Enhancing cowpea productivity and production in drought-prone areas in sub-

Saharan Africa

Abaidoo, R., Adamou, M., Amane, V., Bandyopadhyay, R., Boahen, S., Boukar, O., Coulibaly, O., Fatokun, C., Ishiyaku, M., Kumar, L., Mligo, J., Muranaka, S., Sonder, K., and Toure, M.

Test existing lines…..for adaptation to drought

Country Breeding line Main attribute

Mali CZ1-94-23-1; IT93K-876-30 Drought tolerant

Mozambique IT00K-1263; IT97K-1069-6 Drought tolerant

Niger IT97K-499-38; IT98K-628 Drought tolerant

Nigeria IT93K-452-1; (IT97K-499-35) Drought tolerant

Tanzania IT99K-529-1; IT00K-1263 Drought tolerant

IITA, Nigeria IT00K-901-5; IT98K-506-1; IT00K-898-5

Drought tolerant

IT98K-491-4

IT96D-610

IT98K-412-13

IT00K-1263

IT98K-628

IT98K-128-3

IT97K-819-118

IT99K-1122

IT97K-390-2

IT99K-7-21-2-2

IT99K-216-24-2

IT97K-1069-6

IT98K-311-8-2

IT99K-529-2 IT98K-166-4

IT89KD-288

CHINZANA 2

IITA KANO 1

IITA KANO 2

KANO 1

KANO 2

MAGARIA 1 MAGARIA 2 MARADI 1

MARADI 2

NAMPULA

RAUCE

CHINZANA 1

IITA IBADAN 1 IITA IBADAN 2

MARADI2

MAGARIA2

MAGARIA1

Six elite cowpea lines introduced from IITA showed complete immunity to Striga gesnerioides in Magaria-Niger where the infestation was the highest. These resistant lines are: IT98K-1092-1, IT99K-573-1-1, IT98K-628, IT99K-1122, IT97K-205-8, and IT97K-499-38.

In Nigeria seven IITA developed elite breeding lines also showed no Striga emergence during the two dates o f p lant ing: IT99K-573-1-1 , I T 9 9 K - 11 2 2 , I T 9 9 K - 4 9 4 - 6 , I T 0 4 - 2 2 7 - 4 , IT00K-1207, IT97K-819-118 and IT99K-529-2. Two of these (IT99K-573-1-1 and IT99K-1122) were also immune to Striga in Magaria-Niger.

Some farmers attracted to one of the test lines that showed promise of producing grain in the drought prone area of Hombolo. This cowpea line was at podding stage during the second planting when there was terminal drought.

Selected line by farmers and named ‘Hope’ in Mali

In country seed multiplication of selected breeding lines

Quantities of seeds produced per selected line - Mali

Cowpea line Seed quantity (kg)

IT93K-876-30 118

Mbrawa (Cinzana) 40

Kougnekou (Koporo) 50

Total 208

Quantities of seeds produced per selected line -Mozambique

Cowpea line Seed quantity (kg)

IT18 2,280

IT00K-1263 605

IT97K-1069-6 520

Quantities of seeds produced per selected line -Nigeria

Cowpea line Seed quantity (kg) IT00K-1263 33 IT99K-216-24-2 25 IT99K-7-21-2-2 37 IT97K-819-118 14 IT98K-311-8-2 19 IT96D-610 31 IAR-1050 17 IT97K-499-35 39 Total 215

Quantities of seeds produced per selected line - Tanzania

Cowpea line Seed quantity (kg)

IT00K-1263 54

IT99K-529-1 56

IT99K-1122 28

At least 25 kg each of ‘Fahari’ and ‘Tumaini’ produced

50 Total = 188

Reaction to bacterial blight

Cowpea line Disease severity Classification TVU 7778 1.79 Susceptible IT97K-499-35 1.28 MR IT98K-506-1 1.03 " DANILA 1.00 HR IT99K-1060 1.00 " IT00K-1263 1.00 " IT99K-1122 1.00 " IT99K-1111-1 1.00 "

IT98K-133-1-1 response to P

IT98K-1092 response to P

P-use efficiency: Probability of F values

Dual purpose NN NW RDW SHDW NC PC Genotype *** * ns ns ns *** Treat *** *** ns *** *** *** Genotype*Treat** ns ns ns ns ***

Early maturing Genotype *** ** * ** ** * Treat *** *** ns *** *** *** Genotype*Treat *** ** ns ns ns ns ***,**,*; significant at 0.001, 0.01, and 0.05 respectively; ns - not significant

NN: Nodule number; NW; nodule weight; RDW: root dry weight; SHDW: shoot dry weight; NC: nitrogen concentration in shoot; PC: Phosphorus concentration in shoot

Selected lines planted in demonstration plots

A demonstration plot in Mopti region - Mali

A lady farmer in Iringa Province, Tanzania

Mali IT93K-876-30; Kougnekou; Mbrawa

Niger IT96D-610; IT97K-499-35; IT97K-499-38; IT99K-573-1-1; Et DD 07

Nigeria IT86D-610; IAR-06-1050; (IT97K-499-35); IAR-00-1074 (Borno) (IT97K-499-35); IT99K-7-21-2-2; IT99K-216-24-2 (Kano)

Mozambique IT18; IT00K-1263; IT99K-1089-6

Tanzania IT00K-1263; IT99K-1122; Vuli-1; Vuli-2; Fahari; Tumaini

Cowpea lines in demonstration plots

Groups of farmers assessing cowpea lines

Create populations segregating for drought tolerance and attendant traits

Genotype Grain yld Stressed

Grain yld Non stressed

% yld reduction

IT98K-506-1 11.7 28.6 59

TVu522 11.8 12.6 6

TVu14676 6.7 11.9 44

TVu557 11.0 23.1 52

TVu813 6.9 52.4 87

Grain yield (g/plant) and % yield reduction due to stress

Crosses made between drought tolerant lines and some breeding lines selected through FPVS

Selected lines had: : lower seed yield reduction due to drought : high seedling recovery

Examples of single crosses TVU 4574 x TVU 522 TVU 4574 x TVU 6443 TVU 4574 x IT99K-494-6 TVU 4574 x DANILLA TVU 6443 x IT 99K-494-6 TVU 6443 x TVU 1438 TVU 557 x TVU 1438 TVU 557 x TVU 522 IT 99K-494-6 x DANILLA TVU 14676 x TVU 4574 TVU 14676 x TVU 2736 TVU 14676 x TVU 522 DANILLA x TVU 2731

Examples of three way crosses IT97K-499-35 x TVu1438 x TVu557

IT97K-499-35 x TVu14676 x TVu4574

IT97K-499-35 x TVu522 x TVu557

IT97K-499-35 x TVu522 x DANILLA IT97K-499-35 x TVu1438 x TVu557 IT97K-499-35 x TVu4574 x TVu522

IT97K-499-35 x TVu4574 x IT99K-494-6

IT97K-499-35 x IT99K- 494-6 x TVu522

IT97K-499-35 x TVu4574 x TVu6443

IT97K-499-35 x TVu14676 x TVu4574

IT97K-499-35 x TVu577 x TVu1438

IT97K-499-35 x TVu522 x TVu4574

Crosses made

•  38 single crosses, F4 generation in the field

•  88 three way crosses, F3 generation in the field

•  Seeds for F5 and F4 generations available January 2010 for planting in Kano under irrigation

Training The following students are about completing their MSc degree programs in plant breeding:

Mozambique: Henriques Colial and John Kaunda

Tanzania: Didasi Tarimo and Kimaro

Nigeria: Habibu Aliyu and Auwalu Adamu Umar

Mali and Niger: Nominated students (Sory Diallo and Mamadou Diallo, Mali and Mohammed Bouzou and Moussa Bachari, Niger) could not get admitted for graduate studies

Challenges

Screening for resistance to aphid at seedling stage

Different races of Striga

Alectra vogelii parasitizing a cowpea plant

Lessons learnt •  Training at MSc level

•  The involvement of farmers, farmers’ groups and other stakeholders such as extension agents and NGOs help in getting developed technologies to where they would make necessary impacts. NGO’s, entrepreneurs and local Government officials were found helpful in pushing technologies to rural areas where most cowpea farmers are located.

•  Demonstration plots were found useful in getting farmers to accept improved lines more readily

•  Need to survey the diseases of cowpea in ESA.

Thanks