+ All Categories
Home > Documents > 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron...

15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron...

Date post: 14-Dec-2015
Category:
Upload: dustin-carpenter
View: 222 times
Download: 3 times
Share this document with a friend
Popular Tags:
38
15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer School on Physics of Elementary Particles and Astrophysics Bolshie Koty, 5-12 July 2015
Transcript
Page 1: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 1

Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos

A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky

15th Baikal Summer School on Physics of Elementary Particles and Astrophysics

Bolshie Koty, 5-12 July 2015

Page 2: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 2

High energy neutrinos

High energy neutrinos arise from weak decays of hadrons produced in reactions:

• Cosmic rays particles interact with matter (stellar wind, supernova remnant and other substance)

0 0( , , , )p p K K K X

p X

Cosmic rays interact with matter and electromagnetic fields near remote objects to generate cosmogenic neutrinos; Interactions of cosmic rays with the Earth's atmosphere are the source of the atmospheric neutrinos

• or with dense electromagnetic fields near the source through the photo-production of pion:

0 0( , , , )K K K

Page 3: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 3

Astrophysical neutrinos vs. AN background

Most of uncertainties in calculations of the high-energy background are due to differences of hadronic interaction models especially as to the strange particles production (and charmed ones as well).

The breakthrough in neutrino astrophysics was the

detection of 37 high-energy neutrino-induced events

with energies 30 TeV – 2 PeV from astrophysical

sources in IceCube experiment – 988 days collection

data (2010-2013).

Atmospheric neutrinos are a background for astrophysical neutrinos which one need know.

Page 4: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 4

Motivation • The atmospheric flux is one order of magnitude less

than the muon neutrino flux, that is comparatively low background for astrophysical neutrinos

• Semileptonic decays of charged and neutral kaons

are the main source of as well as is the spring of significant uncertainties of the calculations because of poor studies of the kaon yield at very high energy

• At energies above 10 TeV the rare decay mode of the short-lived K0-meson, , can contribute significantly to the flux

(V.Naumov,hep-ph/0201310; T. Sinegovskaya, PhD thesis,1999)

e e

e e

e e 0 ( )S e eK e

• Besides, pion-induced K-mesons production (usually ignored), , is also of the interest as a

contribution to the flux. A K X

e e

Page 5: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 5

Method of the calculation

The calculation is performed on the basis of a method of solving equations of hadron-nuclear cascade, which allows one to take into consideration

nonpower energy spectrum of cosmic rays, a violation of the Feynman scaling of particle production

cross sections, the growth with energy of the total inelastic cross sections

for hadron-nucleus collisions

V.А. Naumov, T.S. Sinegovskaya, ЯФ 63 (2000) 2020;

A.A. Kochanov, T.S. Sinegovskaya, S.I. Sinegovsky, Astropart. Phys. 30 (2008) 219.

( )( ) / EdN E dE E

0 0( , ) / , /d E x dx x E E

( )inelhA E

Page 6: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 6

Models for the cosmic rays spectrum

In the calculation we used the following the

parameterization of the spectrum and composition of

CR:

• ZS – the model by Zatsepin and Sokolskaya, which

describes well the data of direct measurements in the

experiment ATIC-2 in the range 10-104 GeV and gives

motivated extrapolation to the region of energies up to

100 PeV where spectrum is reconstructed from

extensive air shower measurements

• HGm - a parameterization by Hillas-Gaisser (also

account for the knee of the CR spectrum)

Page 7: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 7

Sources of electron neutrinos

Decay modeBranching ratio (%)

Critical energy

Life time(с)

5,04 890 ГэВ

40,55 210 ГэВ

0,07 120 ТэВ

100 1,03 ГэВ

3eK

03SeK

03LeK

( ) ( )e ee

0 ( )e ee

( )e ee

( )e ee

3e

81,24 10

85,12 10

100,90 10

62,19 10

cr 20( ) / ( cos )K K Km c H c

cr (0 )k

Page 8: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 8

Относительные вклады источников

электронных нейтрино

Relative contributions of the decay modes of electron neutrinos flux

Page 9: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 9

Zenith-angle enhancement of the neutrino fluxesdue to switching on the K-sources

Page 10: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 10

Zenith-angle enhancement of the neutrino fluxes

Зенитно-угловое распределение электронных нейтрино для E=10 TeV

Page 11: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 11

Contribution to flux due to K-mesons produced in interaction

Calculated for model HGm+QGSJET-II-03.

Energy, GeV θ=90˚ θ =0˚

102 6 % 1 %

103 7 % 5 %

104 5 % 6 %

A K X

e e

A

Page 12: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 12

Results

• In this work, we calculated the contributions to the flux of electron neutrinos from the three-particle semileptonic decay modes of charged and neutral K-mesons produced in extensive air showers generated by cosmic rays

• It is shown that the decay of short-lived neutral kaon at energies above 100 TeV gives more than 1/3 of the total flux of electron neutrinos

• Account for the production of K-mesons in the pions-nuclei interactions leads to 5-7 % increased flux in the energy range 102 -104 GeV.

Page 13: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 13

Thank you!

Page 14: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 1414

Backup slides

Page 15: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

Atmospheric spectrum and the diffuse flux of cosmic neitrions observed in IceCube experiment

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 15

e e

Page 16: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

Z(E)-factors

Page 17: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 17

• Главное событие в нейтринной астрофизике последних двух лет - детектирование 37 (87) событий от астрофизических нейтрино высоких энергий в эксперименте IceCube (ожидалось ~ 15 событий от АМ, АН)

• Атмосферные нейтрино являются фоном к подобным событиям, и его необходимо знать

• Наибольшая неопределенность расчета фона атмосферных нейтрино при энергиях выше 200 ТэВ обусловлена вкладом процессов рождения и распада странных частиц и очарованных частиц

0 0, ,K K K

Астрофизические нейтрино и проблема фона атмосферных нейтрино

Page 18: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 18

• Энергетический спектр недавно измерен в эксперименте IceCube в интервале энергий 80 ГэВ - 20

ТэВ • Основные источники - распады каонов

и мюонов

• В генерацию потоков при энергиях выше 10 ТэВ может вносить заметный вклад редкая мода распада K0-мезонов (до сих пор не была включена в коды МК)

• Учет генерации К-мезонов во взаимодействии пионов с ядрами :

0 0, ,K K K

e

Постановка задачи

e e

A K X

0 ( )S e eK e

e e

Page 19: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 19

Target setting (2)

• Main sources of the atmospheric at high

energies are leptonic and semileptonic decays of kaons

charged and neutral kaons

• At energies above 10 TeV the rare decay mode of the

short-lived K0-meson, , can

contribute significantly to the neutrino flux, (Naumov V.,

Sinegovskaya T. PhD Thesis,1999) (up to now was not

taken into account known codes of the Monte Carlo

simulation method

• A contrubution of K-mesons production in the reaction

of pion-nuclei interactions

e e

0 0, ,L SK K K

A K X

0 ( )S e eK e

Page 20: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 20

Метод расчета

Расчет выполнен на основе метода решения уравнений адрон-ядерного каскада, который позволяет учитывать нестепенной характер первичного спектра космических лучей, нарушение скейлинга сечений рождения частиц и рост с энергией полных неупругих сечений адрон-ядерных столкновений.

Наумов В.А. Синеговская Т.С.

Ядерная физика. 2000. Т. 63. С. 2020-2028.

A.A. Kochanov, T.S. Sinegovskaya, S.I. Sinegovsky,

Astropart. Phys. 30, 219 (2008).

Page 21: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 21

Параметризация спектра космических лучей

В расчете использовались следующие параметризации спектра и состава КЛ:

ZS – модель В.И.Зацепина и Н.В.Сокольской, хорошо

описывает данные прямых измерений в эксперименте

ATIC-2 в интервале 10-104 ГэВ и дает мотивированную

экстраполяцию на область энергий до 100 ПэВ (где спектр

восстанавливается на основе измеренний широких атмосферных

ливней)

HGm – параметризация Хилласа-Гайссера (также учитывающая

колено спектра КЛ)

V.I. Zatsepin, N.V. Sokolskaya, Astronomy & Astrophys. 458, 1 (2006); Astron. Lett. 33, 25 (2007).

T. Gaisser, Astropart. Phys. 24, 801 (2012)

Page 22: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 22

Модели адрон-ядерных взаимодействий при высоких энергиях QGSJET-II-03 (Quark Gluon String model with JETs) - расширение модели кварк-глюонных струн (QGSM), включающее адронные струи - вклад жестких процессов.

SIBYLL 2.1, QGSJET описывают взаимодействие кварков и глюонов как рождение одномерных релятивистских струн (трубои цветного тока) с концами, прикрепленными к валентному кварку (дикварку) из мишени и налетающей частицы; когда расстояние между кварками превышает критическое, струна рвется, образуя пару кварк-антикварк

Page 23: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 23А. Морозова, Электронные нейтрино 23

Вклады каоновв спектры электронных нейтрино

Page 24: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 2424

Page 25: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 25

Результаты

• Рассчитаны вклады в потоки электронных нейтрино от трехчастичных полулептонных мод распада заряженных и нейтральных К-мезонов, рождающихся в широких атмосферных ливнях, порожденных космическими лучами

• Показано, что распад короткоживущего нейтрального каона при энергиях выше 100 ТэВ дает более 1/3 потока атмосферных электронных нейтрино (без учета прямых нейтрино)

• Учет генерации К-мезонов при взаимодействии пионов с ядрами, приводит к увеличению потока на (5-7) % в интервале энергий 102 -104 ГэВ.

Page 26: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 2626

Адронный каскад в атмосфере

0S eK e

Page 27: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 2727

ГэВEсмGeV

E

ГэВEсмGeV

EN E5238

524.0

36

10,1

107.0

10,1

10.3

)(

Регистрация мюонных нейтрино

кмnТэВ водаNN41 104.2)100(

XN )()( (СС)

Page 28: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 28А. Морозова, Электронные нейтрино 28

Рассеяние нейтрино на нуклонах

v N X

Процессы с нейтральными токами (NC):

e N e X

N X e eN X

Процессы с заряженными токами (СС):

Page 29: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 2929

Частица Время жизни(s) Масса(MeV)

493,6

497,6

497,6

105,6

3eK

03SeK

03LeK

3e

81,24 10

85,12 10

100,90 10

62,19 10

Page 30: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 3030

Частица Мода распада Вероятность распада(%)

Критическая энергия

5,04 890 ГэВ

40,55 210 ГэВ

0,07 120 ТэВ

100 1,03 ГэВ

3eK

03SeK

03LeK

( ) ( )e ee

0 ( )e ee

( )e ee

( )e ee

3e

Источники электронных нейтрино

Page 31: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 31

Энергетические спектры атмосферных и астрофизических нейтрино (иллюстрация)

( 1)

( 1)

( 2 )

1

1 /

,

,

d crf

crf

crf

w EE E

E E E

E E E

Page 32: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 32

Critical energy for a meson decay in the Earth’s atmosphere

( 1)

( 1)

( 2 )

1

1 /

,

,

d crf

crf

crf

w EE

E E

E E

2dec

decdec

,( , )

K

K

dh dw m cdw

dh h c E

crdec 0 ( )

ln cosK K

K

dw m H

d h E E

2cr f 0f

f

/ cos( )

m c H

c

An illustration

Page 33: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 33

The energy spectra of atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos (illustration)

( 1)

( 1)

( 2 )

1

1 /

,

,

d crf

crf

crf

w EE E

E E E

E E E

cr 20( ) / ( cos )K K KE m c H c

Page 34: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 34

The contributions of kaon spectra in electron neutrinos

Page 35: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 35

Motivation (Target setting)• Main sources of the atmospheric at high

energies is semileptonic decays of kaons

charged and neutral kaons

• At energies above 10 TeV the rare decay mode of the

short-lived K0-meson, , can

contribute significantly to the neutrino flux

(V.Naumov,hep-ph/0201310; T. Sinegovskaya, PhD thesis,1999)

• A contrubution of K-mesons production in the reaction

of pion-nuclei interactions

e e

0 0, ,L SK K K

A K X

0 ( )S e eK e

It is also of the interest how much the reaction of pion-nuclei interactions contrubutes to the fluxe e

Page 36: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 36

Astrophysical neutrinos and AN background

• The main event in neutrino astrophysics at last two

years is the IceCube detection of 37 high-energy

neutrino events from astrophysical sources (expected

~ 15 events from the AM, AN)

• Atmospheric neutrinos are a background for

astrophysical neutrinos which one needs know

• Most uncertainties in the calculations of the high-

energy background are due to difference in hadronic

interaction models predictions of the cross sections

of the strange particles production

Page 37: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 37

Motivation • Main sources of the atmospheric at high

energies are semileptonic decays of kaons

charged and neutral kaons

• At energies above 10 TeV the rare decay mode of the

short-lived K0-meson, , can

contribute significantly to the neutrino flux

(V.Naumov,hep-ph/0201310; T. Sinegovskaya, PhD thesis,1999)

e e

0 0, ,L SK K K

A K X

0 ( )S e eK e

• It is also of the interest, how much the pion-nuclei interactions contrbutes to the fluxe e

Page 38: 15th Baikal Summer SchoolAnna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos1 Sources of atmospheric electron neutrinos A.D. Morozova, S.I.Sinegovsky 15 th Baikal Summer.

15th Baikal Summer School Anna Morozova, Atmospheric neutrinos 38

Models of hadron-nuclear interactions at high energies

QGSJET-II-03 (Quark Gluon String model with JETs) – the extension of the model of quark-gluon strings (MQGS), including hadron jets - the contribution of hard processes.

SIBYLL 2.1 - describe the birth of quarks and gluons through a one-dimensional relativistic string (tube current color) with the ends attached to the valence quark (diquark) from the target and incident particle; when the distance between the quarks exceeds a critical value, the string breaks, giving rise to a pair of quark-antiquark .

SIBYLL 2.1 - the model with the inclusion of mini-jets (semi-hardd processes) is based on approximates QCD and soft and hard processes


Recommended