CASTOR BEAN M Yaseen K

Ricinus communis L.

FAMILY: EUPHORBIACEAE

URDU: ARIND

PUNJABI: RIND/RINDI

CASTOR

ANNUAL (Short lived-dwarf)

PERENNIAL (tall, developing into a bush)

LONG DAY

INDETERMINATE

EPIGEAL

CASTOR

TOP COUNTRIES

COUNTRY PRODUCTION (Tones)

INDIA 1,350,000

CHINA 180,000

BRAZIL 95,183

MOZAMBIQUE 60,000

PARAGUAY 13,000

PRODUCTION

PAKISTAN 2010

Area 3394 ha

Production 3380 tones

Yield 1.00 t ha-1

12th in world production

ORIGIN Oil & seed used in India, Egypt & other countries since

ancient times

India 2000 B.C

Native plant in many regions (widespread distribution

& easy establishment)

Indigenous to Eastern Africa-most probably Ethiopia

(Weiss, 1971)

IMPORTANCE Paints & varnishes

Detergents & soaps

Synthetic resins & fibres

Ointments

Cosmetics & hair dressings

Ointments, brake fluids and printing inks

Purgative & laxative in human & veterinary medicine

40-60 % oil (90 % ricinolein)

CLIMATE Warm, temperate & tropical regions

Drought resistant- dry areas-

1500-2000m altitude

Optimum temperature for growth is 20-26 °C

> 35 °C & < 15 °C reduce oil content and alter its

composition

> 40 °C result in blasting of flowers

Frost free growing period of 140-190 days

SOIL

Moist soils

Well drained

Not alkaline soils

pH 5.0-6.0 (can tolerate up to 8.0)

Low yield on highly fertile soils (excessive vegetative

growth & prolonged flowering & maturity)

ROOT

Tap root

Beyond 30 cm

secondary roots

Deep penetration into the soil

Drought resistant

STEM Hallow

Waxy

Dark green/Different colors

6-10 m (tall types)

2-3 m (short types)

Main stem & side branches originate from internodes

& end in a raceme

15-20 internodes (types in Pakistan)

INFLORESCENCE

Monoecious

Female flower on upper portion of raceme

Male flower on basal portion of raceme

Some types have mixed male & female flowers

Dioceious plants have also been found

Self & cross pollination occur simultaneously

FRUIT

Capsule

2-3 seeds

Globular

Spiny

SEED

Flattened

Oval

Shiny, brittle testa

100-1000 g TSW

Mature from bottom to top in raceme

Toxic constituents (ricin, ricinine)

Allergic substances

TILLAGE

Deep ploughing

Twice or thrice ploughing of dry land

Clod crushing

planking

SOWING TIME

July (irrigated areas)

July & August (rainfed areas of Sindh)

Mid-July & Mid-August (rainfed areas of

Punjab)

SEED RATE

12-15 Kg ha-1 (General)

18-25 Kg ha-1 (Dwarf)

10,000 – 15,000 plant ha-1

12-16 H pre-soaking hastens emergence by 2-4 days

SOWING METHOD KERA

PORA

DRILL

DIBBLING (2-3 seeds hill-1)

R – R = 90 cm

P-P= 60cm

Seeding depth= 3.5 cm

Good response to fertilizer application

20-50 50-70 40-50 (NPK) Kg ha-1

Whole P & K & Half N at sowing

Half N during February

25 25 0 (NPK) Kg ha-1

(each August for perennial crop)

FERTILIZER

IRRIGATION Drought resistant crop (stored moisture in dry areas)

As much water as maize but relatively more until root

system is fully developed

4-6 irrigations (irrigated areas)

1st irrigation at 6-8 leaf stage

Subsequent 7-21 days interval

Excess of water reduces yield, oil content & seed weight

and susceptible to root & collar rot

WEEDING & INTERCULTURE

Germinates in 8-20 days after planting

Slow canopy development

Weed control at early growth stages

Shallow interculture (no damage to young seedlings)

No chemical control in Pakistan

90-100 days

Two pickings in Sindh & Baluchistan

1st in Nov. – Dec. & 2nd in March-April)

3- 4 pickings in Punjab

December, Feb.-March & April-May

Sun drying for 6-8 days

Threshing through gentle rubbing

Hard seed (no reduction in oil content even >3Y)

HARVESTING, THRESHING & STORAGE

INSECT PESTS/DISEASES

Semilooper

Jassid

Hairy catterpillar

Capsule borer

Root rot

Collar rot

VARIETIES

DS-30

C-3