1686, Alcatel Operacao

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.01 July 2001

1686 WM

WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03

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3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 3

Contents

Page

1 Overview..................................................................... 5

2 Applications................................................................ 8

3 System configurations.............................................. 11 3.1 Bi-directional configuration on a pair of fibers11

4 Optical Protections .................................................. 23 4.1 Linear Protections .............................................. 23 4.2 Ring Protections ................................................. 25

5 Equipment features .................................................. 28 5.1 Saturation wavelength ..................................... 28 5.2 Optical performance monitoring.................... 29 5.3 Optical Safety .................................................... 31 5.4 Dispersion compensation ................................. 32

6 Optical interfaces .................................................... 34 6.1 Tributary interfaces ............................................ 34 6.2 Aggregate interfaces ....................................... 35

7 Management............................................................ 36 7.1 The Supervisory Channel .................................. 36

8 Technical Data ......................................................... 39


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3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 5

1 Overview

The Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is a new transmission technology that overcomes the capacity limitation of the conventional Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) technology. It consists of combining on the same fiber different wavelengths each transmitting a different channel. On the transmission side an optical multiplexer is used to combine the different wavelengths as sketched in Figure 1, where three channels at 2.5 Gb/s and three channels at 10 Gb/s are multiplexed. Lasers emitting at specific and dedicated wavelengths transmit each individual channel.

Figure 1.

The optical multiplexer does not need any synchronization to combine the different channels to be transported. The optical signals are individually transported on the optical fiber without interacting each other at least at the first order.

An optical demultiplexer is used at the receive side to divide each single channel in different output fibers as showed in Figure 2. As for the multiplexer, this device does not require any synchronization.


6

Figure 2.

The multiplexing function does not require a wavelength selective device; it can be achieved by means of a simple optical combiner. On the contrary the demultiplexing function does need a wavelength selective device.

Another key device used in WDM system is the optical amplifier. This device, if from one side enables very long transmission without any use of conventional regenerators, on the other side limits the available wavelength range for the transmitted channels to approximately 1530-1560 nm into the conventional band. It can amplify any number of channels at its input without introducing any inter-modulation on signals at high bit rate.

The combined use of the optical multiplexing technology and the optical amplifiers are modifying the transmission system as represented in Figure 3, where, for the sake of simplicity, only STM-64 signals are represented.

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 7

64 x STM-1

64 x STM-1

32 channels

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STM-16 terminal 64 x STM-1 64 x STM-1 3R STM-16

terminal 3R 3R STM-16 terminal 64 x STM-1 64 x STM-1 3R STM-16














terminal 3R 3R Terminal STM-64 64 x STM-1 64 x STM-1 3R 3R 3R Terminal

STM-64

Optical amplifiers

Opto/electronic regenerators WDM

Figure 3.

In the reported example, the WDM approach allows a total capacity of 320 Gb/s over a single fiber. Only one fiber is used to transport such a huge capacity with a big impact also on the line equipment used (only one optical amplifier instead of 32 regenerators).

As the optical multiplexing and demultiplexing does not require any synchronization, the host signal in principle could have every format (622 Mbit/s, 2,5 Gbit/s or 10 Gbit/s; ATM, SDH, etc.). Of course in order to insure long distance transmission without regeneration points an optimized transmission system must be defined, for instance defining properly the transmit and receive optical interfaces.


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2 Applications

The 1686 WM is a Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) system that supports up to 32 wavelength transmission in the Conventional band (C-band). Transmission over G.652, G.653, G.654 and G.655 fibers is supported. It covers the following applications:

• point to point links without in-line amplifiers; • point to point links with in-line amplifiers; • (multi)point to multi-point links with in-line amplifiers

and optical add/drop; • ring architectures.

Each of the previous application is supported with two different kinds of input interfaces. A generic tributary with a wavelength not compliant to ITU-T G.692 grid can be interfaced by means of a WaveLength Adapter (WLA). The WLA gives to the 1686 WM a fully open interface allowing any vendor interconnection. A cost optimized interface is also available for Alcatel equipment. By means of so-called colored interfaces, Alcatel equipment are compliant to ITU-T G.692 grid and can be interfaced directly to the 1686 WM enabling a cost optimized solution with a very limited floor occupation.

The first application is related to short link and it is usually associated to metropolitan networks. Typical distances in this case are less than 40 km (Figure 4).

Figure 4.

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 9

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The second application is related to very long distances in the backbone network. Taking advantage of the low noise, wide band and flat gain optical fiber amplifier technology and special long reach features, the 1686 WM can bridge up to about 310 dB attenuation between to DWDM terminals without any intermediate regeneration point (Figure 5).

Figure 5.

With the 1686 WM it is possible to add/drop wavelengths at any intermediate amplification site. Up to a maximum of 16 bi-directional channels can be inserted and/or extracted allowing a (multi)-point to multi-point application that is schematically represented in Figure 6 for a linear topology.

For transmission over very long distances it is possible to install Regenerators for the pass-through wavelengths in the terminal sites. The Regenerators can be placed directly between the Multiplexing/Demultiplexing units and represent an optimized solution in terms of cost and floor occupation (Figure 7).

By using two (or more) terminals in back-to-back configuration and Regenerators, optical ring configurations are possible with the 1686 WM. Ring dimension is only related to the equipment/link configuration. Also in ring configuration it is possible to exploit the add/drop capability of the 1686 WM at any amplification site as it is represented in Figure 8.


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Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 11

3 System configurations

The 1686 WM has been designed to support long-haul bi-directional transmission on two fibers. Besides optimized configuration for metropolitan transmission are supported by the 1686 WM architecture. The transmission performances of the system depend on its configuration and the network architecture.

3.1 Bi-directional configuration on a

pair of fibers 3.1.1 WDM Terminal Equipment

The 1686 WM is able to multiplex up to 32 tributary input signals in the C-band by exploiting the 100 GHz ITU-T G.692 grid. In Figure 9 and in Figure 10 the block diagrams of the WDM terminal station for applications with in-line amplifiers and without in-line amplifiers (Metro) are respectively represented.

The 16 inputs with longer wavelengths (RED band) are multiplexed in the RED Mux/Demux unit. The 16 inputs with shorter wavelengths (BLUE band) are multiplexed in the BLUE Mux/Demux unit.

Their outputs are coupled by means of the Expansion unit, giving a 32 channels aggregate WDM signal.

The Expansion unit is also devoted to multiplex and manage the saturation wavelength (see Section 5.1). For applications with in-line amplifiers the multiplexed signal goes in the Booster amplifier, which amplifies it and adds the Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC). For Metro applications the Booster amplifier is not installed and the OSC is inserted in the transmission line by means of the SPV-coupler unit (SPV-CPL in figure).

In reverse way, the signal coming from the line, after the extraction of the OSC, is amplified. The Expansion unit splits the RED and BLUE bands. The two Mux/Demux units demultiplex the Expansion outputs into single wavelength outputs.

The 1686 WM supports both the open system architecture, to be interconnected to any other vendor equipment by means of WLA and, if interfaced to Alcatel ADM equipment, a cost optimized integrated solution. The integrated configuration is able to host up to 32 wavelengths in only one 300x600 19” ETSI shelf. Also mixed configurations are available for the best reuse of already existing equipment.


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3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 13

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Figure 10.

AS shown in Figure 10 the SPV-Coupler is used in the Metro configuration in order to transmit the Optical Supervisory channel (OSC) in the optical line. In this case the OSC wavelength is 1480 nm.

Figure 11, Figure 12, Figure 13 and Figure 14 show the layout of the shelves of the terminal station. In case of an integrated system with colored interfaces, only the main shelf is needed (Figure 11 for applications with in-line amplifiers and Figure 12 for Metro). The main shelf for applications with in-line amplifiers contains:

• the DC/DC converter in a 1+1 configuration • the equipment controller • the DCC_AUX unit which manages the auxiliary

channels and the Data Communication Channels (DCC) • the Expansion board • one or two Mux/Demux boards depending on the number

of wavelengths • the preamplifier • the booster amplifier.

Figure 11.


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Figure 13.

Figure 14.

The main shelf for Metro applications is obtained from the previous one by removing the Booster and installing the SPV-Coupler.

If WLA’s are needed to properly adapt an input signal to the 1686 WM, they are hosted in the slave shelves (Figure 13, Figure 14). Up to eight slave shelves are needed for a fully equipped 32 wavelength configuration with transmit and receive WLA’s both at 2.5 Gb/s and 10 Gb/s.

One 2.5 Gb/s slave shelf contains (Figure 13):

• the DC/DC converters in a 1+1 configuration

• up to eight WLA’s (four Rx and four Tx)

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 15

Top rack unitTop rack unit

Attenuator manager

1686WMMASTER

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1686WMSLAVE STM-16(TX+RX)


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• the serializer unit that supervises the unit and send to the equipment controller the acquired data.

One 10 Gb/s slave shelf contains (Figure 14):

• the DC/DC converters in a 2 +1 configuration

• up to four bi-directional WLA’s

• the serializer + unit that supervises the WLA’s and send to the equipment controller the acquired data.

The rack layout is schematically represented in Figure 15 for the integrated (a) or open (b) system configuration. In the open configuration the system in Figure 15 is equipped with a possible example of long reach 2.5 WLA and 10 Gb/s WLA, fans might be installed as represented. For 10 Gb/s transmission the master rack can be equipped also with DCU shelves.

Figure 15.

3.1.2 In-Line Optical Repeater

The aggregate WDM signal is amplified along the link by means of the in-line optical repeaters. The in-line optical repeater consists of two optical in-line amplifiers in order to boost the optical power of the aggregate WDM signal avoiding demultiplexing and costly electronic regeneration of the different channels. Before entering the optical amplifier, the OSC is extracted from the aggregate signal to allow the Network Element (NE) management. The OSC is added after the optical amplification of the aggregate signal. This gives the benefit to remotely manage the NE also in case of optical amplifier failure.


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A special double stage optical amplifier with wide band, low noise figure and improved gain flatness is one of the key technological enabler of the 1686 WM. The double stage technology with interstage access allows:

• the in-service upgrade from 2.5 Gb/s to 10 Gb/s by means of previously installed Dispersion Compensation Unit (DCU);

• the Add/Drop capability by means of the OADM unit without any span design penalty.

The line repeater is housed in one main shelf. It contains (Figure 16):

• the DC/DC converter in a 1+1 configuration

• the equipment controller

• the DCC_AUX unit which manages the auxiliary channels and the Data Communication Channels (DCC)

• the In-Line Amplifier for the E-W line

• the In-Line Amplifier for the W-E line.

Figure 16.

3.1.3 OADM Repeater

A very important feature of the Alcatel 1686 WM system is the optical Add/Drop capability along the line. With the 1686 WM it is possible to extract and/or to insert up to 16 wavelengths (8 per direction) in an OADM repeater site without fully demultiplexing/multiplexing the aggregate WDM signal. This gives a total A/D capacity of 16 bidirectional channels per OADM repeater site.

The 1686 WM OADM repeater configuration is software configurable. Through the management system, an operator can decide whether a determined wavelength from a selected

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 17

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set can pass through the station or can be added and dropped.

The planning of the networks, in this way, becomes very flexible. Linear and ring structures can be easily implemented with significant economic convenience with respect to the costly back-to-back solution.

The very long haul applications are available also for (multi)point to multi-point application using the OADM repeater. Adding/dropping wavelengths in the OADM repeater station has no impact on the link design in term of maximum reach or span by using the high performance double stage amplifier with interstage access.

Figure 17.

In Figure 17 it is represented the schematic of the OADM board used for the 32 channel system in the 100 GHz grid. As highlighted in the figure up to four wavelengths can be added/dropped in the red band and the remaining four in the blue band.

Dropping a channel transported by a dedicated wavelength does not reduce the maximum transported capacity along the line. Another channel can be added at the same wavelength in the OADM repeater, this special feature is achieved by means of a particular design of the OADM repeater. Moreover there are no limitations in term of how many times the same wavelength is dropped or added in the line.

The complete block diagram of the OADM repeater is represented in Figure 18.


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The OADM repeater consists of one main shelf and up to 4 slave shelves (in case of the open system architecture). The main shelf contains (Figure 19):

• the DC/DC converter in a 1+1 configuration • the equipment controller • the DCC_AUX unit which manages the auxiliary

channels and the Data Communication Channels (DCC) • The OADM unit for the W-E line • the In-Line Amplifier for the E-W line • the In-Line Amplifier for the W-E line • The OADM unit for the E-W line.

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 19

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CO

NT

RO

LL

ER

DC

/DC

CO

NV

ER

TE

R

DC

/DC

CO

NV

ER

TE

R

Top rack unit

Attenuator manager

1686WMMASTER

MASTER RACK

1686WMSLAVE STM 16(TX+ RX)


Attenuator manager

Fans

DCU shelfDCU shelf

Top rack unit

EXPANSION RACK


Atten

Fans

DCU shelfDCU shelf

Top rack unit


Attenuator manager

Attenuator manager


Fans

Fans

Top rack unit

Attenuator manager

1686WMMASTER

MASTER RACK



Attenuator manager

Fans

DCU shelfDCU shelf

Top rack unit

EXPANSION RACK


Atten

Fans

DCU shelfDCU shelf

Top rack unit


Attenuator manager

Attenuator manager


Fans

Fans


Fans

Fans

Figure 19.

In case of need of WLA’s they are housed in the slave shelves as in the WDM terminal equipment configuration. The number of required shelves depends on the needed A/D capability. For the full A/D capability for 16 bi-directional channels up to 4 slave shelves are required (see Figure 20 for an example with both Wla’s both at 2.5 Gb/s and 10 Gb/s).

Figure 20.


20

EXP

MUX - DEMUX

MUX - DEMUX

Main Shelf

EXP

MUX - DEMUX

MUX - DEMUX

Main Shelf

Rx

Tx

Tx

Rx

Rx

Tx

Tx

Rx

Regenerator Units

3.1.4 STM-64 WDM Regenerator

For very long links it’s necessary to regenerate the signal periodically along the line. It’s very important to implement this feature in a cost effective way: with the 1686 WM this is possible by using the regenerator unit.

The regenerator unit at 10 Gb/s is a bi-directional module equipped with two colored Tx and two colored Rx designed in order to be placed between the Demux and Mux units in a regenerator site. In this way it’s possible to regenerate the optical signals without installing a double set of WLA’s in back-to-back configuration, thus saving floor occupation and costs (Figure 21).

Figure 21.

3.1.5 4x2.5 Gb/s Concentrator

The number of 2.5 Gb/s signals that the 1686WM can transmit can be increased up to 128 by using the 4x2.5 Gb/s concentrator. In this way the very high transmission capacity @ 10 Gb/s of the 1686WM can be exploited even if the client signals are @ 2.5 Gb/s.

The Concentrator is a bidirectional unit, equipped with 4 Tx/Rx B&W interfaces @ 2.5 Gb/s and one Tx/Rx WDM interface @ 10Gb/s. It aggregates four 2.5Gb/s signals into a

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 21

single 10 Gb/s WDM channel that can be connected to the standard 1686WM MUX/DEMUX units.

A drawing showing the block diagram of the concentrator and the interconnection with the MUX/DEMUX units is reported in the following figure.

EXP

MUX - DEMUX

MUX - DEMUX

Main Shelf

Tx

Rx

Tx

Rx

Tx

Rx

Tx

Rx

Tx

Rx

2.5 Gb/s B&W Interfaces 10 Gb/s WDM Interfaces

Rx

Tx

Rx

Tx

Rx

Tx

Rx

Tx

Rx

Tx

Figure 22.

3.1.6 Datacom bit-rates support by means of the 4xany board

A complete aggregation capability, long haul transmission and 3R functionality on datacom bit-rates (the asynchronous WLA available for the 1686WM is a 2R transponder) can be implemented by combining the 4xany board of the 1696WM with the 1686WM STM-16 WLA’s.

The 4xany board can have up to 4 datacom client interfaces (GbEth Escon, Fiberchannel etc) and provides an aggregate B&W output @ 2.5 Gb/s that can be connected to the available 1686WM transponders. In this way all the long haul transmission and regeneration feature of the 1686WM can be applied to datacom signals without being forced to use wavelengths for low bit-rate channels.


22

In this configuration the 4xany board is managed as a separate NE with respect to the 1686WM.

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 23

4 Optical Protections

A generic unprotected host signal may require a protected transport via the optical layer. The optical protections can be implemented, with the 1686WM, by means of the OCP equipment, able to provide to a generic host tributary both linear optical channel protection and ring optical channel protection.

4.1 Linear Protections 4.1.1 Optical Channel protection

The Optical Channel (OCh) linear optical protection is schematically represented in Figure 23. It applies between two 1686 WM terminal stations or between a 1686 WM terminal station and an OADM Repeater. This feature is implemented by means of the OCP equipment as a separate NE.

The tributary signal is bridged over two different lines (working line and protected line). In this way the signal is delivered towards two different paths. At the receiver side an optical switch selects between the two diversely routed signals. The protection is triggered by the Loss of Signal (LOS).


24

PW-1 PW-2 ACCESS PANEL

SER+ OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh

Figure 23.

One single board is devoted to the protection of two independent channels. In this way up to 16 channels can be protected in the optical layer by means of only a single OCP shelf with 8 OCh protection boards (Figure 24). The OCP configuration necessary to fully protect a 32 chs system is reported in Figure 25.

Figure 24.

Figure 25.

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 25

4.2 Ring Protections The optical protection available with the OCP equipment is applicable also to ring configurations. The channel protection applied to a ring topology is the optical layer equivalent of the SubNetwork Connection Protection (SNCP) of the SDH layer. For this clear equivalence we will refer to the ring channel protection also as Optical SNCP (O-SNCP).

4.2.1 Optical Channel protection or O-SNCP

The protection applied to the ring topology is implemented by means of the OCP equipment, as for the linear topology, by splitting the host tributary signal with a passive 1x2 splitter and routing the two output signals in the two opposite directions of the ring.

At the receiver side the signal delivered by the WLA’s is selected by means of a 1x2 optical switch and delivered to the host system.

The switching criterion is the LOS and the optical switching time is as quick as tents of milliseconds.

In Figure 26 and Figure 27 the O-SNCP, implemented between two hosts tributary located in two 1686 WM terminal station or between a 1686 WM terminal station and an OADM Repeater, is represented.

In the last figure the working and protected path for the tributary signal are underlined respectively with a black and a red dashed line.


26

Host

Ho

st OADM repeater

OADM repeater

Sp

litterS

witch

Ho

stH

ost

EX

PM

ux Dem

Mux D

em

WLA

WLAEX

PM

ux D

emM

ux Dem

WLA

WLA

Sp

litte

rS

wit

chH

ost

Ho

st

EX

PM

ux

Dem

Mu

x D

em

WLA

WLA

EX

PM

ux

Dem

Mu

x D

em

WLA

WLA

OADM repeater

OADM repeater

Ho

stH

ost

OADM repeater

OADM repeater

Sp

litterS

witch

EX

PM

ux Dem

Mu

x Dem

WLA

WLAEX

P M

ux D

emM

ux D

em

WLA

WLA

Hos

t

SplitterSwitch

WL

A

Host

OADM repeater

OADM repeater

Ho

st

OADMRepeater

WL

A

WL

A

WL

A

Host

Figure 26.

Figure 27.

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 27


28

5 Equipment features

5.1 Saturation wavelength

As the total optical power depends on the number of transmitted wavelength, the characteristics of optical amplifiers may change according to the total number of wavelengths.

As for example, the output power of the aggregate WDM signal shows a variation of 3 dB any time the number of wavelength is doubled. A Wavelength Division Multiplexing based system may work without degradation taking into account the huge possible variation of the optical power.

The second aspect is the working condition of optical amplifiers. As the input power of the one located just after the optical multiplexer unit changes of 3 dB any time the number of channels is doubled, its gain, its gain flatness and the output power per channel will also change. This variation will depend on the configuration of the optical amplifier.

If it is working in gain control configuration, its needed power will also increase as the number of channel increases. It will more than double if the number of channels is multiplied by two.

If it is working in output power controlled mode, then the gain will decrease as the number of channel increases. Accordingly the per-channels power will be also decrease and this could have some influence of the transmission quality of the individual channels.

To avoid these drawbacks, Alcatel has introduced in the 1686 WM the saturation wavelength. The aim of this feature is to provide optical power tank that will compensate the number of channel.

The number of wavelength transmitted by the 1686 WM will always be one count more than the number of input signal.

If the number of channels to be transmitted is double then the output power of the saturation wavelength will be reduced by 3 dB in order to keep constant the input power of the first optical amplifier.

This input power is kept constant regardless the number of transmitted channels is and its working point will not change. As the optical amplifiers included in the 1686 WM are working in output power controlled mode, also the output power of the amplifier will remain constant.

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 29

This offers to service providers fast and secure channel upgradability with limited actions to be made by operator.

This also provides non-disturbances on existing traffics due to the adding of a new channel.

The wavelength of the saturation channel is around 1545 nm.

5.2 Optical performance monitoring

In the 1686 WM an accurate Performance Monitoring (PM) of the quality of each transported channel of the WDM aggregate is possible.

This feature is implemented by means of B1 non-intrusive monitoring of the client signal at the WDM input interface (Figure 28) and checking the FEC corrected/uncorrected errors at the WDM output (Figure 29). By means of the FEC frame overhead analysis it is possible to monitor the transmission related impairments or, more generally, the DWMD related impairments. The implementation of OOB-FEC on the 1686 WM is performed without modifying the transported signal frame.

Using the error correction capability it is possible to enhance the B1 signal quality monitoring available so far. The analysis of the errors corrected by the FEC encoding/decoding algorithm gives early warnings and enables the advance maintenance actions before any significant impact on the Quality of Service delivered to the end customer. Moreover in large dimension networks it will be possible to locate easily each faulty section.


30

Figure 28.

Figure 29.

5.2.1 B1 Monitoring

The collection of the B1 Performance Monitoring data is performed on the base of the following definitions.

• Erroneous Seconds (ES): a second containing one or more B1 erroneous bit

• Severely Erroneous Seconds (SES): a second containing at least 30% of B1 erroneous bits or at least one defect

• Background Blocks Errors (BBE): B1 erroneous bit occurring outside a SES

There are different counters associated with ES, SES and BBE, for each counter alarms with adjustable threshold values are available. The count of ES, SES and BBE can be performed during 15 minutes or 24 hours.

5.2.2 PM Monitoring based on FEC counters

The FEC-based PM data collection gives the two following sets of information:

• Number of errors that the FEC is not able to correct and are delivered to the client.

• Number of corrected errors at the WDM receiver.

The number of corrected errors at the WDM receiver gives an indication of the real transmission quality of the WDM optical channel and allows the early scheduling of maintenance actions.

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 31



TRIB.TRIB.

EX

P

EX

P

TRIB.TRIB.

OA

DM

OA

DM



TRIB.TRIB.

EX

P

EX

P

TRIB.TRIB.

The FEC-based PM feature is implemented by means of counters containing the number of un-corrected and corrected errors during 15 minutes or 24 hours time-windows. As for B1 monitoring there are available alarms with adjustable thresholds related to the values of the counters.

5.3 Optical Safety

The 1686 WM is equipped with an Automatic Power ShutDown (APSD) mechanism designed to lower the transmitted optical power to safe values whenever the optical line is interrupted (examples: optical cable breaking, amplifier failure etc.).

The following figure describes this feature in case of cable breaking. It can be seen that the mechanism is slightly different depending on the possible presence of OADM repeaters in the line.

5.3.1 APSD without OADM Repeater

The first amplifier located after the breakdown point detects a Loss of Signal (LOS) at its input and, according to APSD mechanism, shuts down; all the following amplifiers will shut down one after the other upon LOS detection. At the terminal site the Expansion unit receives the LOS from the faulty line and shuts down the first amplifier transmitting in the opposite direction and so on.

Figure 30.


32

5.3.2 APSD with OADM Repeater

The first stage of the amplifier located after the breakdown point detects a Loss of Signal (LOS) at its input and, according to APSD mechanism, shuts down.

The OADM, located in the same site in Figure 30, detects the LOS on the West to East line and shuts down the second stage of the amplifier transmitting in the opposite direction. In this way, in the example shown, the APSD mechanism affects only the section between the Terminal Equipment WEST and the OADM Repeater, where the failure has taken place, without disturbing the transmission between the Terminal Equipment EAST and the OADM Repeater.

Once the failure is repaired the system restarts automatically.

The shut down and restart procedures are implemented according to G. 681.

5.4 Dispersion compensation

The dispersion is a physical phenomenon that affects the optical signals traveling in optical fibers. Because of dispersion the different frequencies of an optical signal experience different velocities of propagation.

The net result is a broadening of the optical transmitted pulses at the receiver.

The transmission at 10 Gb/s is more sensitive to dispersion, with respect to the transmission at 2.5 Gb/s, because of the higher bit/rate.

The 1686 WM WLA units guarantee a correct transmission on links with dispersion up to 12800 ps/nm at 2.5 Gb/s and on links with dispersion up to 1000 ps/nm at 10 Gb/s.

When these values are exceeded it is necessary to install Dispersion Compensating Units (DCU) along the link.

A DCU unit is composed by a certain length of special fiber, designed in order to have the dispersion value opposite to that of the transmission fiber.

By properly installing the DCU units in the 1686 WM Terminal and Line sites, it’s possible to keep the total dispersion experienced by the optical signals within the limits required by the receivers.

DCU units with different amount of special fiber are available, thus allowing the dispersion compensation of transmission links with various lengths.

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 33

InputOutput

Postamp

Preamp

MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring

980- nm pump 1480 -- nm pump

DCU

InputOutput

Postamp

Preamp


980- nm pump 1480 -- nm pump

DCU

The Optical Amplifiers of the 1686 WM have double stage architecture and the DCU units are inserted between the two stages. In this way it is possible to compensate the link dispersion without affecting the optical performances of the system.

In general, the target is to completely compensate the dispersion of the link by uniformly distributing the DCU units in the link sites.

Nevertheless it is difficult to give a general rule, since the amount of required compensation depends on the link characteristics such as: fiber type, optical power launched in the line, signal bit/rate, presence of OADM repeaters, number of channels etc. All the previous parameters must be taken into account when designing a WDM link.

In the following figure a diagram showing the amplifier structure and the logical DCU position is reported.

Figure 31.


34

6 Optical interfaces

6.1 Tributary interfaces The 1686 WM can work with the following type of tributary interfaces:

• Plesiochronous interfaces with bit-rate in the range 100 Mbit/s- 1.25 Gb/s

• STM-1

• STM-4

• STM-16

• STM-64

In the open system configuration all the single channel inputs are interfaced with the WLA’s. They translate the spectral characteristics of the sources from the ITU-T G.957 standard ones to the ITU-T G.692 wavelength grid.

For STM-16 and STM-64 interfaces, the Alcatel ADM systems (1664 SM, 1661 SMC) can be equipped with “colored” aggregates with emission wavelength already in compliance with the ITU-T G.692 grid. In this case an integrated system configuration is possible without WLA’s.

The WLA type depends on the input signal type.

The following different WLA’s are included in the 1686 WM:

• STM-64 WLA with OOB-FEC (Out Of Band-Forward Error Correction), compliant to S-64.2 interfaces as defined in ITU-T G.691 recommendation.

• STM-64 WLA Regenerative with OOB-FEC. This unit can be placed in back-to-back sites in order to perform a 3R regeneration for the pass-through wavelengths.

• STM-16 WLA with OOB-FEC compliant to S-16.1 or L-16.2 interfaces as defined in ITU-T G.957 recommendation.

• STM-16 WLA compliant to S-16.1 interfaces as defined in ITU-T G.957 recommendation.

• STM-16 WLA Regenerative. This item can be used, for example, in back-to-back stations, for wavelengths in the pass-through configuration.

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 35

Input Output

Postamp

Preamp


980 - nm pump 1480 -nm pump

Inter -stageloss

Input Output

Postamp

Preamp


980 - nm pump 1480 -nm pump

Inter -stageloss

• Asynchronous WLA compliant to S-1.1, S-4.1, L-1.2 and L-4.2 interfaces as defined in ITU-T G.957 recommendation. This unit performs the 2R regeneration of any input signals with bit rate ranging from 100 Mb/s to 1.25 Gb/s (e.g. GbE , FC,…).

• 4x2.5 Gb/s concentrator with OOB-FEC, able to aggregate 4 signals @ 2.5 Gb/s into a 10 Gb/s signal. The 2.5 Gb/s B&W interfaces are I-16.1.

6.2 Aggregate interfaces

The 1686 WM Optical Amplifier is a double stage unit available in three different versions depending on the output power: Pout = +14 dBm, + 17 dBm and 20 dBm.

The double stage technology allows the 10 Gb/s transmission and the wavelength A/D capability without degrading the transmission performances. By means of the interstage access the gain flatness of the amplifier is under control.

By inserting between the two amplification stages the OADM unit, the wavelength A/D capability of the 1686 WM is achieved without any penalty on the span. By inserting the DCU between the two amplification stages the 10 Gb/s upgrade form a previous installed 2.5 Gb/s signal is possible without affecting the other installed traffic.

Figure 32.


36

7 Management

7.1 The Supervisory Channel

As the 1686 WM system has remote amplifiers, it is therefore necessary to access this equipment to manage them. This is the purpose of the supervisory channel. This channel holds all the information for the in line amplifiers management, auxiliary channels for data transmission at 64 Kbit/s and EOW. The 1686 WM supports the OSC both with wavelength at 1480 nm and 1510 nm.

The 1510 nm wavelength allows optical budget compatible with very long application covered by long reach WLA with OOB-FEC.

The supervision channel allows failure location. In case of a cable breakdown, the line amplifier located just after the breakdown indicates a loss of input signal and sends this information to management system through the supervisory channel. In the meantime, APSD is activated to avoid high optical power on the fiber, leaving the supervisory channel in working condition. In case of an in-line amplifier defect, as the supervisory channel is independent of the amplifier status, it continues to work.

The defect information is sent to the management system. In case of a defect on the management unit or on the supervisory channel system in a terminal or in a line amplifier, the WDM transmission continues to work and the following equipment raise an alarm indicating a loss of the supervisory channel.

The 1686 WM system is managed either by a local craft terminal through the F interface or, as part of Alcatel family, by a central management station through the Q3 interface.

With the local management, it is possible to access the status, the configuration and the alarms coming from every unit of the system.

All management information is collected from the units by the Equipment Controller unit. Equipment controllers included in the different racks exchange information with the supervisory channel allowing one craft terminal to manage the entire link. This is described in the following chart.

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 37

Tx λ1 MULTIPLEXER

Tx λ2

Tx λ3

Tx λ4

Tx λ5

Tx λ6

Tx λ7

Tx λ8

DATA IN

DATA IN

DATA IN

DATA IN

DATA IN

DATA IN

DATA IN

DATA IN

DEMUX

Rx

Rx

Rx

Rx

Rx

Rx

Rx

Rx

DATA OUT

DATA OUT

DATA OUT

DATA OUT

DATA OUT

DATA OUT

DATA OUT

DATA OUT

λ1

λ2

λ3

λ4

λ5

λ6

λ7

λ8

Line Terminal EquipmentLine Terminal Equipment

In-lineAmplifier

Σ λ + λsupervisory

Opticalsupervisory

channel Rx Tx

Providing correctpowers and

wavelengths

Combining insidethe same fiber

all the wavelengths

Amplifyingsimultaneouslyall the channels

Offering maintenancecapabilities of

in-line amplifiers (: new network elements)

Tx λsup

Systemcontrol

processor

Networkmanagement

Networkmanagement

Rx λsup

Systemcontrol

processor

Selectingone channel

per output fiber

The craft terminal is a standard PC, running with Windows NT or Windows 2000, with at least 128 Mb RAM.

The equipment controller of the 1686 WM also has a Q3 interface allowing central management of the equipment with the same system that manages Alcatel family of products. The 1686 WM is then considered as a group of network elements, their number depends on the system configuration, one terminal is one network element as the in line amplifier.

The management solution is the same regardless of the type of equipment used, SDH or WDM.

Any kind of management provides continuous access to some parameters of the system.


38

Examples of parameters under supervision are the following:

• Multiplexer and demultiplexer operation

• input and output signal of the booster and preamplifier board

• booster and preamplifier pump modules parameters

• input and output signal of the in line amplifier

• in line amplifier pump module parameters

• hardware failure

• optical protection cover removed

Some of these parameters can be measured by the system itself as:

• Input and output power of the in line amplifier

• Input and output power of the booster

• input and output power of the preamplifier

These measurement are made upon a management system request and are stored in a file in order to follow the evolution of these parameters and to decide some preventive maintenance actions.

Each optical amplifier unit is provided with a non-intrusive optical port, which allows the monitoring of the optical signal with the help of a spectrum analyzer.

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 39

8 Technical Data

Mechanical specifications

S9 rack (in mm): 2200 high x 600 wide x 300 or 600 deep (net height for the equipment: 1850 mm)

Optinex rack (in mm): 2200 high x 600 wide x 300 deep (net height for the equipment: 2000 mm)

Master shelf (in mm): 450 high x 482 wide

Optional Slave shelf (in mm): 450 high x 482 wide (19”) for WLA 2.5 Gb/s, 422 high x 533 wide (21”) for WLA 10 Gb/s

In line subrack (in mm): 450 high x 482 wide Power Specifications

Battery: 48/60 V DC Acc. DE/EE 2001

Maximum power dissipation: ≈ 400 W per subrack (shelf WLA 10G fully equipped)

Environmental specifications

Storage condition ETS 300 019 class 1.2

Transport condition ETS 300 019 class 2.2

Operating condition ETS 300 019 class 3.2

ESD/EMC condition ETS 300 386-1 (Telecom Centre)


40

Optical Grid

The following optical grid is applied by in accordance with ITU-T G.692 recommendation:

Frequency in THz

100 GHz spacing

200 GHz spacing

Channel number

Wavelength in

vacuum in nm

195.8 * 58 1531.12

195.7 * * 57 1531.90

195.6 * 56 1532.68

195.5 * * 55 1533.47

195.4 * 54 1534.25

195.3 * * 53 1535.04

195.2 * 52 1535.82

195.1 * * 51 1536.61

195.0 * 50 1537.40

194.9 * * 49 1538.19

194.8 * 48 1538.98

194.7 * * 47 1539.77

194.6 * 46 1540.56

194.5 * * 45 1541.35

194.4 * 44 1542.14

194.3 * * 43 1542.94

194.2 1543.73

194.1 1544.53

194.0 1545.32

193.9 1546.12

193.8 1546.92

193.7 * * 37 1547.72

193.6 * 36 1548.51

193.5 * * 35 1549.32

193.4 * 34 1550.12

193.3 * * 33 1550.92

193.2 * 32 1551.72

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 41

Frequency in THz

100 GHz spacing

200 GHz spacing

Channel number

Wavelength in

vacuum in nm

193.1 * * 31 1552.52

193.0 * 30 1553.33

192.9 * * 29 1554.13

192.8 * 28 1554.94

192.7 * * 27 1555.75

192.6 * 26 1556.55

192.5 * * 25 1557.36

192.4 * 24 1558.17

192.3 * * 23 1558.98

192.2 * 22 1559.79

192.1 * (1) 21 1560.61 (1) dedicated Mux/Demux board required

Table 1.

Optical safety ITU-T G.681

Mechanical characteristics of the optical interfaces

Optical connectors SC/SPC & SC2/SPC

Monitoring Optical connectors FC/SPC

Protection

Optical network protection OCh protection: linear & ring Operation

Station alarms Urgent, Non Urgent, Attended

NM access Q interface G.773 10 base 2, 10 base T

Craft interface RS232 9600 Baud/s PC compatible 9 pin D type

Housekeeping 8 inputs + 8 outputs

System alarms One LED on each card plus central LED

Data channels 2 V11 or G.703 64kbit/s

Operation processes Remote inventory at card level

Software download without traffic interruption


42

Management application

Alarm and status

Configuration

Remote inventory

Software downloading

Measurement application

3AL 87003 AAAA Ed.03 43

ALCATEL

Via Trento 30

200059 Vimercate (MI)

Italy

Tel. +39.39.686.1 - Fax +39.39.686.14.83 - Telex 330630

Alcatel reserves the right to modify the specifications in this document without prior warning, as a result of technical upgrades or new regulations.

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