DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH

CHARACTERISTICS:

It is original quotation of a talk

It is always placed between two quotation marks

It is always preceded by Capital letter

Colon (:), Comma (,) are placed before direct speech when the introductory verb position is in the front

Comma (,) are placed after direct speech when the introductory verb position is placed after or between the direct speech

The use of punctuation like exclamation mark (!), question mark (?) point the type of sentence of direct speech and it does not change

Eg.

‘Where do you live?’ she asked

My mother says to my sister: ‘Wash your hands!’

She yelled at me: ‘Don’t have the door open!’

It is a kind of reported sentence (reported speech)

It retells one’s talk or idea It undergoes certain modificationIt has three types of indirect speech

1. Imperative (Command/request)2. Declarative (Statement)3. Interrogative (question

1. Imperative (Command/request)The Imperative is a command

Because of a command it does not tell the subject and the verb in direct imperative does not change

E.g. “Shut the door”

Let the door be shut

like go, sleep, open etc so in the indirect speech is preceded by to infinitive) namely to go, to sleep, to open

• It also has non verb, so the reported command is preceded by ‘Be + adjective/adverb!’ like: be quiet, be happy, be here so in the Indirect Speech it becomes to be quiet, to be happy, to be here

POSITIVE IMPERATIVE

• DIRECT SPEECH • She said, “Go away!” • “Come here!” she said.

I said, • “Be quite!” ‘Be quiet!’

she yelled at the children.

• She begged, “Be happy!”

• ‘Please help me!’ she told him

• INDIRECT SPEECH • She ordered her to go

away .• She asked him to come

there.• She ordered the

children to be quiet • She requested to be

happy • She asked him to help

her

NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE:

• DIRECT SPEECH• She said, “Don’t go

away!”• “Don’t Come here!”

she said• I said, “Don’t Be

noisy!”• She begged, “Don’t

be lazy!”

• INDIRECT SPEECH• She told me not to

go away• She asked him not

to come there.• She begged us not

to be noisyI• She told him not to

worry about it

Declarative (Statement)

• A. Pronoun and Possessive adjective• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT

SPEECH• I He/She• You me/he/she/them/I/him/

her• My his/her• Our their/our• Your My/his/her

Declarative (Statement)

• B. Adverb of time and Place• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH• now then• today that day• tomorrow the next day• the day after• the following day• a day later• next the … after• the following …

Declarative (Statement) • B. Adverb of time and Place• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH• last … the … before• the previous …• the preceding …• … ago … before• … earlier• yesterday the day before• the previous day• the preceeding day• the day before yesterday two days before• here there• this that• these those

Declarative (Statement)

• Tenses• DIRECT SPEECH

INDIRECT SPEECH• Present Simple Past Simple• Present Continuous Past

Continuous• Present Perfect Past Perfect• Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect

Continuous

Declarative (Statement)

• C. Tenses• DIRECT SPEECH

INDIRECT SPEECH• Future Simple Past Future• Future Continuous Past Future

Continuous• Future Perfect Past Future Perfect• Future Perfect Future Perfect• Continuous Past Continuous

Declarative (Statement)

• C. Tenses

• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

• Past Simple Past Perfect

• Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

• Past Perfect Past Perfect

Let’s see the following changes

• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH• Verb 1 Verb 2• Verb 2 Had + Verb 3• Is was• Am was• Are were• Have had• Has had• Do did• Does did• Was/were had been• Did had + verb 3

• Can could• May might• Must had to• Shall should• Will would• Ought to + verb 1 ought to + have + verb

3 / been• Could + verb 1 could + have + verb 3 /

been• Might + verb 1 might + have + verb 3 /

been• Should + verb 1 should + have + verb3 /

been• Would + verb 1 would + have + verb 3 /

been

Examples:

• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH• Ali: ‘I will go now.’ Ali said that he would

go then• Rani: ‘They love me.’ Rani told me they

loved her• ‘I’ve been writing’, Dina Dina answered that she

answered had been writing•• Mother: ‘I was sick Mother told that

yesterday.’ she had been sick the day before

3. Interrogative (question)

• a. Preceded by Auxiliary• When the question is preceded by

auxiliary that needs yes/No answer it will be used the conjunction if or whether in the indirect speech

• The steps how to make indirect speech:– The question sentence of the indirect

speech is firstly changed to be statement– It then follows the rules before

Example

• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

• Doctor: ‘Do you usually take a nap?’• It is firstly changed to be:• You usually take a nap Doctor

asks if/whether I

usually take a nap

Example

• DIRECT SPEECH

• Mary: ‘Are you a student?’– It is firstly changed to be:

• You are a student

• INDIRECT SPEECH– Ratu asked if/whether I was a

• student

Example

• John: ‘May I borrow your car?’• Preceded by Question Word (QW)

– It is firstly changed to be:

• I may borrow your car

• INDIRECT SPEECH– John asked if he might borrow my– John asked whether he might

borrow my

a. Preceded by Question Words

• In the question using Question Word (QW)– To form indirect speech the question is

firstly changed to be statement– QW: what, when, where, which, why, who,

whom, etc. are used as conjunction

Example

– Andi: ‘How do you spell your name?’

• - It is firstly changed to be:

• You spell your name

•

• INDIRECT SPEECH

• Andi asked how I spelt my name

Example

• DIRECT SPEECH – Sophia: Where can you keep your money safely?’

• It is firstly changed to be:• You can keep your money safely •

• INDIRECT SPEECH • - Sophia asked me where I could keep

my • money safely.

• THANK YOU VERY MUCH