐relapse mortality
Months Post-‐Transplant
P=0.89
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 6 12 18 24
9-‐10/10
6-‐8/10 3-‐5/10 Cu
mula>
ve Incide
nce
Months Post-‐Transplant
6-‐8/10
2-‐5/10 9-‐10/10
P=0.92
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 6 12 18 24
All paOents Acute leukemia paOents
Effect of High ResoluOon HLA Matching on Outcomes of Double UCB TransplantaOon
Disease-‐Free Survival
Years Post-‐Transplant
6-‐8/10
2-‐5/10
9-‐10/10
P=0.06
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 1 2 3 4 5
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I
I I I I I I
Cumula>
ve Propo
r>on
Years Post-‐Transplant
6-‐8/10
2-‐5/10
9-‐10/10
P=0.35
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 1 2 3 4 5
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I I I I I I I I
All paOents Acute leukemia paOents
Effect of High ResoluOon HLA Matching on Outcomes of Double UCB TransplantaOon
Treatment Failure – Acute Leukemia HLA-‐match long-‐term engraWing unit
2-‐5/10 1.0 6-‐8/10 1.4 (0.8-‐2.4) .20 9-‐10/10
2.1 (1.1-‐4.2) .03
Leukemia Status and CytogeneOcs CR1 non-‐poor risk cytogene>cs 1.0 CR1 poor risk cytogene>cs 0.8 (0.5-‐1.5) .57 CR2 with CR1 ≤ 1 year 1.1 (0.6-‐2.2) .74 CR2 with CR1 > 1 year 0.8 (0.4-‐1.6) .56 CR3 2.3 (1.0-‐5.2) .06 Not in remission 3.2 (1.4-‐7.3) <.01
Should donor specific anO-‐HLA anObodies be considered in the selecOon of cord blood units?
Takanashi M et al. Blood 2010;116:2839-2846 ©2010 by American Society of Hematology
No DSA 108 55 DSA 1 unit 12 11 DSA 2 units 6 7
Adverse Impact of Donor Specific AnO-‐HLA AnObodies on Double UCBT is Less Clear
GraY failure 14% 5.5% DSA 1 unit 25%(3 of 12) 18% (2 of 11) DSA 2 units 16% (1 of 6) 57% (3 of 7) Irrelevant Aby 16% NA
MN Brunstein BMT 2011
Boston Cutler Blood 2011
MFI >500 >1000
MFI >1000 >1000 DSA 1 unit 40% (2 of 5) 18% (2 of 11) DSA 2 units 25% (1 of 4) 57% (3 of 7)
>1000 4 of 16 (25%) 4 of 11 (36%)
Cord Blood SelecOon HLA DRB1 at allele level
HLA A and B at anOgen level Cryopreserved nucleated cell dose 2.5-‐3.0 x 10e7/kg
• CD34 cell dose • High resoluOon HLA matching • Matching at HLA-‐C • DirecOon of mismatch • Mismatching Kir-‐ligand • Non-‐inherited maternal allele • AnO-‐HLA anObodies • Experience with the cord blood bank • Red cell depleted • Licensed vs unlicensed cord blood
Tie Breakers
PracOcal Example • High resoluOon HLA-‐matching could be considered in paOents with mulOple suitable 5/6 and 6/6 HLA-‐matched unit available
Cryopreserved TNC x10e7
ConvenOonal HLA-‐match
3.5 6/6
4.5 5/6
5.5 5/6
High res HLA-‐match
5/6
5/6
3/6
PracOcal Example • Similar concept may apply to HLA-‐C matching
Cryopreserved TNC x10e7
ConvenOonal 6-‐loci
HLA-‐match
3.5 6/6
4.5 5/6
5.5 5/6
ConvenOonal 6-‐loci +
HLA-‐C match
Mismatch or 6/8
Match or 7/8
Mismatch or 5/8
Prob
ability, %
Months post-‐transplantaOon
100
0
20
40
60
80
UCB
0 12 24 8 16 20
PBPC matched
PBPC mismatched
BM matched
BM mismatched
4
SIB MMUD
MUD DUCB
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 12 24 36 48 60
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I
I I I
I I
I I I I
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I
I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I
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Months post-‐transplantaOon
Overall, paOents who have a suitably dose single unit or double unit cord blood graWs have outcomes similar
to recipients of unrelated donor graWs
Eapen et. al. Lancet Oncol 2010 Brunstein et. al. Blood 2011
Single Double
Leukemia-Free Survival after URD vs double UCB
Reduced Intensity Transplantation for Acute Leukemia
Fk10_49.ppt
Prob
abili
ty,
%
Months 0 6 12 36 24 18
100
0
20
40
60
80
90
10
30
50
70
0
100
20
40
60
80
90
10
30
50
70
30
MMUD: 25%
MUD: 31%
dCB, TCF: 26%
dCB, other: 9%
P=0.017
Brunstein et al Blood 2012
Neutrophil Recovery ≥ 500/µL
Cum
ulat
ive
Inci
denc
e, %
100
0
20
40
60
80
0
100
20
40
60
80
Days Post-Transplantation 0 20 40 100 80 60
CTN0604-11_7.ppt
94% (95%CI, 87-100%)
Median 15 days (range 4-47)
BMT CTN 0604: dUCB
Brunstein, Fuchs, Eapen, O’Donnel Blood 2011
CTN0604-11_2.ppt
100
0
20
40
60
80
Days Post-Transplantation
0 20 40 100 80 60
Cum
ulat
ive
Inci
denc
e, %
40% (95%CI, 26-54%)
Grade III-IV: 21% (95%CI, 6-37%)
Brunstein, Fuchs, Eapen, O’Donnel Blood 2011
BMT CTN 0604: dUCB
Progression-Free Survival
Months Post-Transplantation
CTN0604-11_6.ppt
Prob
abili
ty,
%
100
0
20
40
60
80
0 2 4 13 8 6 12 10
46% (95%CI, 31-60%)
65% (95%CI, 50-77%)
Brunstein, Fuchs, Eapen, O’Donnel Blood 2011
BMT CTN 0604: dUCB
BMTCTN 0604: Overall Survival
Pro
bab
ility
, %
100
0
20
40
60
80
Months Post Transplant 0 8 16 40 32 24 4 12 36 28 20
Survival Estimate @ 2 years 46.0% (95% CI, 31.9%, 59.0%)
Eapen et al. ms in prep
BMTCTN 0604: Progression-free Survival
Pro
bab
ility
, %
100
0
20
40
60
80
Months Post Transplant 0 8 16 40 32 24 4 12 36 28 20
Survival Estimate @ 2 years 38.0% (95% CI, 24.8%, 51.1%)
Eapen et al. ms in prep
BMTCTN 0604: Relapse
Cu
mu
lati
ve I
nci
den
ce,
% 100
0
20
40
60
80
Months Post Transplant
Estimate @ 2 years 34.0 % (95% CI, 20.7%, 47.3%)
0 8 16 42 32 24 4
12 36 28 20 40
Eapen et al. ms in prep
BMTCTN 0604: Treatment Related Mortality
Cu
mu
lati
ve I
nci
den
ce,
% 100
0
20
40
60
80
Months Post Transplant
0 8 16 44 32 24 4
12 36 28 20 40
Estimate @ 2 years 28.0% (95% CI, 15.3%, 40.7%)
Eapen et al. ms in prep
BMTCTN 0604: Chronic GVHD
Cu
mu
lati
ve I
nci
den
ce,
% 100
0
20
40
60
80
Months Post Transplant
0 8 16 44 32 24 4
12 36 28 20 40
Estimate @ 2 years 28.0% (95% CI, 15.3%, 40.7%)
Eapen et al. ms in prep
• UCB is a efficacious source of HSC for the treatment of children (more frequently single) and adults (more frequently double).
• RetrospecOve comparaOve data suggests outcomes similar to adult donor types.
• Improved graW selecOon and novel strategies may further improved UCBT outcomes.
• Ongoing and future prospecOve studies with help further define the role of UCB in HSC transplantaOon
In summary
What are the two main criteria for the selection of UCB units?
a. Viability and nucleated cell dose b. Matching at HLA C and date of cryopreservation c. NIMA and blood type d. HLA matching at A, B and DRB1 and cell dose e. KIR-matching and anti-HLA antibodies
The INCORRECT statement is:
a. Data suggest that DFS after UCB transplantation is similar to that of adult donor grafts
b. Single and double UCB grafts are more frequently used for children and adults, respectively
c. HLA-C may be used to refine UCB unit selection d. HLA antibodies are irrelevant in UCB selection e. Ongoing clinical trial is randomizing double UCB
vs. Haplo donors