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Power and Politics inOrganizations
Presented by: Katharine P. Reyes
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Learning Objectives
1. Define Power.
2. Describe the five bases of power in organizations.
3. Discuss the consequences/effects of power bases
4. Discuss the role of power in sexual harassment.
5. Define politics and organizational politics.
6. Describe political strategies/tactics to gain political power.
7. Identify ways to control dysfunctional organizational politics.
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Q&A:
How do you perceive Power?Do you feel that power is exercised
in your organization?
How do you perceive Politics?Does Politics exist in your
organization?
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The Meaning of Power
The probability that one actor
within a social relationship would
be in a position to carry out his
own will despite resistance.
The General Dependency
Postulate:
The greater Bs dependency
on A, the greater the power
A has over B.
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Power versus Authority
Power Involves force and coercion.
Authority Subset of power.
Does not carry the implication of
force.
Involves suspension of judgment
on the part of its recipient.
Formal power that a person has
because of the position in
organization
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The Meaning of Influence
It is what you have when you exercise power.
Expressed by others behavioral response to
your exercise of power.
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Individual Power
Position
Power
Power based
on ones
formalposition in an
organization.
Personal
Power
The power that
one derives
because of his orher individual
qualities or
characteristics.
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Position Power
LEGITIMATE POWER
Also known as official power
comes from higher authority.
The same as authority, grantedby virtue of ones position
in an organization.
It gives the leaders the power to
control resources and to reward
and punish others.
PNP Chief Dir.
Gen. Nicanor Bartolome
NCRPO Chief Supt.
Leonardo Espina
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Position Power
REWARD POWER
It arises from an individuals ability
to give pay raises, recommend
someone for promotion or transfer,
or even make favorable workassignments.
It can also stem from the capacity
to provide organizational recognition,
to include an employee in a social
group, or simply to give positive
feedback for a job well done.
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Position Power
COERCIVE POWER
The capacity to punish another
(or at least to create a perceived
threat to do so).
It can threaten an employees
job security, make punitive
changes in someones work
schedule, or (at the extreme)
administer physical force.
MayorSarah Duterte
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Position Power
INFORMATION POWER
Access or control of
information.
May protect informationin order to increase their
power.
May complement legitimate
hierarchical power.
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Personal Power
RATIONAL PERSUASION
Ablity to convince other
person of the desirability
of a goal of achieving
it.
Supervisors daily
activity involves
this power.
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Personal Power
REFERENT POWER
Also called charismatic
power and power of
personality comes
from each leaderindividually.
It is the ability of leaders to
develop followers from the
strength of their ownpersonalities.
Interpersonal attraction of
one individual for another.
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Personal Power/Other Source
CHARISMA
The ability to inspire others.
Depends on ones ability to inspire
others and draw on their commitmentto shared values.
Leaders of:
Voluntary organizations
Religious groupsOrganizations with strong culture
Bro. Eddie Villanueva
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Personal Power
EXPERT POWER
Also known as the authority of
knowledge comes from specialized
learning.
It is power that arises from a persons
knowledge of information of and
information about a complex situation.
It depends on education, training andexperience, and so it is an important
type of power in our modern
technological society.
Sen. Miriam Defensor-Santiago
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Consequences/Effects of
Power Bases:
Sourcesof Power Consequencesof Power
ExpertPower
ReferentPower
LegitimatePower
RewardPower
CoercivePower
Commitment
Compliance
Resistance
Commitment
Compliance
Resistance
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InterdependenceArises from joint activity in which the work of
one individual or group affects the work of others.
Basis for conflict and a reason to exert influence over
others.
ScarcityThe greater the scarcity relative to the demand,
the greater the opportunity for power and influence to
be used in resolving the conflict.
Heterogenous Goals
In complex organizations, a wide variety ofinconsistent goals and incompatible beliefs about
how these goals should be achieved, managers may
decide and use power on policies and practices.
Conditions Necessary
for the Use of Power
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Sexual harassment includes unwel-come sexual advances, requests
for sexual favors, and other verbal orphysical conduct of a sexual naturethat affect an individual at work.
Physical size and strength can serveas a source of power to intimidate orcoerce others.
Physical surroundings can contribute
to ones position power
Sexual harassment are very blatant,other forms very subtle.
Sexual Harassment:
An Abuse of Power
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Employees may react negatively to use of Power:
Decreased trust in organization
Increased employee dissatisfaction
Increased conflict within the organization
Decreased morale and effort
Increased employee turnover
Employee Responses to
Use of Power
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Five criteria for assessing power (Jeffrey Pfeffer):1. Determinants of Power- How many bases of power does each individual possess?
2. Consequences of Power
- Those with the greater power should be the ones who
obtain the most favorable decision outcomes.3. Symbols
- Titles, office size and location, special parking privileges,
special eating facilities, automobiles, airplanes, and
office furnishings.
4. Reputation- Asking the members of the organization who possesses
the greatest power or exerts the greatest influence.
5. Representation Committee
- Identify people and group who are most heavily represented
INDICATORS OF POWER
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Politics
- Is the exercise of power in organizations.
Organizational Politics
- Refers to activities within organizations
designed to acquire, develop, or use
power in a conscious way to obtain
ones preferred outcomes or tomanipulate a situation for ones
own purposes
Politics
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Political Behavior means:
1. Behavior that is outside the legitimate recognized
power system.
2. Behavior that is designed to benefit an individualor subunit, often at the expense of the organization
in general.
3. Behavior that is intentional and is designed to
acquire and maintain power.
Politics
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Managers insight toward Organizational Politics:1. Politics is common in most organizations.
2. Managers must be good at politics to succeed.
3. Politics becomes more important at higher levels.
4. Politics can detract from organizational efficiency.
Organizational Politics
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Political Strategies/Tactics
Used to Gain Political PowerTACTIC USED EXAMPLE
1. Social exchange In a trade-off the chief engineer
helps the factory manager get a
new machine approved if the
manager will support an
engineering project.
2. Alliances The information system managerand the financial vice president
join together to work for a new
computer system.
3. Identification with higher
authority
The presidents personal
assistant makes minor decisionsfor her.
4. Control of information The research and development
manager control new product
information needed by the
marketing manager.
P liti l St t i /T ti
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Political Strategies/Tactics
Used to Gain Political Power(continued)
TACTIC USED EXAMPLE
5. Selective service The purchasing manager
selectively gives faster service to
more cooperative associates.
6. Power and status symbols The new controller arranges todouble the size of the office,
decorate lavishly, and employ a
personal assistant.
7. Power plays Manager A arranges with the vice
president to transfer part of
manager Bs department to A.
8. Networks A young manager joins a
racquetball club.
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Combating Politics
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