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H E A L T H A W A R E N E S S & N U T R I T I O N

Diabetes Mellitus

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Diabetes Mellitus

It is a group of metabolic diseases

in which a person has high blood glucose.

The body does not produce enough insulinCells do not respond to the insulin that is produced

Insulin is the principal hormone that regulates uptake

(absorption) of glucose from the blood into most cellsDeficiency of insulin plays a central role in all forms of

diabetes mellitus

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Health Complications

It is a chronic disease that causes health complicationsincluding kidney failure heart disease stroke and blindness

!ymptoms of DM include fre"uent urination lethargy (la#iness) e$cessi%e thirst

and hunger.

Management of DM includes changes in diet oral medications

&nd insulin in'ections

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Classification of Diabetes

Clinical Types:

Type

Type

I*T (Impaired *lucose Tolerance)*estational Diabetes Mellitus (pregnancy

induced diabetes)

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Classification of Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

It is characteri#ed by loss of the insulin+producing cells inthe pancreas leading to insulin deficiency

There is no known pre%enti%e measure against type diabetes

Most affected people are healthy

Type diabetes affects ainly c!il"#en

At Ris$ %#ups, not definite but could be

children of parents with Diabetes

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Classification of Diabetes

Type ' Diabetes Mellitus

It is characteri#edby insulin resistance which may becombined with relati%ely reduced insulin secretion

In the early stage of type hyperglycemia can be re%ersedby a %ariety of measures and medications

Type diabetes is the most common type and mainlyamong adults

At Ris$ %#ups, o%er weight obese with familyhistory

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Classification of Diabetes

I%T (Ipai#e" %lucse Tle#ance)

&bnormal blood glucose le%els from any cause which resultsin disease

& condition resulting from a disorder of blood sugarmetabolism

I*T may precede type diabetes mellitus by many years

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Classification of Diabetes

%estatinal Diabetes Mellitus(%DM)

*DM resembles type diabetes

It occurs in about -/- of allpregnancies and may impro%e ordisappear after deli%ery

&bout 0-/0- of affected womende%elop type diabetes later in life

If it is untreated during pregnancycan damage the health of the fetus ormother

At Ris$ %#ups, females whose

mom were *DM while pregnant

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1isk 2actors

Heredity

&ge

*ender

3besity

2aulty dietary habits

Infections

!tress

3ther hormonal diseases

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Clinical Manifestations

Si*ns an" Sypts4olyphagia ( hunger)4olyuria and nocturia ( urination particularly in night)

4olydipsia ( thirst)Dehydration causing water 5 electrolyte imbalance*eneral weaknessDecreased resistance to infection2ungal infections

6reathing deep and rapid with acetone smell7eight loss

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Clinical Manifestations

A"+ance" Sta*es6lurred %ision8failure4ain9umbness of limbs

4roteinuria (presence of proteinin urine)

t t

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agnos s o a etes e tus

3*TT Criteria (3ral *lucose Tolerance Test)

Time

(mg800 ml of blood)

9ormal I*T DM

Fasting :00 ; 00 :0 ;0

2 hours

:0

0+

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Diet &nd Diabetes

Diet plays the most crucial role

in management of DM

Ratinale ,# Dieta#y Mana*eent

Maintain blood glucose le%el to normal

Impro%e health by attaining 5 maintaining optimumnutrition

&ttain and maintain desirable body weight4re%ent8delay the onset of chronic complications modify

diet if re"uired

Diet should be as attracti%e and realistic as possible

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Dietary &d%ice

Include a lot of fiber in the diet through whole cereals andpulses other %egetables and fruits with skin 5 seeds

&%oid refined cereals washed pulses legumes and simplesugar

&%oid fried 5 fatty foods eg. egg yolk organ meats etc.!pace Carbohydrates in meals according to treatmentad%ised

&%oid =feasting> and =fasting>1emo%e table sugar from your diet. If re"uired sweeteners

(natural eg. !te%ia) can be used moderately&%oid alcoholIn case of complications and associated diseases the diet

may be modified accordingly

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?ifestyle &d%ice

1egular physical acti%ity is importantTake care of foot hygiene&lways carry ID card indicating name age address contact

number nature of problem usual problem(hyper8hypoglycemia)