ent Pt -AC 3I-d tAIC IC25-1 (7-7I (FACE SHEET)

NONCAPITAL PROJECT PAPER (PROP) R D [ PAGE I f-PAG

1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION PA Nb 0205 1 PROJECr TITLE APPENDIX Al TACHED

] YES 0 NO

2 PROJECT NO (-0 10952)Swaziland Rural Develonment 690-i1-10-024

3 RECIPIENT (pccify) 4 LIFE OF PROJECT 5 SUBISSIO01 COUNTRY Swzillad BEGINS FY 72 El GRIGINA C 1-1

[ REV NO COMTRPASA NO DATE

REGIONAL _ _ ITErr GI IAL E_DS FY 77

II FUNDING (SO00) AND MAN MONTHS (MIM)REQUIREMENTS

A C 0 G H LOCAL EXCHANGE FUNDING B PERSONNEL PARTICIPANTS E F PASACNTR CURRENCY RATE 5 US

BY TOTAL COMMOD- OTHER ACT(URS OWNED

FISCAL S I)ITIFS C STS (1) (1) US 1(2)COOP COUNTRY 1 PRIORYEARTHRu S MM S LOAN I (A) JOINT 3 UDGEMM $ S MM GRANT A NJ

ACTUAL FY

2 OPRN FY 72 -r6 1 476 21 36 10 150 111l0

3 BUDGE F 13 176S 65 12 06 5 50 24 7 See -

BUDGET r Q2 =4 - 8 7 )Inrlut -ection44 BUDGET+1 FY 7 25 6 2 49 791229

+2FY 75 2677 ~ ~ fitt pf~ eto +2FY7 240 7 35 Q60 2 119 12Q0 LL o _

6 BUDGET 17I-Ishy+3 FY 7u 7 20 37 7 1 4

7 ALL I SUBO (Y L___0 7 - - 35 7 TOTAL -)]11240 t98 175 c0 2o0 20 D05R p - o

9 OTHER DONOR CNTRI2UTIOIS IA) NAME OF CN0R (0) KIND OF G0005SERVICES (C) AMOUNT

K (0D Loan) Tnd Fepc c-r1 QoCrefit Ill ORIGINATING OFFICE CLEARANCE

1 DRAFTER ITLE DATEAFRS an SA-C-- 2CLEARANCE OFFIr--R TITLE

IV PROJECT AUTI ORIZATION

1 CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL

If the land purchase scheme is not approved within a reasonable time of the arrival of equipment and technicians this project will be thoroughly reviewed at the end of the first two years or sooner if the land purchase scheme should be definitely rejected

2 CLEARANCES

BUROFF SIGNATURE DATE I BUROFF SIGNATURE DATE

AFRITAC ohn Coonor (Draft) 1 72 RP w BHog 2

FCDF 0-uc (Drnft)ODell 12472

3 APPROVAL AAS OR OFFICE DIRZCTORS 4 APPROVAL AAID (See MO 10251Vr C)

) - ( 0 ET A - A N Y NT N i IGNATURE

C514 _____ __

Ill LLAZWMINISTRATOr( AGENCY FORl INTLNi i4L rlVL~LPPME

PROJECT PROPOSAL (PROP)

Swaziland Rural Development (690-11-110-024)

1 The Project Goal

A Statement of Goal The goal of this project is to support the GOS agriculture development priorities$ as stated in the Post Independence Development Plan which are to improve the standard of living of the rural people by improving agricultural production and related public services

B Measure of Goal Achiev ement The goal will be partially achieved when the Rural Development Areas (RDAs) become viable self-supporting entities

C Basic Assumptins of (oal Achievement GOS will continue to give high priority to the RDAs

II Project Purpose

A ESt-tement of the Purpose The purpose of this project is to increase agricultural productivity and farmer income within six rural development areas

B Conditions Expected at the End of the Project

1 Real per capita farm tn-ome will increase 307 over life-of-project

2 There will be an increase in national grain production and an increase in cattle take-off rates associated with expanded marketing

3 Increased export earnings from both agriculture and livestock

production Elimination of requirements for grain impqrtss

C Basic Assumptions

1 The rate of inflation will not increase at such a rate that would outstrip gains made as a result of this project

2 There will be an expansion of both domestic and South African markets sufficient to absorb the increased agricultural production

Both assumptions at the goal level are fully realistic due to the monetary controls and marketing mechanisms of the Customs Union

(2) 111 Project Outputs

A Statement of Project Outputs within the Rural Development Area

1 Improved range management practices and more rational patternsof land use Fragmented units consolidated into more economic units where modern methods are applicable Largest units will be about 12 acres

2 Increased production of maize and sorghum in addition to other cash crops put into production by the Extension Service

3 Expanded administrative capacity within the Ministry

4 Increased yields of livestock products

5 Expanded farmer access to public serviis credit and markets

6 Reduced erosion and expanded water supplies

7 Constructed farm to market roads

B Output Indicators

1 Ratio of acres per animal unit reduced from 151 to 101

2 Maize yields increased from 400 pounds per acre to 800 per acre Sorghum yields up a similar proportion

3 Placement of 15 formally and technically trained personnelin the Ministry of Agriculture US advisors will be phased out

4 Cattle take-off increased from 12 to 17 per year Marketable maturity of cattle reduced from 7 years to 4 years

5 Completion of up to 15 rural village centers These centers will include Extension Service offices for distribution of seed fertilizer and technical advice and marketing facilities for cash crops

6 Construction ofup to 100 dams and terraces on 125000 acres of arable land

7 Construction of up to 350 miles of feeder roads and fence lines delineating range land from arable plots

(3)

C Basic Assumptions

1 Prices for grain and livestock will stay the same or increase at a reasonable rate

2 The GOS will continue their current support of the RDA scheme

3 Recruitment of suitable US technicians will be achieved on attwely basis

4 COS and project personnel will successfully introduce improvedfarming and animal husbandry techniques

5 High yield seed varieties compatible to Swazi ecology will be available

C w1ll provide increased public services as may be required in the RDAs

IV Project Inputs

A Statement of Project Inputs

1 us

a Technicians b US Loan - Equipment and Intermediate Agriculture Credit c Participant and farmer trainingd Highveld demonstration and research ranch (See Annex C for details)

2 UgK a Ministry technicians and project managers for the actual RDAsb Land purchases to expand both grazing and arable land in the RDAs c Loan to Swazi Credit Bank

B Source Magnitude and Type of Inputs

1 u a Development Loan (Loan Agreement signed Oct 13 1971) $2200000

1) $18 million in land clearing and earth moving equipmentfor consolidating land holdings and building of roads dams and conservation structures

2) $110000 for physical inputs for the highveld research and demonstration ranch Total cost of the ranch is $242000 of which US portion is 46 (See Annex D)

(4)

b Technicians DG (6years) $1600000 (See Annex E for details on Job Descriptions)

1) Soil Conservation Engineer Planning - Attached to the Planning Division of the Ministry of Agriculture Alongwith the Senior Land Planner he is responsible for designing actual infrastructure work plans for the RDAs and new land purchase areas

2) Soil Conservation Engineer Construction - Attached to the soil conservation unit of the Ministry of AgricultureWorks primarily in the field overseeing the implementationof land use work plans construction of conservation structures roads and dams Where appropriate works with the extension service in demonstrating advantages of land rationalization

3) Heavy Equipment Shop Foreman - Attached to Ministry Maintenance Sections Responsible for establishingcentral heavy plant maintenance depot for major repairsWorks closely in training capacity with field maintenance units to be staffed with four Peace Corps Volunteers

4) Animal Husbandry Specialist - Both technicians are

5) Range Management Specialist - Attached to the Highveld ranch for research and demonstration on range management pasture and grasses disease control and breeding However both technicians would be utilized extensively throughoutthe RDA program for advice and demonstration on the critical problems of overgrazing and building incentives for increased cattle off take

6) Agriculture Economist Marketing and Planning - Attached to the Marketing Section of the Ministry of Agriculture Responsible for crop planning and marketing studies relative to the RDAs Will work closely with the Department of Cooperatives and Extension Service on bridging the gapbetween market analysis and actual production

7) Project Manager (Direct-Hire Coordinator) Responsible for management of all other US inputs and for coordination with the COS and other donors concerningtheir inputs Assures expeditious procurement and deliveryof all equipment and materials associated with the RDAu and highveld ranch Assists in identification and responsible

(5)

for programing of all participants Completes periodic project evaluations and makes recommendatLions for changes in project design if appropriate

8 Short Term Technical Services As required by the GOS it is anticipated that some short term technical advice will be required on questions of rural development seed multiplication agriculture credit and cooperative creation

c Participant Training $175000

25 training years $7000 per year for replac ement of US technicians above Programmed for 5 per year for the first five years of the project

d Other Costs $390000

To support agriculture related GOS functional literacy program in RDAs Also for technician rents and utilities GOS will provide office space and furniture and local transportation

2 UK a Grant for land purchases (1972-1975)

(El500000) $3600000

b Loan to Swazi Credit and Savings Bank $210000 (E87715)

c Various activities within the RDAs will be financed from a UK development loan of $10800000 (E4500000) Expenditure from this loan and the land purchase will be approved by the UK on the basis of individual project applications In addition the UK will purchase land for the highveld ranch ODA will be providing the following technicians in support of the OS iDA program

Senior Agricultural Officer (1) RDA Project Managers (3) Administrative Officer (I) Mechanization Specialist (1) Agriculture Marketing Officer(l) Evaluation Officer (1) Land Surveyors (2) Soil Surveyor (1)

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3 GOS Life of Project Recurrent Costs $1241805 Life of Project Capital Costs $1341000

a Staffing and funding for five mobile conservation units to utilize the US loan funded equipemnt Technicians to build the RDA infrastructure facilities

b Transportation office space and furniture and clerical staff for US technicians

c MaintenanceDOL and upkeep on all equipment and vehicles

d Improved seed varieties and agriculture extension services

e Arrangements for self-help labor at RDA sites for fencing and shifting of kraals

f All fencing materials for delineating arrable ond grazing areas in the RDAs

g Local staff roads and rossings water development and all livestock for highveld ranch

h Schools and public services in the RDAs

C Basic Assumptions

1 That the UK will continue to provide the pledged level of assistance

2 Equipment provided under the US loan will be delivered on time

3 Expanded rural credit facilities will be created

4 Qualified Swazis will be available for training

V Rationale

A Agricultural Sector (See Annexes B and C for more details)

Swaziland is a small land-locked country (6700 square miles) surrounded by the Republic of South Africa and Mozambique The population is approximately 425000 of which 87 are non-Swazis The annual rate of population growth is estimated between 257 and 30 Some 707 of the people live in rural areas in

(7)

scattered kraals (family settlements) rather than in villagez

In 196768 agriculture (including forestry) contributed About29 of the Swazi GDP About one-half of this was producel bythe modern sector (largely expatriate) and the rest by thetraditional sector About 20000 people are employed in themodern agricult4ral sector which represents roughly 407 oftotal employment in Swaziland Some 70 of the totalpopulation lives in rural areas and has land for cattle grazingand the cultivation of crops Aside from the small-unitagriculture animal husbandry is the predominant activity ofSwazi farmers Grasslands cover about 73 of the total areaof Swaziland however livestock numbers are in excess ofavailable grass and forage sppplies Under such conditions even in the good year of 197071 the Swazi grasslands areseverely overgrazed and winter forage supplies are not sufficientto maintain the animals and spring plowing is usually late resulting in reduced crop yields

Under present range and livestock management conditions cattlerequire 7 - 8 years to mature Long established traditionalpractices tend to defer marketing of animals well beyond theoptimum period Death losses in many years due to erosion-typediseases aggravated by the lack of winter feed are extraordinarilyhigh and frequently exceed the number sold The national livestockoff-take is only 12 and since their condition is frequently poorthe economics of livestock production are currently very marginalIn view of the Governments present commitment to execute grazingschemes on highveld the initial development of a Demonstrationand Research ranch of about 6000 acres is needed to resolvetechnical problems such as supplemental feeding breedinggrazing capacity of cattle and range grasses and pastures etcA permanent role for the ranch is envisioned as the highveldrepresents the largest undeveloped region remaining in Swazilandbeing about 16 of the countrys total area and livestock isbelieved to be the major potential use for the highveld besidesforestry Highveld ranch development will be assisted by twoAID technicians as a part of their duties assigned to theVeterinary Services and Livestock Production Division Ministryof Agriculture This Division is to investigate and demonstratemethods of livestock management on the highveld and in otherecological zones and to evaluate and to establish the level ofranching costs To assure success in livestock and rangemanagement a research and demonstration phase (highveld ranch)is necessary to resolve technical problems The Veterinary

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Service and Livestock Production unit will be responsible for management of grazing land to be acquired during coming years The demonstration ranch is considered to be the key agent of change in encouraging reduced herds and increased cattle off-take

Crop yields in the traditional sector are low due to inefficient cultural and management practices Yields for maize on Swazi Nation land are 400 lbacre compared to about 1800 lba acre yields on neighboring expatriate farms It has been proven that substantial increases in yields can be achieved by simple changes such as selection of more arable land water spreading land consolidation earlier plowing and improved seed Since Swaziland is a net importer of maize and neighboring countries like Zambia are importing maize from Rhodesia simply increasing maize yields is considered economically desirable This of course would not rule out crop diversification in the future

B The Rural Development Concept

Although the traditional sector has a development potential in terms of natural resources and markets sericus constraints exist (1) farm fragmentation (2) erosion (3) land productivity related to land use (4) cropping practices (5) overstocking (6) the marketing system and (7) inadequately trained farmers This project will address in varying degrees of intensity each of these problems These probldms are discussed further in Annex B

The GOS has determined that a large segment of the traditional agricultural sector can be developed by the establishshyment of six demarcated Rural Development Areas (RDAs) in two of the major topographical areas of the country - Highveld and Middleveld The development reans will include reorganization of land use land acquisition changes in the structure of liveshystock and crop production and improved extension service credit and marketing

The recommendation for the acquisition of additional lande stems from the findings of the Land Mission jointly appointed in 1969 by the UK and GOS to investigate and report present and future land use The report resulted in the British Government agreement to make funds available for purchase ano development of

(9)

additional land UK expenditure for purchase schemes wouldbe disbursed against the submission of detailed development plansfor each land parcel to be purchased The AID technicians willassist the Ministry of Agriculture Land Planning Unit to developthese plans Undeveloped land would be purchased on basis of a willing buyer and willing seller Recourse to compulsorypurchase or valuation is not normally contemplated It isplanned that the land purchases would be adjacent to the existingRDAs The Rural Development Areas comprise selected sectionsof Swazi Nation Land in which an attempt is made to provide the necessary infrastructure and reorganization of cultivated fieldsand communal grazing to allow the agricultural potential of the areas to be realized This integrated approach to ruraldevelopment concentrates the limited esources and services of GOS Ministries ie agriculture education health commerceand the public works department on the six Rural Development areaswhich range in size froi 6000 acres to 385000 acres

For the smaller RDAs of Ebulandzeni Mahlangatsha andSipocosini the basic minimum infrastructure is virtually completedAlthough some land will have to be acquired under the LPD programto ease congestion and permit better utilization of both arable and pasture land within the existing area The remaining three RDAs are much larger in size and work is barely starting These areas will require extensive clearing and earth working A weak linkin carrying out a successful physical development program is theoverall lack-and the poor condition of existing GOS heavyequipment Replacement equipment will be required along with increased competency for the placement maintenance and repairof the equipment The recently signed AID Agriculture Sectorloan will provide the needed equipment and this PROP among otherthingsprovides for advisory assistance in equipment placementmaintenance and repair

VI Course of Action

A Framework of the Project

This multi-donor project will address the rational expansionand development of about 600000 acres demarcated for the three larger Rural Development Areas (RDAs) for livestock and cropproduction by Swazi farmers The total RDA program is plannedto accommodate 77000 rural people or about one-fourth of thefarming population of Swaziland AID will also establishliaison with international organizations to bring in consultants plant materials etc Key action elements of the project are

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I Development of existing and purchased lands in the RDAs

a Assignment of holdings of approximately six to ten acres to individual farmers according to need for homesteads and cropping Demarcation of arable and range areas in each RDA for communal grazing of animals principally cattle owned by the individual farmers Assurance that correct stocking ratios are applied to all lands within the RDAs

b Development of up to 15 villages serving the farm homesteads as administrative centers to provide health schools agriculture extension marketing and other services An intensive program for functional adult literacy will be launched

c Further infrastructure improvements such as land clearing and levelling fencing earth dams for stock watering and irrigation access roads and village facilities Most labor is being supplied on a self-help basis by the farmers and families within the RDAs

d Productive-capacity inputs by involved farmers supported by credit such as fertilizers sprays hired labor transport equipment seeds Some intermediate credit is being provided in the Agriculture Sector loan

e Application of improved production and marketing methods as follows

(1) Livestock production Controlled grazing fitted to capability of range improved range capacity through better grasses and management improved breeding higher calving rates higher annual offtake of animals for market disease control (including dip tanks)

(2) Crop Production To startimaize and sorghum will be encouraged Later better cash crops such as groundnuts and cotton may be planted after marketing studies are completed Higher yielding seeds improved cultural and harvesting practices soil conservation plant protection practices will be the chief production tools

(3) Marketing Utilization of existing marketing system with improvements as required Market demand by South Africa for live animals and slaughtered meat is unlimited for the short run and likely over the long run Internal and even export demands maize and other crops is strong

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II Establishment of a research and demonstration ranch in the highshy

veld The purpose is to adapt known animal husbandry and range management technology to ecological and social conditions of the highveld and to demonstrate the dramatic bevefits from changed practices Results then will be extended to the RDAs A ranch sitL of approximately 6000 acres will be purchased by the UK Approximately 46 of the physical infrastructure uf the ranch is to be financed from the Agriculture Sector loan Training of RDA farmer leaders and GOS staff will be conducted at the ranch See Annex C

III Supporting services for the project will be provided as follows

a Six Soil Conservation Units at strategic locations will provide equipment and services for infrastructural development plus shop mechanics and training of Swazis Field mechanics are to be furnished by Peace Corps

b The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank will utilize approximately $250000 of the AID $22 million Agriculture Sector Swaziland Loan (690-H-010) for sub-loans to farmers These materials labor and other items necessary for planting and harvesting of crops The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank is a viable credit institution already providing short and long term financing and agricultural credit and extension services to the Swazi farmer The Bank presently has four Agricultural loan officers who administer agriculture credit and extension services to farmers in the rural areas Additional loan staff will be recruited in order to effectively utilize the AID loan funds For the year 196970 the Bank approved 850 agricultural loans totalling $241170 for an average loan of $28400

c The Ministry of Agriculture will provide services for overall administration extension assistance to farmers and manpower training (overseas within Africa and in-country) Supplemental training will be arranged by GOS for such fields as credit administration and equipment operation and maintenance as required

d Liaison will be established with international research institutions for seeds consulting services and technical information related to production of livestock and crops The international resources include the International

(12)

Institute for Tropical Agriculture Nigeria the proposed International Livestock Institute for Africa Major Cereals Projects in East and West Africa and research projects of TABAID

IV Implementation Plan

A General

1) The project will be implemented primarily by the Land Use Planning and Agricultural Extension Division of the GOS Ministry of Agriculture and the Rural Development Board Working liaison will be maintained with other donors and local institutions contributing directly to the project principally the Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank but

including the University of Botswana Lesotho and Swaziland (for training and research)

2) The Rural Development Board will act as the cooperating mechanism This agency meete regularly for coordination of

planning and monitoring A particular function will be to deal with unforeseen conditions affecting planned progress

Annual workplans are formulated at the village level and approved by the RDB The RDB also sees that evaluation procedures are established

3) Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section is responsible for the preparation of Land Use Plans

for selected areas These are finalized with the active participation and concurrence of the local chief The

construction of dams irrigation structures terraces etc is the responsibility of the Soil Conservation Units after final approval of the plans by the RDB The Conservation Units operate heavy earth moving and other equipment and are available for assignment to the RDAs or any other program of the Ministry of Agriculture The Soil Conservation

Officer in charge of the Units is directly responsible to the Chief Agricultural Officer

4) The Department of Veterinary services within the Ministry of Agriculture will be responsible for range management and

livestock activities in the project and for the research and demonstration ranch Annex C lists steps for initiating the research and demonstration ranch Two AID financed specialists one each in range management and animal husbandry will be assigned to the Veterinary Section

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5) The range management and livestock specialists in addition

to work at the highveld ranch will plan a demonstration and

educational program with the extension officers extension

agents and farm leaders within the RDAs to encourage all

cooperating farmers to adopt improved farm practices Field

crop aspects of the extension program will be planned and

carried out by the GOS extension staff

6) Early consultations will be held to determine Swazi Credit

and Savings Bank specific administrative and funding

requirements for the initial three years of the project

7) GOS counterpart staff for US technicians will be

assessed and assignments and training programmed

8) Early consultations will be earried out with local

leaders and other farmers to gain their understanding and

assess their receptivity and capabilities for participation

in the project

B Specific AID Actions for the Project Manager are

1) In cooperation with EARCDO implementation of CDF Loan for

Purchase of Equipment a Coordinate preparation specifications bidding procurement

and shipment

b With GOS integrate equipment delivery into project

operations

2) Follow up recruitment of technicians

Issue documentation (by OSARACO recruitment (by AIDW)

of the following technicians by contract a Soil Conservation Engineer (planning)

b Soil Conservation Engineer (construction)

c Range Management Specialist

d Animal Husbandry Specialist

e Shop Foreman

f Agriculture Economist (Marketing)

3) Plan and implement participant training schedule

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The participant training program should coincide with In particularobjectives and timing of the project

it should provide for GOS personnel to be available

to replace US technicians before end to project

4) Develop a project evaluation procedure in concert with

GOS and UK

5) Assist Ministry with specific work plan for highveld

Prepare purchase orders for local procurementranch

6) Establish coordinating relationship with other donors

EXISTING AND PROPOSED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS

IN RELATION TO LAND CAPABILITY

I-

Raingrown ZgtIrrigatIon Cropping plus usect Essential for Irrigation Intensive e Where Needed K) Agriculture No rth

bb

Clasi n K CEt ral D

bull ~ Mnzini

IWOGi

t Classes AS and BSGood to hair soils or 1-A- L5Es nd lC Exipstig l Rural Development Areas

gentle to moderate slopes Boundaries of Rural Development Areas show

Swazi Nation Land only and excide Land

to be purchased

A C V 19_

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ANNEX B

SECTORAL PROBLEMS OF SWAZILAND AGRICULTURE

1 Topography Soils and Climate

Swaziland contains a wide range of soils and climate conditions There are four well-defined topographic regions extending north to south The Highveld the Middleveld and the Lowveld are of more or less equal breadthwhile the Lebombo is a narrow strip on the eastern border

The Highveld region comprises 1280000 acres of which 500000 are Swazi Nation Lands and the remainder are prately owned The region embraces 29 percent of the total area of the country with altitudes varying between 3000 and 6100 feet Except for londs used for the production of crops to meet domestic food needs and for planted forests all of the Swazi lands are in native grass Because of steep slopes and marshlands only about 30 percentof the Highveld is arable Plentiful rainfall and the fact that the regionfalls in the mist belt render parts of it ideal nr forestry There are 263000 head of livestock in this region nearly 90 percent of which are owned by an estimated 8400 swazi farmers (see Table I)

Table I Livestock number by kinds by owLiership 1970 (Highveld)

Cattle Goats Sheep Horses Donkeys Mules

Swazi 116955 96259 16500 6402Non-Swazi 5382 939 20698 559

Total 122317 97198 37198 6961

This amounts to about 140000 grazing units on the Swazi Nation Highveld There is a serious imbalance in the livestock-feed situation in this region Also due to a short growing season winter feed supplies are indequate Cattle loose as much as 50 percent of the previous years gain Of this portion of the Highveldunder private ownership much of the better land is virtually unused (Some of these lands will be purchased and added to the RDAs)In the Highveld region there are four identified Rural Development Areas totaling about 194000 acres (over 100000 acres non-arable) and covering about 80000 livestock units The population is over 77000 with 8500 farm unitsIt will be necessary to use up to 115000 acres of adjoining land for grazingMost of the title-deed land of expatriates that is underutilized and offered forsale ic suitable only for extensive grazing Most of these properties are on the

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highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

(3)

rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

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Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

(5)

The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

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Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

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5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

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has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

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ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

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internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

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to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

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Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

PROJECT PROPOSAL (PROP)

Swaziland Rural Development (690-11-110-024)

1 The Project Goal

A Statement of Goal The goal of this project is to support the GOS agriculture development priorities$ as stated in the Post Independence Development Plan which are to improve the standard of living of the rural people by improving agricultural production and related public services

B Measure of Goal Achiev ement The goal will be partially achieved when the Rural Development Areas (RDAs) become viable self-supporting entities

C Basic Assumptins of (oal Achievement GOS will continue to give high priority to the RDAs

II Project Purpose

A ESt-tement of the Purpose The purpose of this project is to increase agricultural productivity and farmer income within six rural development areas

B Conditions Expected at the End of the Project

1 Real per capita farm tn-ome will increase 307 over life-of-project

2 There will be an increase in national grain production and an increase in cattle take-off rates associated with expanded marketing

3 Increased export earnings from both agriculture and livestock

production Elimination of requirements for grain impqrtss

C Basic Assumptions

1 The rate of inflation will not increase at such a rate that would outstrip gains made as a result of this project

2 There will be an expansion of both domestic and South African markets sufficient to absorb the increased agricultural production

Both assumptions at the goal level are fully realistic due to the monetary controls and marketing mechanisms of the Customs Union

(2) 111 Project Outputs

A Statement of Project Outputs within the Rural Development Area

1 Improved range management practices and more rational patternsof land use Fragmented units consolidated into more economic units where modern methods are applicable Largest units will be about 12 acres

2 Increased production of maize and sorghum in addition to other cash crops put into production by the Extension Service

3 Expanded administrative capacity within the Ministry

4 Increased yields of livestock products

5 Expanded farmer access to public serviis credit and markets

6 Reduced erosion and expanded water supplies

7 Constructed farm to market roads

B Output Indicators

1 Ratio of acres per animal unit reduced from 151 to 101

2 Maize yields increased from 400 pounds per acre to 800 per acre Sorghum yields up a similar proportion

3 Placement of 15 formally and technically trained personnelin the Ministry of Agriculture US advisors will be phased out

4 Cattle take-off increased from 12 to 17 per year Marketable maturity of cattle reduced from 7 years to 4 years

5 Completion of up to 15 rural village centers These centers will include Extension Service offices for distribution of seed fertilizer and technical advice and marketing facilities for cash crops

6 Construction ofup to 100 dams and terraces on 125000 acres of arable land

7 Construction of up to 350 miles of feeder roads and fence lines delineating range land from arable plots

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C Basic Assumptions

1 Prices for grain and livestock will stay the same or increase at a reasonable rate

2 The GOS will continue their current support of the RDA scheme

3 Recruitment of suitable US technicians will be achieved on attwely basis

4 COS and project personnel will successfully introduce improvedfarming and animal husbandry techniques

5 High yield seed varieties compatible to Swazi ecology will be available

C w1ll provide increased public services as may be required in the RDAs

IV Project Inputs

A Statement of Project Inputs

1 us

a Technicians b US Loan - Equipment and Intermediate Agriculture Credit c Participant and farmer trainingd Highveld demonstration and research ranch (See Annex C for details)

2 UgK a Ministry technicians and project managers for the actual RDAsb Land purchases to expand both grazing and arable land in the RDAs c Loan to Swazi Credit Bank

B Source Magnitude and Type of Inputs

1 u a Development Loan (Loan Agreement signed Oct 13 1971) $2200000

1) $18 million in land clearing and earth moving equipmentfor consolidating land holdings and building of roads dams and conservation structures

2) $110000 for physical inputs for the highveld research and demonstration ranch Total cost of the ranch is $242000 of which US portion is 46 (See Annex D)

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b Technicians DG (6years) $1600000 (See Annex E for details on Job Descriptions)

1) Soil Conservation Engineer Planning - Attached to the Planning Division of the Ministry of Agriculture Alongwith the Senior Land Planner he is responsible for designing actual infrastructure work plans for the RDAs and new land purchase areas

2) Soil Conservation Engineer Construction - Attached to the soil conservation unit of the Ministry of AgricultureWorks primarily in the field overseeing the implementationof land use work plans construction of conservation structures roads and dams Where appropriate works with the extension service in demonstrating advantages of land rationalization

3) Heavy Equipment Shop Foreman - Attached to Ministry Maintenance Sections Responsible for establishingcentral heavy plant maintenance depot for major repairsWorks closely in training capacity with field maintenance units to be staffed with four Peace Corps Volunteers

4) Animal Husbandry Specialist - Both technicians are

5) Range Management Specialist - Attached to the Highveld ranch for research and demonstration on range management pasture and grasses disease control and breeding However both technicians would be utilized extensively throughoutthe RDA program for advice and demonstration on the critical problems of overgrazing and building incentives for increased cattle off take

6) Agriculture Economist Marketing and Planning - Attached to the Marketing Section of the Ministry of Agriculture Responsible for crop planning and marketing studies relative to the RDAs Will work closely with the Department of Cooperatives and Extension Service on bridging the gapbetween market analysis and actual production

7) Project Manager (Direct-Hire Coordinator) Responsible for management of all other US inputs and for coordination with the COS and other donors concerningtheir inputs Assures expeditious procurement and deliveryof all equipment and materials associated with the RDAu and highveld ranch Assists in identification and responsible

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for programing of all participants Completes periodic project evaluations and makes recommendatLions for changes in project design if appropriate

8 Short Term Technical Services As required by the GOS it is anticipated that some short term technical advice will be required on questions of rural development seed multiplication agriculture credit and cooperative creation

c Participant Training $175000

25 training years $7000 per year for replac ement of US technicians above Programmed for 5 per year for the first five years of the project

d Other Costs $390000

To support agriculture related GOS functional literacy program in RDAs Also for technician rents and utilities GOS will provide office space and furniture and local transportation

2 UK a Grant for land purchases (1972-1975)

(El500000) $3600000

b Loan to Swazi Credit and Savings Bank $210000 (E87715)

c Various activities within the RDAs will be financed from a UK development loan of $10800000 (E4500000) Expenditure from this loan and the land purchase will be approved by the UK on the basis of individual project applications In addition the UK will purchase land for the highveld ranch ODA will be providing the following technicians in support of the OS iDA program

Senior Agricultural Officer (1) RDA Project Managers (3) Administrative Officer (I) Mechanization Specialist (1) Agriculture Marketing Officer(l) Evaluation Officer (1) Land Surveyors (2) Soil Surveyor (1)

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3 GOS Life of Project Recurrent Costs $1241805 Life of Project Capital Costs $1341000

a Staffing and funding for five mobile conservation units to utilize the US loan funded equipemnt Technicians to build the RDA infrastructure facilities

b Transportation office space and furniture and clerical staff for US technicians

c MaintenanceDOL and upkeep on all equipment and vehicles

d Improved seed varieties and agriculture extension services

e Arrangements for self-help labor at RDA sites for fencing and shifting of kraals

f All fencing materials for delineating arrable ond grazing areas in the RDAs

g Local staff roads and rossings water development and all livestock for highveld ranch

h Schools and public services in the RDAs

C Basic Assumptions

1 That the UK will continue to provide the pledged level of assistance

2 Equipment provided under the US loan will be delivered on time

3 Expanded rural credit facilities will be created

4 Qualified Swazis will be available for training

V Rationale

A Agricultural Sector (See Annexes B and C for more details)

Swaziland is a small land-locked country (6700 square miles) surrounded by the Republic of South Africa and Mozambique The population is approximately 425000 of which 87 are non-Swazis The annual rate of population growth is estimated between 257 and 30 Some 707 of the people live in rural areas in

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scattered kraals (family settlements) rather than in villagez

In 196768 agriculture (including forestry) contributed About29 of the Swazi GDP About one-half of this was producel bythe modern sector (largely expatriate) and the rest by thetraditional sector About 20000 people are employed in themodern agricult4ral sector which represents roughly 407 oftotal employment in Swaziland Some 70 of the totalpopulation lives in rural areas and has land for cattle grazingand the cultivation of crops Aside from the small-unitagriculture animal husbandry is the predominant activity ofSwazi farmers Grasslands cover about 73 of the total areaof Swaziland however livestock numbers are in excess ofavailable grass and forage sppplies Under such conditions even in the good year of 197071 the Swazi grasslands areseverely overgrazed and winter forage supplies are not sufficientto maintain the animals and spring plowing is usually late resulting in reduced crop yields

Under present range and livestock management conditions cattlerequire 7 - 8 years to mature Long established traditionalpractices tend to defer marketing of animals well beyond theoptimum period Death losses in many years due to erosion-typediseases aggravated by the lack of winter feed are extraordinarilyhigh and frequently exceed the number sold The national livestockoff-take is only 12 and since their condition is frequently poorthe economics of livestock production are currently very marginalIn view of the Governments present commitment to execute grazingschemes on highveld the initial development of a Demonstrationand Research ranch of about 6000 acres is needed to resolvetechnical problems such as supplemental feeding breedinggrazing capacity of cattle and range grasses and pastures etcA permanent role for the ranch is envisioned as the highveldrepresents the largest undeveloped region remaining in Swazilandbeing about 16 of the countrys total area and livestock isbelieved to be the major potential use for the highveld besidesforestry Highveld ranch development will be assisted by twoAID technicians as a part of their duties assigned to theVeterinary Services and Livestock Production Division Ministryof Agriculture This Division is to investigate and demonstratemethods of livestock management on the highveld and in otherecological zones and to evaluate and to establish the level ofranching costs To assure success in livestock and rangemanagement a research and demonstration phase (highveld ranch)is necessary to resolve technical problems The Veterinary

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Service and Livestock Production unit will be responsible for management of grazing land to be acquired during coming years The demonstration ranch is considered to be the key agent of change in encouraging reduced herds and increased cattle off-take

Crop yields in the traditional sector are low due to inefficient cultural and management practices Yields for maize on Swazi Nation land are 400 lbacre compared to about 1800 lba acre yields on neighboring expatriate farms It has been proven that substantial increases in yields can be achieved by simple changes such as selection of more arable land water spreading land consolidation earlier plowing and improved seed Since Swaziland is a net importer of maize and neighboring countries like Zambia are importing maize from Rhodesia simply increasing maize yields is considered economically desirable This of course would not rule out crop diversification in the future

B The Rural Development Concept

Although the traditional sector has a development potential in terms of natural resources and markets sericus constraints exist (1) farm fragmentation (2) erosion (3) land productivity related to land use (4) cropping practices (5) overstocking (6) the marketing system and (7) inadequately trained farmers This project will address in varying degrees of intensity each of these problems These probldms are discussed further in Annex B

The GOS has determined that a large segment of the traditional agricultural sector can be developed by the establishshyment of six demarcated Rural Development Areas (RDAs) in two of the major topographical areas of the country - Highveld and Middleveld The development reans will include reorganization of land use land acquisition changes in the structure of liveshystock and crop production and improved extension service credit and marketing

The recommendation for the acquisition of additional lande stems from the findings of the Land Mission jointly appointed in 1969 by the UK and GOS to investigate and report present and future land use The report resulted in the British Government agreement to make funds available for purchase ano development of

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additional land UK expenditure for purchase schemes wouldbe disbursed against the submission of detailed development plansfor each land parcel to be purchased The AID technicians willassist the Ministry of Agriculture Land Planning Unit to developthese plans Undeveloped land would be purchased on basis of a willing buyer and willing seller Recourse to compulsorypurchase or valuation is not normally contemplated It isplanned that the land purchases would be adjacent to the existingRDAs The Rural Development Areas comprise selected sectionsof Swazi Nation Land in which an attempt is made to provide the necessary infrastructure and reorganization of cultivated fieldsand communal grazing to allow the agricultural potential of the areas to be realized This integrated approach to ruraldevelopment concentrates the limited esources and services of GOS Ministries ie agriculture education health commerceand the public works department on the six Rural Development areaswhich range in size froi 6000 acres to 385000 acres

For the smaller RDAs of Ebulandzeni Mahlangatsha andSipocosini the basic minimum infrastructure is virtually completedAlthough some land will have to be acquired under the LPD programto ease congestion and permit better utilization of both arable and pasture land within the existing area The remaining three RDAs are much larger in size and work is barely starting These areas will require extensive clearing and earth working A weak linkin carrying out a successful physical development program is theoverall lack-and the poor condition of existing GOS heavyequipment Replacement equipment will be required along with increased competency for the placement maintenance and repairof the equipment The recently signed AID Agriculture Sectorloan will provide the needed equipment and this PROP among otherthingsprovides for advisory assistance in equipment placementmaintenance and repair

VI Course of Action

A Framework of the Project

This multi-donor project will address the rational expansionand development of about 600000 acres demarcated for the three larger Rural Development Areas (RDAs) for livestock and cropproduction by Swazi farmers The total RDA program is plannedto accommodate 77000 rural people or about one-fourth of thefarming population of Swaziland AID will also establishliaison with international organizations to bring in consultants plant materials etc Key action elements of the project are

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I Development of existing and purchased lands in the RDAs

a Assignment of holdings of approximately six to ten acres to individual farmers according to need for homesteads and cropping Demarcation of arable and range areas in each RDA for communal grazing of animals principally cattle owned by the individual farmers Assurance that correct stocking ratios are applied to all lands within the RDAs

b Development of up to 15 villages serving the farm homesteads as administrative centers to provide health schools agriculture extension marketing and other services An intensive program for functional adult literacy will be launched

c Further infrastructure improvements such as land clearing and levelling fencing earth dams for stock watering and irrigation access roads and village facilities Most labor is being supplied on a self-help basis by the farmers and families within the RDAs

d Productive-capacity inputs by involved farmers supported by credit such as fertilizers sprays hired labor transport equipment seeds Some intermediate credit is being provided in the Agriculture Sector loan

e Application of improved production and marketing methods as follows

(1) Livestock production Controlled grazing fitted to capability of range improved range capacity through better grasses and management improved breeding higher calving rates higher annual offtake of animals for market disease control (including dip tanks)

(2) Crop Production To startimaize and sorghum will be encouraged Later better cash crops such as groundnuts and cotton may be planted after marketing studies are completed Higher yielding seeds improved cultural and harvesting practices soil conservation plant protection practices will be the chief production tools

(3) Marketing Utilization of existing marketing system with improvements as required Market demand by South Africa for live animals and slaughtered meat is unlimited for the short run and likely over the long run Internal and even export demands maize and other crops is strong

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II Establishment of a research and demonstration ranch in the highshy

veld The purpose is to adapt known animal husbandry and range management technology to ecological and social conditions of the highveld and to demonstrate the dramatic bevefits from changed practices Results then will be extended to the RDAs A ranch sitL of approximately 6000 acres will be purchased by the UK Approximately 46 of the physical infrastructure uf the ranch is to be financed from the Agriculture Sector loan Training of RDA farmer leaders and GOS staff will be conducted at the ranch See Annex C

III Supporting services for the project will be provided as follows

a Six Soil Conservation Units at strategic locations will provide equipment and services for infrastructural development plus shop mechanics and training of Swazis Field mechanics are to be furnished by Peace Corps

b The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank will utilize approximately $250000 of the AID $22 million Agriculture Sector Swaziland Loan (690-H-010) for sub-loans to farmers These materials labor and other items necessary for planting and harvesting of crops The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank is a viable credit institution already providing short and long term financing and agricultural credit and extension services to the Swazi farmer The Bank presently has four Agricultural loan officers who administer agriculture credit and extension services to farmers in the rural areas Additional loan staff will be recruited in order to effectively utilize the AID loan funds For the year 196970 the Bank approved 850 agricultural loans totalling $241170 for an average loan of $28400

c The Ministry of Agriculture will provide services for overall administration extension assistance to farmers and manpower training (overseas within Africa and in-country) Supplemental training will be arranged by GOS for such fields as credit administration and equipment operation and maintenance as required

d Liaison will be established with international research institutions for seeds consulting services and technical information related to production of livestock and crops The international resources include the International

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Institute for Tropical Agriculture Nigeria the proposed International Livestock Institute for Africa Major Cereals Projects in East and West Africa and research projects of TABAID

IV Implementation Plan

A General

1) The project will be implemented primarily by the Land Use Planning and Agricultural Extension Division of the GOS Ministry of Agriculture and the Rural Development Board Working liaison will be maintained with other donors and local institutions contributing directly to the project principally the Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank but

including the University of Botswana Lesotho and Swaziland (for training and research)

2) The Rural Development Board will act as the cooperating mechanism This agency meete regularly for coordination of

planning and monitoring A particular function will be to deal with unforeseen conditions affecting planned progress

Annual workplans are formulated at the village level and approved by the RDB The RDB also sees that evaluation procedures are established

3) Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section is responsible for the preparation of Land Use Plans

for selected areas These are finalized with the active participation and concurrence of the local chief The

construction of dams irrigation structures terraces etc is the responsibility of the Soil Conservation Units after final approval of the plans by the RDB The Conservation Units operate heavy earth moving and other equipment and are available for assignment to the RDAs or any other program of the Ministry of Agriculture The Soil Conservation

Officer in charge of the Units is directly responsible to the Chief Agricultural Officer

4) The Department of Veterinary services within the Ministry of Agriculture will be responsible for range management and

livestock activities in the project and for the research and demonstration ranch Annex C lists steps for initiating the research and demonstration ranch Two AID financed specialists one each in range management and animal husbandry will be assigned to the Veterinary Section

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5) The range management and livestock specialists in addition

to work at the highveld ranch will plan a demonstration and

educational program with the extension officers extension

agents and farm leaders within the RDAs to encourage all

cooperating farmers to adopt improved farm practices Field

crop aspects of the extension program will be planned and

carried out by the GOS extension staff

6) Early consultations will be held to determine Swazi Credit

and Savings Bank specific administrative and funding

requirements for the initial three years of the project

7) GOS counterpart staff for US technicians will be

assessed and assignments and training programmed

8) Early consultations will be earried out with local

leaders and other farmers to gain their understanding and

assess their receptivity and capabilities for participation

in the project

B Specific AID Actions for the Project Manager are

1) In cooperation with EARCDO implementation of CDF Loan for

Purchase of Equipment a Coordinate preparation specifications bidding procurement

and shipment

b With GOS integrate equipment delivery into project

operations

2) Follow up recruitment of technicians

Issue documentation (by OSARACO recruitment (by AIDW)

of the following technicians by contract a Soil Conservation Engineer (planning)

b Soil Conservation Engineer (construction)

c Range Management Specialist

d Animal Husbandry Specialist

e Shop Foreman

f Agriculture Economist (Marketing)

3) Plan and implement participant training schedule

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The participant training program should coincide with In particularobjectives and timing of the project

it should provide for GOS personnel to be available

to replace US technicians before end to project

4) Develop a project evaluation procedure in concert with

GOS and UK

5) Assist Ministry with specific work plan for highveld

Prepare purchase orders for local procurementranch

6) Establish coordinating relationship with other donors

EXISTING AND PROPOSED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS

IN RELATION TO LAND CAPABILITY

I-

Raingrown ZgtIrrigatIon Cropping plus usect Essential for Irrigation Intensive e Where Needed K) Agriculture No rth

bb

Clasi n K CEt ral D

bull ~ Mnzini

IWOGi

t Classes AS and BSGood to hair soils or 1-A- L5Es nd lC Exipstig l Rural Development Areas

gentle to moderate slopes Boundaries of Rural Development Areas show

Swazi Nation Land only and excide Land

to be purchased

A C V 19_

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ANNEX B

SECTORAL PROBLEMS OF SWAZILAND AGRICULTURE

1 Topography Soils and Climate

Swaziland contains a wide range of soils and climate conditions There are four well-defined topographic regions extending north to south The Highveld the Middleveld and the Lowveld are of more or less equal breadthwhile the Lebombo is a narrow strip on the eastern border

The Highveld region comprises 1280000 acres of which 500000 are Swazi Nation Lands and the remainder are prately owned The region embraces 29 percent of the total area of the country with altitudes varying between 3000 and 6100 feet Except for londs used for the production of crops to meet domestic food needs and for planted forests all of the Swazi lands are in native grass Because of steep slopes and marshlands only about 30 percentof the Highveld is arable Plentiful rainfall and the fact that the regionfalls in the mist belt render parts of it ideal nr forestry There are 263000 head of livestock in this region nearly 90 percent of which are owned by an estimated 8400 swazi farmers (see Table I)

Table I Livestock number by kinds by owLiership 1970 (Highveld)

Cattle Goats Sheep Horses Donkeys Mules

Swazi 116955 96259 16500 6402Non-Swazi 5382 939 20698 559

Total 122317 97198 37198 6961

This amounts to about 140000 grazing units on the Swazi Nation Highveld There is a serious imbalance in the livestock-feed situation in this region Also due to a short growing season winter feed supplies are indequate Cattle loose as much as 50 percent of the previous years gain Of this portion of the Highveldunder private ownership much of the better land is virtually unused (Some of these lands will be purchased and added to the RDAs)In the Highveld region there are four identified Rural Development Areas totaling about 194000 acres (over 100000 acres non-arable) and covering about 80000 livestock units The population is over 77000 with 8500 farm unitsIt will be necessary to use up to 115000 acres of adjoining land for grazingMost of the title-deed land of expatriates that is underutilized and offered forsale ic suitable only for extensive grazing Most of these properties are on the

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highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

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rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

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Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

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The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

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Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

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5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

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has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

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ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

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internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

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to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

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Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(2) 111 Project Outputs

A Statement of Project Outputs within the Rural Development Area

1 Improved range management practices and more rational patternsof land use Fragmented units consolidated into more economic units where modern methods are applicable Largest units will be about 12 acres

2 Increased production of maize and sorghum in addition to other cash crops put into production by the Extension Service

3 Expanded administrative capacity within the Ministry

4 Increased yields of livestock products

5 Expanded farmer access to public serviis credit and markets

6 Reduced erosion and expanded water supplies

7 Constructed farm to market roads

B Output Indicators

1 Ratio of acres per animal unit reduced from 151 to 101

2 Maize yields increased from 400 pounds per acre to 800 per acre Sorghum yields up a similar proportion

3 Placement of 15 formally and technically trained personnelin the Ministry of Agriculture US advisors will be phased out

4 Cattle take-off increased from 12 to 17 per year Marketable maturity of cattle reduced from 7 years to 4 years

5 Completion of up to 15 rural village centers These centers will include Extension Service offices for distribution of seed fertilizer and technical advice and marketing facilities for cash crops

6 Construction ofup to 100 dams and terraces on 125000 acres of arable land

7 Construction of up to 350 miles of feeder roads and fence lines delineating range land from arable plots

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C Basic Assumptions

1 Prices for grain and livestock will stay the same or increase at a reasonable rate

2 The GOS will continue their current support of the RDA scheme

3 Recruitment of suitable US technicians will be achieved on attwely basis

4 COS and project personnel will successfully introduce improvedfarming and animal husbandry techniques

5 High yield seed varieties compatible to Swazi ecology will be available

C w1ll provide increased public services as may be required in the RDAs

IV Project Inputs

A Statement of Project Inputs

1 us

a Technicians b US Loan - Equipment and Intermediate Agriculture Credit c Participant and farmer trainingd Highveld demonstration and research ranch (See Annex C for details)

2 UgK a Ministry technicians and project managers for the actual RDAsb Land purchases to expand both grazing and arable land in the RDAs c Loan to Swazi Credit Bank

B Source Magnitude and Type of Inputs

1 u a Development Loan (Loan Agreement signed Oct 13 1971) $2200000

1) $18 million in land clearing and earth moving equipmentfor consolidating land holdings and building of roads dams and conservation structures

2) $110000 for physical inputs for the highveld research and demonstration ranch Total cost of the ranch is $242000 of which US portion is 46 (See Annex D)

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b Technicians DG (6years) $1600000 (See Annex E for details on Job Descriptions)

1) Soil Conservation Engineer Planning - Attached to the Planning Division of the Ministry of Agriculture Alongwith the Senior Land Planner he is responsible for designing actual infrastructure work plans for the RDAs and new land purchase areas

2) Soil Conservation Engineer Construction - Attached to the soil conservation unit of the Ministry of AgricultureWorks primarily in the field overseeing the implementationof land use work plans construction of conservation structures roads and dams Where appropriate works with the extension service in demonstrating advantages of land rationalization

3) Heavy Equipment Shop Foreman - Attached to Ministry Maintenance Sections Responsible for establishingcentral heavy plant maintenance depot for major repairsWorks closely in training capacity with field maintenance units to be staffed with four Peace Corps Volunteers

4) Animal Husbandry Specialist - Both technicians are

5) Range Management Specialist - Attached to the Highveld ranch for research and demonstration on range management pasture and grasses disease control and breeding However both technicians would be utilized extensively throughoutthe RDA program for advice and demonstration on the critical problems of overgrazing and building incentives for increased cattle off take

6) Agriculture Economist Marketing and Planning - Attached to the Marketing Section of the Ministry of Agriculture Responsible for crop planning and marketing studies relative to the RDAs Will work closely with the Department of Cooperatives and Extension Service on bridging the gapbetween market analysis and actual production

7) Project Manager (Direct-Hire Coordinator) Responsible for management of all other US inputs and for coordination with the COS and other donors concerningtheir inputs Assures expeditious procurement and deliveryof all equipment and materials associated with the RDAu and highveld ranch Assists in identification and responsible

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for programing of all participants Completes periodic project evaluations and makes recommendatLions for changes in project design if appropriate

8 Short Term Technical Services As required by the GOS it is anticipated that some short term technical advice will be required on questions of rural development seed multiplication agriculture credit and cooperative creation

c Participant Training $175000

25 training years $7000 per year for replac ement of US technicians above Programmed for 5 per year for the first five years of the project

d Other Costs $390000

To support agriculture related GOS functional literacy program in RDAs Also for technician rents and utilities GOS will provide office space and furniture and local transportation

2 UK a Grant for land purchases (1972-1975)

(El500000) $3600000

b Loan to Swazi Credit and Savings Bank $210000 (E87715)

c Various activities within the RDAs will be financed from a UK development loan of $10800000 (E4500000) Expenditure from this loan and the land purchase will be approved by the UK on the basis of individual project applications In addition the UK will purchase land for the highveld ranch ODA will be providing the following technicians in support of the OS iDA program

Senior Agricultural Officer (1) RDA Project Managers (3) Administrative Officer (I) Mechanization Specialist (1) Agriculture Marketing Officer(l) Evaluation Officer (1) Land Surveyors (2) Soil Surveyor (1)

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3 GOS Life of Project Recurrent Costs $1241805 Life of Project Capital Costs $1341000

a Staffing and funding for five mobile conservation units to utilize the US loan funded equipemnt Technicians to build the RDA infrastructure facilities

b Transportation office space and furniture and clerical staff for US technicians

c MaintenanceDOL and upkeep on all equipment and vehicles

d Improved seed varieties and agriculture extension services

e Arrangements for self-help labor at RDA sites for fencing and shifting of kraals

f All fencing materials for delineating arrable ond grazing areas in the RDAs

g Local staff roads and rossings water development and all livestock for highveld ranch

h Schools and public services in the RDAs

C Basic Assumptions

1 That the UK will continue to provide the pledged level of assistance

2 Equipment provided under the US loan will be delivered on time

3 Expanded rural credit facilities will be created

4 Qualified Swazis will be available for training

V Rationale

A Agricultural Sector (See Annexes B and C for more details)

Swaziland is a small land-locked country (6700 square miles) surrounded by the Republic of South Africa and Mozambique The population is approximately 425000 of which 87 are non-Swazis The annual rate of population growth is estimated between 257 and 30 Some 707 of the people live in rural areas in

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scattered kraals (family settlements) rather than in villagez

In 196768 agriculture (including forestry) contributed About29 of the Swazi GDP About one-half of this was producel bythe modern sector (largely expatriate) and the rest by thetraditional sector About 20000 people are employed in themodern agricult4ral sector which represents roughly 407 oftotal employment in Swaziland Some 70 of the totalpopulation lives in rural areas and has land for cattle grazingand the cultivation of crops Aside from the small-unitagriculture animal husbandry is the predominant activity ofSwazi farmers Grasslands cover about 73 of the total areaof Swaziland however livestock numbers are in excess ofavailable grass and forage sppplies Under such conditions even in the good year of 197071 the Swazi grasslands areseverely overgrazed and winter forage supplies are not sufficientto maintain the animals and spring plowing is usually late resulting in reduced crop yields

Under present range and livestock management conditions cattlerequire 7 - 8 years to mature Long established traditionalpractices tend to defer marketing of animals well beyond theoptimum period Death losses in many years due to erosion-typediseases aggravated by the lack of winter feed are extraordinarilyhigh and frequently exceed the number sold The national livestockoff-take is only 12 and since their condition is frequently poorthe economics of livestock production are currently very marginalIn view of the Governments present commitment to execute grazingschemes on highveld the initial development of a Demonstrationand Research ranch of about 6000 acres is needed to resolvetechnical problems such as supplemental feeding breedinggrazing capacity of cattle and range grasses and pastures etcA permanent role for the ranch is envisioned as the highveldrepresents the largest undeveloped region remaining in Swazilandbeing about 16 of the countrys total area and livestock isbelieved to be the major potential use for the highveld besidesforestry Highveld ranch development will be assisted by twoAID technicians as a part of their duties assigned to theVeterinary Services and Livestock Production Division Ministryof Agriculture This Division is to investigate and demonstratemethods of livestock management on the highveld and in otherecological zones and to evaluate and to establish the level ofranching costs To assure success in livestock and rangemanagement a research and demonstration phase (highveld ranch)is necessary to resolve technical problems The Veterinary

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Service and Livestock Production unit will be responsible for management of grazing land to be acquired during coming years The demonstration ranch is considered to be the key agent of change in encouraging reduced herds and increased cattle off-take

Crop yields in the traditional sector are low due to inefficient cultural and management practices Yields for maize on Swazi Nation land are 400 lbacre compared to about 1800 lba acre yields on neighboring expatriate farms It has been proven that substantial increases in yields can be achieved by simple changes such as selection of more arable land water spreading land consolidation earlier plowing and improved seed Since Swaziland is a net importer of maize and neighboring countries like Zambia are importing maize from Rhodesia simply increasing maize yields is considered economically desirable This of course would not rule out crop diversification in the future

B The Rural Development Concept

Although the traditional sector has a development potential in terms of natural resources and markets sericus constraints exist (1) farm fragmentation (2) erosion (3) land productivity related to land use (4) cropping practices (5) overstocking (6) the marketing system and (7) inadequately trained farmers This project will address in varying degrees of intensity each of these problems These probldms are discussed further in Annex B

The GOS has determined that a large segment of the traditional agricultural sector can be developed by the establishshyment of six demarcated Rural Development Areas (RDAs) in two of the major topographical areas of the country - Highveld and Middleveld The development reans will include reorganization of land use land acquisition changes in the structure of liveshystock and crop production and improved extension service credit and marketing

The recommendation for the acquisition of additional lande stems from the findings of the Land Mission jointly appointed in 1969 by the UK and GOS to investigate and report present and future land use The report resulted in the British Government agreement to make funds available for purchase ano development of

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additional land UK expenditure for purchase schemes wouldbe disbursed against the submission of detailed development plansfor each land parcel to be purchased The AID technicians willassist the Ministry of Agriculture Land Planning Unit to developthese plans Undeveloped land would be purchased on basis of a willing buyer and willing seller Recourse to compulsorypurchase or valuation is not normally contemplated It isplanned that the land purchases would be adjacent to the existingRDAs The Rural Development Areas comprise selected sectionsof Swazi Nation Land in which an attempt is made to provide the necessary infrastructure and reorganization of cultivated fieldsand communal grazing to allow the agricultural potential of the areas to be realized This integrated approach to ruraldevelopment concentrates the limited esources and services of GOS Ministries ie agriculture education health commerceand the public works department on the six Rural Development areaswhich range in size froi 6000 acres to 385000 acres

For the smaller RDAs of Ebulandzeni Mahlangatsha andSipocosini the basic minimum infrastructure is virtually completedAlthough some land will have to be acquired under the LPD programto ease congestion and permit better utilization of both arable and pasture land within the existing area The remaining three RDAs are much larger in size and work is barely starting These areas will require extensive clearing and earth working A weak linkin carrying out a successful physical development program is theoverall lack-and the poor condition of existing GOS heavyequipment Replacement equipment will be required along with increased competency for the placement maintenance and repairof the equipment The recently signed AID Agriculture Sectorloan will provide the needed equipment and this PROP among otherthingsprovides for advisory assistance in equipment placementmaintenance and repair

VI Course of Action

A Framework of the Project

This multi-donor project will address the rational expansionand development of about 600000 acres demarcated for the three larger Rural Development Areas (RDAs) for livestock and cropproduction by Swazi farmers The total RDA program is plannedto accommodate 77000 rural people or about one-fourth of thefarming population of Swaziland AID will also establishliaison with international organizations to bring in consultants plant materials etc Key action elements of the project are

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I Development of existing and purchased lands in the RDAs

a Assignment of holdings of approximately six to ten acres to individual farmers according to need for homesteads and cropping Demarcation of arable and range areas in each RDA for communal grazing of animals principally cattle owned by the individual farmers Assurance that correct stocking ratios are applied to all lands within the RDAs

b Development of up to 15 villages serving the farm homesteads as administrative centers to provide health schools agriculture extension marketing and other services An intensive program for functional adult literacy will be launched

c Further infrastructure improvements such as land clearing and levelling fencing earth dams for stock watering and irrigation access roads and village facilities Most labor is being supplied on a self-help basis by the farmers and families within the RDAs

d Productive-capacity inputs by involved farmers supported by credit such as fertilizers sprays hired labor transport equipment seeds Some intermediate credit is being provided in the Agriculture Sector loan

e Application of improved production and marketing methods as follows

(1) Livestock production Controlled grazing fitted to capability of range improved range capacity through better grasses and management improved breeding higher calving rates higher annual offtake of animals for market disease control (including dip tanks)

(2) Crop Production To startimaize and sorghum will be encouraged Later better cash crops such as groundnuts and cotton may be planted after marketing studies are completed Higher yielding seeds improved cultural and harvesting practices soil conservation plant protection practices will be the chief production tools

(3) Marketing Utilization of existing marketing system with improvements as required Market demand by South Africa for live animals and slaughtered meat is unlimited for the short run and likely over the long run Internal and even export demands maize and other crops is strong

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II Establishment of a research and demonstration ranch in the highshy

veld The purpose is to adapt known animal husbandry and range management technology to ecological and social conditions of the highveld and to demonstrate the dramatic bevefits from changed practices Results then will be extended to the RDAs A ranch sitL of approximately 6000 acres will be purchased by the UK Approximately 46 of the physical infrastructure uf the ranch is to be financed from the Agriculture Sector loan Training of RDA farmer leaders and GOS staff will be conducted at the ranch See Annex C

III Supporting services for the project will be provided as follows

a Six Soil Conservation Units at strategic locations will provide equipment and services for infrastructural development plus shop mechanics and training of Swazis Field mechanics are to be furnished by Peace Corps

b The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank will utilize approximately $250000 of the AID $22 million Agriculture Sector Swaziland Loan (690-H-010) for sub-loans to farmers These materials labor and other items necessary for planting and harvesting of crops The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank is a viable credit institution already providing short and long term financing and agricultural credit and extension services to the Swazi farmer The Bank presently has four Agricultural loan officers who administer agriculture credit and extension services to farmers in the rural areas Additional loan staff will be recruited in order to effectively utilize the AID loan funds For the year 196970 the Bank approved 850 agricultural loans totalling $241170 for an average loan of $28400

c The Ministry of Agriculture will provide services for overall administration extension assistance to farmers and manpower training (overseas within Africa and in-country) Supplemental training will be arranged by GOS for such fields as credit administration and equipment operation and maintenance as required

d Liaison will be established with international research institutions for seeds consulting services and technical information related to production of livestock and crops The international resources include the International

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Institute for Tropical Agriculture Nigeria the proposed International Livestock Institute for Africa Major Cereals Projects in East and West Africa and research projects of TABAID

IV Implementation Plan

A General

1) The project will be implemented primarily by the Land Use Planning and Agricultural Extension Division of the GOS Ministry of Agriculture and the Rural Development Board Working liaison will be maintained with other donors and local institutions contributing directly to the project principally the Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank but

including the University of Botswana Lesotho and Swaziland (for training and research)

2) The Rural Development Board will act as the cooperating mechanism This agency meete regularly for coordination of

planning and monitoring A particular function will be to deal with unforeseen conditions affecting planned progress

Annual workplans are formulated at the village level and approved by the RDB The RDB also sees that evaluation procedures are established

3) Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section is responsible for the preparation of Land Use Plans

for selected areas These are finalized with the active participation and concurrence of the local chief The

construction of dams irrigation structures terraces etc is the responsibility of the Soil Conservation Units after final approval of the plans by the RDB The Conservation Units operate heavy earth moving and other equipment and are available for assignment to the RDAs or any other program of the Ministry of Agriculture The Soil Conservation

Officer in charge of the Units is directly responsible to the Chief Agricultural Officer

4) The Department of Veterinary services within the Ministry of Agriculture will be responsible for range management and

livestock activities in the project and for the research and demonstration ranch Annex C lists steps for initiating the research and demonstration ranch Two AID financed specialists one each in range management and animal husbandry will be assigned to the Veterinary Section

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5) The range management and livestock specialists in addition

to work at the highveld ranch will plan a demonstration and

educational program with the extension officers extension

agents and farm leaders within the RDAs to encourage all

cooperating farmers to adopt improved farm practices Field

crop aspects of the extension program will be planned and

carried out by the GOS extension staff

6) Early consultations will be held to determine Swazi Credit

and Savings Bank specific administrative and funding

requirements for the initial three years of the project

7) GOS counterpart staff for US technicians will be

assessed and assignments and training programmed

8) Early consultations will be earried out with local

leaders and other farmers to gain their understanding and

assess their receptivity and capabilities for participation

in the project

B Specific AID Actions for the Project Manager are

1) In cooperation with EARCDO implementation of CDF Loan for

Purchase of Equipment a Coordinate preparation specifications bidding procurement

and shipment

b With GOS integrate equipment delivery into project

operations

2) Follow up recruitment of technicians

Issue documentation (by OSARACO recruitment (by AIDW)

of the following technicians by contract a Soil Conservation Engineer (planning)

b Soil Conservation Engineer (construction)

c Range Management Specialist

d Animal Husbandry Specialist

e Shop Foreman

f Agriculture Economist (Marketing)

3) Plan and implement participant training schedule

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The participant training program should coincide with In particularobjectives and timing of the project

it should provide for GOS personnel to be available

to replace US technicians before end to project

4) Develop a project evaluation procedure in concert with

GOS and UK

5) Assist Ministry with specific work plan for highveld

Prepare purchase orders for local procurementranch

6) Establish coordinating relationship with other donors

EXISTING AND PROPOSED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS

IN RELATION TO LAND CAPABILITY

I-

Raingrown ZgtIrrigatIon Cropping plus usect Essential for Irrigation Intensive e Where Needed K) Agriculture No rth

bb

Clasi n K CEt ral D

bull ~ Mnzini

IWOGi

t Classes AS and BSGood to hair soils or 1-A- L5Es nd lC Exipstig l Rural Development Areas

gentle to moderate slopes Boundaries of Rural Development Areas show

Swazi Nation Land only and excide Land

to be purchased

A C V 19_

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ANNEX B

SECTORAL PROBLEMS OF SWAZILAND AGRICULTURE

1 Topography Soils and Climate

Swaziland contains a wide range of soils and climate conditions There are four well-defined topographic regions extending north to south The Highveld the Middleveld and the Lowveld are of more or less equal breadthwhile the Lebombo is a narrow strip on the eastern border

The Highveld region comprises 1280000 acres of which 500000 are Swazi Nation Lands and the remainder are prately owned The region embraces 29 percent of the total area of the country with altitudes varying between 3000 and 6100 feet Except for londs used for the production of crops to meet domestic food needs and for planted forests all of the Swazi lands are in native grass Because of steep slopes and marshlands only about 30 percentof the Highveld is arable Plentiful rainfall and the fact that the regionfalls in the mist belt render parts of it ideal nr forestry There are 263000 head of livestock in this region nearly 90 percent of which are owned by an estimated 8400 swazi farmers (see Table I)

Table I Livestock number by kinds by owLiership 1970 (Highveld)

Cattle Goats Sheep Horses Donkeys Mules

Swazi 116955 96259 16500 6402Non-Swazi 5382 939 20698 559

Total 122317 97198 37198 6961

This amounts to about 140000 grazing units on the Swazi Nation Highveld There is a serious imbalance in the livestock-feed situation in this region Also due to a short growing season winter feed supplies are indequate Cattle loose as much as 50 percent of the previous years gain Of this portion of the Highveldunder private ownership much of the better land is virtually unused (Some of these lands will be purchased and added to the RDAs)In the Highveld region there are four identified Rural Development Areas totaling about 194000 acres (over 100000 acres non-arable) and covering about 80000 livestock units The population is over 77000 with 8500 farm unitsIt will be necessary to use up to 115000 acres of adjoining land for grazingMost of the title-deed land of expatriates that is underutilized and offered forsale ic suitable only for extensive grazing Most of these properties are on the

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highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

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rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

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Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

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The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

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Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

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5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

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has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

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ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

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internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

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to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

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Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

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C Basic Assumptions

1 Prices for grain and livestock will stay the same or increase at a reasonable rate

2 The GOS will continue their current support of the RDA scheme

3 Recruitment of suitable US technicians will be achieved on attwely basis

4 COS and project personnel will successfully introduce improvedfarming and animal husbandry techniques

5 High yield seed varieties compatible to Swazi ecology will be available

C w1ll provide increased public services as may be required in the RDAs

IV Project Inputs

A Statement of Project Inputs

1 us

a Technicians b US Loan - Equipment and Intermediate Agriculture Credit c Participant and farmer trainingd Highveld demonstration and research ranch (See Annex C for details)

2 UgK a Ministry technicians and project managers for the actual RDAsb Land purchases to expand both grazing and arable land in the RDAs c Loan to Swazi Credit Bank

B Source Magnitude and Type of Inputs

1 u a Development Loan (Loan Agreement signed Oct 13 1971) $2200000

1) $18 million in land clearing and earth moving equipmentfor consolidating land holdings and building of roads dams and conservation structures

2) $110000 for physical inputs for the highveld research and demonstration ranch Total cost of the ranch is $242000 of which US portion is 46 (See Annex D)

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b Technicians DG (6years) $1600000 (See Annex E for details on Job Descriptions)

1) Soil Conservation Engineer Planning - Attached to the Planning Division of the Ministry of Agriculture Alongwith the Senior Land Planner he is responsible for designing actual infrastructure work plans for the RDAs and new land purchase areas

2) Soil Conservation Engineer Construction - Attached to the soil conservation unit of the Ministry of AgricultureWorks primarily in the field overseeing the implementationof land use work plans construction of conservation structures roads and dams Where appropriate works with the extension service in demonstrating advantages of land rationalization

3) Heavy Equipment Shop Foreman - Attached to Ministry Maintenance Sections Responsible for establishingcentral heavy plant maintenance depot for major repairsWorks closely in training capacity with field maintenance units to be staffed with four Peace Corps Volunteers

4) Animal Husbandry Specialist - Both technicians are

5) Range Management Specialist - Attached to the Highveld ranch for research and demonstration on range management pasture and grasses disease control and breeding However both technicians would be utilized extensively throughoutthe RDA program for advice and demonstration on the critical problems of overgrazing and building incentives for increased cattle off take

6) Agriculture Economist Marketing and Planning - Attached to the Marketing Section of the Ministry of Agriculture Responsible for crop planning and marketing studies relative to the RDAs Will work closely with the Department of Cooperatives and Extension Service on bridging the gapbetween market analysis and actual production

7) Project Manager (Direct-Hire Coordinator) Responsible for management of all other US inputs and for coordination with the COS and other donors concerningtheir inputs Assures expeditious procurement and deliveryof all equipment and materials associated with the RDAu and highveld ranch Assists in identification and responsible

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for programing of all participants Completes periodic project evaluations and makes recommendatLions for changes in project design if appropriate

8 Short Term Technical Services As required by the GOS it is anticipated that some short term technical advice will be required on questions of rural development seed multiplication agriculture credit and cooperative creation

c Participant Training $175000

25 training years $7000 per year for replac ement of US technicians above Programmed for 5 per year for the first five years of the project

d Other Costs $390000

To support agriculture related GOS functional literacy program in RDAs Also for technician rents and utilities GOS will provide office space and furniture and local transportation

2 UK a Grant for land purchases (1972-1975)

(El500000) $3600000

b Loan to Swazi Credit and Savings Bank $210000 (E87715)

c Various activities within the RDAs will be financed from a UK development loan of $10800000 (E4500000) Expenditure from this loan and the land purchase will be approved by the UK on the basis of individual project applications In addition the UK will purchase land for the highveld ranch ODA will be providing the following technicians in support of the OS iDA program

Senior Agricultural Officer (1) RDA Project Managers (3) Administrative Officer (I) Mechanization Specialist (1) Agriculture Marketing Officer(l) Evaluation Officer (1) Land Surveyors (2) Soil Surveyor (1)

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3 GOS Life of Project Recurrent Costs $1241805 Life of Project Capital Costs $1341000

a Staffing and funding for five mobile conservation units to utilize the US loan funded equipemnt Technicians to build the RDA infrastructure facilities

b Transportation office space and furniture and clerical staff for US technicians

c MaintenanceDOL and upkeep on all equipment and vehicles

d Improved seed varieties and agriculture extension services

e Arrangements for self-help labor at RDA sites for fencing and shifting of kraals

f All fencing materials for delineating arrable ond grazing areas in the RDAs

g Local staff roads and rossings water development and all livestock for highveld ranch

h Schools and public services in the RDAs

C Basic Assumptions

1 That the UK will continue to provide the pledged level of assistance

2 Equipment provided under the US loan will be delivered on time

3 Expanded rural credit facilities will be created

4 Qualified Swazis will be available for training

V Rationale

A Agricultural Sector (See Annexes B and C for more details)

Swaziland is a small land-locked country (6700 square miles) surrounded by the Republic of South Africa and Mozambique The population is approximately 425000 of which 87 are non-Swazis The annual rate of population growth is estimated between 257 and 30 Some 707 of the people live in rural areas in

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scattered kraals (family settlements) rather than in villagez

In 196768 agriculture (including forestry) contributed About29 of the Swazi GDP About one-half of this was producel bythe modern sector (largely expatriate) and the rest by thetraditional sector About 20000 people are employed in themodern agricult4ral sector which represents roughly 407 oftotal employment in Swaziland Some 70 of the totalpopulation lives in rural areas and has land for cattle grazingand the cultivation of crops Aside from the small-unitagriculture animal husbandry is the predominant activity ofSwazi farmers Grasslands cover about 73 of the total areaof Swaziland however livestock numbers are in excess ofavailable grass and forage sppplies Under such conditions even in the good year of 197071 the Swazi grasslands areseverely overgrazed and winter forage supplies are not sufficientto maintain the animals and spring plowing is usually late resulting in reduced crop yields

Under present range and livestock management conditions cattlerequire 7 - 8 years to mature Long established traditionalpractices tend to defer marketing of animals well beyond theoptimum period Death losses in many years due to erosion-typediseases aggravated by the lack of winter feed are extraordinarilyhigh and frequently exceed the number sold The national livestockoff-take is only 12 and since their condition is frequently poorthe economics of livestock production are currently very marginalIn view of the Governments present commitment to execute grazingschemes on highveld the initial development of a Demonstrationand Research ranch of about 6000 acres is needed to resolvetechnical problems such as supplemental feeding breedinggrazing capacity of cattle and range grasses and pastures etcA permanent role for the ranch is envisioned as the highveldrepresents the largest undeveloped region remaining in Swazilandbeing about 16 of the countrys total area and livestock isbelieved to be the major potential use for the highveld besidesforestry Highveld ranch development will be assisted by twoAID technicians as a part of their duties assigned to theVeterinary Services and Livestock Production Division Ministryof Agriculture This Division is to investigate and demonstratemethods of livestock management on the highveld and in otherecological zones and to evaluate and to establish the level ofranching costs To assure success in livestock and rangemanagement a research and demonstration phase (highveld ranch)is necessary to resolve technical problems The Veterinary

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Service and Livestock Production unit will be responsible for management of grazing land to be acquired during coming years The demonstration ranch is considered to be the key agent of change in encouraging reduced herds and increased cattle off-take

Crop yields in the traditional sector are low due to inefficient cultural and management practices Yields for maize on Swazi Nation land are 400 lbacre compared to about 1800 lba acre yields on neighboring expatriate farms It has been proven that substantial increases in yields can be achieved by simple changes such as selection of more arable land water spreading land consolidation earlier plowing and improved seed Since Swaziland is a net importer of maize and neighboring countries like Zambia are importing maize from Rhodesia simply increasing maize yields is considered economically desirable This of course would not rule out crop diversification in the future

B The Rural Development Concept

Although the traditional sector has a development potential in terms of natural resources and markets sericus constraints exist (1) farm fragmentation (2) erosion (3) land productivity related to land use (4) cropping practices (5) overstocking (6) the marketing system and (7) inadequately trained farmers This project will address in varying degrees of intensity each of these problems These probldms are discussed further in Annex B

The GOS has determined that a large segment of the traditional agricultural sector can be developed by the establishshyment of six demarcated Rural Development Areas (RDAs) in two of the major topographical areas of the country - Highveld and Middleveld The development reans will include reorganization of land use land acquisition changes in the structure of liveshystock and crop production and improved extension service credit and marketing

The recommendation for the acquisition of additional lande stems from the findings of the Land Mission jointly appointed in 1969 by the UK and GOS to investigate and report present and future land use The report resulted in the British Government agreement to make funds available for purchase ano development of

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additional land UK expenditure for purchase schemes wouldbe disbursed against the submission of detailed development plansfor each land parcel to be purchased The AID technicians willassist the Ministry of Agriculture Land Planning Unit to developthese plans Undeveloped land would be purchased on basis of a willing buyer and willing seller Recourse to compulsorypurchase or valuation is not normally contemplated It isplanned that the land purchases would be adjacent to the existingRDAs The Rural Development Areas comprise selected sectionsof Swazi Nation Land in which an attempt is made to provide the necessary infrastructure and reorganization of cultivated fieldsand communal grazing to allow the agricultural potential of the areas to be realized This integrated approach to ruraldevelopment concentrates the limited esources and services of GOS Ministries ie agriculture education health commerceand the public works department on the six Rural Development areaswhich range in size froi 6000 acres to 385000 acres

For the smaller RDAs of Ebulandzeni Mahlangatsha andSipocosini the basic minimum infrastructure is virtually completedAlthough some land will have to be acquired under the LPD programto ease congestion and permit better utilization of both arable and pasture land within the existing area The remaining three RDAs are much larger in size and work is barely starting These areas will require extensive clearing and earth working A weak linkin carrying out a successful physical development program is theoverall lack-and the poor condition of existing GOS heavyequipment Replacement equipment will be required along with increased competency for the placement maintenance and repairof the equipment The recently signed AID Agriculture Sectorloan will provide the needed equipment and this PROP among otherthingsprovides for advisory assistance in equipment placementmaintenance and repair

VI Course of Action

A Framework of the Project

This multi-donor project will address the rational expansionand development of about 600000 acres demarcated for the three larger Rural Development Areas (RDAs) for livestock and cropproduction by Swazi farmers The total RDA program is plannedto accommodate 77000 rural people or about one-fourth of thefarming population of Swaziland AID will also establishliaison with international organizations to bring in consultants plant materials etc Key action elements of the project are

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I Development of existing and purchased lands in the RDAs

a Assignment of holdings of approximately six to ten acres to individual farmers according to need for homesteads and cropping Demarcation of arable and range areas in each RDA for communal grazing of animals principally cattle owned by the individual farmers Assurance that correct stocking ratios are applied to all lands within the RDAs

b Development of up to 15 villages serving the farm homesteads as administrative centers to provide health schools agriculture extension marketing and other services An intensive program for functional adult literacy will be launched

c Further infrastructure improvements such as land clearing and levelling fencing earth dams for stock watering and irrigation access roads and village facilities Most labor is being supplied on a self-help basis by the farmers and families within the RDAs

d Productive-capacity inputs by involved farmers supported by credit such as fertilizers sprays hired labor transport equipment seeds Some intermediate credit is being provided in the Agriculture Sector loan

e Application of improved production and marketing methods as follows

(1) Livestock production Controlled grazing fitted to capability of range improved range capacity through better grasses and management improved breeding higher calving rates higher annual offtake of animals for market disease control (including dip tanks)

(2) Crop Production To startimaize and sorghum will be encouraged Later better cash crops such as groundnuts and cotton may be planted after marketing studies are completed Higher yielding seeds improved cultural and harvesting practices soil conservation plant protection practices will be the chief production tools

(3) Marketing Utilization of existing marketing system with improvements as required Market demand by South Africa for live animals and slaughtered meat is unlimited for the short run and likely over the long run Internal and even export demands maize and other crops is strong

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II Establishment of a research and demonstration ranch in the highshy

veld The purpose is to adapt known animal husbandry and range management technology to ecological and social conditions of the highveld and to demonstrate the dramatic bevefits from changed practices Results then will be extended to the RDAs A ranch sitL of approximately 6000 acres will be purchased by the UK Approximately 46 of the physical infrastructure uf the ranch is to be financed from the Agriculture Sector loan Training of RDA farmer leaders and GOS staff will be conducted at the ranch See Annex C

III Supporting services for the project will be provided as follows

a Six Soil Conservation Units at strategic locations will provide equipment and services for infrastructural development plus shop mechanics and training of Swazis Field mechanics are to be furnished by Peace Corps

b The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank will utilize approximately $250000 of the AID $22 million Agriculture Sector Swaziland Loan (690-H-010) for sub-loans to farmers These materials labor and other items necessary for planting and harvesting of crops The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank is a viable credit institution already providing short and long term financing and agricultural credit and extension services to the Swazi farmer The Bank presently has four Agricultural loan officers who administer agriculture credit and extension services to farmers in the rural areas Additional loan staff will be recruited in order to effectively utilize the AID loan funds For the year 196970 the Bank approved 850 agricultural loans totalling $241170 for an average loan of $28400

c The Ministry of Agriculture will provide services for overall administration extension assistance to farmers and manpower training (overseas within Africa and in-country) Supplemental training will be arranged by GOS for such fields as credit administration and equipment operation and maintenance as required

d Liaison will be established with international research institutions for seeds consulting services and technical information related to production of livestock and crops The international resources include the International

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Institute for Tropical Agriculture Nigeria the proposed International Livestock Institute for Africa Major Cereals Projects in East and West Africa and research projects of TABAID

IV Implementation Plan

A General

1) The project will be implemented primarily by the Land Use Planning and Agricultural Extension Division of the GOS Ministry of Agriculture and the Rural Development Board Working liaison will be maintained with other donors and local institutions contributing directly to the project principally the Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank but

including the University of Botswana Lesotho and Swaziland (for training and research)

2) The Rural Development Board will act as the cooperating mechanism This agency meete regularly for coordination of

planning and monitoring A particular function will be to deal with unforeseen conditions affecting planned progress

Annual workplans are formulated at the village level and approved by the RDB The RDB also sees that evaluation procedures are established

3) Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section is responsible for the preparation of Land Use Plans

for selected areas These are finalized with the active participation and concurrence of the local chief The

construction of dams irrigation structures terraces etc is the responsibility of the Soil Conservation Units after final approval of the plans by the RDB The Conservation Units operate heavy earth moving and other equipment and are available for assignment to the RDAs or any other program of the Ministry of Agriculture The Soil Conservation

Officer in charge of the Units is directly responsible to the Chief Agricultural Officer

4) The Department of Veterinary services within the Ministry of Agriculture will be responsible for range management and

livestock activities in the project and for the research and demonstration ranch Annex C lists steps for initiating the research and demonstration ranch Two AID financed specialists one each in range management and animal husbandry will be assigned to the Veterinary Section

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5) The range management and livestock specialists in addition

to work at the highveld ranch will plan a demonstration and

educational program with the extension officers extension

agents and farm leaders within the RDAs to encourage all

cooperating farmers to adopt improved farm practices Field

crop aspects of the extension program will be planned and

carried out by the GOS extension staff

6) Early consultations will be held to determine Swazi Credit

and Savings Bank specific administrative and funding

requirements for the initial three years of the project

7) GOS counterpart staff for US technicians will be

assessed and assignments and training programmed

8) Early consultations will be earried out with local

leaders and other farmers to gain their understanding and

assess their receptivity and capabilities for participation

in the project

B Specific AID Actions for the Project Manager are

1) In cooperation with EARCDO implementation of CDF Loan for

Purchase of Equipment a Coordinate preparation specifications bidding procurement

and shipment

b With GOS integrate equipment delivery into project

operations

2) Follow up recruitment of technicians

Issue documentation (by OSARACO recruitment (by AIDW)

of the following technicians by contract a Soil Conservation Engineer (planning)

b Soil Conservation Engineer (construction)

c Range Management Specialist

d Animal Husbandry Specialist

e Shop Foreman

f Agriculture Economist (Marketing)

3) Plan and implement participant training schedule

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The participant training program should coincide with In particularobjectives and timing of the project

it should provide for GOS personnel to be available

to replace US technicians before end to project

4) Develop a project evaluation procedure in concert with

GOS and UK

5) Assist Ministry with specific work plan for highveld

Prepare purchase orders for local procurementranch

6) Establish coordinating relationship with other donors

EXISTING AND PROPOSED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS

IN RELATION TO LAND CAPABILITY

I-

Raingrown ZgtIrrigatIon Cropping plus usect Essential for Irrigation Intensive e Where Needed K) Agriculture No rth

bb

Clasi n K CEt ral D

bull ~ Mnzini

IWOGi

t Classes AS and BSGood to hair soils or 1-A- L5Es nd lC Exipstig l Rural Development Areas

gentle to moderate slopes Boundaries of Rural Development Areas show

Swazi Nation Land only and excide Land

to be purchased

A C V 19_

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ANNEX B

SECTORAL PROBLEMS OF SWAZILAND AGRICULTURE

1 Topography Soils and Climate

Swaziland contains a wide range of soils and climate conditions There are four well-defined topographic regions extending north to south The Highveld the Middleveld and the Lowveld are of more or less equal breadthwhile the Lebombo is a narrow strip on the eastern border

The Highveld region comprises 1280000 acres of which 500000 are Swazi Nation Lands and the remainder are prately owned The region embraces 29 percent of the total area of the country with altitudes varying between 3000 and 6100 feet Except for londs used for the production of crops to meet domestic food needs and for planted forests all of the Swazi lands are in native grass Because of steep slopes and marshlands only about 30 percentof the Highveld is arable Plentiful rainfall and the fact that the regionfalls in the mist belt render parts of it ideal nr forestry There are 263000 head of livestock in this region nearly 90 percent of which are owned by an estimated 8400 swazi farmers (see Table I)

Table I Livestock number by kinds by owLiership 1970 (Highveld)

Cattle Goats Sheep Horses Donkeys Mules

Swazi 116955 96259 16500 6402Non-Swazi 5382 939 20698 559

Total 122317 97198 37198 6961

This amounts to about 140000 grazing units on the Swazi Nation Highveld There is a serious imbalance in the livestock-feed situation in this region Also due to a short growing season winter feed supplies are indequate Cattle loose as much as 50 percent of the previous years gain Of this portion of the Highveldunder private ownership much of the better land is virtually unused (Some of these lands will be purchased and added to the RDAs)In the Highveld region there are four identified Rural Development Areas totaling about 194000 acres (over 100000 acres non-arable) and covering about 80000 livestock units The population is over 77000 with 8500 farm unitsIt will be necessary to use up to 115000 acres of adjoining land for grazingMost of the title-deed land of expatriates that is underutilized and offered forsale ic suitable only for extensive grazing Most of these properties are on the

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highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

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rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

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Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

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The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

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Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

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5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

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has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

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ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

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internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

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to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

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Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

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b Technicians DG (6years) $1600000 (See Annex E for details on Job Descriptions)

1) Soil Conservation Engineer Planning - Attached to the Planning Division of the Ministry of Agriculture Alongwith the Senior Land Planner he is responsible for designing actual infrastructure work plans for the RDAs and new land purchase areas

2) Soil Conservation Engineer Construction - Attached to the soil conservation unit of the Ministry of AgricultureWorks primarily in the field overseeing the implementationof land use work plans construction of conservation structures roads and dams Where appropriate works with the extension service in demonstrating advantages of land rationalization

3) Heavy Equipment Shop Foreman - Attached to Ministry Maintenance Sections Responsible for establishingcentral heavy plant maintenance depot for major repairsWorks closely in training capacity with field maintenance units to be staffed with four Peace Corps Volunteers

4) Animal Husbandry Specialist - Both technicians are

5) Range Management Specialist - Attached to the Highveld ranch for research and demonstration on range management pasture and grasses disease control and breeding However both technicians would be utilized extensively throughoutthe RDA program for advice and demonstration on the critical problems of overgrazing and building incentives for increased cattle off take

6) Agriculture Economist Marketing and Planning - Attached to the Marketing Section of the Ministry of Agriculture Responsible for crop planning and marketing studies relative to the RDAs Will work closely with the Department of Cooperatives and Extension Service on bridging the gapbetween market analysis and actual production

7) Project Manager (Direct-Hire Coordinator) Responsible for management of all other US inputs and for coordination with the COS and other donors concerningtheir inputs Assures expeditious procurement and deliveryof all equipment and materials associated with the RDAu and highveld ranch Assists in identification and responsible

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for programing of all participants Completes periodic project evaluations and makes recommendatLions for changes in project design if appropriate

8 Short Term Technical Services As required by the GOS it is anticipated that some short term technical advice will be required on questions of rural development seed multiplication agriculture credit and cooperative creation

c Participant Training $175000

25 training years $7000 per year for replac ement of US technicians above Programmed for 5 per year for the first five years of the project

d Other Costs $390000

To support agriculture related GOS functional literacy program in RDAs Also for technician rents and utilities GOS will provide office space and furniture and local transportation

2 UK a Grant for land purchases (1972-1975)

(El500000) $3600000

b Loan to Swazi Credit and Savings Bank $210000 (E87715)

c Various activities within the RDAs will be financed from a UK development loan of $10800000 (E4500000) Expenditure from this loan and the land purchase will be approved by the UK on the basis of individual project applications In addition the UK will purchase land for the highveld ranch ODA will be providing the following technicians in support of the OS iDA program

Senior Agricultural Officer (1) RDA Project Managers (3) Administrative Officer (I) Mechanization Specialist (1) Agriculture Marketing Officer(l) Evaluation Officer (1) Land Surveyors (2) Soil Surveyor (1)

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3 GOS Life of Project Recurrent Costs $1241805 Life of Project Capital Costs $1341000

a Staffing and funding for five mobile conservation units to utilize the US loan funded equipemnt Technicians to build the RDA infrastructure facilities

b Transportation office space and furniture and clerical staff for US technicians

c MaintenanceDOL and upkeep on all equipment and vehicles

d Improved seed varieties and agriculture extension services

e Arrangements for self-help labor at RDA sites for fencing and shifting of kraals

f All fencing materials for delineating arrable ond grazing areas in the RDAs

g Local staff roads and rossings water development and all livestock for highveld ranch

h Schools and public services in the RDAs

C Basic Assumptions

1 That the UK will continue to provide the pledged level of assistance

2 Equipment provided under the US loan will be delivered on time

3 Expanded rural credit facilities will be created

4 Qualified Swazis will be available for training

V Rationale

A Agricultural Sector (See Annexes B and C for more details)

Swaziland is a small land-locked country (6700 square miles) surrounded by the Republic of South Africa and Mozambique The population is approximately 425000 of which 87 are non-Swazis The annual rate of population growth is estimated between 257 and 30 Some 707 of the people live in rural areas in

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scattered kraals (family settlements) rather than in villagez

In 196768 agriculture (including forestry) contributed About29 of the Swazi GDP About one-half of this was producel bythe modern sector (largely expatriate) and the rest by thetraditional sector About 20000 people are employed in themodern agricult4ral sector which represents roughly 407 oftotal employment in Swaziland Some 70 of the totalpopulation lives in rural areas and has land for cattle grazingand the cultivation of crops Aside from the small-unitagriculture animal husbandry is the predominant activity ofSwazi farmers Grasslands cover about 73 of the total areaof Swaziland however livestock numbers are in excess ofavailable grass and forage sppplies Under such conditions even in the good year of 197071 the Swazi grasslands areseverely overgrazed and winter forage supplies are not sufficientto maintain the animals and spring plowing is usually late resulting in reduced crop yields

Under present range and livestock management conditions cattlerequire 7 - 8 years to mature Long established traditionalpractices tend to defer marketing of animals well beyond theoptimum period Death losses in many years due to erosion-typediseases aggravated by the lack of winter feed are extraordinarilyhigh and frequently exceed the number sold The national livestockoff-take is only 12 and since their condition is frequently poorthe economics of livestock production are currently very marginalIn view of the Governments present commitment to execute grazingschemes on highveld the initial development of a Demonstrationand Research ranch of about 6000 acres is needed to resolvetechnical problems such as supplemental feeding breedinggrazing capacity of cattle and range grasses and pastures etcA permanent role for the ranch is envisioned as the highveldrepresents the largest undeveloped region remaining in Swazilandbeing about 16 of the countrys total area and livestock isbelieved to be the major potential use for the highveld besidesforestry Highveld ranch development will be assisted by twoAID technicians as a part of their duties assigned to theVeterinary Services and Livestock Production Division Ministryof Agriculture This Division is to investigate and demonstratemethods of livestock management on the highveld and in otherecological zones and to evaluate and to establish the level ofranching costs To assure success in livestock and rangemanagement a research and demonstration phase (highveld ranch)is necessary to resolve technical problems The Veterinary

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Service and Livestock Production unit will be responsible for management of grazing land to be acquired during coming years The demonstration ranch is considered to be the key agent of change in encouraging reduced herds and increased cattle off-take

Crop yields in the traditional sector are low due to inefficient cultural and management practices Yields for maize on Swazi Nation land are 400 lbacre compared to about 1800 lba acre yields on neighboring expatriate farms It has been proven that substantial increases in yields can be achieved by simple changes such as selection of more arable land water spreading land consolidation earlier plowing and improved seed Since Swaziland is a net importer of maize and neighboring countries like Zambia are importing maize from Rhodesia simply increasing maize yields is considered economically desirable This of course would not rule out crop diversification in the future

B The Rural Development Concept

Although the traditional sector has a development potential in terms of natural resources and markets sericus constraints exist (1) farm fragmentation (2) erosion (3) land productivity related to land use (4) cropping practices (5) overstocking (6) the marketing system and (7) inadequately trained farmers This project will address in varying degrees of intensity each of these problems These probldms are discussed further in Annex B

The GOS has determined that a large segment of the traditional agricultural sector can be developed by the establishshyment of six demarcated Rural Development Areas (RDAs) in two of the major topographical areas of the country - Highveld and Middleveld The development reans will include reorganization of land use land acquisition changes in the structure of liveshystock and crop production and improved extension service credit and marketing

The recommendation for the acquisition of additional lande stems from the findings of the Land Mission jointly appointed in 1969 by the UK and GOS to investigate and report present and future land use The report resulted in the British Government agreement to make funds available for purchase ano development of

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additional land UK expenditure for purchase schemes wouldbe disbursed against the submission of detailed development plansfor each land parcel to be purchased The AID technicians willassist the Ministry of Agriculture Land Planning Unit to developthese plans Undeveloped land would be purchased on basis of a willing buyer and willing seller Recourse to compulsorypurchase or valuation is not normally contemplated It isplanned that the land purchases would be adjacent to the existingRDAs The Rural Development Areas comprise selected sectionsof Swazi Nation Land in which an attempt is made to provide the necessary infrastructure and reorganization of cultivated fieldsand communal grazing to allow the agricultural potential of the areas to be realized This integrated approach to ruraldevelopment concentrates the limited esources and services of GOS Ministries ie agriculture education health commerceand the public works department on the six Rural Development areaswhich range in size froi 6000 acres to 385000 acres

For the smaller RDAs of Ebulandzeni Mahlangatsha andSipocosini the basic minimum infrastructure is virtually completedAlthough some land will have to be acquired under the LPD programto ease congestion and permit better utilization of both arable and pasture land within the existing area The remaining three RDAs are much larger in size and work is barely starting These areas will require extensive clearing and earth working A weak linkin carrying out a successful physical development program is theoverall lack-and the poor condition of existing GOS heavyequipment Replacement equipment will be required along with increased competency for the placement maintenance and repairof the equipment The recently signed AID Agriculture Sectorloan will provide the needed equipment and this PROP among otherthingsprovides for advisory assistance in equipment placementmaintenance and repair

VI Course of Action

A Framework of the Project

This multi-donor project will address the rational expansionand development of about 600000 acres demarcated for the three larger Rural Development Areas (RDAs) for livestock and cropproduction by Swazi farmers The total RDA program is plannedto accommodate 77000 rural people or about one-fourth of thefarming population of Swaziland AID will also establishliaison with international organizations to bring in consultants plant materials etc Key action elements of the project are

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I Development of existing and purchased lands in the RDAs

a Assignment of holdings of approximately six to ten acres to individual farmers according to need for homesteads and cropping Demarcation of arable and range areas in each RDA for communal grazing of animals principally cattle owned by the individual farmers Assurance that correct stocking ratios are applied to all lands within the RDAs

b Development of up to 15 villages serving the farm homesteads as administrative centers to provide health schools agriculture extension marketing and other services An intensive program for functional adult literacy will be launched

c Further infrastructure improvements such as land clearing and levelling fencing earth dams for stock watering and irrigation access roads and village facilities Most labor is being supplied on a self-help basis by the farmers and families within the RDAs

d Productive-capacity inputs by involved farmers supported by credit such as fertilizers sprays hired labor transport equipment seeds Some intermediate credit is being provided in the Agriculture Sector loan

e Application of improved production and marketing methods as follows

(1) Livestock production Controlled grazing fitted to capability of range improved range capacity through better grasses and management improved breeding higher calving rates higher annual offtake of animals for market disease control (including dip tanks)

(2) Crop Production To startimaize and sorghum will be encouraged Later better cash crops such as groundnuts and cotton may be planted after marketing studies are completed Higher yielding seeds improved cultural and harvesting practices soil conservation plant protection practices will be the chief production tools

(3) Marketing Utilization of existing marketing system with improvements as required Market demand by South Africa for live animals and slaughtered meat is unlimited for the short run and likely over the long run Internal and even export demands maize and other crops is strong

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II Establishment of a research and demonstration ranch in the highshy

veld The purpose is to adapt known animal husbandry and range management technology to ecological and social conditions of the highveld and to demonstrate the dramatic bevefits from changed practices Results then will be extended to the RDAs A ranch sitL of approximately 6000 acres will be purchased by the UK Approximately 46 of the physical infrastructure uf the ranch is to be financed from the Agriculture Sector loan Training of RDA farmer leaders and GOS staff will be conducted at the ranch See Annex C

III Supporting services for the project will be provided as follows

a Six Soil Conservation Units at strategic locations will provide equipment and services for infrastructural development plus shop mechanics and training of Swazis Field mechanics are to be furnished by Peace Corps

b The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank will utilize approximately $250000 of the AID $22 million Agriculture Sector Swaziland Loan (690-H-010) for sub-loans to farmers These materials labor and other items necessary for planting and harvesting of crops The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank is a viable credit institution already providing short and long term financing and agricultural credit and extension services to the Swazi farmer The Bank presently has four Agricultural loan officers who administer agriculture credit and extension services to farmers in the rural areas Additional loan staff will be recruited in order to effectively utilize the AID loan funds For the year 196970 the Bank approved 850 agricultural loans totalling $241170 for an average loan of $28400

c The Ministry of Agriculture will provide services for overall administration extension assistance to farmers and manpower training (overseas within Africa and in-country) Supplemental training will be arranged by GOS for such fields as credit administration and equipment operation and maintenance as required

d Liaison will be established with international research institutions for seeds consulting services and technical information related to production of livestock and crops The international resources include the International

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Institute for Tropical Agriculture Nigeria the proposed International Livestock Institute for Africa Major Cereals Projects in East and West Africa and research projects of TABAID

IV Implementation Plan

A General

1) The project will be implemented primarily by the Land Use Planning and Agricultural Extension Division of the GOS Ministry of Agriculture and the Rural Development Board Working liaison will be maintained with other donors and local institutions contributing directly to the project principally the Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank but

including the University of Botswana Lesotho and Swaziland (for training and research)

2) The Rural Development Board will act as the cooperating mechanism This agency meete regularly for coordination of

planning and monitoring A particular function will be to deal with unforeseen conditions affecting planned progress

Annual workplans are formulated at the village level and approved by the RDB The RDB also sees that evaluation procedures are established

3) Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section is responsible for the preparation of Land Use Plans

for selected areas These are finalized with the active participation and concurrence of the local chief The

construction of dams irrigation structures terraces etc is the responsibility of the Soil Conservation Units after final approval of the plans by the RDB The Conservation Units operate heavy earth moving and other equipment and are available for assignment to the RDAs or any other program of the Ministry of Agriculture The Soil Conservation

Officer in charge of the Units is directly responsible to the Chief Agricultural Officer

4) The Department of Veterinary services within the Ministry of Agriculture will be responsible for range management and

livestock activities in the project and for the research and demonstration ranch Annex C lists steps for initiating the research and demonstration ranch Two AID financed specialists one each in range management and animal husbandry will be assigned to the Veterinary Section

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5) The range management and livestock specialists in addition

to work at the highveld ranch will plan a demonstration and

educational program with the extension officers extension

agents and farm leaders within the RDAs to encourage all

cooperating farmers to adopt improved farm practices Field

crop aspects of the extension program will be planned and

carried out by the GOS extension staff

6) Early consultations will be held to determine Swazi Credit

and Savings Bank specific administrative and funding

requirements for the initial three years of the project

7) GOS counterpart staff for US technicians will be

assessed and assignments and training programmed

8) Early consultations will be earried out with local

leaders and other farmers to gain their understanding and

assess their receptivity and capabilities for participation

in the project

B Specific AID Actions for the Project Manager are

1) In cooperation with EARCDO implementation of CDF Loan for

Purchase of Equipment a Coordinate preparation specifications bidding procurement

and shipment

b With GOS integrate equipment delivery into project

operations

2) Follow up recruitment of technicians

Issue documentation (by OSARACO recruitment (by AIDW)

of the following technicians by contract a Soil Conservation Engineer (planning)

b Soil Conservation Engineer (construction)

c Range Management Specialist

d Animal Husbandry Specialist

e Shop Foreman

f Agriculture Economist (Marketing)

3) Plan and implement participant training schedule

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The participant training program should coincide with In particularobjectives and timing of the project

it should provide for GOS personnel to be available

to replace US technicians before end to project

4) Develop a project evaluation procedure in concert with

GOS and UK

5) Assist Ministry with specific work plan for highveld

Prepare purchase orders for local procurementranch

6) Establish coordinating relationship with other donors

EXISTING AND PROPOSED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS

IN RELATION TO LAND CAPABILITY

I-

Raingrown ZgtIrrigatIon Cropping plus usect Essential for Irrigation Intensive e Where Needed K) Agriculture No rth

bb

Clasi n K CEt ral D

bull ~ Mnzini

IWOGi

t Classes AS and BSGood to hair soils or 1-A- L5Es nd lC Exipstig l Rural Development Areas

gentle to moderate slopes Boundaries of Rural Development Areas show

Swazi Nation Land only and excide Land

to be purchased

A C V 19_

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ANNEX B

SECTORAL PROBLEMS OF SWAZILAND AGRICULTURE

1 Topography Soils and Climate

Swaziland contains a wide range of soils and climate conditions There are four well-defined topographic regions extending north to south The Highveld the Middleveld and the Lowveld are of more or less equal breadthwhile the Lebombo is a narrow strip on the eastern border

The Highveld region comprises 1280000 acres of which 500000 are Swazi Nation Lands and the remainder are prately owned The region embraces 29 percent of the total area of the country with altitudes varying between 3000 and 6100 feet Except for londs used for the production of crops to meet domestic food needs and for planted forests all of the Swazi lands are in native grass Because of steep slopes and marshlands only about 30 percentof the Highveld is arable Plentiful rainfall and the fact that the regionfalls in the mist belt render parts of it ideal nr forestry There are 263000 head of livestock in this region nearly 90 percent of which are owned by an estimated 8400 swazi farmers (see Table I)

Table I Livestock number by kinds by owLiership 1970 (Highveld)

Cattle Goats Sheep Horses Donkeys Mules

Swazi 116955 96259 16500 6402Non-Swazi 5382 939 20698 559

Total 122317 97198 37198 6961

This amounts to about 140000 grazing units on the Swazi Nation Highveld There is a serious imbalance in the livestock-feed situation in this region Also due to a short growing season winter feed supplies are indequate Cattle loose as much as 50 percent of the previous years gain Of this portion of the Highveldunder private ownership much of the better land is virtually unused (Some of these lands will be purchased and added to the RDAs)In the Highveld region there are four identified Rural Development Areas totaling about 194000 acres (over 100000 acres non-arable) and covering about 80000 livestock units The population is over 77000 with 8500 farm unitsIt will be necessary to use up to 115000 acres of adjoining land for grazingMost of the title-deed land of expatriates that is underutilized and offered forsale ic suitable only for extensive grazing Most of these properties are on the

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highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

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rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

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Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

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The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

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Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

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5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

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has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

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ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

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internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

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to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

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Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

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for programing of all participants Completes periodic project evaluations and makes recommendatLions for changes in project design if appropriate

8 Short Term Technical Services As required by the GOS it is anticipated that some short term technical advice will be required on questions of rural development seed multiplication agriculture credit and cooperative creation

c Participant Training $175000

25 training years $7000 per year for replac ement of US technicians above Programmed for 5 per year for the first five years of the project

d Other Costs $390000

To support agriculture related GOS functional literacy program in RDAs Also for technician rents and utilities GOS will provide office space and furniture and local transportation

2 UK a Grant for land purchases (1972-1975)

(El500000) $3600000

b Loan to Swazi Credit and Savings Bank $210000 (E87715)

c Various activities within the RDAs will be financed from a UK development loan of $10800000 (E4500000) Expenditure from this loan and the land purchase will be approved by the UK on the basis of individual project applications In addition the UK will purchase land for the highveld ranch ODA will be providing the following technicians in support of the OS iDA program

Senior Agricultural Officer (1) RDA Project Managers (3) Administrative Officer (I) Mechanization Specialist (1) Agriculture Marketing Officer(l) Evaluation Officer (1) Land Surveyors (2) Soil Surveyor (1)

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3 GOS Life of Project Recurrent Costs $1241805 Life of Project Capital Costs $1341000

a Staffing and funding for five mobile conservation units to utilize the US loan funded equipemnt Technicians to build the RDA infrastructure facilities

b Transportation office space and furniture and clerical staff for US technicians

c MaintenanceDOL and upkeep on all equipment and vehicles

d Improved seed varieties and agriculture extension services

e Arrangements for self-help labor at RDA sites for fencing and shifting of kraals

f All fencing materials for delineating arrable ond grazing areas in the RDAs

g Local staff roads and rossings water development and all livestock for highveld ranch

h Schools and public services in the RDAs

C Basic Assumptions

1 That the UK will continue to provide the pledged level of assistance

2 Equipment provided under the US loan will be delivered on time

3 Expanded rural credit facilities will be created

4 Qualified Swazis will be available for training

V Rationale

A Agricultural Sector (See Annexes B and C for more details)

Swaziland is a small land-locked country (6700 square miles) surrounded by the Republic of South Africa and Mozambique The population is approximately 425000 of which 87 are non-Swazis The annual rate of population growth is estimated between 257 and 30 Some 707 of the people live in rural areas in

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scattered kraals (family settlements) rather than in villagez

In 196768 agriculture (including forestry) contributed About29 of the Swazi GDP About one-half of this was producel bythe modern sector (largely expatriate) and the rest by thetraditional sector About 20000 people are employed in themodern agricult4ral sector which represents roughly 407 oftotal employment in Swaziland Some 70 of the totalpopulation lives in rural areas and has land for cattle grazingand the cultivation of crops Aside from the small-unitagriculture animal husbandry is the predominant activity ofSwazi farmers Grasslands cover about 73 of the total areaof Swaziland however livestock numbers are in excess ofavailable grass and forage sppplies Under such conditions even in the good year of 197071 the Swazi grasslands areseverely overgrazed and winter forage supplies are not sufficientto maintain the animals and spring plowing is usually late resulting in reduced crop yields

Under present range and livestock management conditions cattlerequire 7 - 8 years to mature Long established traditionalpractices tend to defer marketing of animals well beyond theoptimum period Death losses in many years due to erosion-typediseases aggravated by the lack of winter feed are extraordinarilyhigh and frequently exceed the number sold The national livestockoff-take is only 12 and since their condition is frequently poorthe economics of livestock production are currently very marginalIn view of the Governments present commitment to execute grazingschemes on highveld the initial development of a Demonstrationand Research ranch of about 6000 acres is needed to resolvetechnical problems such as supplemental feeding breedinggrazing capacity of cattle and range grasses and pastures etcA permanent role for the ranch is envisioned as the highveldrepresents the largest undeveloped region remaining in Swazilandbeing about 16 of the countrys total area and livestock isbelieved to be the major potential use for the highveld besidesforestry Highveld ranch development will be assisted by twoAID technicians as a part of their duties assigned to theVeterinary Services and Livestock Production Division Ministryof Agriculture This Division is to investigate and demonstratemethods of livestock management on the highveld and in otherecological zones and to evaluate and to establish the level ofranching costs To assure success in livestock and rangemanagement a research and demonstration phase (highveld ranch)is necessary to resolve technical problems The Veterinary

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Service and Livestock Production unit will be responsible for management of grazing land to be acquired during coming years The demonstration ranch is considered to be the key agent of change in encouraging reduced herds and increased cattle off-take

Crop yields in the traditional sector are low due to inefficient cultural and management practices Yields for maize on Swazi Nation land are 400 lbacre compared to about 1800 lba acre yields on neighboring expatriate farms It has been proven that substantial increases in yields can be achieved by simple changes such as selection of more arable land water spreading land consolidation earlier plowing and improved seed Since Swaziland is a net importer of maize and neighboring countries like Zambia are importing maize from Rhodesia simply increasing maize yields is considered economically desirable This of course would not rule out crop diversification in the future

B The Rural Development Concept

Although the traditional sector has a development potential in terms of natural resources and markets sericus constraints exist (1) farm fragmentation (2) erosion (3) land productivity related to land use (4) cropping practices (5) overstocking (6) the marketing system and (7) inadequately trained farmers This project will address in varying degrees of intensity each of these problems These probldms are discussed further in Annex B

The GOS has determined that a large segment of the traditional agricultural sector can be developed by the establishshyment of six demarcated Rural Development Areas (RDAs) in two of the major topographical areas of the country - Highveld and Middleveld The development reans will include reorganization of land use land acquisition changes in the structure of liveshystock and crop production and improved extension service credit and marketing

The recommendation for the acquisition of additional lande stems from the findings of the Land Mission jointly appointed in 1969 by the UK and GOS to investigate and report present and future land use The report resulted in the British Government agreement to make funds available for purchase ano development of

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additional land UK expenditure for purchase schemes wouldbe disbursed against the submission of detailed development plansfor each land parcel to be purchased The AID technicians willassist the Ministry of Agriculture Land Planning Unit to developthese plans Undeveloped land would be purchased on basis of a willing buyer and willing seller Recourse to compulsorypurchase or valuation is not normally contemplated It isplanned that the land purchases would be adjacent to the existingRDAs The Rural Development Areas comprise selected sectionsof Swazi Nation Land in which an attempt is made to provide the necessary infrastructure and reorganization of cultivated fieldsand communal grazing to allow the agricultural potential of the areas to be realized This integrated approach to ruraldevelopment concentrates the limited esources and services of GOS Ministries ie agriculture education health commerceand the public works department on the six Rural Development areaswhich range in size froi 6000 acres to 385000 acres

For the smaller RDAs of Ebulandzeni Mahlangatsha andSipocosini the basic minimum infrastructure is virtually completedAlthough some land will have to be acquired under the LPD programto ease congestion and permit better utilization of both arable and pasture land within the existing area The remaining three RDAs are much larger in size and work is barely starting These areas will require extensive clearing and earth working A weak linkin carrying out a successful physical development program is theoverall lack-and the poor condition of existing GOS heavyequipment Replacement equipment will be required along with increased competency for the placement maintenance and repairof the equipment The recently signed AID Agriculture Sectorloan will provide the needed equipment and this PROP among otherthingsprovides for advisory assistance in equipment placementmaintenance and repair

VI Course of Action

A Framework of the Project

This multi-donor project will address the rational expansionand development of about 600000 acres demarcated for the three larger Rural Development Areas (RDAs) for livestock and cropproduction by Swazi farmers The total RDA program is plannedto accommodate 77000 rural people or about one-fourth of thefarming population of Swaziland AID will also establishliaison with international organizations to bring in consultants plant materials etc Key action elements of the project are

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I Development of existing and purchased lands in the RDAs

a Assignment of holdings of approximately six to ten acres to individual farmers according to need for homesteads and cropping Demarcation of arable and range areas in each RDA for communal grazing of animals principally cattle owned by the individual farmers Assurance that correct stocking ratios are applied to all lands within the RDAs

b Development of up to 15 villages serving the farm homesteads as administrative centers to provide health schools agriculture extension marketing and other services An intensive program for functional adult literacy will be launched

c Further infrastructure improvements such as land clearing and levelling fencing earth dams for stock watering and irrigation access roads and village facilities Most labor is being supplied on a self-help basis by the farmers and families within the RDAs

d Productive-capacity inputs by involved farmers supported by credit such as fertilizers sprays hired labor transport equipment seeds Some intermediate credit is being provided in the Agriculture Sector loan

e Application of improved production and marketing methods as follows

(1) Livestock production Controlled grazing fitted to capability of range improved range capacity through better grasses and management improved breeding higher calving rates higher annual offtake of animals for market disease control (including dip tanks)

(2) Crop Production To startimaize and sorghum will be encouraged Later better cash crops such as groundnuts and cotton may be planted after marketing studies are completed Higher yielding seeds improved cultural and harvesting practices soil conservation plant protection practices will be the chief production tools

(3) Marketing Utilization of existing marketing system with improvements as required Market demand by South Africa for live animals and slaughtered meat is unlimited for the short run and likely over the long run Internal and even export demands maize and other crops is strong

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II Establishment of a research and demonstration ranch in the highshy

veld The purpose is to adapt known animal husbandry and range management technology to ecological and social conditions of the highveld and to demonstrate the dramatic bevefits from changed practices Results then will be extended to the RDAs A ranch sitL of approximately 6000 acres will be purchased by the UK Approximately 46 of the physical infrastructure uf the ranch is to be financed from the Agriculture Sector loan Training of RDA farmer leaders and GOS staff will be conducted at the ranch See Annex C

III Supporting services for the project will be provided as follows

a Six Soil Conservation Units at strategic locations will provide equipment and services for infrastructural development plus shop mechanics and training of Swazis Field mechanics are to be furnished by Peace Corps

b The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank will utilize approximately $250000 of the AID $22 million Agriculture Sector Swaziland Loan (690-H-010) for sub-loans to farmers These materials labor and other items necessary for planting and harvesting of crops The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank is a viable credit institution already providing short and long term financing and agricultural credit and extension services to the Swazi farmer The Bank presently has four Agricultural loan officers who administer agriculture credit and extension services to farmers in the rural areas Additional loan staff will be recruited in order to effectively utilize the AID loan funds For the year 196970 the Bank approved 850 agricultural loans totalling $241170 for an average loan of $28400

c The Ministry of Agriculture will provide services for overall administration extension assistance to farmers and manpower training (overseas within Africa and in-country) Supplemental training will be arranged by GOS for such fields as credit administration and equipment operation and maintenance as required

d Liaison will be established with international research institutions for seeds consulting services and technical information related to production of livestock and crops The international resources include the International

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Institute for Tropical Agriculture Nigeria the proposed International Livestock Institute for Africa Major Cereals Projects in East and West Africa and research projects of TABAID

IV Implementation Plan

A General

1) The project will be implemented primarily by the Land Use Planning and Agricultural Extension Division of the GOS Ministry of Agriculture and the Rural Development Board Working liaison will be maintained with other donors and local institutions contributing directly to the project principally the Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank but

including the University of Botswana Lesotho and Swaziland (for training and research)

2) The Rural Development Board will act as the cooperating mechanism This agency meete regularly for coordination of

planning and monitoring A particular function will be to deal with unforeseen conditions affecting planned progress

Annual workplans are formulated at the village level and approved by the RDB The RDB also sees that evaluation procedures are established

3) Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section is responsible for the preparation of Land Use Plans

for selected areas These are finalized with the active participation and concurrence of the local chief The

construction of dams irrigation structures terraces etc is the responsibility of the Soil Conservation Units after final approval of the plans by the RDB The Conservation Units operate heavy earth moving and other equipment and are available for assignment to the RDAs or any other program of the Ministry of Agriculture The Soil Conservation

Officer in charge of the Units is directly responsible to the Chief Agricultural Officer

4) The Department of Veterinary services within the Ministry of Agriculture will be responsible for range management and

livestock activities in the project and for the research and demonstration ranch Annex C lists steps for initiating the research and demonstration ranch Two AID financed specialists one each in range management and animal husbandry will be assigned to the Veterinary Section

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5) The range management and livestock specialists in addition

to work at the highveld ranch will plan a demonstration and

educational program with the extension officers extension

agents and farm leaders within the RDAs to encourage all

cooperating farmers to adopt improved farm practices Field

crop aspects of the extension program will be planned and

carried out by the GOS extension staff

6) Early consultations will be held to determine Swazi Credit

and Savings Bank specific administrative and funding

requirements for the initial three years of the project

7) GOS counterpart staff for US technicians will be

assessed and assignments and training programmed

8) Early consultations will be earried out with local

leaders and other farmers to gain their understanding and

assess their receptivity and capabilities for participation

in the project

B Specific AID Actions for the Project Manager are

1) In cooperation with EARCDO implementation of CDF Loan for

Purchase of Equipment a Coordinate preparation specifications bidding procurement

and shipment

b With GOS integrate equipment delivery into project

operations

2) Follow up recruitment of technicians

Issue documentation (by OSARACO recruitment (by AIDW)

of the following technicians by contract a Soil Conservation Engineer (planning)

b Soil Conservation Engineer (construction)

c Range Management Specialist

d Animal Husbandry Specialist

e Shop Foreman

f Agriculture Economist (Marketing)

3) Plan and implement participant training schedule

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The participant training program should coincide with In particularobjectives and timing of the project

it should provide for GOS personnel to be available

to replace US technicians before end to project

4) Develop a project evaluation procedure in concert with

GOS and UK

5) Assist Ministry with specific work plan for highveld

Prepare purchase orders for local procurementranch

6) Establish coordinating relationship with other donors

EXISTING AND PROPOSED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS

IN RELATION TO LAND CAPABILITY

I-

Raingrown ZgtIrrigatIon Cropping plus usect Essential for Irrigation Intensive e Where Needed K) Agriculture No rth

bb

Clasi n K CEt ral D

bull ~ Mnzini

IWOGi

t Classes AS and BSGood to hair soils or 1-A- L5Es nd lC Exipstig l Rural Development Areas

gentle to moderate slopes Boundaries of Rural Development Areas show

Swazi Nation Land only and excide Land

to be purchased

A C V 19_

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ANNEX B

SECTORAL PROBLEMS OF SWAZILAND AGRICULTURE

1 Topography Soils and Climate

Swaziland contains a wide range of soils and climate conditions There are four well-defined topographic regions extending north to south The Highveld the Middleveld and the Lowveld are of more or less equal breadthwhile the Lebombo is a narrow strip on the eastern border

The Highveld region comprises 1280000 acres of which 500000 are Swazi Nation Lands and the remainder are prately owned The region embraces 29 percent of the total area of the country with altitudes varying between 3000 and 6100 feet Except for londs used for the production of crops to meet domestic food needs and for planted forests all of the Swazi lands are in native grass Because of steep slopes and marshlands only about 30 percentof the Highveld is arable Plentiful rainfall and the fact that the regionfalls in the mist belt render parts of it ideal nr forestry There are 263000 head of livestock in this region nearly 90 percent of which are owned by an estimated 8400 swazi farmers (see Table I)

Table I Livestock number by kinds by owLiership 1970 (Highveld)

Cattle Goats Sheep Horses Donkeys Mules

Swazi 116955 96259 16500 6402Non-Swazi 5382 939 20698 559

Total 122317 97198 37198 6961

This amounts to about 140000 grazing units on the Swazi Nation Highveld There is a serious imbalance in the livestock-feed situation in this region Also due to a short growing season winter feed supplies are indequate Cattle loose as much as 50 percent of the previous years gain Of this portion of the Highveldunder private ownership much of the better land is virtually unused (Some of these lands will be purchased and added to the RDAs)In the Highveld region there are four identified Rural Development Areas totaling about 194000 acres (over 100000 acres non-arable) and covering about 80000 livestock units The population is over 77000 with 8500 farm unitsIt will be necessary to use up to 115000 acres of adjoining land for grazingMost of the title-deed land of expatriates that is underutilized and offered forsale ic suitable only for extensive grazing Most of these properties are on the

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highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

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rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

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Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

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The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

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Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

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5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

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has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

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ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

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internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

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to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

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Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

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3 GOS Life of Project Recurrent Costs $1241805 Life of Project Capital Costs $1341000

a Staffing and funding for five mobile conservation units to utilize the US loan funded equipemnt Technicians to build the RDA infrastructure facilities

b Transportation office space and furniture and clerical staff for US technicians

c MaintenanceDOL and upkeep on all equipment and vehicles

d Improved seed varieties and agriculture extension services

e Arrangements for self-help labor at RDA sites for fencing and shifting of kraals

f All fencing materials for delineating arrable ond grazing areas in the RDAs

g Local staff roads and rossings water development and all livestock for highveld ranch

h Schools and public services in the RDAs

C Basic Assumptions

1 That the UK will continue to provide the pledged level of assistance

2 Equipment provided under the US loan will be delivered on time

3 Expanded rural credit facilities will be created

4 Qualified Swazis will be available for training

V Rationale

A Agricultural Sector (See Annexes B and C for more details)

Swaziland is a small land-locked country (6700 square miles) surrounded by the Republic of South Africa and Mozambique The population is approximately 425000 of which 87 are non-Swazis The annual rate of population growth is estimated between 257 and 30 Some 707 of the people live in rural areas in

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scattered kraals (family settlements) rather than in villagez

In 196768 agriculture (including forestry) contributed About29 of the Swazi GDP About one-half of this was producel bythe modern sector (largely expatriate) and the rest by thetraditional sector About 20000 people are employed in themodern agricult4ral sector which represents roughly 407 oftotal employment in Swaziland Some 70 of the totalpopulation lives in rural areas and has land for cattle grazingand the cultivation of crops Aside from the small-unitagriculture animal husbandry is the predominant activity ofSwazi farmers Grasslands cover about 73 of the total areaof Swaziland however livestock numbers are in excess ofavailable grass and forage sppplies Under such conditions even in the good year of 197071 the Swazi grasslands areseverely overgrazed and winter forage supplies are not sufficientto maintain the animals and spring plowing is usually late resulting in reduced crop yields

Under present range and livestock management conditions cattlerequire 7 - 8 years to mature Long established traditionalpractices tend to defer marketing of animals well beyond theoptimum period Death losses in many years due to erosion-typediseases aggravated by the lack of winter feed are extraordinarilyhigh and frequently exceed the number sold The national livestockoff-take is only 12 and since their condition is frequently poorthe economics of livestock production are currently very marginalIn view of the Governments present commitment to execute grazingschemes on highveld the initial development of a Demonstrationand Research ranch of about 6000 acres is needed to resolvetechnical problems such as supplemental feeding breedinggrazing capacity of cattle and range grasses and pastures etcA permanent role for the ranch is envisioned as the highveldrepresents the largest undeveloped region remaining in Swazilandbeing about 16 of the countrys total area and livestock isbelieved to be the major potential use for the highveld besidesforestry Highveld ranch development will be assisted by twoAID technicians as a part of their duties assigned to theVeterinary Services and Livestock Production Division Ministryof Agriculture This Division is to investigate and demonstratemethods of livestock management on the highveld and in otherecological zones and to evaluate and to establish the level ofranching costs To assure success in livestock and rangemanagement a research and demonstration phase (highveld ranch)is necessary to resolve technical problems The Veterinary

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Service and Livestock Production unit will be responsible for management of grazing land to be acquired during coming years The demonstration ranch is considered to be the key agent of change in encouraging reduced herds and increased cattle off-take

Crop yields in the traditional sector are low due to inefficient cultural and management practices Yields for maize on Swazi Nation land are 400 lbacre compared to about 1800 lba acre yields on neighboring expatriate farms It has been proven that substantial increases in yields can be achieved by simple changes such as selection of more arable land water spreading land consolidation earlier plowing and improved seed Since Swaziland is a net importer of maize and neighboring countries like Zambia are importing maize from Rhodesia simply increasing maize yields is considered economically desirable This of course would not rule out crop diversification in the future

B The Rural Development Concept

Although the traditional sector has a development potential in terms of natural resources and markets sericus constraints exist (1) farm fragmentation (2) erosion (3) land productivity related to land use (4) cropping practices (5) overstocking (6) the marketing system and (7) inadequately trained farmers This project will address in varying degrees of intensity each of these problems These probldms are discussed further in Annex B

The GOS has determined that a large segment of the traditional agricultural sector can be developed by the establishshyment of six demarcated Rural Development Areas (RDAs) in two of the major topographical areas of the country - Highveld and Middleveld The development reans will include reorganization of land use land acquisition changes in the structure of liveshystock and crop production and improved extension service credit and marketing

The recommendation for the acquisition of additional lande stems from the findings of the Land Mission jointly appointed in 1969 by the UK and GOS to investigate and report present and future land use The report resulted in the British Government agreement to make funds available for purchase ano development of

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additional land UK expenditure for purchase schemes wouldbe disbursed against the submission of detailed development plansfor each land parcel to be purchased The AID technicians willassist the Ministry of Agriculture Land Planning Unit to developthese plans Undeveloped land would be purchased on basis of a willing buyer and willing seller Recourse to compulsorypurchase or valuation is not normally contemplated It isplanned that the land purchases would be adjacent to the existingRDAs The Rural Development Areas comprise selected sectionsof Swazi Nation Land in which an attempt is made to provide the necessary infrastructure and reorganization of cultivated fieldsand communal grazing to allow the agricultural potential of the areas to be realized This integrated approach to ruraldevelopment concentrates the limited esources and services of GOS Ministries ie agriculture education health commerceand the public works department on the six Rural Development areaswhich range in size froi 6000 acres to 385000 acres

For the smaller RDAs of Ebulandzeni Mahlangatsha andSipocosini the basic minimum infrastructure is virtually completedAlthough some land will have to be acquired under the LPD programto ease congestion and permit better utilization of both arable and pasture land within the existing area The remaining three RDAs are much larger in size and work is barely starting These areas will require extensive clearing and earth working A weak linkin carrying out a successful physical development program is theoverall lack-and the poor condition of existing GOS heavyequipment Replacement equipment will be required along with increased competency for the placement maintenance and repairof the equipment The recently signed AID Agriculture Sectorloan will provide the needed equipment and this PROP among otherthingsprovides for advisory assistance in equipment placementmaintenance and repair

VI Course of Action

A Framework of the Project

This multi-donor project will address the rational expansionand development of about 600000 acres demarcated for the three larger Rural Development Areas (RDAs) for livestock and cropproduction by Swazi farmers The total RDA program is plannedto accommodate 77000 rural people or about one-fourth of thefarming population of Swaziland AID will also establishliaison with international organizations to bring in consultants plant materials etc Key action elements of the project are

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I Development of existing and purchased lands in the RDAs

a Assignment of holdings of approximately six to ten acres to individual farmers according to need for homesteads and cropping Demarcation of arable and range areas in each RDA for communal grazing of animals principally cattle owned by the individual farmers Assurance that correct stocking ratios are applied to all lands within the RDAs

b Development of up to 15 villages serving the farm homesteads as administrative centers to provide health schools agriculture extension marketing and other services An intensive program for functional adult literacy will be launched

c Further infrastructure improvements such as land clearing and levelling fencing earth dams for stock watering and irrigation access roads and village facilities Most labor is being supplied on a self-help basis by the farmers and families within the RDAs

d Productive-capacity inputs by involved farmers supported by credit such as fertilizers sprays hired labor transport equipment seeds Some intermediate credit is being provided in the Agriculture Sector loan

e Application of improved production and marketing methods as follows

(1) Livestock production Controlled grazing fitted to capability of range improved range capacity through better grasses and management improved breeding higher calving rates higher annual offtake of animals for market disease control (including dip tanks)

(2) Crop Production To startimaize and sorghum will be encouraged Later better cash crops such as groundnuts and cotton may be planted after marketing studies are completed Higher yielding seeds improved cultural and harvesting practices soil conservation plant protection practices will be the chief production tools

(3) Marketing Utilization of existing marketing system with improvements as required Market demand by South Africa for live animals and slaughtered meat is unlimited for the short run and likely over the long run Internal and even export demands maize and other crops is strong

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II Establishment of a research and demonstration ranch in the highshy

veld The purpose is to adapt known animal husbandry and range management technology to ecological and social conditions of the highveld and to demonstrate the dramatic bevefits from changed practices Results then will be extended to the RDAs A ranch sitL of approximately 6000 acres will be purchased by the UK Approximately 46 of the physical infrastructure uf the ranch is to be financed from the Agriculture Sector loan Training of RDA farmer leaders and GOS staff will be conducted at the ranch See Annex C

III Supporting services for the project will be provided as follows

a Six Soil Conservation Units at strategic locations will provide equipment and services for infrastructural development plus shop mechanics and training of Swazis Field mechanics are to be furnished by Peace Corps

b The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank will utilize approximately $250000 of the AID $22 million Agriculture Sector Swaziland Loan (690-H-010) for sub-loans to farmers These materials labor and other items necessary for planting and harvesting of crops The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank is a viable credit institution already providing short and long term financing and agricultural credit and extension services to the Swazi farmer The Bank presently has four Agricultural loan officers who administer agriculture credit and extension services to farmers in the rural areas Additional loan staff will be recruited in order to effectively utilize the AID loan funds For the year 196970 the Bank approved 850 agricultural loans totalling $241170 for an average loan of $28400

c The Ministry of Agriculture will provide services for overall administration extension assistance to farmers and manpower training (overseas within Africa and in-country) Supplemental training will be arranged by GOS for such fields as credit administration and equipment operation and maintenance as required

d Liaison will be established with international research institutions for seeds consulting services and technical information related to production of livestock and crops The international resources include the International

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Institute for Tropical Agriculture Nigeria the proposed International Livestock Institute for Africa Major Cereals Projects in East and West Africa and research projects of TABAID

IV Implementation Plan

A General

1) The project will be implemented primarily by the Land Use Planning and Agricultural Extension Division of the GOS Ministry of Agriculture and the Rural Development Board Working liaison will be maintained with other donors and local institutions contributing directly to the project principally the Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank but

including the University of Botswana Lesotho and Swaziland (for training and research)

2) The Rural Development Board will act as the cooperating mechanism This agency meete regularly for coordination of

planning and monitoring A particular function will be to deal with unforeseen conditions affecting planned progress

Annual workplans are formulated at the village level and approved by the RDB The RDB also sees that evaluation procedures are established

3) Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section is responsible for the preparation of Land Use Plans

for selected areas These are finalized with the active participation and concurrence of the local chief The

construction of dams irrigation structures terraces etc is the responsibility of the Soil Conservation Units after final approval of the plans by the RDB The Conservation Units operate heavy earth moving and other equipment and are available for assignment to the RDAs or any other program of the Ministry of Agriculture The Soil Conservation

Officer in charge of the Units is directly responsible to the Chief Agricultural Officer

4) The Department of Veterinary services within the Ministry of Agriculture will be responsible for range management and

livestock activities in the project and for the research and demonstration ranch Annex C lists steps for initiating the research and demonstration ranch Two AID financed specialists one each in range management and animal husbandry will be assigned to the Veterinary Section

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5) The range management and livestock specialists in addition

to work at the highveld ranch will plan a demonstration and

educational program with the extension officers extension

agents and farm leaders within the RDAs to encourage all

cooperating farmers to adopt improved farm practices Field

crop aspects of the extension program will be planned and

carried out by the GOS extension staff

6) Early consultations will be held to determine Swazi Credit

and Savings Bank specific administrative and funding

requirements for the initial three years of the project

7) GOS counterpart staff for US technicians will be

assessed and assignments and training programmed

8) Early consultations will be earried out with local

leaders and other farmers to gain their understanding and

assess their receptivity and capabilities for participation

in the project

B Specific AID Actions for the Project Manager are

1) In cooperation with EARCDO implementation of CDF Loan for

Purchase of Equipment a Coordinate preparation specifications bidding procurement

and shipment

b With GOS integrate equipment delivery into project

operations

2) Follow up recruitment of technicians

Issue documentation (by OSARACO recruitment (by AIDW)

of the following technicians by contract a Soil Conservation Engineer (planning)

b Soil Conservation Engineer (construction)

c Range Management Specialist

d Animal Husbandry Specialist

e Shop Foreman

f Agriculture Economist (Marketing)

3) Plan and implement participant training schedule

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The participant training program should coincide with In particularobjectives and timing of the project

it should provide for GOS personnel to be available

to replace US technicians before end to project

4) Develop a project evaluation procedure in concert with

GOS and UK

5) Assist Ministry with specific work plan for highveld

Prepare purchase orders for local procurementranch

6) Establish coordinating relationship with other donors

EXISTING AND PROPOSED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS

IN RELATION TO LAND CAPABILITY

I-

Raingrown ZgtIrrigatIon Cropping plus usect Essential for Irrigation Intensive e Where Needed K) Agriculture No rth

bb

Clasi n K CEt ral D

bull ~ Mnzini

IWOGi

t Classes AS and BSGood to hair soils or 1-A- L5Es nd lC Exipstig l Rural Development Areas

gentle to moderate slopes Boundaries of Rural Development Areas show

Swazi Nation Land only and excide Land

to be purchased

A C V 19_

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ANNEX B

SECTORAL PROBLEMS OF SWAZILAND AGRICULTURE

1 Topography Soils and Climate

Swaziland contains a wide range of soils and climate conditions There are four well-defined topographic regions extending north to south The Highveld the Middleveld and the Lowveld are of more or less equal breadthwhile the Lebombo is a narrow strip on the eastern border

The Highveld region comprises 1280000 acres of which 500000 are Swazi Nation Lands and the remainder are prately owned The region embraces 29 percent of the total area of the country with altitudes varying between 3000 and 6100 feet Except for londs used for the production of crops to meet domestic food needs and for planted forests all of the Swazi lands are in native grass Because of steep slopes and marshlands only about 30 percentof the Highveld is arable Plentiful rainfall and the fact that the regionfalls in the mist belt render parts of it ideal nr forestry There are 263000 head of livestock in this region nearly 90 percent of which are owned by an estimated 8400 swazi farmers (see Table I)

Table I Livestock number by kinds by owLiership 1970 (Highveld)

Cattle Goats Sheep Horses Donkeys Mules

Swazi 116955 96259 16500 6402Non-Swazi 5382 939 20698 559

Total 122317 97198 37198 6961

This amounts to about 140000 grazing units on the Swazi Nation Highveld There is a serious imbalance in the livestock-feed situation in this region Also due to a short growing season winter feed supplies are indequate Cattle loose as much as 50 percent of the previous years gain Of this portion of the Highveldunder private ownership much of the better land is virtually unused (Some of these lands will be purchased and added to the RDAs)In the Highveld region there are four identified Rural Development Areas totaling about 194000 acres (over 100000 acres non-arable) and covering about 80000 livestock units The population is over 77000 with 8500 farm unitsIt will be necessary to use up to 115000 acres of adjoining land for grazingMost of the title-deed land of expatriates that is underutilized and offered forsale ic suitable only for extensive grazing Most of these properties are on the

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highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

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rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

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Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

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The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

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Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

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5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

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has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

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ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

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internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

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to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

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Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

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scattered kraals (family settlements) rather than in villagez

In 196768 agriculture (including forestry) contributed About29 of the Swazi GDP About one-half of this was producel bythe modern sector (largely expatriate) and the rest by thetraditional sector About 20000 people are employed in themodern agricult4ral sector which represents roughly 407 oftotal employment in Swaziland Some 70 of the totalpopulation lives in rural areas and has land for cattle grazingand the cultivation of crops Aside from the small-unitagriculture animal husbandry is the predominant activity ofSwazi farmers Grasslands cover about 73 of the total areaof Swaziland however livestock numbers are in excess ofavailable grass and forage sppplies Under such conditions even in the good year of 197071 the Swazi grasslands areseverely overgrazed and winter forage supplies are not sufficientto maintain the animals and spring plowing is usually late resulting in reduced crop yields

Under present range and livestock management conditions cattlerequire 7 - 8 years to mature Long established traditionalpractices tend to defer marketing of animals well beyond theoptimum period Death losses in many years due to erosion-typediseases aggravated by the lack of winter feed are extraordinarilyhigh and frequently exceed the number sold The national livestockoff-take is only 12 and since their condition is frequently poorthe economics of livestock production are currently very marginalIn view of the Governments present commitment to execute grazingschemes on highveld the initial development of a Demonstrationand Research ranch of about 6000 acres is needed to resolvetechnical problems such as supplemental feeding breedinggrazing capacity of cattle and range grasses and pastures etcA permanent role for the ranch is envisioned as the highveldrepresents the largest undeveloped region remaining in Swazilandbeing about 16 of the countrys total area and livestock isbelieved to be the major potential use for the highveld besidesforestry Highveld ranch development will be assisted by twoAID technicians as a part of their duties assigned to theVeterinary Services and Livestock Production Division Ministryof Agriculture This Division is to investigate and demonstratemethods of livestock management on the highveld and in otherecological zones and to evaluate and to establish the level ofranching costs To assure success in livestock and rangemanagement a research and demonstration phase (highveld ranch)is necessary to resolve technical problems The Veterinary

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Service and Livestock Production unit will be responsible for management of grazing land to be acquired during coming years The demonstration ranch is considered to be the key agent of change in encouraging reduced herds and increased cattle off-take

Crop yields in the traditional sector are low due to inefficient cultural and management practices Yields for maize on Swazi Nation land are 400 lbacre compared to about 1800 lba acre yields on neighboring expatriate farms It has been proven that substantial increases in yields can be achieved by simple changes such as selection of more arable land water spreading land consolidation earlier plowing and improved seed Since Swaziland is a net importer of maize and neighboring countries like Zambia are importing maize from Rhodesia simply increasing maize yields is considered economically desirable This of course would not rule out crop diversification in the future

B The Rural Development Concept

Although the traditional sector has a development potential in terms of natural resources and markets sericus constraints exist (1) farm fragmentation (2) erosion (3) land productivity related to land use (4) cropping practices (5) overstocking (6) the marketing system and (7) inadequately trained farmers This project will address in varying degrees of intensity each of these problems These probldms are discussed further in Annex B

The GOS has determined that a large segment of the traditional agricultural sector can be developed by the establishshyment of six demarcated Rural Development Areas (RDAs) in two of the major topographical areas of the country - Highveld and Middleveld The development reans will include reorganization of land use land acquisition changes in the structure of liveshystock and crop production and improved extension service credit and marketing

The recommendation for the acquisition of additional lande stems from the findings of the Land Mission jointly appointed in 1969 by the UK and GOS to investigate and report present and future land use The report resulted in the British Government agreement to make funds available for purchase ano development of

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additional land UK expenditure for purchase schemes wouldbe disbursed against the submission of detailed development plansfor each land parcel to be purchased The AID technicians willassist the Ministry of Agriculture Land Planning Unit to developthese plans Undeveloped land would be purchased on basis of a willing buyer and willing seller Recourse to compulsorypurchase or valuation is not normally contemplated It isplanned that the land purchases would be adjacent to the existingRDAs The Rural Development Areas comprise selected sectionsof Swazi Nation Land in which an attempt is made to provide the necessary infrastructure and reorganization of cultivated fieldsand communal grazing to allow the agricultural potential of the areas to be realized This integrated approach to ruraldevelopment concentrates the limited esources and services of GOS Ministries ie agriculture education health commerceand the public works department on the six Rural Development areaswhich range in size froi 6000 acres to 385000 acres

For the smaller RDAs of Ebulandzeni Mahlangatsha andSipocosini the basic minimum infrastructure is virtually completedAlthough some land will have to be acquired under the LPD programto ease congestion and permit better utilization of both arable and pasture land within the existing area The remaining three RDAs are much larger in size and work is barely starting These areas will require extensive clearing and earth working A weak linkin carrying out a successful physical development program is theoverall lack-and the poor condition of existing GOS heavyequipment Replacement equipment will be required along with increased competency for the placement maintenance and repairof the equipment The recently signed AID Agriculture Sectorloan will provide the needed equipment and this PROP among otherthingsprovides for advisory assistance in equipment placementmaintenance and repair

VI Course of Action

A Framework of the Project

This multi-donor project will address the rational expansionand development of about 600000 acres demarcated for the three larger Rural Development Areas (RDAs) for livestock and cropproduction by Swazi farmers The total RDA program is plannedto accommodate 77000 rural people or about one-fourth of thefarming population of Swaziland AID will also establishliaison with international organizations to bring in consultants plant materials etc Key action elements of the project are

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I Development of existing and purchased lands in the RDAs

a Assignment of holdings of approximately six to ten acres to individual farmers according to need for homesteads and cropping Demarcation of arable and range areas in each RDA for communal grazing of animals principally cattle owned by the individual farmers Assurance that correct stocking ratios are applied to all lands within the RDAs

b Development of up to 15 villages serving the farm homesteads as administrative centers to provide health schools agriculture extension marketing and other services An intensive program for functional adult literacy will be launched

c Further infrastructure improvements such as land clearing and levelling fencing earth dams for stock watering and irrigation access roads and village facilities Most labor is being supplied on a self-help basis by the farmers and families within the RDAs

d Productive-capacity inputs by involved farmers supported by credit such as fertilizers sprays hired labor transport equipment seeds Some intermediate credit is being provided in the Agriculture Sector loan

e Application of improved production and marketing methods as follows

(1) Livestock production Controlled grazing fitted to capability of range improved range capacity through better grasses and management improved breeding higher calving rates higher annual offtake of animals for market disease control (including dip tanks)

(2) Crop Production To startimaize and sorghum will be encouraged Later better cash crops such as groundnuts and cotton may be planted after marketing studies are completed Higher yielding seeds improved cultural and harvesting practices soil conservation plant protection practices will be the chief production tools

(3) Marketing Utilization of existing marketing system with improvements as required Market demand by South Africa for live animals and slaughtered meat is unlimited for the short run and likely over the long run Internal and even export demands maize and other crops is strong

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II Establishment of a research and demonstration ranch in the highshy

veld The purpose is to adapt known animal husbandry and range management technology to ecological and social conditions of the highveld and to demonstrate the dramatic bevefits from changed practices Results then will be extended to the RDAs A ranch sitL of approximately 6000 acres will be purchased by the UK Approximately 46 of the physical infrastructure uf the ranch is to be financed from the Agriculture Sector loan Training of RDA farmer leaders and GOS staff will be conducted at the ranch See Annex C

III Supporting services for the project will be provided as follows

a Six Soil Conservation Units at strategic locations will provide equipment and services for infrastructural development plus shop mechanics and training of Swazis Field mechanics are to be furnished by Peace Corps

b The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank will utilize approximately $250000 of the AID $22 million Agriculture Sector Swaziland Loan (690-H-010) for sub-loans to farmers These materials labor and other items necessary for planting and harvesting of crops The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank is a viable credit institution already providing short and long term financing and agricultural credit and extension services to the Swazi farmer The Bank presently has four Agricultural loan officers who administer agriculture credit and extension services to farmers in the rural areas Additional loan staff will be recruited in order to effectively utilize the AID loan funds For the year 196970 the Bank approved 850 agricultural loans totalling $241170 for an average loan of $28400

c The Ministry of Agriculture will provide services for overall administration extension assistance to farmers and manpower training (overseas within Africa and in-country) Supplemental training will be arranged by GOS for such fields as credit administration and equipment operation and maintenance as required

d Liaison will be established with international research institutions for seeds consulting services and technical information related to production of livestock and crops The international resources include the International

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Institute for Tropical Agriculture Nigeria the proposed International Livestock Institute for Africa Major Cereals Projects in East and West Africa and research projects of TABAID

IV Implementation Plan

A General

1) The project will be implemented primarily by the Land Use Planning and Agricultural Extension Division of the GOS Ministry of Agriculture and the Rural Development Board Working liaison will be maintained with other donors and local institutions contributing directly to the project principally the Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank but

including the University of Botswana Lesotho and Swaziland (for training and research)

2) The Rural Development Board will act as the cooperating mechanism This agency meete regularly for coordination of

planning and monitoring A particular function will be to deal with unforeseen conditions affecting planned progress

Annual workplans are formulated at the village level and approved by the RDB The RDB also sees that evaluation procedures are established

3) Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section is responsible for the preparation of Land Use Plans

for selected areas These are finalized with the active participation and concurrence of the local chief The

construction of dams irrigation structures terraces etc is the responsibility of the Soil Conservation Units after final approval of the plans by the RDB The Conservation Units operate heavy earth moving and other equipment and are available for assignment to the RDAs or any other program of the Ministry of Agriculture The Soil Conservation

Officer in charge of the Units is directly responsible to the Chief Agricultural Officer

4) The Department of Veterinary services within the Ministry of Agriculture will be responsible for range management and

livestock activities in the project and for the research and demonstration ranch Annex C lists steps for initiating the research and demonstration ranch Two AID financed specialists one each in range management and animal husbandry will be assigned to the Veterinary Section

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5) The range management and livestock specialists in addition

to work at the highveld ranch will plan a demonstration and

educational program with the extension officers extension

agents and farm leaders within the RDAs to encourage all

cooperating farmers to adopt improved farm practices Field

crop aspects of the extension program will be planned and

carried out by the GOS extension staff

6) Early consultations will be held to determine Swazi Credit

and Savings Bank specific administrative and funding

requirements for the initial three years of the project

7) GOS counterpart staff for US technicians will be

assessed and assignments and training programmed

8) Early consultations will be earried out with local

leaders and other farmers to gain their understanding and

assess their receptivity and capabilities for participation

in the project

B Specific AID Actions for the Project Manager are

1) In cooperation with EARCDO implementation of CDF Loan for

Purchase of Equipment a Coordinate preparation specifications bidding procurement

and shipment

b With GOS integrate equipment delivery into project

operations

2) Follow up recruitment of technicians

Issue documentation (by OSARACO recruitment (by AIDW)

of the following technicians by contract a Soil Conservation Engineer (planning)

b Soil Conservation Engineer (construction)

c Range Management Specialist

d Animal Husbandry Specialist

e Shop Foreman

f Agriculture Economist (Marketing)

3) Plan and implement participant training schedule

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The participant training program should coincide with In particularobjectives and timing of the project

it should provide for GOS personnel to be available

to replace US technicians before end to project

4) Develop a project evaluation procedure in concert with

GOS and UK

5) Assist Ministry with specific work plan for highveld

Prepare purchase orders for local procurementranch

6) Establish coordinating relationship with other donors

EXISTING AND PROPOSED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS

IN RELATION TO LAND CAPABILITY

I-

Raingrown ZgtIrrigatIon Cropping plus usect Essential for Irrigation Intensive e Where Needed K) Agriculture No rth

bb

Clasi n K CEt ral D

bull ~ Mnzini

IWOGi

t Classes AS and BSGood to hair soils or 1-A- L5Es nd lC Exipstig l Rural Development Areas

gentle to moderate slopes Boundaries of Rural Development Areas show

Swazi Nation Land only and excide Land

to be purchased

A C V 19_

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ANNEX B

SECTORAL PROBLEMS OF SWAZILAND AGRICULTURE

1 Topography Soils and Climate

Swaziland contains a wide range of soils and climate conditions There are four well-defined topographic regions extending north to south The Highveld the Middleveld and the Lowveld are of more or less equal breadthwhile the Lebombo is a narrow strip on the eastern border

The Highveld region comprises 1280000 acres of which 500000 are Swazi Nation Lands and the remainder are prately owned The region embraces 29 percent of the total area of the country with altitudes varying between 3000 and 6100 feet Except for londs used for the production of crops to meet domestic food needs and for planted forests all of the Swazi lands are in native grass Because of steep slopes and marshlands only about 30 percentof the Highveld is arable Plentiful rainfall and the fact that the regionfalls in the mist belt render parts of it ideal nr forestry There are 263000 head of livestock in this region nearly 90 percent of which are owned by an estimated 8400 swazi farmers (see Table I)

Table I Livestock number by kinds by owLiership 1970 (Highveld)

Cattle Goats Sheep Horses Donkeys Mules

Swazi 116955 96259 16500 6402Non-Swazi 5382 939 20698 559

Total 122317 97198 37198 6961

This amounts to about 140000 grazing units on the Swazi Nation Highveld There is a serious imbalance in the livestock-feed situation in this region Also due to a short growing season winter feed supplies are indequate Cattle loose as much as 50 percent of the previous years gain Of this portion of the Highveldunder private ownership much of the better land is virtually unused (Some of these lands will be purchased and added to the RDAs)In the Highveld region there are four identified Rural Development Areas totaling about 194000 acres (over 100000 acres non-arable) and covering about 80000 livestock units The population is over 77000 with 8500 farm unitsIt will be necessary to use up to 115000 acres of adjoining land for grazingMost of the title-deed land of expatriates that is underutilized and offered forsale ic suitable only for extensive grazing Most of these properties are on the

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highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

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rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

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Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

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The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

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Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

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5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

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has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

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ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

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internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

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to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

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Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

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Service and Livestock Production unit will be responsible for management of grazing land to be acquired during coming years The demonstration ranch is considered to be the key agent of change in encouraging reduced herds and increased cattle off-take

Crop yields in the traditional sector are low due to inefficient cultural and management practices Yields for maize on Swazi Nation land are 400 lbacre compared to about 1800 lba acre yields on neighboring expatriate farms It has been proven that substantial increases in yields can be achieved by simple changes such as selection of more arable land water spreading land consolidation earlier plowing and improved seed Since Swaziland is a net importer of maize and neighboring countries like Zambia are importing maize from Rhodesia simply increasing maize yields is considered economically desirable This of course would not rule out crop diversification in the future

B The Rural Development Concept

Although the traditional sector has a development potential in terms of natural resources and markets sericus constraints exist (1) farm fragmentation (2) erosion (3) land productivity related to land use (4) cropping practices (5) overstocking (6) the marketing system and (7) inadequately trained farmers This project will address in varying degrees of intensity each of these problems These probldms are discussed further in Annex B

The GOS has determined that a large segment of the traditional agricultural sector can be developed by the establishshyment of six demarcated Rural Development Areas (RDAs) in two of the major topographical areas of the country - Highveld and Middleveld The development reans will include reorganization of land use land acquisition changes in the structure of liveshystock and crop production and improved extension service credit and marketing

The recommendation for the acquisition of additional lande stems from the findings of the Land Mission jointly appointed in 1969 by the UK and GOS to investigate and report present and future land use The report resulted in the British Government agreement to make funds available for purchase ano development of

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additional land UK expenditure for purchase schemes wouldbe disbursed against the submission of detailed development plansfor each land parcel to be purchased The AID technicians willassist the Ministry of Agriculture Land Planning Unit to developthese plans Undeveloped land would be purchased on basis of a willing buyer and willing seller Recourse to compulsorypurchase or valuation is not normally contemplated It isplanned that the land purchases would be adjacent to the existingRDAs The Rural Development Areas comprise selected sectionsof Swazi Nation Land in which an attempt is made to provide the necessary infrastructure and reorganization of cultivated fieldsand communal grazing to allow the agricultural potential of the areas to be realized This integrated approach to ruraldevelopment concentrates the limited esources and services of GOS Ministries ie agriculture education health commerceand the public works department on the six Rural Development areaswhich range in size froi 6000 acres to 385000 acres

For the smaller RDAs of Ebulandzeni Mahlangatsha andSipocosini the basic minimum infrastructure is virtually completedAlthough some land will have to be acquired under the LPD programto ease congestion and permit better utilization of both arable and pasture land within the existing area The remaining three RDAs are much larger in size and work is barely starting These areas will require extensive clearing and earth working A weak linkin carrying out a successful physical development program is theoverall lack-and the poor condition of existing GOS heavyequipment Replacement equipment will be required along with increased competency for the placement maintenance and repairof the equipment The recently signed AID Agriculture Sectorloan will provide the needed equipment and this PROP among otherthingsprovides for advisory assistance in equipment placementmaintenance and repair

VI Course of Action

A Framework of the Project

This multi-donor project will address the rational expansionand development of about 600000 acres demarcated for the three larger Rural Development Areas (RDAs) for livestock and cropproduction by Swazi farmers The total RDA program is plannedto accommodate 77000 rural people or about one-fourth of thefarming population of Swaziland AID will also establishliaison with international organizations to bring in consultants plant materials etc Key action elements of the project are

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I Development of existing and purchased lands in the RDAs

a Assignment of holdings of approximately six to ten acres to individual farmers according to need for homesteads and cropping Demarcation of arable and range areas in each RDA for communal grazing of animals principally cattle owned by the individual farmers Assurance that correct stocking ratios are applied to all lands within the RDAs

b Development of up to 15 villages serving the farm homesteads as administrative centers to provide health schools agriculture extension marketing and other services An intensive program for functional adult literacy will be launched

c Further infrastructure improvements such as land clearing and levelling fencing earth dams for stock watering and irrigation access roads and village facilities Most labor is being supplied on a self-help basis by the farmers and families within the RDAs

d Productive-capacity inputs by involved farmers supported by credit such as fertilizers sprays hired labor transport equipment seeds Some intermediate credit is being provided in the Agriculture Sector loan

e Application of improved production and marketing methods as follows

(1) Livestock production Controlled grazing fitted to capability of range improved range capacity through better grasses and management improved breeding higher calving rates higher annual offtake of animals for market disease control (including dip tanks)

(2) Crop Production To startimaize and sorghum will be encouraged Later better cash crops such as groundnuts and cotton may be planted after marketing studies are completed Higher yielding seeds improved cultural and harvesting practices soil conservation plant protection practices will be the chief production tools

(3) Marketing Utilization of existing marketing system with improvements as required Market demand by South Africa for live animals and slaughtered meat is unlimited for the short run and likely over the long run Internal and even export demands maize and other crops is strong

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II Establishment of a research and demonstration ranch in the highshy

veld The purpose is to adapt known animal husbandry and range management technology to ecological and social conditions of the highveld and to demonstrate the dramatic bevefits from changed practices Results then will be extended to the RDAs A ranch sitL of approximately 6000 acres will be purchased by the UK Approximately 46 of the physical infrastructure uf the ranch is to be financed from the Agriculture Sector loan Training of RDA farmer leaders and GOS staff will be conducted at the ranch See Annex C

III Supporting services for the project will be provided as follows

a Six Soil Conservation Units at strategic locations will provide equipment and services for infrastructural development plus shop mechanics and training of Swazis Field mechanics are to be furnished by Peace Corps

b The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank will utilize approximately $250000 of the AID $22 million Agriculture Sector Swaziland Loan (690-H-010) for sub-loans to farmers These materials labor and other items necessary for planting and harvesting of crops The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank is a viable credit institution already providing short and long term financing and agricultural credit and extension services to the Swazi farmer The Bank presently has four Agricultural loan officers who administer agriculture credit and extension services to farmers in the rural areas Additional loan staff will be recruited in order to effectively utilize the AID loan funds For the year 196970 the Bank approved 850 agricultural loans totalling $241170 for an average loan of $28400

c The Ministry of Agriculture will provide services for overall administration extension assistance to farmers and manpower training (overseas within Africa and in-country) Supplemental training will be arranged by GOS for such fields as credit administration and equipment operation and maintenance as required

d Liaison will be established with international research institutions for seeds consulting services and technical information related to production of livestock and crops The international resources include the International

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Institute for Tropical Agriculture Nigeria the proposed International Livestock Institute for Africa Major Cereals Projects in East and West Africa and research projects of TABAID

IV Implementation Plan

A General

1) The project will be implemented primarily by the Land Use Planning and Agricultural Extension Division of the GOS Ministry of Agriculture and the Rural Development Board Working liaison will be maintained with other donors and local institutions contributing directly to the project principally the Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank but

including the University of Botswana Lesotho and Swaziland (for training and research)

2) The Rural Development Board will act as the cooperating mechanism This agency meete regularly for coordination of

planning and monitoring A particular function will be to deal with unforeseen conditions affecting planned progress

Annual workplans are formulated at the village level and approved by the RDB The RDB also sees that evaluation procedures are established

3) Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section is responsible for the preparation of Land Use Plans

for selected areas These are finalized with the active participation and concurrence of the local chief The

construction of dams irrigation structures terraces etc is the responsibility of the Soil Conservation Units after final approval of the plans by the RDB The Conservation Units operate heavy earth moving and other equipment and are available for assignment to the RDAs or any other program of the Ministry of Agriculture The Soil Conservation

Officer in charge of the Units is directly responsible to the Chief Agricultural Officer

4) The Department of Veterinary services within the Ministry of Agriculture will be responsible for range management and

livestock activities in the project and for the research and demonstration ranch Annex C lists steps for initiating the research and demonstration ranch Two AID financed specialists one each in range management and animal husbandry will be assigned to the Veterinary Section

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5) The range management and livestock specialists in addition

to work at the highveld ranch will plan a demonstration and

educational program with the extension officers extension

agents and farm leaders within the RDAs to encourage all

cooperating farmers to adopt improved farm practices Field

crop aspects of the extension program will be planned and

carried out by the GOS extension staff

6) Early consultations will be held to determine Swazi Credit

and Savings Bank specific administrative and funding

requirements for the initial three years of the project

7) GOS counterpart staff for US technicians will be

assessed and assignments and training programmed

8) Early consultations will be earried out with local

leaders and other farmers to gain their understanding and

assess their receptivity and capabilities for participation

in the project

B Specific AID Actions for the Project Manager are

1) In cooperation with EARCDO implementation of CDF Loan for

Purchase of Equipment a Coordinate preparation specifications bidding procurement

and shipment

b With GOS integrate equipment delivery into project

operations

2) Follow up recruitment of technicians

Issue documentation (by OSARACO recruitment (by AIDW)

of the following technicians by contract a Soil Conservation Engineer (planning)

b Soil Conservation Engineer (construction)

c Range Management Specialist

d Animal Husbandry Specialist

e Shop Foreman

f Agriculture Economist (Marketing)

3) Plan and implement participant training schedule

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The participant training program should coincide with In particularobjectives and timing of the project

it should provide for GOS personnel to be available

to replace US technicians before end to project

4) Develop a project evaluation procedure in concert with

GOS and UK

5) Assist Ministry with specific work plan for highveld

Prepare purchase orders for local procurementranch

6) Establish coordinating relationship with other donors

EXISTING AND PROPOSED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS

IN RELATION TO LAND CAPABILITY

I-

Raingrown ZgtIrrigatIon Cropping plus usect Essential for Irrigation Intensive e Where Needed K) Agriculture No rth

bb

Clasi n K CEt ral D

bull ~ Mnzini

IWOGi

t Classes AS and BSGood to hair soils or 1-A- L5Es nd lC Exipstig l Rural Development Areas

gentle to moderate slopes Boundaries of Rural Development Areas show

Swazi Nation Land only and excide Land

to be purchased

A C V 19_

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ANNEX B

SECTORAL PROBLEMS OF SWAZILAND AGRICULTURE

1 Topography Soils and Climate

Swaziland contains a wide range of soils and climate conditions There are four well-defined topographic regions extending north to south The Highveld the Middleveld and the Lowveld are of more or less equal breadthwhile the Lebombo is a narrow strip on the eastern border

The Highveld region comprises 1280000 acres of which 500000 are Swazi Nation Lands and the remainder are prately owned The region embraces 29 percent of the total area of the country with altitudes varying between 3000 and 6100 feet Except for londs used for the production of crops to meet domestic food needs and for planted forests all of the Swazi lands are in native grass Because of steep slopes and marshlands only about 30 percentof the Highveld is arable Plentiful rainfall and the fact that the regionfalls in the mist belt render parts of it ideal nr forestry There are 263000 head of livestock in this region nearly 90 percent of which are owned by an estimated 8400 swazi farmers (see Table I)

Table I Livestock number by kinds by owLiership 1970 (Highveld)

Cattle Goats Sheep Horses Donkeys Mules

Swazi 116955 96259 16500 6402Non-Swazi 5382 939 20698 559

Total 122317 97198 37198 6961

This amounts to about 140000 grazing units on the Swazi Nation Highveld There is a serious imbalance in the livestock-feed situation in this region Also due to a short growing season winter feed supplies are indequate Cattle loose as much as 50 percent of the previous years gain Of this portion of the Highveldunder private ownership much of the better land is virtually unused (Some of these lands will be purchased and added to the RDAs)In the Highveld region there are four identified Rural Development Areas totaling about 194000 acres (over 100000 acres non-arable) and covering about 80000 livestock units The population is over 77000 with 8500 farm unitsIt will be necessary to use up to 115000 acres of adjoining land for grazingMost of the title-deed land of expatriates that is underutilized and offered forsale ic suitable only for extensive grazing Most of these properties are on the

(2)

highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

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rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

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Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

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The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

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Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

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5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

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has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

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ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

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internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

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to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

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Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

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additional land UK expenditure for purchase schemes wouldbe disbursed against the submission of detailed development plansfor each land parcel to be purchased The AID technicians willassist the Ministry of Agriculture Land Planning Unit to developthese plans Undeveloped land would be purchased on basis of a willing buyer and willing seller Recourse to compulsorypurchase or valuation is not normally contemplated It isplanned that the land purchases would be adjacent to the existingRDAs The Rural Development Areas comprise selected sectionsof Swazi Nation Land in which an attempt is made to provide the necessary infrastructure and reorganization of cultivated fieldsand communal grazing to allow the agricultural potential of the areas to be realized This integrated approach to ruraldevelopment concentrates the limited esources and services of GOS Ministries ie agriculture education health commerceand the public works department on the six Rural Development areaswhich range in size froi 6000 acres to 385000 acres

For the smaller RDAs of Ebulandzeni Mahlangatsha andSipocosini the basic minimum infrastructure is virtually completedAlthough some land will have to be acquired under the LPD programto ease congestion and permit better utilization of both arable and pasture land within the existing area The remaining three RDAs are much larger in size and work is barely starting These areas will require extensive clearing and earth working A weak linkin carrying out a successful physical development program is theoverall lack-and the poor condition of existing GOS heavyequipment Replacement equipment will be required along with increased competency for the placement maintenance and repairof the equipment The recently signed AID Agriculture Sectorloan will provide the needed equipment and this PROP among otherthingsprovides for advisory assistance in equipment placementmaintenance and repair

VI Course of Action

A Framework of the Project

This multi-donor project will address the rational expansionand development of about 600000 acres demarcated for the three larger Rural Development Areas (RDAs) for livestock and cropproduction by Swazi farmers The total RDA program is plannedto accommodate 77000 rural people or about one-fourth of thefarming population of Swaziland AID will also establishliaison with international organizations to bring in consultants plant materials etc Key action elements of the project are

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I Development of existing and purchased lands in the RDAs

a Assignment of holdings of approximately six to ten acres to individual farmers according to need for homesteads and cropping Demarcation of arable and range areas in each RDA for communal grazing of animals principally cattle owned by the individual farmers Assurance that correct stocking ratios are applied to all lands within the RDAs

b Development of up to 15 villages serving the farm homesteads as administrative centers to provide health schools agriculture extension marketing and other services An intensive program for functional adult literacy will be launched

c Further infrastructure improvements such as land clearing and levelling fencing earth dams for stock watering and irrigation access roads and village facilities Most labor is being supplied on a self-help basis by the farmers and families within the RDAs

d Productive-capacity inputs by involved farmers supported by credit such as fertilizers sprays hired labor transport equipment seeds Some intermediate credit is being provided in the Agriculture Sector loan

e Application of improved production and marketing methods as follows

(1) Livestock production Controlled grazing fitted to capability of range improved range capacity through better grasses and management improved breeding higher calving rates higher annual offtake of animals for market disease control (including dip tanks)

(2) Crop Production To startimaize and sorghum will be encouraged Later better cash crops such as groundnuts and cotton may be planted after marketing studies are completed Higher yielding seeds improved cultural and harvesting practices soil conservation plant protection practices will be the chief production tools

(3) Marketing Utilization of existing marketing system with improvements as required Market demand by South Africa for live animals and slaughtered meat is unlimited for the short run and likely over the long run Internal and even export demands maize and other crops is strong

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II Establishment of a research and demonstration ranch in the highshy

veld The purpose is to adapt known animal husbandry and range management technology to ecological and social conditions of the highveld and to demonstrate the dramatic bevefits from changed practices Results then will be extended to the RDAs A ranch sitL of approximately 6000 acres will be purchased by the UK Approximately 46 of the physical infrastructure uf the ranch is to be financed from the Agriculture Sector loan Training of RDA farmer leaders and GOS staff will be conducted at the ranch See Annex C

III Supporting services for the project will be provided as follows

a Six Soil Conservation Units at strategic locations will provide equipment and services for infrastructural development plus shop mechanics and training of Swazis Field mechanics are to be furnished by Peace Corps

b The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank will utilize approximately $250000 of the AID $22 million Agriculture Sector Swaziland Loan (690-H-010) for sub-loans to farmers These materials labor and other items necessary for planting and harvesting of crops The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank is a viable credit institution already providing short and long term financing and agricultural credit and extension services to the Swazi farmer The Bank presently has four Agricultural loan officers who administer agriculture credit and extension services to farmers in the rural areas Additional loan staff will be recruited in order to effectively utilize the AID loan funds For the year 196970 the Bank approved 850 agricultural loans totalling $241170 for an average loan of $28400

c The Ministry of Agriculture will provide services for overall administration extension assistance to farmers and manpower training (overseas within Africa and in-country) Supplemental training will be arranged by GOS for such fields as credit administration and equipment operation and maintenance as required

d Liaison will be established with international research institutions for seeds consulting services and technical information related to production of livestock and crops The international resources include the International

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Institute for Tropical Agriculture Nigeria the proposed International Livestock Institute for Africa Major Cereals Projects in East and West Africa and research projects of TABAID

IV Implementation Plan

A General

1) The project will be implemented primarily by the Land Use Planning and Agricultural Extension Division of the GOS Ministry of Agriculture and the Rural Development Board Working liaison will be maintained with other donors and local institutions contributing directly to the project principally the Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank but

including the University of Botswana Lesotho and Swaziland (for training and research)

2) The Rural Development Board will act as the cooperating mechanism This agency meete regularly for coordination of

planning and monitoring A particular function will be to deal with unforeseen conditions affecting planned progress

Annual workplans are formulated at the village level and approved by the RDB The RDB also sees that evaluation procedures are established

3) Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section is responsible for the preparation of Land Use Plans

for selected areas These are finalized with the active participation and concurrence of the local chief The

construction of dams irrigation structures terraces etc is the responsibility of the Soil Conservation Units after final approval of the plans by the RDB The Conservation Units operate heavy earth moving and other equipment and are available for assignment to the RDAs or any other program of the Ministry of Agriculture The Soil Conservation

Officer in charge of the Units is directly responsible to the Chief Agricultural Officer

4) The Department of Veterinary services within the Ministry of Agriculture will be responsible for range management and

livestock activities in the project and for the research and demonstration ranch Annex C lists steps for initiating the research and demonstration ranch Two AID financed specialists one each in range management and animal husbandry will be assigned to the Veterinary Section

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5) The range management and livestock specialists in addition

to work at the highveld ranch will plan a demonstration and

educational program with the extension officers extension

agents and farm leaders within the RDAs to encourage all

cooperating farmers to adopt improved farm practices Field

crop aspects of the extension program will be planned and

carried out by the GOS extension staff

6) Early consultations will be held to determine Swazi Credit

and Savings Bank specific administrative and funding

requirements for the initial three years of the project

7) GOS counterpart staff for US technicians will be

assessed and assignments and training programmed

8) Early consultations will be earried out with local

leaders and other farmers to gain their understanding and

assess their receptivity and capabilities for participation

in the project

B Specific AID Actions for the Project Manager are

1) In cooperation with EARCDO implementation of CDF Loan for

Purchase of Equipment a Coordinate preparation specifications bidding procurement

and shipment

b With GOS integrate equipment delivery into project

operations

2) Follow up recruitment of technicians

Issue documentation (by OSARACO recruitment (by AIDW)

of the following technicians by contract a Soil Conservation Engineer (planning)

b Soil Conservation Engineer (construction)

c Range Management Specialist

d Animal Husbandry Specialist

e Shop Foreman

f Agriculture Economist (Marketing)

3) Plan and implement participant training schedule

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The participant training program should coincide with In particularobjectives and timing of the project

it should provide for GOS personnel to be available

to replace US technicians before end to project

4) Develop a project evaluation procedure in concert with

GOS and UK

5) Assist Ministry with specific work plan for highveld

Prepare purchase orders for local procurementranch

6) Establish coordinating relationship with other donors

EXISTING AND PROPOSED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS

IN RELATION TO LAND CAPABILITY

I-

Raingrown ZgtIrrigatIon Cropping plus usect Essential for Irrigation Intensive e Where Needed K) Agriculture No rth

bb

Clasi n K CEt ral D

bull ~ Mnzini

IWOGi

t Classes AS and BSGood to hair soils or 1-A- L5Es nd lC Exipstig l Rural Development Areas

gentle to moderate slopes Boundaries of Rural Development Areas show

Swazi Nation Land only and excide Land

to be purchased

A C V 19_

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ANNEX B

SECTORAL PROBLEMS OF SWAZILAND AGRICULTURE

1 Topography Soils and Climate

Swaziland contains a wide range of soils and climate conditions There are four well-defined topographic regions extending north to south The Highveld the Middleveld and the Lowveld are of more or less equal breadthwhile the Lebombo is a narrow strip on the eastern border

The Highveld region comprises 1280000 acres of which 500000 are Swazi Nation Lands and the remainder are prately owned The region embraces 29 percent of the total area of the country with altitudes varying between 3000 and 6100 feet Except for londs used for the production of crops to meet domestic food needs and for planted forests all of the Swazi lands are in native grass Because of steep slopes and marshlands only about 30 percentof the Highveld is arable Plentiful rainfall and the fact that the regionfalls in the mist belt render parts of it ideal nr forestry There are 263000 head of livestock in this region nearly 90 percent of which are owned by an estimated 8400 swazi farmers (see Table I)

Table I Livestock number by kinds by owLiership 1970 (Highveld)

Cattle Goats Sheep Horses Donkeys Mules

Swazi 116955 96259 16500 6402Non-Swazi 5382 939 20698 559

Total 122317 97198 37198 6961

This amounts to about 140000 grazing units on the Swazi Nation Highveld There is a serious imbalance in the livestock-feed situation in this region Also due to a short growing season winter feed supplies are indequate Cattle loose as much as 50 percent of the previous years gain Of this portion of the Highveldunder private ownership much of the better land is virtually unused (Some of these lands will be purchased and added to the RDAs)In the Highveld region there are four identified Rural Development Areas totaling about 194000 acres (over 100000 acres non-arable) and covering about 80000 livestock units The population is over 77000 with 8500 farm unitsIt will be necessary to use up to 115000 acres of adjoining land for grazingMost of the title-deed land of expatriates that is underutilized and offered forsale ic suitable only for extensive grazing Most of these properties are on the

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highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

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rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

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Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

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The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

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Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

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5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

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has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

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ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

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internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

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to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

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Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

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I Development of existing and purchased lands in the RDAs

a Assignment of holdings of approximately six to ten acres to individual farmers according to need for homesteads and cropping Demarcation of arable and range areas in each RDA for communal grazing of animals principally cattle owned by the individual farmers Assurance that correct stocking ratios are applied to all lands within the RDAs

b Development of up to 15 villages serving the farm homesteads as administrative centers to provide health schools agriculture extension marketing and other services An intensive program for functional adult literacy will be launched

c Further infrastructure improvements such as land clearing and levelling fencing earth dams for stock watering and irrigation access roads and village facilities Most labor is being supplied on a self-help basis by the farmers and families within the RDAs

d Productive-capacity inputs by involved farmers supported by credit such as fertilizers sprays hired labor transport equipment seeds Some intermediate credit is being provided in the Agriculture Sector loan

e Application of improved production and marketing methods as follows

(1) Livestock production Controlled grazing fitted to capability of range improved range capacity through better grasses and management improved breeding higher calving rates higher annual offtake of animals for market disease control (including dip tanks)

(2) Crop Production To startimaize and sorghum will be encouraged Later better cash crops such as groundnuts and cotton may be planted after marketing studies are completed Higher yielding seeds improved cultural and harvesting practices soil conservation plant protection practices will be the chief production tools

(3) Marketing Utilization of existing marketing system with improvements as required Market demand by South Africa for live animals and slaughtered meat is unlimited for the short run and likely over the long run Internal and even export demands maize and other crops is strong

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II Establishment of a research and demonstration ranch in the highshy

veld The purpose is to adapt known animal husbandry and range management technology to ecological and social conditions of the highveld and to demonstrate the dramatic bevefits from changed practices Results then will be extended to the RDAs A ranch sitL of approximately 6000 acres will be purchased by the UK Approximately 46 of the physical infrastructure uf the ranch is to be financed from the Agriculture Sector loan Training of RDA farmer leaders and GOS staff will be conducted at the ranch See Annex C

III Supporting services for the project will be provided as follows

a Six Soil Conservation Units at strategic locations will provide equipment and services for infrastructural development plus shop mechanics and training of Swazis Field mechanics are to be furnished by Peace Corps

b The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank will utilize approximately $250000 of the AID $22 million Agriculture Sector Swaziland Loan (690-H-010) for sub-loans to farmers These materials labor and other items necessary for planting and harvesting of crops The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank is a viable credit institution already providing short and long term financing and agricultural credit and extension services to the Swazi farmer The Bank presently has four Agricultural loan officers who administer agriculture credit and extension services to farmers in the rural areas Additional loan staff will be recruited in order to effectively utilize the AID loan funds For the year 196970 the Bank approved 850 agricultural loans totalling $241170 for an average loan of $28400

c The Ministry of Agriculture will provide services for overall administration extension assistance to farmers and manpower training (overseas within Africa and in-country) Supplemental training will be arranged by GOS for such fields as credit administration and equipment operation and maintenance as required

d Liaison will be established with international research institutions for seeds consulting services and technical information related to production of livestock and crops The international resources include the International

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Institute for Tropical Agriculture Nigeria the proposed International Livestock Institute for Africa Major Cereals Projects in East and West Africa and research projects of TABAID

IV Implementation Plan

A General

1) The project will be implemented primarily by the Land Use Planning and Agricultural Extension Division of the GOS Ministry of Agriculture and the Rural Development Board Working liaison will be maintained with other donors and local institutions contributing directly to the project principally the Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank but

including the University of Botswana Lesotho and Swaziland (for training and research)

2) The Rural Development Board will act as the cooperating mechanism This agency meete regularly for coordination of

planning and monitoring A particular function will be to deal with unforeseen conditions affecting planned progress

Annual workplans are formulated at the village level and approved by the RDB The RDB also sees that evaluation procedures are established

3) Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section is responsible for the preparation of Land Use Plans

for selected areas These are finalized with the active participation and concurrence of the local chief The

construction of dams irrigation structures terraces etc is the responsibility of the Soil Conservation Units after final approval of the plans by the RDB The Conservation Units operate heavy earth moving and other equipment and are available for assignment to the RDAs or any other program of the Ministry of Agriculture The Soil Conservation

Officer in charge of the Units is directly responsible to the Chief Agricultural Officer

4) The Department of Veterinary services within the Ministry of Agriculture will be responsible for range management and

livestock activities in the project and for the research and demonstration ranch Annex C lists steps for initiating the research and demonstration ranch Two AID financed specialists one each in range management and animal husbandry will be assigned to the Veterinary Section

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5) The range management and livestock specialists in addition

to work at the highveld ranch will plan a demonstration and

educational program with the extension officers extension

agents and farm leaders within the RDAs to encourage all

cooperating farmers to adopt improved farm practices Field

crop aspects of the extension program will be planned and

carried out by the GOS extension staff

6) Early consultations will be held to determine Swazi Credit

and Savings Bank specific administrative and funding

requirements for the initial three years of the project

7) GOS counterpart staff for US technicians will be

assessed and assignments and training programmed

8) Early consultations will be earried out with local

leaders and other farmers to gain their understanding and

assess their receptivity and capabilities for participation

in the project

B Specific AID Actions for the Project Manager are

1) In cooperation with EARCDO implementation of CDF Loan for

Purchase of Equipment a Coordinate preparation specifications bidding procurement

and shipment

b With GOS integrate equipment delivery into project

operations

2) Follow up recruitment of technicians

Issue documentation (by OSARACO recruitment (by AIDW)

of the following technicians by contract a Soil Conservation Engineer (planning)

b Soil Conservation Engineer (construction)

c Range Management Specialist

d Animal Husbandry Specialist

e Shop Foreman

f Agriculture Economist (Marketing)

3) Plan and implement participant training schedule

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The participant training program should coincide with In particularobjectives and timing of the project

it should provide for GOS personnel to be available

to replace US technicians before end to project

4) Develop a project evaluation procedure in concert with

GOS and UK

5) Assist Ministry with specific work plan for highveld

Prepare purchase orders for local procurementranch

6) Establish coordinating relationship with other donors

EXISTING AND PROPOSED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS

IN RELATION TO LAND CAPABILITY

I-

Raingrown ZgtIrrigatIon Cropping plus usect Essential for Irrigation Intensive e Where Needed K) Agriculture No rth

bb

Clasi n K CEt ral D

bull ~ Mnzini

IWOGi

t Classes AS and BSGood to hair soils or 1-A- L5Es nd lC Exipstig l Rural Development Areas

gentle to moderate slopes Boundaries of Rural Development Areas show

Swazi Nation Land only and excide Land

to be purchased

A C V 19_

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ANNEX B

SECTORAL PROBLEMS OF SWAZILAND AGRICULTURE

1 Topography Soils and Climate

Swaziland contains a wide range of soils and climate conditions There are four well-defined topographic regions extending north to south The Highveld the Middleveld and the Lowveld are of more or less equal breadthwhile the Lebombo is a narrow strip on the eastern border

The Highveld region comprises 1280000 acres of which 500000 are Swazi Nation Lands and the remainder are prately owned The region embraces 29 percent of the total area of the country with altitudes varying between 3000 and 6100 feet Except for londs used for the production of crops to meet domestic food needs and for planted forests all of the Swazi lands are in native grass Because of steep slopes and marshlands only about 30 percentof the Highveld is arable Plentiful rainfall and the fact that the regionfalls in the mist belt render parts of it ideal nr forestry There are 263000 head of livestock in this region nearly 90 percent of which are owned by an estimated 8400 swazi farmers (see Table I)

Table I Livestock number by kinds by owLiership 1970 (Highveld)

Cattle Goats Sheep Horses Donkeys Mules

Swazi 116955 96259 16500 6402Non-Swazi 5382 939 20698 559

Total 122317 97198 37198 6961

This amounts to about 140000 grazing units on the Swazi Nation Highveld There is a serious imbalance in the livestock-feed situation in this region Also due to a short growing season winter feed supplies are indequate Cattle loose as much as 50 percent of the previous years gain Of this portion of the Highveldunder private ownership much of the better land is virtually unused (Some of these lands will be purchased and added to the RDAs)In the Highveld region there are four identified Rural Development Areas totaling about 194000 acres (over 100000 acres non-arable) and covering about 80000 livestock units The population is over 77000 with 8500 farm unitsIt will be necessary to use up to 115000 acres of adjoining land for grazingMost of the title-deed land of expatriates that is underutilized and offered forsale ic suitable only for extensive grazing Most of these properties are on the

(2)

highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

(3)

rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

(4)

Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

(5)

The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

(6)

Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

(7)

5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

(8)

has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

(1)

ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

(2)

internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

(3)

to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(11)

II Establishment of a research and demonstration ranch in the highshy

veld The purpose is to adapt known animal husbandry and range management technology to ecological and social conditions of the highveld and to demonstrate the dramatic bevefits from changed practices Results then will be extended to the RDAs A ranch sitL of approximately 6000 acres will be purchased by the UK Approximately 46 of the physical infrastructure uf the ranch is to be financed from the Agriculture Sector loan Training of RDA farmer leaders and GOS staff will be conducted at the ranch See Annex C

III Supporting services for the project will be provided as follows

a Six Soil Conservation Units at strategic locations will provide equipment and services for infrastructural development plus shop mechanics and training of Swazis Field mechanics are to be furnished by Peace Corps

b The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank will utilize approximately $250000 of the AID $22 million Agriculture Sector Swaziland Loan (690-H-010) for sub-loans to farmers These materials labor and other items necessary for planting and harvesting of crops The Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank is a viable credit institution already providing short and long term financing and agricultural credit and extension services to the Swazi farmer The Bank presently has four Agricultural loan officers who administer agriculture credit and extension services to farmers in the rural areas Additional loan staff will be recruited in order to effectively utilize the AID loan funds For the year 196970 the Bank approved 850 agricultural loans totalling $241170 for an average loan of $28400

c The Ministry of Agriculture will provide services for overall administration extension assistance to farmers and manpower training (overseas within Africa and in-country) Supplemental training will be arranged by GOS for such fields as credit administration and equipment operation and maintenance as required

d Liaison will be established with international research institutions for seeds consulting services and technical information related to production of livestock and crops The international resources include the International

(12)

Institute for Tropical Agriculture Nigeria the proposed International Livestock Institute for Africa Major Cereals Projects in East and West Africa and research projects of TABAID

IV Implementation Plan

A General

1) The project will be implemented primarily by the Land Use Planning and Agricultural Extension Division of the GOS Ministry of Agriculture and the Rural Development Board Working liaison will be maintained with other donors and local institutions contributing directly to the project principally the Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank but

including the University of Botswana Lesotho and Swaziland (for training and research)

2) The Rural Development Board will act as the cooperating mechanism This agency meete regularly for coordination of

planning and monitoring A particular function will be to deal with unforeseen conditions affecting planned progress

Annual workplans are formulated at the village level and approved by the RDB The RDB also sees that evaluation procedures are established

3) Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section is responsible for the preparation of Land Use Plans

for selected areas These are finalized with the active participation and concurrence of the local chief The

construction of dams irrigation structures terraces etc is the responsibility of the Soil Conservation Units after final approval of the plans by the RDB The Conservation Units operate heavy earth moving and other equipment and are available for assignment to the RDAs or any other program of the Ministry of Agriculture The Soil Conservation

Officer in charge of the Units is directly responsible to the Chief Agricultural Officer

4) The Department of Veterinary services within the Ministry of Agriculture will be responsible for range management and

livestock activities in the project and for the research and demonstration ranch Annex C lists steps for initiating the research and demonstration ranch Two AID financed specialists one each in range management and animal husbandry will be assigned to the Veterinary Section

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5) The range management and livestock specialists in addition

to work at the highveld ranch will plan a demonstration and

educational program with the extension officers extension

agents and farm leaders within the RDAs to encourage all

cooperating farmers to adopt improved farm practices Field

crop aspects of the extension program will be planned and

carried out by the GOS extension staff

6) Early consultations will be held to determine Swazi Credit

and Savings Bank specific administrative and funding

requirements for the initial three years of the project

7) GOS counterpart staff for US technicians will be

assessed and assignments and training programmed

8) Early consultations will be earried out with local

leaders and other farmers to gain their understanding and

assess their receptivity and capabilities for participation

in the project

B Specific AID Actions for the Project Manager are

1) In cooperation with EARCDO implementation of CDF Loan for

Purchase of Equipment a Coordinate preparation specifications bidding procurement

and shipment

b With GOS integrate equipment delivery into project

operations

2) Follow up recruitment of technicians

Issue documentation (by OSARACO recruitment (by AIDW)

of the following technicians by contract a Soil Conservation Engineer (planning)

b Soil Conservation Engineer (construction)

c Range Management Specialist

d Animal Husbandry Specialist

e Shop Foreman

f Agriculture Economist (Marketing)

3) Plan and implement participant training schedule

(14)

The participant training program should coincide with In particularobjectives and timing of the project

it should provide for GOS personnel to be available

to replace US technicians before end to project

4) Develop a project evaluation procedure in concert with

GOS and UK

5) Assist Ministry with specific work plan for highveld

Prepare purchase orders for local procurementranch

6) Establish coordinating relationship with other donors

EXISTING AND PROPOSED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS

IN RELATION TO LAND CAPABILITY

I-

Raingrown ZgtIrrigatIon Cropping plus usect Essential for Irrigation Intensive e Where Needed K) Agriculture No rth

bb

Clasi n K CEt ral D

bull ~ Mnzini

IWOGi

t Classes AS and BSGood to hair soils or 1-A- L5Es nd lC Exipstig l Rural Development Areas

gentle to moderate slopes Boundaries of Rural Development Areas show

Swazi Nation Land only and excide Land

to be purchased

A C V 19_

(1)

ANNEX B

SECTORAL PROBLEMS OF SWAZILAND AGRICULTURE

1 Topography Soils and Climate

Swaziland contains a wide range of soils and climate conditions There are four well-defined topographic regions extending north to south The Highveld the Middleveld and the Lowveld are of more or less equal breadthwhile the Lebombo is a narrow strip on the eastern border

The Highveld region comprises 1280000 acres of which 500000 are Swazi Nation Lands and the remainder are prately owned The region embraces 29 percent of the total area of the country with altitudes varying between 3000 and 6100 feet Except for londs used for the production of crops to meet domestic food needs and for planted forests all of the Swazi lands are in native grass Because of steep slopes and marshlands only about 30 percentof the Highveld is arable Plentiful rainfall and the fact that the regionfalls in the mist belt render parts of it ideal nr forestry There are 263000 head of livestock in this region nearly 90 percent of which are owned by an estimated 8400 swazi farmers (see Table I)

Table I Livestock number by kinds by owLiership 1970 (Highveld)

Cattle Goats Sheep Horses Donkeys Mules

Swazi 116955 96259 16500 6402Non-Swazi 5382 939 20698 559

Total 122317 97198 37198 6961

This amounts to about 140000 grazing units on the Swazi Nation Highveld There is a serious imbalance in the livestock-feed situation in this region Also due to a short growing season winter feed supplies are indequate Cattle loose as much as 50 percent of the previous years gain Of this portion of the Highveldunder private ownership much of the better land is virtually unused (Some of these lands will be purchased and added to the RDAs)In the Highveld region there are four identified Rural Development Areas totaling about 194000 acres (over 100000 acres non-arable) and covering about 80000 livestock units The population is over 77000 with 8500 farm unitsIt will be necessary to use up to 115000 acres of adjoining land for grazingMost of the title-deed land of expatriates that is underutilized and offered forsale ic suitable only for extensive grazing Most of these properties are on the

(2)

highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

(3)

rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

(4)

Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

(5)

The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

(6)

Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

(7)

5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

(8)

has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

(1)

ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

(2)

internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

(3)

to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(12)

Institute for Tropical Agriculture Nigeria the proposed International Livestock Institute for Africa Major Cereals Projects in East and West Africa and research projects of TABAID

IV Implementation Plan

A General

1) The project will be implemented primarily by the Land Use Planning and Agricultural Extension Division of the GOS Ministry of Agriculture and the Rural Development Board Working liaison will be maintained with other donors and local institutions contributing directly to the project principally the Swaziland Credit and Savings Bank but

including the University of Botswana Lesotho and Swaziland (for training and research)

2) The Rural Development Board will act as the cooperating mechanism This agency meete regularly for coordination of

planning and monitoring A particular function will be to deal with unforeseen conditions affecting planned progress

Annual workplans are formulated at the village level and approved by the RDB The RDB also sees that evaluation procedures are established

3) Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section is responsible for the preparation of Land Use Plans

for selected areas These are finalized with the active participation and concurrence of the local chief The

construction of dams irrigation structures terraces etc is the responsibility of the Soil Conservation Units after final approval of the plans by the RDB The Conservation Units operate heavy earth moving and other equipment and are available for assignment to the RDAs or any other program of the Ministry of Agriculture The Soil Conservation

Officer in charge of the Units is directly responsible to the Chief Agricultural Officer

4) The Department of Veterinary services within the Ministry of Agriculture will be responsible for range management and

livestock activities in the project and for the research and demonstration ranch Annex C lists steps for initiating the research and demonstration ranch Two AID financed specialists one each in range management and animal husbandry will be assigned to the Veterinary Section

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5) The range management and livestock specialists in addition

to work at the highveld ranch will plan a demonstration and

educational program with the extension officers extension

agents and farm leaders within the RDAs to encourage all

cooperating farmers to adopt improved farm practices Field

crop aspects of the extension program will be planned and

carried out by the GOS extension staff

6) Early consultations will be held to determine Swazi Credit

and Savings Bank specific administrative and funding

requirements for the initial three years of the project

7) GOS counterpart staff for US technicians will be

assessed and assignments and training programmed

8) Early consultations will be earried out with local

leaders and other farmers to gain their understanding and

assess their receptivity and capabilities for participation

in the project

B Specific AID Actions for the Project Manager are

1) In cooperation with EARCDO implementation of CDF Loan for

Purchase of Equipment a Coordinate preparation specifications bidding procurement

and shipment

b With GOS integrate equipment delivery into project

operations

2) Follow up recruitment of technicians

Issue documentation (by OSARACO recruitment (by AIDW)

of the following technicians by contract a Soil Conservation Engineer (planning)

b Soil Conservation Engineer (construction)

c Range Management Specialist

d Animal Husbandry Specialist

e Shop Foreman

f Agriculture Economist (Marketing)

3) Plan and implement participant training schedule

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The participant training program should coincide with In particularobjectives and timing of the project

it should provide for GOS personnel to be available

to replace US technicians before end to project

4) Develop a project evaluation procedure in concert with

GOS and UK

5) Assist Ministry with specific work plan for highveld

Prepare purchase orders for local procurementranch

6) Establish coordinating relationship with other donors

EXISTING AND PROPOSED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS

IN RELATION TO LAND CAPABILITY

I-

Raingrown ZgtIrrigatIon Cropping plus usect Essential for Irrigation Intensive e Where Needed K) Agriculture No rth

bb

Clasi n K CEt ral D

bull ~ Mnzini

IWOGi

t Classes AS and BSGood to hair soils or 1-A- L5Es nd lC Exipstig l Rural Development Areas

gentle to moderate slopes Boundaries of Rural Development Areas show

Swazi Nation Land only and excide Land

to be purchased

A C V 19_

(1)

ANNEX B

SECTORAL PROBLEMS OF SWAZILAND AGRICULTURE

1 Topography Soils and Climate

Swaziland contains a wide range of soils and climate conditions There are four well-defined topographic regions extending north to south The Highveld the Middleveld and the Lowveld are of more or less equal breadthwhile the Lebombo is a narrow strip on the eastern border

The Highveld region comprises 1280000 acres of which 500000 are Swazi Nation Lands and the remainder are prately owned The region embraces 29 percent of the total area of the country with altitudes varying between 3000 and 6100 feet Except for londs used for the production of crops to meet domestic food needs and for planted forests all of the Swazi lands are in native grass Because of steep slopes and marshlands only about 30 percentof the Highveld is arable Plentiful rainfall and the fact that the regionfalls in the mist belt render parts of it ideal nr forestry There are 263000 head of livestock in this region nearly 90 percent of which are owned by an estimated 8400 swazi farmers (see Table I)

Table I Livestock number by kinds by owLiership 1970 (Highveld)

Cattle Goats Sheep Horses Donkeys Mules

Swazi 116955 96259 16500 6402Non-Swazi 5382 939 20698 559

Total 122317 97198 37198 6961

This amounts to about 140000 grazing units on the Swazi Nation Highveld There is a serious imbalance in the livestock-feed situation in this region Also due to a short growing season winter feed supplies are indequate Cattle loose as much as 50 percent of the previous years gain Of this portion of the Highveldunder private ownership much of the better land is virtually unused (Some of these lands will be purchased and added to the RDAs)In the Highveld region there are four identified Rural Development Areas totaling about 194000 acres (over 100000 acres non-arable) and covering about 80000 livestock units The population is over 77000 with 8500 farm unitsIt will be necessary to use up to 115000 acres of adjoining land for grazingMost of the title-deed land of expatriates that is underutilized and offered forsale ic suitable only for extensive grazing Most of these properties are on the

(2)

highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

(3)

rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

(4)

Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

(5)

The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

(6)

Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

(7)

5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

(8)

has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

(1)

ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

(2)

internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

(3)

to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(13)

5) The range management and livestock specialists in addition

to work at the highveld ranch will plan a demonstration and

educational program with the extension officers extension

agents and farm leaders within the RDAs to encourage all

cooperating farmers to adopt improved farm practices Field

crop aspects of the extension program will be planned and

carried out by the GOS extension staff

6) Early consultations will be held to determine Swazi Credit

and Savings Bank specific administrative and funding

requirements for the initial three years of the project

7) GOS counterpart staff for US technicians will be

assessed and assignments and training programmed

8) Early consultations will be earried out with local

leaders and other farmers to gain their understanding and

assess their receptivity and capabilities for participation

in the project

B Specific AID Actions for the Project Manager are

1) In cooperation with EARCDO implementation of CDF Loan for

Purchase of Equipment a Coordinate preparation specifications bidding procurement

and shipment

b With GOS integrate equipment delivery into project

operations

2) Follow up recruitment of technicians

Issue documentation (by OSARACO recruitment (by AIDW)

of the following technicians by contract a Soil Conservation Engineer (planning)

b Soil Conservation Engineer (construction)

c Range Management Specialist

d Animal Husbandry Specialist

e Shop Foreman

f Agriculture Economist (Marketing)

3) Plan and implement participant training schedule

(14)

The participant training program should coincide with In particularobjectives and timing of the project

it should provide for GOS personnel to be available

to replace US technicians before end to project

4) Develop a project evaluation procedure in concert with

GOS and UK

5) Assist Ministry with specific work plan for highveld

Prepare purchase orders for local procurementranch

6) Establish coordinating relationship with other donors

EXISTING AND PROPOSED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS

IN RELATION TO LAND CAPABILITY

I-

Raingrown ZgtIrrigatIon Cropping plus usect Essential for Irrigation Intensive e Where Needed K) Agriculture No rth

bb

Clasi n K CEt ral D

bull ~ Mnzini

IWOGi

t Classes AS and BSGood to hair soils or 1-A- L5Es nd lC Exipstig l Rural Development Areas

gentle to moderate slopes Boundaries of Rural Development Areas show

Swazi Nation Land only and excide Land

to be purchased

A C V 19_

(1)

ANNEX B

SECTORAL PROBLEMS OF SWAZILAND AGRICULTURE

1 Topography Soils and Climate

Swaziland contains a wide range of soils and climate conditions There are four well-defined topographic regions extending north to south The Highveld the Middleveld and the Lowveld are of more or less equal breadthwhile the Lebombo is a narrow strip on the eastern border

The Highveld region comprises 1280000 acres of which 500000 are Swazi Nation Lands and the remainder are prately owned The region embraces 29 percent of the total area of the country with altitudes varying between 3000 and 6100 feet Except for londs used for the production of crops to meet domestic food needs and for planted forests all of the Swazi lands are in native grass Because of steep slopes and marshlands only about 30 percentof the Highveld is arable Plentiful rainfall and the fact that the regionfalls in the mist belt render parts of it ideal nr forestry There are 263000 head of livestock in this region nearly 90 percent of which are owned by an estimated 8400 swazi farmers (see Table I)

Table I Livestock number by kinds by owLiership 1970 (Highveld)

Cattle Goats Sheep Horses Donkeys Mules

Swazi 116955 96259 16500 6402Non-Swazi 5382 939 20698 559

Total 122317 97198 37198 6961

This amounts to about 140000 grazing units on the Swazi Nation Highveld There is a serious imbalance in the livestock-feed situation in this region Also due to a short growing season winter feed supplies are indequate Cattle loose as much as 50 percent of the previous years gain Of this portion of the Highveldunder private ownership much of the better land is virtually unused (Some of these lands will be purchased and added to the RDAs)In the Highveld region there are four identified Rural Development Areas totaling about 194000 acres (over 100000 acres non-arable) and covering about 80000 livestock units The population is over 77000 with 8500 farm unitsIt will be necessary to use up to 115000 acres of adjoining land for grazingMost of the title-deed land of expatriates that is underutilized and offered forsale ic suitable only for extensive grazing Most of these properties are on the

(2)

highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

(3)

rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

(4)

Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

(5)

The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

(6)

Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

(7)

5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

(8)

has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

(1)

ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

(2)

internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

(3)

to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(14)

The participant training program should coincide with In particularobjectives and timing of the project

it should provide for GOS personnel to be available

to replace US technicians before end to project

4) Develop a project evaluation procedure in concert with

GOS and UK

5) Assist Ministry with specific work plan for highveld

Prepare purchase orders for local procurementranch

6) Establish coordinating relationship with other donors

EXISTING AND PROPOSED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS

IN RELATION TO LAND CAPABILITY

I-

Raingrown ZgtIrrigatIon Cropping plus usect Essential for Irrigation Intensive e Where Needed K) Agriculture No rth

bb

Clasi n K CEt ral D

bull ~ Mnzini

IWOGi

t Classes AS and BSGood to hair soils or 1-A- L5Es nd lC Exipstig l Rural Development Areas

gentle to moderate slopes Boundaries of Rural Development Areas show

Swazi Nation Land only and excide Land

to be purchased

A C V 19_

(1)

ANNEX B

SECTORAL PROBLEMS OF SWAZILAND AGRICULTURE

1 Topography Soils and Climate

Swaziland contains a wide range of soils and climate conditions There are four well-defined topographic regions extending north to south The Highveld the Middleveld and the Lowveld are of more or less equal breadthwhile the Lebombo is a narrow strip on the eastern border

The Highveld region comprises 1280000 acres of which 500000 are Swazi Nation Lands and the remainder are prately owned The region embraces 29 percent of the total area of the country with altitudes varying between 3000 and 6100 feet Except for londs used for the production of crops to meet domestic food needs and for planted forests all of the Swazi lands are in native grass Because of steep slopes and marshlands only about 30 percentof the Highveld is arable Plentiful rainfall and the fact that the regionfalls in the mist belt render parts of it ideal nr forestry There are 263000 head of livestock in this region nearly 90 percent of which are owned by an estimated 8400 swazi farmers (see Table I)

Table I Livestock number by kinds by owLiership 1970 (Highveld)

Cattle Goats Sheep Horses Donkeys Mules

Swazi 116955 96259 16500 6402Non-Swazi 5382 939 20698 559

Total 122317 97198 37198 6961

This amounts to about 140000 grazing units on the Swazi Nation Highveld There is a serious imbalance in the livestock-feed situation in this region Also due to a short growing season winter feed supplies are indequate Cattle loose as much as 50 percent of the previous years gain Of this portion of the Highveldunder private ownership much of the better land is virtually unused (Some of these lands will be purchased and added to the RDAs)In the Highveld region there are four identified Rural Development Areas totaling about 194000 acres (over 100000 acres non-arable) and covering about 80000 livestock units The population is over 77000 with 8500 farm unitsIt will be necessary to use up to 115000 acres of adjoining land for grazingMost of the title-deed land of expatriates that is underutilized and offered forsale ic suitable only for extensive grazing Most of these properties are on the

(2)

highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

(3)

rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

(4)

Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

(5)

The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

(6)

Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

(7)

5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

(8)

has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

(1)

ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

(2)

internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

(3)

to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

EXISTING AND PROPOSED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS

IN RELATION TO LAND CAPABILITY

I-

Raingrown ZgtIrrigatIon Cropping plus usect Essential for Irrigation Intensive e Where Needed K) Agriculture No rth

bb

Clasi n K CEt ral D

bull ~ Mnzini

IWOGi

t Classes AS and BSGood to hair soils or 1-A- L5Es nd lC Exipstig l Rural Development Areas

gentle to moderate slopes Boundaries of Rural Development Areas show

Swazi Nation Land only and excide Land

to be purchased

A C V 19_

(1)

ANNEX B

SECTORAL PROBLEMS OF SWAZILAND AGRICULTURE

1 Topography Soils and Climate

Swaziland contains a wide range of soils and climate conditions There are four well-defined topographic regions extending north to south The Highveld the Middleveld and the Lowveld are of more or less equal breadthwhile the Lebombo is a narrow strip on the eastern border

The Highveld region comprises 1280000 acres of which 500000 are Swazi Nation Lands and the remainder are prately owned The region embraces 29 percent of the total area of the country with altitudes varying between 3000 and 6100 feet Except for londs used for the production of crops to meet domestic food needs and for planted forests all of the Swazi lands are in native grass Because of steep slopes and marshlands only about 30 percentof the Highveld is arable Plentiful rainfall and the fact that the regionfalls in the mist belt render parts of it ideal nr forestry There are 263000 head of livestock in this region nearly 90 percent of which are owned by an estimated 8400 swazi farmers (see Table I)

Table I Livestock number by kinds by owLiership 1970 (Highveld)

Cattle Goats Sheep Horses Donkeys Mules

Swazi 116955 96259 16500 6402Non-Swazi 5382 939 20698 559

Total 122317 97198 37198 6961

This amounts to about 140000 grazing units on the Swazi Nation Highveld There is a serious imbalance in the livestock-feed situation in this region Also due to a short growing season winter feed supplies are indequate Cattle loose as much as 50 percent of the previous years gain Of this portion of the Highveldunder private ownership much of the better land is virtually unused (Some of these lands will be purchased and added to the RDAs)In the Highveld region there are four identified Rural Development Areas totaling about 194000 acres (over 100000 acres non-arable) and covering about 80000 livestock units The population is over 77000 with 8500 farm unitsIt will be necessary to use up to 115000 acres of adjoining land for grazingMost of the title-deed land of expatriates that is underutilized and offered forsale ic suitable only for extensive grazing Most of these properties are on the

(2)

highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

(3)

rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

(4)

Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

(5)

The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

(6)

Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

(7)

5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

(8)

has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

(1)

ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

(2)

internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

(3)

to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(1)

ANNEX B

SECTORAL PROBLEMS OF SWAZILAND AGRICULTURE

1 Topography Soils and Climate

Swaziland contains a wide range of soils and climate conditions There are four well-defined topographic regions extending north to south The Highveld the Middleveld and the Lowveld are of more or less equal breadthwhile the Lebombo is a narrow strip on the eastern border

The Highveld region comprises 1280000 acres of which 500000 are Swazi Nation Lands and the remainder are prately owned The region embraces 29 percent of the total area of the country with altitudes varying between 3000 and 6100 feet Except for londs used for the production of crops to meet domestic food needs and for planted forests all of the Swazi lands are in native grass Because of steep slopes and marshlands only about 30 percentof the Highveld is arable Plentiful rainfall and the fact that the regionfalls in the mist belt render parts of it ideal nr forestry There are 263000 head of livestock in this region nearly 90 percent of which are owned by an estimated 8400 swazi farmers (see Table I)

Table I Livestock number by kinds by owLiership 1970 (Highveld)

Cattle Goats Sheep Horses Donkeys Mules

Swazi 116955 96259 16500 6402Non-Swazi 5382 939 20698 559

Total 122317 97198 37198 6961

This amounts to about 140000 grazing units on the Swazi Nation Highveld There is a serious imbalance in the livestock-feed situation in this region Also due to a short growing season winter feed supplies are indequate Cattle loose as much as 50 percent of the previous years gain Of this portion of the Highveldunder private ownership much of the better land is virtually unused (Some of these lands will be purchased and added to the RDAs)In the Highveld region there are four identified Rural Development Areas totaling about 194000 acres (over 100000 acres non-arable) and covering about 80000 livestock units The population is over 77000 with 8500 farm unitsIt will be necessary to use up to 115000 acres of adjoining land for grazingMost of the title-deed land of expatriates that is underutilized and offered forsale ic suitable only for extensive grazing Most of these properties are on the

(2)

highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

(3)

rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

(4)

Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

(5)

The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

(6)

Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

(7)

5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

(8)

has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

(1)

ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

(2)

internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

(3)

to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(2)

highveld and have limited production capacity Nearly all of this land is suited only to grazing because of shallow soils and termed sourveld At present the low nutritive level is insufficient for maintenance of animals without supplementary feeding Research is required in more nutritive forms of grasses

The Middleveld region covers some 1900 square miles The altitudes varybetween 1500 and 3500 feet This region consists mainly of undulating terrainwith wide plains It has the greatest agricultural potential Some 41 percentof the countrys population lives here cultivatin- maize cotton tobaccopineapples citrus bananas and rice Dairying beef production and forestry are also agricultural activities in this region

The Lowveld region covers 2300 square miles or 30 percent of the country by area but accommodating only 25 percent of the population The landscape is level or gently undulating with heights of 500 to 1000 feet and occasional higher hills and ridges The level surgaces render more than 80 percent ofthe Lowveld region suitable for cultivation but the rainfalls are too unreliable for dryland farming Irrigation may be profilable and this is under studyThis region characterized by a hot and humid climate and typical bushveldvegetation was originally used mostly for cattle ranching and grazing but over recent years there has been a considerable increase in irrigated plantation typecultivation of sugarcane citrus rice and other crops

In the Lobomba Plateau region along the eastern border the altitudes average1800 feet The region covers about 500 square miles and with limited amount of good agricultural soil Cattle farming is the dominant activity

2 Land Tenure

In 1902 the UK assumed administrative responsibility for he territoryLand apportionment had issued concessions to expatriates for most of the land under the European system of freehold tenure In 1907 this proclamation statedthat one third of land held by concessionaires had to be ceded without compensation to the Swazi Nation Subsequently and in particular since 1946 further land has been purchased To date the area reserved for occupation by Swazis has beenfurther enlarged to about 56 percent mostly through official settlement schemes because of this historical development the Swazi Nation land is scattered throughshyout the country in many concontiguous parcels In the Swazi Nation areas a system of communal land ownership is practiced The King is recognized as havingoverall control of the land but he usually defers to local chiefs or the chiefs counsel to grant and deprive an individual of the right to use land There isthus a close connection between control over land rights political authorityand social order However since local chiefs are cooperating in the RDA effortthe communal land ownership should not be a constraint to increased productivityOn the contrarym if farmers could buy and sell land this could well encourage a

(3)

rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

(4)

Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

(5)

The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

(6)

Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

(7)

5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

(8)

has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

(1)

ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

(2)

internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

(3)

to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(3)

rural-urban migration as more successful farmers bought out the less fortunate

Table 2 Type of Land Tenure (in thousands of acres)

Area Percent

Land owned on freehold and concession title by individua Is 1918 447

Crown land and unallotted land 148 35

Swazi Nation Land 2224 518 of which LIFA purchased (268) (62)

Swazi settlement areas - (316)- (74)

Total 4290 OOO

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1970

3 Crop Production

Non-Swazi farmers operate most of the Title Deed Land and produce the bulk of the cash crops The average size of the individual Title Deed hold is about 1400 acres as compared with a mean family unit on Swazi Nation Land of eight acres of communal grazing The main cash crops are sugarcane cotton rice citrus pineapple tobacco and maize (Table 4) On Swazi Nation Land cotton and tobacco are also produced in appreciable quantities

The development of cash crops has been based primarily on the exploitation of water resources The area under irrigation expanded from 29000 acres in 1960 to 70000 in 1970 The United Nations Development Program has financed a comprehensive survey of the cGuntrys water resources in order to determine the overall potential for ittigation and hydroelectric power

Land purchased by the Swazi Nation with the proceeds of a special tax on cattle in the late 1940s and now used for subsistence agriculture and grazing

(4)

Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

(5)

The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

(6)

Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

(7)

5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

(8)

has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

(1)

ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

(2)

internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

(3)

to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(4)

Modern Sub-Sector

Crop Acreages and Production on Title Deed Land 196869

Area Cultivated Area Irrigated Area Harvested Productiod Acres Percent Acres Acres Short Tons

Sugar Cane 39050 460 39050 31760 1430110 Cotton 17030 201 1750 15120 4400 Maize 10950 129 500 10350 4250 Rice 7220 85 6532 6990 17140 Citrus 5100 60 5100 4600 601OO Pineapples 2130 25 100 1550 9960 Avocado 323 04 323 323 150 Bananas 322 04 322 322 540 Field Beans 1250 15 720 11586 277 Legums 426 05 - 371 255 Tobacco 7 05 01 56 105 31 Vegetables 220 03 210 213 10650Other Crops 750 08 411 650 2750Total 84876 1000 55074 73578

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Census of Title Deed Agriculture 196869 February 1971

Nearly all commercial production is carried on by expatriate farmers and large foreign-owned estates The growth of modern-method agriculture is illustrated by the growth of agricultural exports which increased from R2 million in 1956 to R29 million in 1969 The most important exports in 1969 were sugar (Rll million) Forestry products (R9 million) citrus and other tropical fruits (R5 million) and meat and meat products (R3 million) Most of the sugar and citrus is grown by foreign companies on irrigated land The forestry products come from concessions owned by three companies

Production of maize the staple cereal for Swazis is not sufficient for demand and about one-third of maize consumed is imported in a year of normal production

5 This table does not include any allowance for crops grown on Swazi Nation Land 6 The remaining acres of sorghums were used for grazing 7 Excluding potatoes

(5)

The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

(6)

Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

(7)

5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

(8)

has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

(1)

ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

(2)

internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

(3)

to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(5)

The rate of growth in the modern agricultural sector is likely to be less

rapid than before independence because the most obvious investment opportunitiem

have been developed

b The Traditional Subsector twoFarm production and earnings suffered set backs during the last

the 1968 and 1969 rain-fed cropsyears Drought conditions sharply reduced

Its greatest impact was in traditional Swazi farming where rain-fed cotton is

a major cash crop and maize is the main staple

Livestock sales and income dropped with poor grazing conditions accentuated Livestock

by foot and mouth outbreaks in 1968 and 1969 which curtailed exports

sales normally account for an average of almost 80 percent of all cash income for

rural families Assessments made for National Accounts purposes indicate that

rqpl family income may have declinedby as much as one-fifth from 196667 tQ

to poor animal husbandry practicesand this can be partially attributed196768 -

The communally-owned Swazi farming sector has failed to show any perceptible

improvement in productivity and incomes over the last five years judging from

low eg maize 400 lbacrelimited statistical information Yields are

white maize yields on neighboring expatriate farms are as high as 200 lbacre

Extension efforts have had little impact due to farm fragmentation and use of

improper soils

Estimates of Major Crop Acreages and Production on SwaziTable 4 Nation Land for 196869 Seasonal

ProductionAreaCrop Acres Percent (in short tons)

59800234000 834 2500

Maize Sorghum 21500 73

5404000 11Beans 5004400 12Groundnuts

210017000 62Cotton 190710 03Tobacco 350

Wattle Bark (dried) -

Total 281610 1000

Source Ministry of Agriculture

4 Animal Husbandry

Permanent grazing for cattle covers 73 percent of the countrys total area

(6)

Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

(7)

5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

(8)

has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

(1)

ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

(2)

internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

(3)

to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(6)

Some 80 percent of the cattle belong to Swazis but livestock management isnot efficient while livestock products are the largest source of income forthe Swazi farmer Over-grazing of pastures and soil erosion have assumedserious proportions Cattle diseases and periodic droughts also causeconsiderable stock losses every year The total number of cattle increasedfrom 417000 in 1950 to 568000 in 1970 in spite of the fact that soilerosion and increased cropping have reduced the pasturage area The Swazilandauthorities hope to raise productivity in animal husbandry by disease controlextension work and education Since 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture hasoperated two presaie fattening ranches of 25000 acres each in the mid andlower velds for use by stockowners The value of cattle kept on theseholding grounds increases by about 20 percent in one grazing season Amonthly management fee of RO75 per head is charged So far the groundshave not been stocked to capacity The fairly good demand in the cattlemarkets in South Africa in recent years may have influenced Swazi owners todrive their cattle over the border for sale on the hoof There is considerableinformation required on the economics of livestock production in the highveldparticularlyin pasturage disease control grazing capacity and prospects of supplemental feeding

Cattle to be slaughtered for export as well as a large part of thosedestined for the local market are handled by the Swaziland Meat Corporationat Matsapa ( Xnxi2i~ktt slaughters about 25000 head a year and has facilitiesfor slaughtering deboning chilling freezing canning and processing ofanimal by-products Another 35000 head were slaughtered elsewhere for localconsumption and about 7500 head were exported as live animals

Table 5 Livestock Population 1966-68

(In thousands)

1966 1969 1970

Cattle 4910 5382 5684 Goats 2200 2481 2590Sheep 360 407 397Horses 22 21 23Mules 06 03 04Donkeys 153 144 147 Poultry 3446 3375 3593 Pigs 81 116 115

Source Swaziland Department of Statistics Annual Statistical Bulletin 1968 Up-dated

(7)

5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

(8)

has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

(1)

ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

(2)

internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

(3)

to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(7)

5 Ministry of Agriculture

In 197071 recurrent expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture represented 80 percent of the national budget The Ministry provides services through two major departments Agriculture and Veterinary and a small Cooperative Department unit The Agriculture Department has four main sections Extension (land planning conservation extension and home economics) Settlements Research and Agricultural Education The Veterinary Department has a regulatory section dealing with meat inspection veterinary and animal health dairying and cattle breeding

Before the RDA scheme was started there was a small dam building program on Swazi National land Much of this expenditure was ineffective because dams were built without recourse to preliminary water surveys on rainfall runshyoff and stream-flow without soil surveys of potential irrigable land or stock watering needs and without coordination with other water resource development The dams have remained underutilized due of a lack of follow-up to ensure that water is used for irrigation or otherwise This will be corrected as part of the RDA effort

The agricultural research division is well supported but has been oriented towards agronomic problems of major cash crops produced on title-deed farms Heretofore the division has done little work with Swazi subsistence crops or with animal husbandry research and has just terminated a small program on pasture and veld utilization One well run research station at Malkerns has been turned over to SACUC The research program has been supported since its inception by grants from the British Government by commercial agricultural organizations for citrus cotton and pineapple In 1968 an additional forestry research section was set up by the UK and the forestry industry Sugar research and extension is carried out under contract with the South African Sugar Association at Mount Edgecombe Natal The major role of the Veterinary Department has been the control of livestock disease with considerable recent success in controlling the spread of foot and mouth outshybreaks from the Mozambique border An adequate coverage of 600 cattle dips and a well staffed Department has controlled tick-bone diseases The Department also has responsibility for operation of two holding and fattening ranches in the lowveld The Department is also responsible for breeding research and inshymmvice veterinarytraining for staffshy

6 Planning

Responsibility for sector planning is divided between the Planning Departshyment of Prime Ministers office and the Land Planning Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture

The Planning Department is responsible for formulation of policy at the national level for annual development plans for on-going evaluation of programs and for coordination of programs and projects of all ministries - In addition they prepare applications to donor agencies for project aid Reataffing

(8)

has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

(1)

ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

(2)

internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

(3)

to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(8)

has been taking place and a chief of Planning has been seconded by UN to supplement the Permanent Secretary Within the Ministry of Agriculture the Land Use Planning Section along with local chiefs and the Rural Development Board prepare detailed development plans for new RDA areas At present the section comprises soil surveyors cartographers and irrigation officer under the control of a Land Planning Officer Planning in general has been hampered by a critical qhortage of technical and limited data in Swaziland area on land use production costs potential yields and farm income This has been improved by the reoults of a number of in-depth farm management studies carried out over the last two years by the Ministry of Agriculture and by the detailed planning that has gone into the RDAs A census of title-deed agriculture has been published and a forthcoming report on employment and wages wil cover agriculture A major survey of Swaziland agriculture will be carried oqt in 1972 directed by an FAO expert preceded by a ilot census and a regional survey

7 Government Budget for Agriculture

The budget estimates for 197071 provided for RI34 million (80 percent of the total Government Budget) of current expenditure for the Ministry of Agriculshyture This does not include agriculture-related expenditure by other agencies ie the Ministry of Commerce for support of agricultural processing industries the Public Works Department for Water resources development or the Central Rural Development Board of the Swazi National Treasury Capital expenditureamp by Government were budgeted at R3243201 in 197172 or 34 percent of the capital budget

(1)

ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

(2)

internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

(3)

to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(1)

ANNEX C

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT AND SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION

RANCH It is estimated that the optimum stocking rate for the highveld at presentis 12-15 acres per livestock unit so it is obvious that the Swazi owned areais grossly overstocked with 1 IZ per 4 acres Under existing institutionaland economic conditions however it is extremely difficult to improve thequalfi y of livestock increase off-take and reduce stocking As part of thepolution it hat been proposed to purchase substantial amounts of under-utilized

land and to usS4ndfor controlled grazing

The necessity for the purchase of additional land was recognized by theLand Mission appointed in 1969 by the Governments of Swaziland and the UnitedKingdom As a result of their recommendations the Overseas DevelopemntAdministration has approved the purchase of substantial areas of Highveldgrazing land This land will be used to permit the rational planning anddevelopment of Rural Developemnt Areas The four RDAs in the Highveld are194740 acres in extent and contain some 80000 livestock units Withoutadditional land planning and developemnt of these RDAs would be completely impossible

Practically no work has been done in Swaziland on the correct utilizationof the natural grazing to prevent the deterioration or d sappearance of the moredesirable species of grasses Consequently at present no firm recommendations can be made on stocking rates fertilisation of the veld grazing rotationalpatterns and their effect on the indigenous grasses Similarly there is noinformation on the feasibility of introducing new species of grass the costsof establishment and the economic implications of different species

Ths information is necessary before the RDAs and the purchased land inthe highveld can be managed efficiently and economically to give the highertake-off necessary to improve the level of income of the stock owner in thisecological zone At present the inhabitants of areathis exist at a very lowlevel and it is essential that thin standard be raised

Quite apart thefrom monetary aspect poor range management and overgrazingwill rapidly cause erosion in this zone of high rainfall with resultantdisastrous effects on all the agricultural development in the whole of Swazilandas the country is dependent to a large extent on the idinfall in the highveldsupplying the water for the middle and low veld

In conjunction with the investigations into range management and introductionof improved grasses work would also be carried out on supplementary feedingduring the winter months mineral deficiences (it is known that these

(2)

internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

(3)

to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(2)

internal parasitism etc definitely occur)

for Swazi livestock Provision will also be made

for the running courses

from Mpisi Livestock Breeding Center

extension and field staff and students

and the University College

To ensure that the methods and techniques developed and proved on the

ranch are given the widest possible publicity and acceptance in

the RDAs and

other Swazi areas the Mfnistry of Agriculture will conduct field days for

Chicis Indunas other people prominent in the farming community

and extension the

workers and demonstrate to extension workers chiefs

farmers etc

he gained by putting into practice the basic principles

of range

benefits to

marlgement and animal husbandry

In addition to the above functions the station will play an important

regards the highveld a vital part in the overall plan for livestock

and as improvement in the territory

As part of the program for livestock improvement it has been found

necessary to introduce cattle with greater genetic potential

than the indigenous

slow maturing a low milk producer Nguni which although extremely

hardy is

and does not give a particularly good carcase

To attain this objective herds of Brahman Simmentaler

Friesland and

improved Nguni are being bred and in the coursebulls

and heifers will be

Owing to the distinctly different ecological

available for distribution lowveldin the zones in Swaziland it is necessary to have breeding

centres

to overcome the difficulties of acclimatization and

middleveld and highveld For instanceheartwater

which is widespread in the lowvelddoes not

disease occur in the highveld

A breeding center ib already established and functioning

in the middleshy

in the lowveld is in the process of being developed at

veld (Mpisi) the one that the center in the highveld

will be at the

Big Bend and it is intended Failure to run in conjunction with

it

site of the Demonstraiion Ranch and

establish this will result in the highveld where so

much land is being

for RDAs falling behind the rest of the country

purchased for grazing areas The results of this could

in developing its cattle resources and off-take

badly set back progress of the RDAs in this ecological zone

Land Purchase

Purchase approximately 6000 acres at estimated

price of $70000 UK

Basic infrastructure

purchase to be made by UK in advance of project start

(3)

to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(3)

to be installed during first two years

Roads GOS

Construct 8 miles of 24 feet entry road to headquarters and 10 miles of15 feet internal accesaroads Complete road system first 4 months of projectThe Ministrys conservation unit will be assigned the job of road constructionand the GOS will be responsible for all costs Estimated cost of roads and c ssings $19000

lencing US

Con3truct 36 miles of six strand barbed wire fence Boundary fence tobe constructed first six months followed by internal fencing Materials tobe purchased at start of project and boundary fences and headquarters fencingconstructed first year The GOS department of Veterinary Services will construct the fences to be purchased by AID Estimated coat of fencing$21000

Buildings US

Since a major objective is the training of counterparts extension agentsstudent trainee and farmers housing for US and GOS personnel directlyconnected with the project plus simple ranch buildings are necessaryBuilding construction to be phased over two-year period Construction by thePublic Works Department or by local contractor under supervision of PublicWorks Department Estimated cost of housing and farm structures $42000

Water Development GOS

Small perennial streams are abundant and stockwater developments generallyunnecessary One earthen dam will be constructed primarily to serve as roadcrossing of a steep ravine It will also serve for stock water A plasticpipeline approximately 2500 feet will be built from the waterfall to headshyquarters early the first year Estimated cost $7700

Vehicles US

Purchase 4 pickups and one 2k ton truck at start of project Estimated cost $19000

Farm Machinery and Equipment US

Purchase of assorted farm machinery including tractors and hand toolsEstimated cost -$31000

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(4)

Headquarters Livestock Herdling Facilities GOS

Construct corral dips weigh bridges pens squeeze chute first yearRanch personnel and the Department of Veterinary Services will be responsiblefor construction Estimated cost to GOS -$3500

Livestock Cos

Phase animal purchases over period of 4 shy 5 years as productive capacityof ranch and breeding needs are determined The Department of VeterinaryServices will be responsible for purchases Estimated cost $44000

Personnel

GOS counterparts US technicians farm manager assistant managerand handyman should be on hand at start of project Laborers to be hired as needed Counterparts to be assigned at start of project

Technology

The technicians at the ranch will devise grazing management plans for range sites and condition and identify methods for improvement

Livestock improvement through selection and breeding should be developedthrough purchase herd increase and introduction of improved beef and milk animals as rapidly as the rational management of the grass resources will permit Purchases of Nguni cattle should be made from highveld herds

Project personnel will keep detailed records and prepare progress reportsand findings on management systems carrying capacity season of use livestock gains milk production condition of range costs and benefits comparisionsand costs of supplemental feed herd records optimum off-take etc

Field Trials

Field trials of various management techniques will be given This mayinclude some presently used range1Ind management techniques compared with acceptable improved methods for the purpose of evaluating and demonstrating the effects of change

Final determination of such trials will be made by the technical personnel as the project is developed and timing for these trials has been determined Also to be conducted willib gttriala involving winter grazing without proteinsupplement with protein supplement supplemental feeding with hay and supplemental feeding with grain Hayland production with and without fertilizer should be researched and eventually demonstrated

(5)

Extension Off the Ranch

Technical range site decriptions of the highveld and a techniciansguide to range conditions will be prepared Information developed here willbe extended for use on the ranch with counterpart technicians extension agentscollege students and trainees

The two US technicians assigned to this project will also assist indeveloping technical guides for other grazing areas in Swaziland and forassistance in planning and implementation of livestock components of RDA efforts in range management and increased cattle off-take

(1)

ANNEX D

DIMENSIONS AND BENCHMARKS FOR THE RDAs

1 Northern RDA

Acres -- existing 48972 acres to be purchased 1971-73 16000 acres

to be purchased after 1973 34759 screl

Farmers 1860

Income Per Family - 1970 R1O000 pa

1975 R30000 pa at 1970 prices

Cattle - 1970 8443 head

1975 8443 head

Crops - 1970 15300 acres

1975 15300 acres

Range Areas - 1970 33672 acres

1975 84430 acres

Fencing - 1970 none miles

1975 60 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R150000 (excluding equipment and technician

Villages 1970-75 10 (no) costs)

Dams - none1970 (no)

1975 15 (no)

Note LU Livestock Units

(2)

3 Central RDA

Acres -- Existing 101102 to be purchased 1971-73 23981

to be purchased after 1973 26461

Farmers 4620

Income Per Family - 1970 R10000 pa

1975 R30000 ps at 1970 prices

Cattle - 1970 14 90 head

1975 4 290 head

Crops 1970 37224 acres

1975 37224 acres

Range Areas - 1970 63878 acres

1975 114320 acres

Fencing - 1970 5 miles

1975 150 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R150000 (excluding equipment

Villages 1970-75 10 (nO) and technician costs)

Dams 1970 10 (no)

1975 32 (no)

3 Souihern

Acres -- existing 73676 acres to be purchased 1971 - 73 4k4 4 N

to be purchased after 1973 40977

Farmers 5060

Income per Family 1970 R10000 pa

1975 R40000 ps at 1970 prices

Cattle 1970 1P77 head

1975 11577 head

(3)

rops 1970 37958 acres

1975 37958 acres

Range Areas 1970 35718 acres

1975 81039 acres

Fencing 1970 10 miles

1975 110 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 RlOqOOO

Villages (excluding equipment1970-75 10 (no) and technician costa

Dams 1970 12 (no)

1975 43 (no)

4 Ebulandzeni

Acres -- existing 5900 to be purchased before 1975 8405

Families 174

Income per Family 1970 R8000 pa

1975 R30000 pa

Cattle at 1970 prices1970 1564 LU

1975 1564 LU

Crops 1970 2555 acres

1975 2555 acres

Range Areas 1970 3318 acres

1975 14305 acres approx 40 miles on SNLFencing 1970 368 miles on purchase area

1975 366 miles on SNL 560 miles on Purchase Area

(4)

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R40000

Villages 1970-75 4 (no)

10 Program on SNL completedISMsS 1970 (no)

by 1970 1975 13 (no) (3 on Purchase are)

5 Mahlangstsha

Acres -- existing 221 32 to be purchased before 1975 39-48

Families 600

Income Per Family 1970 R10000

1975 R30000 at 1970 prices

Cattle 1970 4892 LU

1975 4892 LU

Crops 1970 12259 acres

1975 12259 acres

Range Areas 970 9873 Acres

1975 49359 acres

Fencing v 1970 24 miles on SNL 646 miles on Purchase Area

1975 591 miles on SNL 1620 miles onPurchase Area

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R38300 (Excluding equipment and

Villages 1970-75 1 (no) technical costs)

Dams 1970 2 (no)

1975 9 (no)

6 Sipocosini

Acres -- existing 27408 to be purchased before 1975 19626

Families 495

(5)

Income Per Family 1970 R100

1975 R300 at 1970 prices

Cattle 1970 3672 LU

1975 4480 LU

Crops 1970 12233 acres

1975 12233 acres

Range Areas 1970 15175 acres

1975 34801 acres

Fencing 1970 130 miles

1975 1120 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R27531

Villages 1970-75 2 (no)

Dams 1960 - (no)

1975 4 (no)

TOTALS

Acres -4 existing 279190 to be purchased 1971 - 73 44425

to be purchased before 1975 169714

Farmers

Income Per iamily 1970 RIOO

1975 R3CO

Cattle 1970 44438 LU

1975 44438 LU

Crops 1970 117529 acres

(6)

Range Areas 1970 161634 acres

1975 378254 acres

Fencing 1970 1358 miles

1975 7457 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R505831 (max

Villages 1970-75 37 (no)

Dame 1970 34 (no)

1975 116 (no)

Annex E Brief Job Description of AID Technicians

A Soil Conservation Engineers

Qualification

A graduate in Agriculture or Civil Engineering if the formerConservation Engineering should have been then

one of the major subjectsstudied for the degree in Agriculture If the latter hydrology shouldhave been studied and subsequent experience been in the field ofAgriculture and conservation

Job Description

The Conservation Engineer would be required to undertake thep1 nning and design of conservation measures and systems as a memberof a planning team These would call for

1 An abliity to assess the overall infrastructural needs of a landunit and produce a physical plan illustrating the positions of roadswaterways diversions and storm drains river crossings and all theother attendant features including water storage dams

2 In addition he will be required to select out more specificproject areas within the land unit and on the basis of aerial photographyandor topographical mapping produce detailed designs of waterconservation structures including open earth and lined furrow or canalsfor irrigation Using applicable storm data and run-off characteristicsand nedimentationOrates determines watershed yields and storage needsfor earth-fill dams for irrigation and other purposes plus watershed protection needs

3 He should have a good practical working knowledgetopographical survey ofbe able to use both level and theodolite but is not

required to be -certificated

B Heavy Equipment - Workshop Manager

Qualifications

Mechanical Engineer - A graduate in MeL anical Engineering or afully apprenticed mechanic of at least ten to fifteen years practicalexperience on diesel and heavy earth moving plant Should be capableof office administration and the daily supervision and direction of four toffive other qualified mechanics and machine hands

a

Job Description

He would be required to

1 Run and operate a mechanical Workshop in Manzini undertaking all manner of repaie work

2 He should be fully knowledgeable of a wide range of earth moving plants of different manufacturers and should also be capable of organizing and administrating a preventative maintenance programn-mtincluding the necessary training of personnel

3 On the basis bf the above (2) he should be able to arrangefor the ordering of spare parts and parts exchanging units in good time so as to prevent wasteful delays in downj time Develop and maintenance of effective relationships with numerous parts suppliers is a requirement

4 He should have the ability to improvise the manufacture of construction materials in steel as required from time to time in the form of railings pipe fittings suspension cables spray rigs eta

5 He should also be fully conversant with the techniques of operatibg earth moving equipment especially in the use of crawler shy

equipment and scraper operation

6 He should have the ability to develop and maintain effective working relationships with operators and site foreman in the field leading to efficient and economical use of machinery plus sound decisions on routing and reppLirs of eiiprqnht

7 He should understand warranties and take prompt actions for their fulfillment as necessary

C Range Management Advisor

The range management technician should have a wide range of experience in several range areas with a strong livestock and ecologicalbackground He should be capable of developing sound technical guidesincorporating management needs over a wide range of range cites covering several climatic and altitudinal uones having great variations in soils slopes vegetative compositions and condition A capability

-3shy

to develop and apply practical and economically sound managementplans over extensive range areas involving diverse groups is necessary The ability to work with high level governmental administrators and technicians is necessary as well as with farmers owning only a few head of stock Training counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders is a requirement

D Animal Husbandry Advisor

The animal husbandman must have a strong educational and professional experience background in breeding of livestock selection for upgrading native as well as improvial breeds of cattle sheep and goats Familiarity with and treatment needs of animal diseases expecially in endemic and erosion diseases is desirable Knowdglfe of animal nutrition requirements based on native range forage crop residue and local supplements is pertinent

He must possess the ability to use this knowledge to develop workable plans and extension approaches to peoples and situations in the Highveld and other areas in Swaziland

The ability to xtrain and motivate all levels of persons in the livestock field is necessary including counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders

E Ageiculture Economict--Marketing

Qualifications

This position calls for an agricultural economist preferably with some overseas experience in project preparations and in setting up agricultural economics research programs and marketing studies in developing ountries A PhD in the field of agricultural economics is desirable but not required if the candidate is otherwise qualified on the basis of experience The incumbent should have training and experience in agricultural marketing economics analysis and production economics

Job Description

1 Assists Ministry in economics and financial analysis related to rural development and in specific project preparation and evaluation

2 Directs and assists the Ministry in carrying out needed agricultural economic studies and analysis relating to rural development program

-4shy

3 Assists in developing techniques for evaluating Agricultural Five-Year Plan and provides the leadership and direction in preparing the new Five-Year Plans

4 Serves as agricultural representative on inter-ministerial planning committees

Life of Project

PROJECT DEcICN SUMMARY From FY 72 to FY 77 LOGICAL IRAMEWORK Total US Funding $2165000Date Prepared Oct 31 1971

Project Title Swaziland Rural Development 690-11-110-024

NARRATIVE SUMMARY OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICAT(RS MEANS OF VERIFICATION IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS Assumptions for achieving goal

Program or Sector Goal The broader objective Measures of Goal Achievement 1 Absence of requirements targetsto which this project contributes 1 RDAs become viable self-ststaining for additional external inputs I COS will continue to giveTo support the GOS Agriculture Development entities same kind of priority to Agpriorities designed to improve the standard sector of living of rural peoples through improved agriculture production and related public services

Project Purpose Conditions that will indicate Furpose 1 National statistical Assumptions for achievingTo increase agricultural productivity and has been achieved End of project status information purposefarmer income within the 6 rural develop- i Real per capita farm income will 2 Direct observation 1 Rate of inflation will ment areas increase 30 over life of project not increase

2 Increase in national grain product- 2 There will be an expanshyion increase in national cattle take sion of both domestic and off South African markets 3 Increased export earnings Irom Ag production Elimination of gisin imports

Outputs Relative to RDAs Magnitude of Outputs 1 National statistical Assumptions for providing1 Tmproved range management practices and 1 Ratio of acres per animal urit changes information outputs more rational pattern of land use from 151 to 101 Rotational grazing 2 Special baseline studies if i Prices for grain and livestock 2 Increased production of maize and sorghum systems introduced needed will stay the same or increase at 3 Expanded administrative capacity within 2 Maize yields up from 400 pounds per 3 Direct observation a rational rate the Ministry acre to 800 per acre Wheat from 300 2 The GOS National Council will 4 Increased yields of livestock products pounds per acre to 900 pounds continue support for the RDA 5 Expanded farmer access to public services 3 Placement of 15 formally trained schemecredit and markets personnel in Ministry Phase-out US 3 Recruitment of highly trained 6 Reduced erosion and expanded water advisors technicians will be achieved on supplies 4 Cattle take off up from 12 to 17 a timely basis 7 Creation of farm to market roads per year Cattle to marketable matur- 4 GOS will successfully introshy

ity in 4 years with increase ir carcass duce improved farming and animal weight husbandry techniques5 Completion of 15 rural village cen- 5 New seed varieties compatibleters with extension and marketing ser- to Swazi ecology will be vices available 6 Construction of terraces on 125000 6 GOS will provide increased acres and 100 dams public services required in RDAs 7 Construction of 350 miles of feeder roads and fence lines

Inputs IMPLEMENTATION TARGET (TYPE ANT QUAN- I AID Budget Assumptions for providing inputsI-US Technicians TITY) 2 Direct observation 1 That UK will continue to2- US Loan - (Equipment and Credit) (See inputs section of PROP) 3 Project Implementation Plan provide pledged level of assisshy3 Participant and farmer training 4 Project Evaluation tance on schedule 4 UK - a) technicians b) land purchase 2 Equipment provided under loan

c) loan to Swazi Credit Bank will be shipped on time 5 GOS Contributions 3 Expanded credit institutions

will be createdlamp faAk44bU a~t

nepartrn ent Sta-te IL

A NDLAAFS1D 223

GAE~ 01 MBBN065 241052Z-

ACT ION AID0-31I

INFO OCT-01 AF-05 037W 365

R 240915Z NOV 71R51 MAMEMBASSY MBABANE TSECSTATE WASHDC 2628

UNCLAS MBABANE 1675

SUBi RURAL DEVELOPMENT- PROP 024

REFt ELLISCAMPBELL LETTER NOVEMXER 151 1971

I TO ASSIST IN AIDW REVIEW SUBJECT PROJECT PROPOSALIN i A-RESPONSE QUESTIONS REFERENCELETTER OSARAC HADPLANNED THAT

TECHNICIANS WOULD BE AS SELF-SUFFICIENT AS POSSIBLE FOLLOW ING APPROACH ALREADY USED UBLS PIOT WHIC PROVIDESALLOW-ANCES IN LIEU OFPREVIOUS PREQUISITES HOWEVERi LOGISTICAL SPECIFICS NOT INCLUDED IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROP SINCEPROP FOLLOWS NEW MO AND LOGISTIC ITEMS MORE PROPERLY ADDRESSED PROAG AND PIOT

20 RECOMMENDATION-THAT CONTRACT BE TRANSCENTURY TYPE NOT MEANT TO IMPLY TOPPING UP ONLY THAT US INSITUTTION B CK-STOPPING UNNECESSARY PROJECT FORMULATED AND DISCUSSED HJTH GOS ON BASIS FUCL FUNDING-ALTHOUGHTECHNICiANS WOULD WORK OPERATIONALLY WITHIN MINISTRY CF AGRiCULTURE

3 RECOMMENDATION CONSTRUCTION ALTERNATIVE FOR HOUSING DEVELOPED AFTER PROP FORWARDEDo SPICER

UNCLASIFIED

eNa - N

(1)

ANNEX D

DIMENSIONS AND BENCHMARKS FOR THE RDAs

1 Northern RDA

Acres -- existing 48972 acres to be purchased 1971-73 16000 acres

to be purchased after 1973 34759 screl

Farmers 1860

Income Per Family - 1970 R1O000 pa

1975 R30000 pa at 1970 prices

Cattle - 1970 8443 head

1975 8443 head

Crops - 1970 15300 acres

1975 15300 acres

Range Areas - 1970 33672 acres

1975 84430 acres

Fencing - 1970 none miles

1975 60 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R150000 (excluding equipment and technician

Villages 1970-75 10 (no) costs)

Dams - none1970 (no)

1975 15 (no)

Note LU Livestock Units

(2)

3 Central RDA

Acres -- Existing 101102 to be purchased 1971-73 23981

to be purchased after 1973 26461

Farmers 4620

Income Per Family - 1970 R10000 pa

1975 R30000 ps at 1970 prices

Cattle - 1970 14 90 head

1975 4 290 head

Crops 1970 37224 acres

1975 37224 acres

Range Areas - 1970 63878 acres

1975 114320 acres

Fencing - 1970 5 miles

1975 150 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R150000 (excluding equipment

Villages 1970-75 10 (nO) and technician costs)

Dams 1970 10 (no)

1975 32 (no)

3 Souihern

Acres -- existing 73676 acres to be purchased 1971 - 73 4k4 4 N

to be purchased after 1973 40977

Farmers 5060

Income per Family 1970 R10000 pa

1975 R40000 ps at 1970 prices

Cattle 1970 1P77 head

1975 11577 head

(3)

rops 1970 37958 acres

1975 37958 acres

Range Areas 1970 35718 acres

1975 81039 acres

Fencing 1970 10 miles

1975 110 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 RlOqOOO

Villages (excluding equipment1970-75 10 (no) and technician costa

Dams 1970 12 (no)

1975 43 (no)

4 Ebulandzeni

Acres -- existing 5900 to be purchased before 1975 8405

Families 174

Income per Family 1970 R8000 pa

1975 R30000 pa

Cattle at 1970 prices1970 1564 LU

1975 1564 LU

Crops 1970 2555 acres

1975 2555 acres

Range Areas 1970 3318 acres

1975 14305 acres approx 40 miles on SNLFencing 1970 368 miles on purchase area

1975 366 miles on SNL 560 miles on Purchase Area

(4)

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R40000

Villages 1970-75 4 (no)

10 Program on SNL completedISMsS 1970 (no)

by 1970 1975 13 (no) (3 on Purchase are)

5 Mahlangstsha

Acres -- existing 221 32 to be purchased before 1975 39-48

Families 600

Income Per Family 1970 R10000

1975 R30000 at 1970 prices

Cattle 1970 4892 LU

1975 4892 LU

Crops 1970 12259 acres

1975 12259 acres

Range Areas 970 9873 Acres

1975 49359 acres

Fencing v 1970 24 miles on SNL 646 miles on Purchase Area

1975 591 miles on SNL 1620 miles onPurchase Area

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R38300 (Excluding equipment and

Villages 1970-75 1 (no) technical costs)

Dams 1970 2 (no)

1975 9 (no)

6 Sipocosini

Acres -- existing 27408 to be purchased before 1975 19626

Families 495

(5)

Income Per Family 1970 R100

1975 R300 at 1970 prices

Cattle 1970 3672 LU

1975 4480 LU

Crops 1970 12233 acres

1975 12233 acres

Range Areas 1970 15175 acres

1975 34801 acres

Fencing 1970 130 miles

1975 1120 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R27531

Villages 1970-75 2 (no)

Dams 1960 - (no)

1975 4 (no)

TOTALS

Acres -4 existing 279190 to be purchased 1971 - 73 44425

to be purchased before 1975 169714

Farmers

Income Per iamily 1970 RIOO

1975 R3CO

Cattle 1970 44438 LU

1975 44438 LU

Crops 1970 117529 acres

(6)

Range Areas 1970 161634 acres

1975 378254 acres

Fencing 1970 1358 miles

1975 7457 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R505831 (max

Villages 1970-75 37 (no)

Dame 1970 34 (no)

1975 116 (no)

Annex E Brief Job Description of AID Technicians

A Soil Conservation Engineers

Qualification

A graduate in Agriculture or Civil Engineering if the formerConservation Engineering should have been then

one of the major subjectsstudied for the degree in Agriculture If the latter hydrology shouldhave been studied and subsequent experience been in the field ofAgriculture and conservation

Job Description

The Conservation Engineer would be required to undertake thep1 nning and design of conservation measures and systems as a memberof a planning team These would call for

1 An abliity to assess the overall infrastructural needs of a landunit and produce a physical plan illustrating the positions of roadswaterways diversions and storm drains river crossings and all theother attendant features including water storage dams

2 In addition he will be required to select out more specificproject areas within the land unit and on the basis of aerial photographyandor topographical mapping produce detailed designs of waterconservation structures including open earth and lined furrow or canalsfor irrigation Using applicable storm data and run-off characteristicsand nedimentationOrates determines watershed yields and storage needsfor earth-fill dams for irrigation and other purposes plus watershed protection needs

3 He should have a good practical working knowledgetopographical survey ofbe able to use both level and theodolite but is not

required to be -certificated

B Heavy Equipment - Workshop Manager

Qualifications

Mechanical Engineer - A graduate in MeL anical Engineering or afully apprenticed mechanic of at least ten to fifteen years practicalexperience on diesel and heavy earth moving plant Should be capableof office administration and the daily supervision and direction of four toffive other qualified mechanics and machine hands

a

Job Description

He would be required to

1 Run and operate a mechanical Workshop in Manzini undertaking all manner of repaie work

2 He should be fully knowledgeable of a wide range of earth moving plants of different manufacturers and should also be capable of organizing and administrating a preventative maintenance programn-mtincluding the necessary training of personnel

3 On the basis bf the above (2) he should be able to arrangefor the ordering of spare parts and parts exchanging units in good time so as to prevent wasteful delays in downj time Develop and maintenance of effective relationships with numerous parts suppliers is a requirement

4 He should have the ability to improvise the manufacture of construction materials in steel as required from time to time in the form of railings pipe fittings suspension cables spray rigs eta

5 He should also be fully conversant with the techniques of operatibg earth moving equipment especially in the use of crawler shy

equipment and scraper operation

6 He should have the ability to develop and maintain effective working relationships with operators and site foreman in the field leading to efficient and economical use of machinery plus sound decisions on routing and reppLirs of eiiprqnht

7 He should understand warranties and take prompt actions for their fulfillment as necessary

C Range Management Advisor

The range management technician should have a wide range of experience in several range areas with a strong livestock and ecologicalbackground He should be capable of developing sound technical guidesincorporating management needs over a wide range of range cites covering several climatic and altitudinal uones having great variations in soils slopes vegetative compositions and condition A capability

-3shy

to develop and apply practical and economically sound managementplans over extensive range areas involving diverse groups is necessary The ability to work with high level governmental administrators and technicians is necessary as well as with farmers owning only a few head of stock Training counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders is a requirement

D Animal Husbandry Advisor

The animal husbandman must have a strong educational and professional experience background in breeding of livestock selection for upgrading native as well as improvial breeds of cattle sheep and goats Familiarity with and treatment needs of animal diseases expecially in endemic and erosion diseases is desirable Knowdglfe of animal nutrition requirements based on native range forage crop residue and local supplements is pertinent

He must possess the ability to use this knowledge to develop workable plans and extension approaches to peoples and situations in the Highveld and other areas in Swaziland

The ability to xtrain and motivate all levels of persons in the livestock field is necessary including counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders

E Ageiculture Economict--Marketing

Qualifications

This position calls for an agricultural economist preferably with some overseas experience in project preparations and in setting up agricultural economics research programs and marketing studies in developing ountries A PhD in the field of agricultural economics is desirable but not required if the candidate is otherwise qualified on the basis of experience The incumbent should have training and experience in agricultural marketing economics analysis and production economics

Job Description

1 Assists Ministry in economics and financial analysis related to rural development and in specific project preparation and evaluation

2 Directs and assists the Ministry in carrying out needed agricultural economic studies and analysis relating to rural development program

-4shy

3 Assists in developing techniques for evaluating Agricultural Five-Year Plan and provides the leadership and direction in preparing the new Five-Year Plans

4 Serves as agricultural representative on inter-ministerial planning committees

Life of Project

PROJECT DEcICN SUMMARY From FY 72 to FY 77 LOGICAL IRAMEWORK Total US Funding $2165000Date Prepared Oct 31 1971

Project Title Swaziland Rural Development 690-11-110-024

NARRATIVE SUMMARY OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICAT(RS MEANS OF VERIFICATION IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS Assumptions for achieving goal

Program or Sector Goal The broader objective Measures of Goal Achievement 1 Absence of requirements targetsto which this project contributes 1 RDAs become viable self-ststaining for additional external inputs I COS will continue to giveTo support the GOS Agriculture Development entities same kind of priority to Agpriorities designed to improve the standard sector of living of rural peoples through improved agriculture production and related public services

Project Purpose Conditions that will indicate Furpose 1 National statistical Assumptions for achievingTo increase agricultural productivity and has been achieved End of project status information purposefarmer income within the 6 rural develop- i Real per capita farm income will 2 Direct observation 1 Rate of inflation will ment areas increase 30 over life of project not increase

2 Increase in national grain product- 2 There will be an expanshyion increase in national cattle take sion of both domestic and off South African markets 3 Increased export earnings Irom Ag production Elimination of gisin imports

Outputs Relative to RDAs Magnitude of Outputs 1 National statistical Assumptions for providing1 Tmproved range management practices and 1 Ratio of acres per animal urit changes information outputs more rational pattern of land use from 151 to 101 Rotational grazing 2 Special baseline studies if i Prices for grain and livestock 2 Increased production of maize and sorghum systems introduced needed will stay the same or increase at 3 Expanded administrative capacity within 2 Maize yields up from 400 pounds per 3 Direct observation a rational rate the Ministry acre to 800 per acre Wheat from 300 2 The GOS National Council will 4 Increased yields of livestock products pounds per acre to 900 pounds continue support for the RDA 5 Expanded farmer access to public services 3 Placement of 15 formally trained schemecredit and markets personnel in Ministry Phase-out US 3 Recruitment of highly trained 6 Reduced erosion and expanded water advisors technicians will be achieved on supplies 4 Cattle take off up from 12 to 17 a timely basis 7 Creation of farm to market roads per year Cattle to marketable matur- 4 GOS will successfully introshy

ity in 4 years with increase ir carcass duce improved farming and animal weight husbandry techniques5 Completion of 15 rural village cen- 5 New seed varieties compatibleters with extension and marketing ser- to Swazi ecology will be vices available 6 Construction of terraces on 125000 6 GOS will provide increased acres and 100 dams public services required in RDAs 7 Construction of 350 miles of feeder roads and fence lines

Inputs IMPLEMENTATION TARGET (TYPE ANT QUAN- I AID Budget Assumptions for providing inputsI-US Technicians TITY) 2 Direct observation 1 That UK will continue to2- US Loan - (Equipment and Credit) (See inputs section of PROP) 3 Project Implementation Plan provide pledged level of assisshy3 Participant and farmer training 4 Project Evaluation tance on schedule 4 UK - a) technicians b) land purchase 2 Equipment provided under loan

c) loan to Swazi Credit Bank will be shipped on time 5 GOS Contributions 3 Expanded credit institutions

will be createdlamp faAk44bU a~t

nepartrn ent Sta-te IL

A NDLAAFS1D 223

GAE~ 01 MBBN065 241052Z-

ACT ION AID0-31I

INFO OCT-01 AF-05 037W 365

R 240915Z NOV 71R51 MAMEMBASSY MBABANE TSECSTATE WASHDC 2628

UNCLAS MBABANE 1675

SUBi RURAL DEVELOPMENT- PROP 024

REFt ELLISCAMPBELL LETTER NOVEMXER 151 1971

I TO ASSIST IN AIDW REVIEW SUBJECT PROJECT PROPOSALIN i A-RESPONSE QUESTIONS REFERENCELETTER OSARAC HADPLANNED THAT

TECHNICIANS WOULD BE AS SELF-SUFFICIENT AS POSSIBLE FOLLOW ING APPROACH ALREADY USED UBLS PIOT WHIC PROVIDESALLOW-ANCES IN LIEU OFPREVIOUS PREQUISITES HOWEVERi LOGISTICAL SPECIFICS NOT INCLUDED IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROP SINCEPROP FOLLOWS NEW MO AND LOGISTIC ITEMS MORE PROPERLY ADDRESSED PROAG AND PIOT

20 RECOMMENDATION-THAT CONTRACT BE TRANSCENTURY TYPE NOT MEANT TO IMPLY TOPPING UP ONLY THAT US INSITUTTION B CK-STOPPING UNNECESSARY PROJECT FORMULATED AND DISCUSSED HJTH GOS ON BASIS FUCL FUNDING-ALTHOUGHTECHNICiANS WOULD WORK OPERATIONALLY WITHIN MINISTRY CF AGRiCULTURE

3 RECOMMENDATION CONSTRUCTION ALTERNATIVE FOR HOUSING DEVELOPED AFTER PROP FORWARDEDo SPICER

UNCLASIFIED

eNa - N

(2)

3 Central RDA

Acres -- Existing 101102 to be purchased 1971-73 23981

to be purchased after 1973 26461

Farmers 4620

Income Per Family - 1970 R10000 pa

1975 R30000 ps at 1970 prices

Cattle - 1970 14 90 head

1975 4 290 head

Crops 1970 37224 acres

1975 37224 acres

Range Areas - 1970 63878 acres

1975 114320 acres

Fencing - 1970 5 miles

1975 150 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R150000 (excluding equipment

Villages 1970-75 10 (nO) and technician costs)

Dams 1970 10 (no)

1975 32 (no)

3 Souihern

Acres -- existing 73676 acres to be purchased 1971 - 73 4k4 4 N

to be purchased after 1973 40977

Farmers 5060

Income per Family 1970 R10000 pa

1975 R40000 ps at 1970 prices

Cattle 1970 1P77 head

1975 11577 head

(3)

rops 1970 37958 acres

1975 37958 acres

Range Areas 1970 35718 acres

1975 81039 acres

Fencing 1970 10 miles

1975 110 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 RlOqOOO

Villages (excluding equipment1970-75 10 (no) and technician costa

Dams 1970 12 (no)

1975 43 (no)

4 Ebulandzeni

Acres -- existing 5900 to be purchased before 1975 8405

Families 174

Income per Family 1970 R8000 pa

1975 R30000 pa

Cattle at 1970 prices1970 1564 LU

1975 1564 LU

Crops 1970 2555 acres

1975 2555 acres

Range Areas 1970 3318 acres

1975 14305 acres approx 40 miles on SNLFencing 1970 368 miles on purchase area

1975 366 miles on SNL 560 miles on Purchase Area

(4)

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R40000

Villages 1970-75 4 (no)

10 Program on SNL completedISMsS 1970 (no)

by 1970 1975 13 (no) (3 on Purchase are)

5 Mahlangstsha

Acres -- existing 221 32 to be purchased before 1975 39-48

Families 600

Income Per Family 1970 R10000

1975 R30000 at 1970 prices

Cattle 1970 4892 LU

1975 4892 LU

Crops 1970 12259 acres

1975 12259 acres

Range Areas 970 9873 Acres

1975 49359 acres

Fencing v 1970 24 miles on SNL 646 miles on Purchase Area

1975 591 miles on SNL 1620 miles onPurchase Area

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R38300 (Excluding equipment and

Villages 1970-75 1 (no) technical costs)

Dams 1970 2 (no)

1975 9 (no)

6 Sipocosini

Acres -- existing 27408 to be purchased before 1975 19626

Families 495

(5)

Income Per Family 1970 R100

1975 R300 at 1970 prices

Cattle 1970 3672 LU

1975 4480 LU

Crops 1970 12233 acres

1975 12233 acres

Range Areas 1970 15175 acres

1975 34801 acres

Fencing 1970 130 miles

1975 1120 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R27531

Villages 1970-75 2 (no)

Dams 1960 - (no)

1975 4 (no)

TOTALS

Acres -4 existing 279190 to be purchased 1971 - 73 44425

to be purchased before 1975 169714

Farmers

Income Per iamily 1970 RIOO

1975 R3CO

Cattle 1970 44438 LU

1975 44438 LU

Crops 1970 117529 acres

(6)

Range Areas 1970 161634 acres

1975 378254 acres

Fencing 1970 1358 miles

1975 7457 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R505831 (max

Villages 1970-75 37 (no)

Dame 1970 34 (no)

1975 116 (no)

Annex E Brief Job Description of AID Technicians

A Soil Conservation Engineers

Qualification

A graduate in Agriculture or Civil Engineering if the formerConservation Engineering should have been then

one of the major subjectsstudied for the degree in Agriculture If the latter hydrology shouldhave been studied and subsequent experience been in the field ofAgriculture and conservation

Job Description

The Conservation Engineer would be required to undertake thep1 nning and design of conservation measures and systems as a memberof a planning team These would call for

1 An abliity to assess the overall infrastructural needs of a landunit and produce a physical plan illustrating the positions of roadswaterways diversions and storm drains river crossings and all theother attendant features including water storage dams

2 In addition he will be required to select out more specificproject areas within the land unit and on the basis of aerial photographyandor topographical mapping produce detailed designs of waterconservation structures including open earth and lined furrow or canalsfor irrigation Using applicable storm data and run-off characteristicsand nedimentationOrates determines watershed yields and storage needsfor earth-fill dams for irrigation and other purposes plus watershed protection needs

3 He should have a good practical working knowledgetopographical survey ofbe able to use both level and theodolite but is not

required to be -certificated

B Heavy Equipment - Workshop Manager

Qualifications

Mechanical Engineer - A graduate in MeL anical Engineering or afully apprenticed mechanic of at least ten to fifteen years practicalexperience on diesel and heavy earth moving plant Should be capableof office administration and the daily supervision and direction of four toffive other qualified mechanics and machine hands

a

Job Description

He would be required to

1 Run and operate a mechanical Workshop in Manzini undertaking all manner of repaie work

2 He should be fully knowledgeable of a wide range of earth moving plants of different manufacturers and should also be capable of organizing and administrating a preventative maintenance programn-mtincluding the necessary training of personnel

3 On the basis bf the above (2) he should be able to arrangefor the ordering of spare parts and parts exchanging units in good time so as to prevent wasteful delays in downj time Develop and maintenance of effective relationships with numerous parts suppliers is a requirement

4 He should have the ability to improvise the manufacture of construction materials in steel as required from time to time in the form of railings pipe fittings suspension cables spray rigs eta

5 He should also be fully conversant with the techniques of operatibg earth moving equipment especially in the use of crawler shy

equipment and scraper operation

6 He should have the ability to develop and maintain effective working relationships with operators and site foreman in the field leading to efficient and economical use of machinery plus sound decisions on routing and reppLirs of eiiprqnht

7 He should understand warranties and take prompt actions for their fulfillment as necessary

C Range Management Advisor

The range management technician should have a wide range of experience in several range areas with a strong livestock and ecologicalbackground He should be capable of developing sound technical guidesincorporating management needs over a wide range of range cites covering several climatic and altitudinal uones having great variations in soils slopes vegetative compositions and condition A capability

-3shy

to develop and apply practical and economically sound managementplans over extensive range areas involving diverse groups is necessary The ability to work with high level governmental administrators and technicians is necessary as well as with farmers owning only a few head of stock Training counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders is a requirement

D Animal Husbandry Advisor

The animal husbandman must have a strong educational and professional experience background in breeding of livestock selection for upgrading native as well as improvial breeds of cattle sheep and goats Familiarity with and treatment needs of animal diseases expecially in endemic and erosion diseases is desirable Knowdglfe of animal nutrition requirements based on native range forage crop residue and local supplements is pertinent

He must possess the ability to use this knowledge to develop workable plans and extension approaches to peoples and situations in the Highveld and other areas in Swaziland

The ability to xtrain and motivate all levels of persons in the livestock field is necessary including counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders

E Ageiculture Economict--Marketing

Qualifications

This position calls for an agricultural economist preferably with some overseas experience in project preparations and in setting up agricultural economics research programs and marketing studies in developing ountries A PhD in the field of agricultural economics is desirable but not required if the candidate is otherwise qualified on the basis of experience The incumbent should have training and experience in agricultural marketing economics analysis and production economics

Job Description

1 Assists Ministry in economics and financial analysis related to rural development and in specific project preparation and evaluation

2 Directs and assists the Ministry in carrying out needed agricultural economic studies and analysis relating to rural development program

-4shy

3 Assists in developing techniques for evaluating Agricultural Five-Year Plan and provides the leadership and direction in preparing the new Five-Year Plans

4 Serves as agricultural representative on inter-ministerial planning committees

Life of Project

PROJECT DEcICN SUMMARY From FY 72 to FY 77 LOGICAL IRAMEWORK Total US Funding $2165000Date Prepared Oct 31 1971

Project Title Swaziland Rural Development 690-11-110-024

NARRATIVE SUMMARY OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICAT(RS MEANS OF VERIFICATION IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS Assumptions for achieving goal

Program or Sector Goal The broader objective Measures of Goal Achievement 1 Absence of requirements targetsto which this project contributes 1 RDAs become viable self-ststaining for additional external inputs I COS will continue to giveTo support the GOS Agriculture Development entities same kind of priority to Agpriorities designed to improve the standard sector of living of rural peoples through improved agriculture production and related public services

Project Purpose Conditions that will indicate Furpose 1 National statistical Assumptions for achievingTo increase agricultural productivity and has been achieved End of project status information purposefarmer income within the 6 rural develop- i Real per capita farm income will 2 Direct observation 1 Rate of inflation will ment areas increase 30 over life of project not increase

2 Increase in national grain product- 2 There will be an expanshyion increase in national cattle take sion of both domestic and off South African markets 3 Increased export earnings Irom Ag production Elimination of gisin imports

Outputs Relative to RDAs Magnitude of Outputs 1 National statistical Assumptions for providing1 Tmproved range management practices and 1 Ratio of acres per animal urit changes information outputs more rational pattern of land use from 151 to 101 Rotational grazing 2 Special baseline studies if i Prices for grain and livestock 2 Increased production of maize and sorghum systems introduced needed will stay the same or increase at 3 Expanded administrative capacity within 2 Maize yields up from 400 pounds per 3 Direct observation a rational rate the Ministry acre to 800 per acre Wheat from 300 2 The GOS National Council will 4 Increased yields of livestock products pounds per acre to 900 pounds continue support for the RDA 5 Expanded farmer access to public services 3 Placement of 15 formally trained schemecredit and markets personnel in Ministry Phase-out US 3 Recruitment of highly trained 6 Reduced erosion and expanded water advisors technicians will be achieved on supplies 4 Cattle take off up from 12 to 17 a timely basis 7 Creation of farm to market roads per year Cattle to marketable matur- 4 GOS will successfully introshy

ity in 4 years with increase ir carcass duce improved farming and animal weight husbandry techniques5 Completion of 15 rural village cen- 5 New seed varieties compatibleters with extension and marketing ser- to Swazi ecology will be vices available 6 Construction of terraces on 125000 6 GOS will provide increased acres and 100 dams public services required in RDAs 7 Construction of 350 miles of feeder roads and fence lines

Inputs IMPLEMENTATION TARGET (TYPE ANT QUAN- I AID Budget Assumptions for providing inputsI-US Technicians TITY) 2 Direct observation 1 That UK will continue to2- US Loan - (Equipment and Credit) (See inputs section of PROP) 3 Project Implementation Plan provide pledged level of assisshy3 Participant and farmer training 4 Project Evaluation tance on schedule 4 UK - a) technicians b) land purchase 2 Equipment provided under loan

c) loan to Swazi Credit Bank will be shipped on time 5 GOS Contributions 3 Expanded credit institutions

will be createdlamp faAk44bU a~t

nepartrn ent Sta-te IL

A NDLAAFS1D 223

GAE~ 01 MBBN065 241052Z-

ACT ION AID0-31I

INFO OCT-01 AF-05 037W 365

R 240915Z NOV 71R51 MAMEMBASSY MBABANE TSECSTATE WASHDC 2628

UNCLAS MBABANE 1675

SUBi RURAL DEVELOPMENT- PROP 024

REFt ELLISCAMPBELL LETTER NOVEMXER 151 1971

I TO ASSIST IN AIDW REVIEW SUBJECT PROJECT PROPOSALIN i A-RESPONSE QUESTIONS REFERENCELETTER OSARAC HADPLANNED THAT

TECHNICIANS WOULD BE AS SELF-SUFFICIENT AS POSSIBLE FOLLOW ING APPROACH ALREADY USED UBLS PIOT WHIC PROVIDESALLOW-ANCES IN LIEU OFPREVIOUS PREQUISITES HOWEVERi LOGISTICAL SPECIFICS NOT INCLUDED IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROP SINCEPROP FOLLOWS NEW MO AND LOGISTIC ITEMS MORE PROPERLY ADDRESSED PROAG AND PIOT

20 RECOMMENDATION-THAT CONTRACT BE TRANSCENTURY TYPE NOT MEANT TO IMPLY TOPPING UP ONLY THAT US INSITUTTION B CK-STOPPING UNNECESSARY PROJECT FORMULATED AND DISCUSSED HJTH GOS ON BASIS FUCL FUNDING-ALTHOUGHTECHNICiANS WOULD WORK OPERATIONALLY WITHIN MINISTRY CF AGRiCULTURE

3 RECOMMENDATION CONSTRUCTION ALTERNATIVE FOR HOUSING DEVELOPED AFTER PROP FORWARDEDo SPICER

UNCLASIFIED

eNa - N

(3)

rops 1970 37958 acres

1975 37958 acres

Range Areas 1970 35718 acres

1975 81039 acres

Fencing 1970 10 miles

1975 110 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 RlOqOOO

Villages (excluding equipment1970-75 10 (no) and technician costa

Dams 1970 12 (no)

1975 43 (no)

4 Ebulandzeni

Acres -- existing 5900 to be purchased before 1975 8405

Families 174

Income per Family 1970 R8000 pa

1975 R30000 pa

Cattle at 1970 prices1970 1564 LU

1975 1564 LU

Crops 1970 2555 acres

1975 2555 acres

Range Areas 1970 3318 acres

1975 14305 acres approx 40 miles on SNLFencing 1970 368 miles on purchase area

1975 366 miles on SNL 560 miles on Purchase Area

(4)

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R40000

Villages 1970-75 4 (no)

10 Program on SNL completedISMsS 1970 (no)

by 1970 1975 13 (no) (3 on Purchase are)

5 Mahlangstsha

Acres -- existing 221 32 to be purchased before 1975 39-48

Families 600

Income Per Family 1970 R10000

1975 R30000 at 1970 prices

Cattle 1970 4892 LU

1975 4892 LU

Crops 1970 12259 acres

1975 12259 acres

Range Areas 970 9873 Acres

1975 49359 acres

Fencing v 1970 24 miles on SNL 646 miles on Purchase Area

1975 591 miles on SNL 1620 miles onPurchase Area

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R38300 (Excluding equipment and

Villages 1970-75 1 (no) technical costs)

Dams 1970 2 (no)

1975 9 (no)

6 Sipocosini

Acres -- existing 27408 to be purchased before 1975 19626

Families 495

(5)

Income Per Family 1970 R100

1975 R300 at 1970 prices

Cattle 1970 3672 LU

1975 4480 LU

Crops 1970 12233 acres

1975 12233 acres

Range Areas 1970 15175 acres

1975 34801 acres

Fencing 1970 130 miles

1975 1120 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R27531

Villages 1970-75 2 (no)

Dams 1960 - (no)

1975 4 (no)

TOTALS

Acres -4 existing 279190 to be purchased 1971 - 73 44425

to be purchased before 1975 169714

Farmers

Income Per iamily 1970 RIOO

1975 R3CO

Cattle 1970 44438 LU

1975 44438 LU

Crops 1970 117529 acres

(6)

Range Areas 1970 161634 acres

1975 378254 acres

Fencing 1970 1358 miles

1975 7457 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R505831 (max

Villages 1970-75 37 (no)

Dame 1970 34 (no)

1975 116 (no)

Annex E Brief Job Description of AID Technicians

A Soil Conservation Engineers

Qualification

A graduate in Agriculture or Civil Engineering if the formerConservation Engineering should have been then

one of the major subjectsstudied for the degree in Agriculture If the latter hydrology shouldhave been studied and subsequent experience been in the field ofAgriculture and conservation

Job Description

The Conservation Engineer would be required to undertake thep1 nning and design of conservation measures and systems as a memberof a planning team These would call for

1 An abliity to assess the overall infrastructural needs of a landunit and produce a physical plan illustrating the positions of roadswaterways diversions and storm drains river crossings and all theother attendant features including water storage dams

2 In addition he will be required to select out more specificproject areas within the land unit and on the basis of aerial photographyandor topographical mapping produce detailed designs of waterconservation structures including open earth and lined furrow or canalsfor irrigation Using applicable storm data and run-off characteristicsand nedimentationOrates determines watershed yields and storage needsfor earth-fill dams for irrigation and other purposes plus watershed protection needs

3 He should have a good practical working knowledgetopographical survey ofbe able to use both level and theodolite but is not

required to be -certificated

B Heavy Equipment - Workshop Manager

Qualifications

Mechanical Engineer - A graduate in MeL anical Engineering or afully apprenticed mechanic of at least ten to fifteen years practicalexperience on diesel and heavy earth moving plant Should be capableof office administration and the daily supervision and direction of four toffive other qualified mechanics and machine hands

a

Job Description

He would be required to

1 Run and operate a mechanical Workshop in Manzini undertaking all manner of repaie work

2 He should be fully knowledgeable of a wide range of earth moving plants of different manufacturers and should also be capable of organizing and administrating a preventative maintenance programn-mtincluding the necessary training of personnel

3 On the basis bf the above (2) he should be able to arrangefor the ordering of spare parts and parts exchanging units in good time so as to prevent wasteful delays in downj time Develop and maintenance of effective relationships with numerous parts suppliers is a requirement

4 He should have the ability to improvise the manufacture of construction materials in steel as required from time to time in the form of railings pipe fittings suspension cables spray rigs eta

5 He should also be fully conversant with the techniques of operatibg earth moving equipment especially in the use of crawler shy

equipment and scraper operation

6 He should have the ability to develop and maintain effective working relationships with operators and site foreman in the field leading to efficient and economical use of machinery plus sound decisions on routing and reppLirs of eiiprqnht

7 He should understand warranties and take prompt actions for their fulfillment as necessary

C Range Management Advisor

The range management technician should have a wide range of experience in several range areas with a strong livestock and ecologicalbackground He should be capable of developing sound technical guidesincorporating management needs over a wide range of range cites covering several climatic and altitudinal uones having great variations in soils slopes vegetative compositions and condition A capability

-3shy

to develop and apply practical and economically sound managementplans over extensive range areas involving diverse groups is necessary The ability to work with high level governmental administrators and technicians is necessary as well as with farmers owning only a few head of stock Training counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders is a requirement

D Animal Husbandry Advisor

The animal husbandman must have a strong educational and professional experience background in breeding of livestock selection for upgrading native as well as improvial breeds of cattle sheep and goats Familiarity with and treatment needs of animal diseases expecially in endemic and erosion diseases is desirable Knowdglfe of animal nutrition requirements based on native range forage crop residue and local supplements is pertinent

He must possess the ability to use this knowledge to develop workable plans and extension approaches to peoples and situations in the Highveld and other areas in Swaziland

The ability to xtrain and motivate all levels of persons in the livestock field is necessary including counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders

E Ageiculture Economict--Marketing

Qualifications

This position calls for an agricultural economist preferably with some overseas experience in project preparations and in setting up agricultural economics research programs and marketing studies in developing ountries A PhD in the field of agricultural economics is desirable but not required if the candidate is otherwise qualified on the basis of experience The incumbent should have training and experience in agricultural marketing economics analysis and production economics

Job Description

1 Assists Ministry in economics and financial analysis related to rural development and in specific project preparation and evaluation

2 Directs and assists the Ministry in carrying out needed agricultural economic studies and analysis relating to rural development program

-4shy

3 Assists in developing techniques for evaluating Agricultural Five-Year Plan and provides the leadership and direction in preparing the new Five-Year Plans

4 Serves as agricultural representative on inter-ministerial planning committees

Life of Project

PROJECT DEcICN SUMMARY From FY 72 to FY 77 LOGICAL IRAMEWORK Total US Funding $2165000Date Prepared Oct 31 1971

Project Title Swaziland Rural Development 690-11-110-024

NARRATIVE SUMMARY OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICAT(RS MEANS OF VERIFICATION IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS Assumptions for achieving goal

Program or Sector Goal The broader objective Measures of Goal Achievement 1 Absence of requirements targetsto which this project contributes 1 RDAs become viable self-ststaining for additional external inputs I COS will continue to giveTo support the GOS Agriculture Development entities same kind of priority to Agpriorities designed to improve the standard sector of living of rural peoples through improved agriculture production and related public services

Project Purpose Conditions that will indicate Furpose 1 National statistical Assumptions for achievingTo increase agricultural productivity and has been achieved End of project status information purposefarmer income within the 6 rural develop- i Real per capita farm income will 2 Direct observation 1 Rate of inflation will ment areas increase 30 over life of project not increase

2 Increase in national grain product- 2 There will be an expanshyion increase in national cattle take sion of both domestic and off South African markets 3 Increased export earnings Irom Ag production Elimination of gisin imports

Outputs Relative to RDAs Magnitude of Outputs 1 National statistical Assumptions for providing1 Tmproved range management practices and 1 Ratio of acres per animal urit changes information outputs more rational pattern of land use from 151 to 101 Rotational grazing 2 Special baseline studies if i Prices for grain and livestock 2 Increased production of maize and sorghum systems introduced needed will stay the same or increase at 3 Expanded administrative capacity within 2 Maize yields up from 400 pounds per 3 Direct observation a rational rate the Ministry acre to 800 per acre Wheat from 300 2 The GOS National Council will 4 Increased yields of livestock products pounds per acre to 900 pounds continue support for the RDA 5 Expanded farmer access to public services 3 Placement of 15 formally trained schemecredit and markets personnel in Ministry Phase-out US 3 Recruitment of highly trained 6 Reduced erosion and expanded water advisors technicians will be achieved on supplies 4 Cattle take off up from 12 to 17 a timely basis 7 Creation of farm to market roads per year Cattle to marketable matur- 4 GOS will successfully introshy

ity in 4 years with increase ir carcass duce improved farming and animal weight husbandry techniques5 Completion of 15 rural village cen- 5 New seed varieties compatibleters with extension and marketing ser- to Swazi ecology will be vices available 6 Construction of terraces on 125000 6 GOS will provide increased acres and 100 dams public services required in RDAs 7 Construction of 350 miles of feeder roads and fence lines

Inputs IMPLEMENTATION TARGET (TYPE ANT QUAN- I AID Budget Assumptions for providing inputsI-US Technicians TITY) 2 Direct observation 1 That UK will continue to2- US Loan - (Equipment and Credit) (See inputs section of PROP) 3 Project Implementation Plan provide pledged level of assisshy3 Participant and farmer training 4 Project Evaluation tance on schedule 4 UK - a) technicians b) land purchase 2 Equipment provided under loan

c) loan to Swazi Credit Bank will be shipped on time 5 GOS Contributions 3 Expanded credit institutions

will be createdlamp faAk44bU a~t

nepartrn ent Sta-te IL

A NDLAAFS1D 223

GAE~ 01 MBBN065 241052Z-

ACT ION AID0-31I

INFO OCT-01 AF-05 037W 365

R 240915Z NOV 71R51 MAMEMBASSY MBABANE TSECSTATE WASHDC 2628

UNCLAS MBABANE 1675

SUBi RURAL DEVELOPMENT- PROP 024

REFt ELLISCAMPBELL LETTER NOVEMXER 151 1971

I TO ASSIST IN AIDW REVIEW SUBJECT PROJECT PROPOSALIN i A-RESPONSE QUESTIONS REFERENCELETTER OSARAC HADPLANNED THAT

TECHNICIANS WOULD BE AS SELF-SUFFICIENT AS POSSIBLE FOLLOW ING APPROACH ALREADY USED UBLS PIOT WHIC PROVIDESALLOW-ANCES IN LIEU OFPREVIOUS PREQUISITES HOWEVERi LOGISTICAL SPECIFICS NOT INCLUDED IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROP SINCEPROP FOLLOWS NEW MO AND LOGISTIC ITEMS MORE PROPERLY ADDRESSED PROAG AND PIOT

20 RECOMMENDATION-THAT CONTRACT BE TRANSCENTURY TYPE NOT MEANT TO IMPLY TOPPING UP ONLY THAT US INSITUTTION B CK-STOPPING UNNECESSARY PROJECT FORMULATED AND DISCUSSED HJTH GOS ON BASIS FUCL FUNDING-ALTHOUGHTECHNICiANS WOULD WORK OPERATIONALLY WITHIN MINISTRY CF AGRiCULTURE

3 RECOMMENDATION CONSTRUCTION ALTERNATIVE FOR HOUSING DEVELOPED AFTER PROP FORWARDEDo SPICER

UNCLASIFIED

eNa - N

(4)

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R40000

Villages 1970-75 4 (no)

10 Program on SNL completedISMsS 1970 (no)

by 1970 1975 13 (no) (3 on Purchase are)

5 Mahlangstsha

Acres -- existing 221 32 to be purchased before 1975 39-48

Families 600

Income Per Family 1970 R10000

1975 R30000 at 1970 prices

Cattle 1970 4892 LU

1975 4892 LU

Crops 1970 12259 acres

1975 12259 acres

Range Areas 970 9873 Acres

1975 49359 acres

Fencing v 1970 24 miles on SNL 646 miles on Purchase Area

1975 591 miles on SNL 1620 miles onPurchase Area

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R38300 (Excluding equipment and

Villages 1970-75 1 (no) technical costs)

Dams 1970 2 (no)

1975 9 (no)

6 Sipocosini

Acres -- existing 27408 to be purchased before 1975 19626

Families 495

(5)

Income Per Family 1970 R100

1975 R300 at 1970 prices

Cattle 1970 3672 LU

1975 4480 LU

Crops 1970 12233 acres

1975 12233 acres

Range Areas 1970 15175 acres

1975 34801 acres

Fencing 1970 130 miles

1975 1120 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R27531

Villages 1970-75 2 (no)

Dams 1960 - (no)

1975 4 (no)

TOTALS

Acres -4 existing 279190 to be purchased 1971 - 73 44425

to be purchased before 1975 169714

Farmers

Income Per iamily 1970 RIOO

1975 R3CO

Cattle 1970 44438 LU

1975 44438 LU

Crops 1970 117529 acres

(6)

Range Areas 1970 161634 acres

1975 378254 acres

Fencing 1970 1358 miles

1975 7457 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R505831 (max

Villages 1970-75 37 (no)

Dame 1970 34 (no)

1975 116 (no)

Annex E Brief Job Description of AID Technicians

A Soil Conservation Engineers

Qualification

A graduate in Agriculture or Civil Engineering if the formerConservation Engineering should have been then

one of the major subjectsstudied for the degree in Agriculture If the latter hydrology shouldhave been studied and subsequent experience been in the field ofAgriculture and conservation

Job Description

The Conservation Engineer would be required to undertake thep1 nning and design of conservation measures and systems as a memberof a planning team These would call for

1 An abliity to assess the overall infrastructural needs of a landunit and produce a physical plan illustrating the positions of roadswaterways diversions and storm drains river crossings and all theother attendant features including water storage dams

2 In addition he will be required to select out more specificproject areas within the land unit and on the basis of aerial photographyandor topographical mapping produce detailed designs of waterconservation structures including open earth and lined furrow or canalsfor irrigation Using applicable storm data and run-off characteristicsand nedimentationOrates determines watershed yields and storage needsfor earth-fill dams for irrigation and other purposes plus watershed protection needs

3 He should have a good practical working knowledgetopographical survey ofbe able to use both level and theodolite but is not

required to be -certificated

B Heavy Equipment - Workshop Manager

Qualifications

Mechanical Engineer - A graduate in MeL anical Engineering or afully apprenticed mechanic of at least ten to fifteen years practicalexperience on diesel and heavy earth moving plant Should be capableof office administration and the daily supervision and direction of four toffive other qualified mechanics and machine hands

a

Job Description

He would be required to

1 Run and operate a mechanical Workshop in Manzini undertaking all manner of repaie work

2 He should be fully knowledgeable of a wide range of earth moving plants of different manufacturers and should also be capable of organizing and administrating a preventative maintenance programn-mtincluding the necessary training of personnel

3 On the basis bf the above (2) he should be able to arrangefor the ordering of spare parts and parts exchanging units in good time so as to prevent wasteful delays in downj time Develop and maintenance of effective relationships with numerous parts suppliers is a requirement

4 He should have the ability to improvise the manufacture of construction materials in steel as required from time to time in the form of railings pipe fittings suspension cables spray rigs eta

5 He should also be fully conversant with the techniques of operatibg earth moving equipment especially in the use of crawler shy

equipment and scraper operation

6 He should have the ability to develop and maintain effective working relationships with operators and site foreman in the field leading to efficient and economical use of machinery plus sound decisions on routing and reppLirs of eiiprqnht

7 He should understand warranties and take prompt actions for their fulfillment as necessary

C Range Management Advisor

The range management technician should have a wide range of experience in several range areas with a strong livestock and ecologicalbackground He should be capable of developing sound technical guidesincorporating management needs over a wide range of range cites covering several climatic and altitudinal uones having great variations in soils slopes vegetative compositions and condition A capability

-3shy

to develop and apply practical and economically sound managementplans over extensive range areas involving diverse groups is necessary The ability to work with high level governmental administrators and technicians is necessary as well as with farmers owning only a few head of stock Training counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders is a requirement

D Animal Husbandry Advisor

The animal husbandman must have a strong educational and professional experience background in breeding of livestock selection for upgrading native as well as improvial breeds of cattle sheep and goats Familiarity with and treatment needs of animal diseases expecially in endemic and erosion diseases is desirable Knowdglfe of animal nutrition requirements based on native range forage crop residue and local supplements is pertinent

He must possess the ability to use this knowledge to develop workable plans and extension approaches to peoples and situations in the Highveld and other areas in Swaziland

The ability to xtrain and motivate all levels of persons in the livestock field is necessary including counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders

E Ageiculture Economict--Marketing

Qualifications

This position calls for an agricultural economist preferably with some overseas experience in project preparations and in setting up agricultural economics research programs and marketing studies in developing ountries A PhD in the field of agricultural economics is desirable but not required if the candidate is otherwise qualified on the basis of experience The incumbent should have training and experience in agricultural marketing economics analysis and production economics

Job Description

1 Assists Ministry in economics and financial analysis related to rural development and in specific project preparation and evaluation

2 Directs and assists the Ministry in carrying out needed agricultural economic studies and analysis relating to rural development program

-4shy

3 Assists in developing techniques for evaluating Agricultural Five-Year Plan and provides the leadership and direction in preparing the new Five-Year Plans

4 Serves as agricultural representative on inter-ministerial planning committees

Life of Project

PROJECT DEcICN SUMMARY From FY 72 to FY 77 LOGICAL IRAMEWORK Total US Funding $2165000Date Prepared Oct 31 1971

Project Title Swaziland Rural Development 690-11-110-024

NARRATIVE SUMMARY OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICAT(RS MEANS OF VERIFICATION IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS Assumptions for achieving goal

Program or Sector Goal The broader objective Measures of Goal Achievement 1 Absence of requirements targetsto which this project contributes 1 RDAs become viable self-ststaining for additional external inputs I COS will continue to giveTo support the GOS Agriculture Development entities same kind of priority to Agpriorities designed to improve the standard sector of living of rural peoples through improved agriculture production and related public services

Project Purpose Conditions that will indicate Furpose 1 National statistical Assumptions for achievingTo increase agricultural productivity and has been achieved End of project status information purposefarmer income within the 6 rural develop- i Real per capita farm income will 2 Direct observation 1 Rate of inflation will ment areas increase 30 over life of project not increase

2 Increase in national grain product- 2 There will be an expanshyion increase in national cattle take sion of both domestic and off South African markets 3 Increased export earnings Irom Ag production Elimination of gisin imports

Outputs Relative to RDAs Magnitude of Outputs 1 National statistical Assumptions for providing1 Tmproved range management practices and 1 Ratio of acres per animal urit changes information outputs more rational pattern of land use from 151 to 101 Rotational grazing 2 Special baseline studies if i Prices for grain and livestock 2 Increased production of maize and sorghum systems introduced needed will stay the same or increase at 3 Expanded administrative capacity within 2 Maize yields up from 400 pounds per 3 Direct observation a rational rate the Ministry acre to 800 per acre Wheat from 300 2 The GOS National Council will 4 Increased yields of livestock products pounds per acre to 900 pounds continue support for the RDA 5 Expanded farmer access to public services 3 Placement of 15 formally trained schemecredit and markets personnel in Ministry Phase-out US 3 Recruitment of highly trained 6 Reduced erosion and expanded water advisors technicians will be achieved on supplies 4 Cattle take off up from 12 to 17 a timely basis 7 Creation of farm to market roads per year Cattle to marketable matur- 4 GOS will successfully introshy

ity in 4 years with increase ir carcass duce improved farming and animal weight husbandry techniques5 Completion of 15 rural village cen- 5 New seed varieties compatibleters with extension and marketing ser- to Swazi ecology will be vices available 6 Construction of terraces on 125000 6 GOS will provide increased acres and 100 dams public services required in RDAs 7 Construction of 350 miles of feeder roads and fence lines

Inputs IMPLEMENTATION TARGET (TYPE ANT QUAN- I AID Budget Assumptions for providing inputsI-US Technicians TITY) 2 Direct observation 1 That UK will continue to2- US Loan - (Equipment and Credit) (See inputs section of PROP) 3 Project Implementation Plan provide pledged level of assisshy3 Participant and farmer training 4 Project Evaluation tance on schedule 4 UK - a) technicians b) land purchase 2 Equipment provided under loan

c) loan to Swazi Credit Bank will be shipped on time 5 GOS Contributions 3 Expanded credit institutions

will be createdlamp faAk44bU a~t

nepartrn ent Sta-te IL

A NDLAAFS1D 223

GAE~ 01 MBBN065 241052Z-

ACT ION AID0-31I

INFO OCT-01 AF-05 037W 365

R 240915Z NOV 71R51 MAMEMBASSY MBABANE TSECSTATE WASHDC 2628

UNCLAS MBABANE 1675

SUBi RURAL DEVELOPMENT- PROP 024

REFt ELLISCAMPBELL LETTER NOVEMXER 151 1971

I TO ASSIST IN AIDW REVIEW SUBJECT PROJECT PROPOSALIN i A-RESPONSE QUESTIONS REFERENCELETTER OSARAC HADPLANNED THAT

TECHNICIANS WOULD BE AS SELF-SUFFICIENT AS POSSIBLE FOLLOW ING APPROACH ALREADY USED UBLS PIOT WHIC PROVIDESALLOW-ANCES IN LIEU OFPREVIOUS PREQUISITES HOWEVERi LOGISTICAL SPECIFICS NOT INCLUDED IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROP SINCEPROP FOLLOWS NEW MO AND LOGISTIC ITEMS MORE PROPERLY ADDRESSED PROAG AND PIOT

20 RECOMMENDATION-THAT CONTRACT BE TRANSCENTURY TYPE NOT MEANT TO IMPLY TOPPING UP ONLY THAT US INSITUTTION B CK-STOPPING UNNECESSARY PROJECT FORMULATED AND DISCUSSED HJTH GOS ON BASIS FUCL FUNDING-ALTHOUGHTECHNICiANS WOULD WORK OPERATIONALLY WITHIN MINISTRY CF AGRiCULTURE

3 RECOMMENDATION CONSTRUCTION ALTERNATIVE FOR HOUSING DEVELOPED AFTER PROP FORWARDEDo SPICER

UNCLASIFIED

eNa - N

(5)

Income Per Family 1970 R100

1975 R300 at 1970 prices

Cattle 1970 3672 LU

1975 4480 LU

Crops 1970 12233 acres

1975 12233 acres

Range Areas 1970 15175 acres

1975 34801 acres

Fencing 1970 130 miles

1975 1120 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R27531

Villages 1970-75 2 (no)

Dams 1960 - (no)

1975 4 (no)

TOTALS

Acres -4 existing 279190 to be purchased 1971 - 73 44425

to be purchased before 1975 169714

Farmers

Income Per iamily 1970 RIOO

1975 R3CO

Cattle 1970 44438 LU

1975 44438 LU

Crops 1970 117529 acres

(6)

Range Areas 1970 161634 acres

1975 378254 acres

Fencing 1970 1358 miles

1975 7457 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R505831 (max

Villages 1970-75 37 (no)

Dame 1970 34 (no)

1975 116 (no)

Annex E Brief Job Description of AID Technicians

A Soil Conservation Engineers

Qualification

A graduate in Agriculture or Civil Engineering if the formerConservation Engineering should have been then

one of the major subjectsstudied for the degree in Agriculture If the latter hydrology shouldhave been studied and subsequent experience been in the field ofAgriculture and conservation

Job Description

The Conservation Engineer would be required to undertake thep1 nning and design of conservation measures and systems as a memberof a planning team These would call for

1 An abliity to assess the overall infrastructural needs of a landunit and produce a physical plan illustrating the positions of roadswaterways diversions and storm drains river crossings and all theother attendant features including water storage dams

2 In addition he will be required to select out more specificproject areas within the land unit and on the basis of aerial photographyandor topographical mapping produce detailed designs of waterconservation structures including open earth and lined furrow or canalsfor irrigation Using applicable storm data and run-off characteristicsand nedimentationOrates determines watershed yields and storage needsfor earth-fill dams for irrigation and other purposes plus watershed protection needs

3 He should have a good practical working knowledgetopographical survey ofbe able to use both level and theodolite but is not

required to be -certificated

B Heavy Equipment - Workshop Manager

Qualifications

Mechanical Engineer - A graduate in MeL anical Engineering or afully apprenticed mechanic of at least ten to fifteen years practicalexperience on diesel and heavy earth moving plant Should be capableof office administration and the daily supervision and direction of four toffive other qualified mechanics and machine hands

a

Job Description

He would be required to

1 Run and operate a mechanical Workshop in Manzini undertaking all manner of repaie work

2 He should be fully knowledgeable of a wide range of earth moving plants of different manufacturers and should also be capable of organizing and administrating a preventative maintenance programn-mtincluding the necessary training of personnel

3 On the basis bf the above (2) he should be able to arrangefor the ordering of spare parts and parts exchanging units in good time so as to prevent wasteful delays in downj time Develop and maintenance of effective relationships with numerous parts suppliers is a requirement

4 He should have the ability to improvise the manufacture of construction materials in steel as required from time to time in the form of railings pipe fittings suspension cables spray rigs eta

5 He should also be fully conversant with the techniques of operatibg earth moving equipment especially in the use of crawler shy

equipment and scraper operation

6 He should have the ability to develop and maintain effective working relationships with operators and site foreman in the field leading to efficient and economical use of machinery plus sound decisions on routing and reppLirs of eiiprqnht

7 He should understand warranties and take prompt actions for their fulfillment as necessary

C Range Management Advisor

The range management technician should have a wide range of experience in several range areas with a strong livestock and ecologicalbackground He should be capable of developing sound technical guidesincorporating management needs over a wide range of range cites covering several climatic and altitudinal uones having great variations in soils slopes vegetative compositions and condition A capability

-3shy

to develop and apply practical and economically sound managementplans over extensive range areas involving diverse groups is necessary The ability to work with high level governmental administrators and technicians is necessary as well as with farmers owning only a few head of stock Training counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders is a requirement

D Animal Husbandry Advisor

The animal husbandman must have a strong educational and professional experience background in breeding of livestock selection for upgrading native as well as improvial breeds of cattle sheep and goats Familiarity with and treatment needs of animal diseases expecially in endemic and erosion diseases is desirable Knowdglfe of animal nutrition requirements based on native range forage crop residue and local supplements is pertinent

He must possess the ability to use this knowledge to develop workable plans and extension approaches to peoples and situations in the Highveld and other areas in Swaziland

The ability to xtrain and motivate all levels of persons in the livestock field is necessary including counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders

E Ageiculture Economict--Marketing

Qualifications

This position calls for an agricultural economist preferably with some overseas experience in project preparations and in setting up agricultural economics research programs and marketing studies in developing ountries A PhD in the field of agricultural economics is desirable but not required if the candidate is otherwise qualified on the basis of experience The incumbent should have training and experience in agricultural marketing economics analysis and production economics

Job Description

1 Assists Ministry in economics and financial analysis related to rural development and in specific project preparation and evaluation

2 Directs and assists the Ministry in carrying out needed agricultural economic studies and analysis relating to rural development program

-4shy

3 Assists in developing techniques for evaluating Agricultural Five-Year Plan and provides the leadership and direction in preparing the new Five-Year Plans

4 Serves as agricultural representative on inter-ministerial planning committees

Life of Project

PROJECT DEcICN SUMMARY From FY 72 to FY 77 LOGICAL IRAMEWORK Total US Funding $2165000Date Prepared Oct 31 1971

Project Title Swaziland Rural Development 690-11-110-024

NARRATIVE SUMMARY OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICAT(RS MEANS OF VERIFICATION IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS Assumptions for achieving goal

Program or Sector Goal The broader objective Measures of Goal Achievement 1 Absence of requirements targetsto which this project contributes 1 RDAs become viable self-ststaining for additional external inputs I COS will continue to giveTo support the GOS Agriculture Development entities same kind of priority to Agpriorities designed to improve the standard sector of living of rural peoples through improved agriculture production and related public services

Project Purpose Conditions that will indicate Furpose 1 National statistical Assumptions for achievingTo increase agricultural productivity and has been achieved End of project status information purposefarmer income within the 6 rural develop- i Real per capita farm income will 2 Direct observation 1 Rate of inflation will ment areas increase 30 over life of project not increase

2 Increase in national grain product- 2 There will be an expanshyion increase in national cattle take sion of both domestic and off South African markets 3 Increased export earnings Irom Ag production Elimination of gisin imports

Outputs Relative to RDAs Magnitude of Outputs 1 National statistical Assumptions for providing1 Tmproved range management practices and 1 Ratio of acres per animal urit changes information outputs more rational pattern of land use from 151 to 101 Rotational grazing 2 Special baseline studies if i Prices for grain and livestock 2 Increased production of maize and sorghum systems introduced needed will stay the same or increase at 3 Expanded administrative capacity within 2 Maize yields up from 400 pounds per 3 Direct observation a rational rate the Ministry acre to 800 per acre Wheat from 300 2 The GOS National Council will 4 Increased yields of livestock products pounds per acre to 900 pounds continue support for the RDA 5 Expanded farmer access to public services 3 Placement of 15 formally trained schemecredit and markets personnel in Ministry Phase-out US 3 Recruitment of highly trained 6 Reduced erosion and expanded water advisors technicians will be achieved on supplies 4 Cattle take off up from 12 to 17 a timely basis 7 Creation of farm to market roads per year Cattle to marketable matur- 4 GOS will successfully introshy

ity in 4 years with increase ir carcass duce improved farming and animal weight husbandry techniques5 Completion of 15 rural village cen- 5 New seed varieties compatibleters with extension and marketing ser- to Swazi ecology will be vices available 6 Construction of terraces on 125000 6 GOS will provide increased acres and 100 dams public services required in RDAs 7 Construction of 350 miles of feeder roads and fence lines

Inputs IMPLEMENTATION TARGET (TYPE ANT QUAN- I AID Budget Assumptions for providing inputsI-US Technicians TITY) 2 Direct observation 1 That UK will continue to2- US Loan - (Equipment and Credit) (See inputs section of PROP) 3 Project Implementation Plan provide pledged level of assisshy3 Participant and farmer training 4 Project Evaluation tance on schedule 4 UK - a) technicians b) land purchase 2 Equipment provided under loan

c) loan to Swazi Credit Bank will be shipped on time 5 GOS Contributions 3 Expanded credit institutions

will be createdlamp faAk44bU a~t

nepartrn ent Sta-te IL

A NDLAAFS1D 223

GAE~ 01 MBBN065 241052Z-

ACT ION AID0-31I

INFO OCT-01 AF-05 037W 365

R 240915Z NOV 71R51 MAMEMBASSY MBABANE TSECSTATE WASHDC 2628

UNCLAS MBABANE 1675

SUBi RURAL DEVELOPMENT- PROP 024

REFt ELLISCAMPBELL LETTER NOVEMXER 151 1971

I TO ASSIST IN AIDW REVIEW SUBJECT PROJECT PROPOSALIN i A-RESPONSE QUESTIONS REFERENCELETTER OSARAC HADPLANNED THAT

TECHNICIANS WOULD BE AS SELF-SUFFICIENT AS POSSIBLE FOLLOW ING APPROACH ALREADY USED UBLS PIOT WHIC PROVIDESALLOW-ANCES IN LIEU OFPREVIOUS PREQUISITES HOWEVERi LOGISTICAL SPECIFICS NOT INCLUDED IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROP SINCEPROP FOLLOWS NEW MO AND LOGISTIC ITEMS MORE PROPERLY ADDRESSED PROAG AND PIOT

20 RECOMMENDATION-THAT CONTRACT BE TRANSCENTURY TYPE NOT MEANT TO IMPLY TOPPING UP ONLY THAT US INSITUTTION B CK-STOPPING UNNECESSARY PROJECT FORMULATED AND DISCUSSED HJTH GOS ON BASIS FUCL FUNDING-ALTHOUGHTECHNICiANS WOULD WORK OPERATIONALLY WITHIN MINISTRY CF AGRiCULTURE

3 RECOMMENDATION CONSTRUCTION ALTERNATIVE FOR HOUSING DEVELOPED AFTER PROP FORWARDEDo SPICER

UNCLASIFIED

eNa - N

(6)

Range Areas 1970 161634 acres

1975 378254 acres

Fencing 1970 1358 miles

1975 7457 miles

Infrastructure Costs 1970-75 R505831 (max

Villages 1970-75 37 (no)

Dame 1970 34 (no)

1975 116 (no)

Annex E Brief Job Description of AID Technicians

A Soil Conservation Engineers

Qualification

A graduate in Agriculture or Civil Engineering if the formerConservation Engineering should have been then

one of the major subjectsstudied for the degree in Agriculture If the latter hydrology shouldhave been studied and subsequent experience been in the field ofAgriculture and conservation

Job Description

The Conservation Engineer would be required to undertake thep1 nning and design of conservation measures and systems as a memberof a planning team These would call for

1 An abliity to assess the overall infrastructural needs of a landunit and produce a physical plan illustrating the positions of roadswaterways diversions and storm drains river crossings and all theother attendant features including water storage dams

2 In addition he will be required to select out more specificproject areas within the land unit and on the basis of aerial photographyandor topographical mapping produce detailed designs of waterconservation structures including open earth and lined furrow or canalsfor irrigation Using applicable storm data and run-off characteristicsand nedimentationOrates determines watershed yields and storage needsfor earth-fill dams for irrigation and other purposes plus watershed protection needs

3 He should have a good practical working knowledgetopographical survey ofbe able to use both level and theodolite but is not

required to be -certificated

B Heavy Equipment - Workshop Manager

Qualifications

Mechanical Engineer - A graduate in MeL anical Engineering or afully apprenticed mechanic of at least ten to fifteen years practicalexperience on diesel and heavy earth moving plant Should be capableof office administration and the daily supervision and direction of four toffive other qualified mechanics and machine hands

a

Job Description

He would be required to

1 Run and operate a mechanical Workshop in Manzini undertaking all manner of repaie work

2 He should be fully knowledgeable of a wide range of earth moving plants of different manufacturers and should also be capable of organizing and administrating a preventative maintenance programn-mtincluding the necessary training of personnel

3 On the basis bf the above (2) he should be able to arrangefor the ordering of spare parts and parts exchanging units in good time so as to prevent wasteful delays in downj time Develop and maintenance of effective relationships with numerous parts suppliers is a requirement

4 He should have the ability to improvise the manufacture of construction materials in steel as required from time to time in the form of railings pipe fittings suspension cables spray rigs eta

5 He should also be fully conversant with the techniques of operatibg earth moving equipment especially in the use of crawler shy

equipment and scraper operation

6 He should have the ability to develop and maintain effective working relationships with operators and site foreman in the field leading to efficient and economical use of machinery plus sound decisions on routing and reppLirs of eiiprqnht

7 He should understand warranties and take prompt actions for their fulfillment as necessary

C Range Management Advisor

The range management technician should have a wide range of experience in several range areas with a strong livestock and ecologicalbackground He should be capable of developing sound technical guidesincorporating management needs over a wide range of range cites covering several climatic and altitudinal uones having great variations in soils slopes vegetative compositions and condition A capability

-3shy

to develop and apply practical and economically sound managementplans over extensive range areas involving diverse groups is necessary The ability to work with high level governmental administrators and technicians is necessary as well as with farmers owning only a few head of stock Training counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders is a requirement

D Animal Husbandry Advisor

The animal husbandman must have a strong educational and professional experience background in breeding of livestock selection for upgrading native as well as improvial breeds of cattle sheep and goats Familiarity with and treatment needs of animal diseases expecially in endemic and erosion diseases is desirable Knowdglfe of animal nutrition requirements based on native range forage crop residue and local supplements is pertinent

He must possess the ability to use this knowledge to develop workable plans and extension approaches to peoples and situations in the Highveld and other areas in Swaziland

The ability to xtrain and motivate all levels of persons in the livestock field is necessary including counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders

E Ageiculture Economict--Marketing

Qualifications

This position calls for an agricultural economist preferably with some overseas experience in project preparations and in setting up agricultural economics research programs and marketing studies in developing ountries A PhD in the field of agricultural economics is desirable but not required if the candidate is otherwise qualified on the basis of experience The incumbent should have training and experience in agricultural marketing economics analysis and production economics

Job Description

1 Assists Ministry in economics and financial analysis related to rural development and in specific project preparation and evaluation

2 Directs and assists the Ministry in carrying out needed agricultural economic studies and analysis relating to rural development program

-4shy

3 Assists in developing techniques for evaluating Agricultural Five-Year Plan and provides the leadership and direction in preparing the new Five-Year Plans

4 Serves as agricultural representative on inter-ministerial planning committees

Life of Project

PROJECT DEcICN SUMMARY From FY 72 to FY 77 LOGICAL IRAMEWORK Total US Funding $2165000Date Prepared Oct 31 1971

Project Title Swaziland Rural Development 690-11-110-024

NARRATIVE SUMMARY OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICAT(RS MEANS OF VERIFICATION IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS Assumptions for achieving goal

Program or Sector Goal The broader objective Measures of Goal Achievement 1 Absence of requirements targetsto which this project contributes 1 RDAs become viable self-ststaining for additional external inputs I COS will continue to giveTo support the GOS Agriculture Development entities same kind of priority to Agpriorities designed to improve the standard sector of living of rural peoples through improved agriculture production and related public services

Project Purpose Conditions that will indicate Furpose 1 National statistical Assumptions for achievingTo increase agricultural productivity and has been achieved End of project status information purposefarmer income within the 6 rural develop- i Real per capita farm income will 2 Direct observation 1 Rate of inflation will ment areas increase 30 over life of project not increase

2 Increase in national grain product- 2 There will be an expanshyion increase in national cattle take sion of both domestic and off South African markets 3 Increased export earnings Irom Ag production Elimination of gisin imports

Outputs Relative to RDAs Magnitude of Outputs 1 National statistical Assumptions for providing1 Tmproved range management practices and 1 Ratio of acres per animal urit changes information outputs more rational pattern of land use from 151 to 101 Rotational grazing 2 Special baseline studies if i Prices for grain and livestock 2 Increased production of maize and sorghum systems introduced needed will stay the same or increase at 3 Expanded administrative capacity within 2 Maize yields up from 400 pounds per 3 Direct observation a rational rate the Ministry acre to 800 per acre Wheat from 300 2 The GOS National Council will 4 Increased yields of livestock products pounds per acre to 900 pounds continue support for the RDA 5 Expanded farmer access to public services 3 Placement of 15 formally trained schemecredit and markets personnel in Ministry Phase-out US 3 Recruitment of highly trained 6 Reduced erosion and expanded water advisors technicians will be achieved on supplies 4 Cattle take off up from 12 to 17 a timely basis 7 Creation of farm to market roads per year Cattle to marketable matur- 4 GOS will successfully introshy

ity in 4 years with increase ir carcass duce improved farming and animal weight husbandry techniques5 Completion of 15 rural village cen- 5 New seed varieties compatibleters with extension and marketing ser- to Swazi ecology will be vices available 6 Construction of terraces on 125000 6 GOS will provide increased acres and 100 dams public services required in RDAs 7 Construction of 350 miles of feeder roads and fence lines

Inputs IMPLEMENTATION TARGET (TYPE ANT QUAN- I AID Budget Assumptions for providing inputsI-US Technicians TITY) 2 Direct observation 1 That UK will continue to2- US Loan - (Equipment and Credit) (See inputs section of PROP) 3 Project Implementation Plan provide pledged level of assisshy3 Participant and farmer training 4 Project Evaluation tance on schedule 4 UK - a) technicians b) land purchase 2 Equipment provided under loan

c) loan to Swazi Credit Bank will be shipped on time 5 GOS Contributions 3 Expanded credit institutions

will be createdlamp faAk44bU a~t

nepartrn ent Sta-te IL

A NDLAAFS1D 223

GAE~ 01 MBBN065 241052Z-

ACT ION AID0-31I

INFO OCT-01 AF-05 037W 365

R 240915Z NOV 71R51 MAMEMBASSY MBABANE TSECSTATE WASHDC 2628

UNCLAS MBABANE 1675

SUBi RURAL DEVELOPMENT- PROP 024

REFt ELLISCAMPBELL LETTER NOVEMXER 151 1971

I TO ASSIST IN AIDW REVIEW SUBJECT PROJECT PROPOSALIN i A-RESPONSE QUESTIONS REFERENCELETTER OSARAC HADPLANNED THAT

TECHNICIANS WOULD BE AS SELF-SUFFICIENT AS POSSIBLE FOLLOW ING APPROACH ALREADY USED UBLS PIOT WHIC PROVIDESALLOW-ANCES IN LIEU OFPREVIOUS PREQUISITES HOWEVERi LOGISTICAL SPECIFICS NOT INCLUDED IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROP SINCEPROP FOLLOWS NEW MO AND LOGISTIC ITEMS MORE PROPERLY ADDRESSED PROAG AND PIOT

20 RECOMMENDATION-THAT CONTRACT BE TRANSCENTURY TYPE NOT MEANT TO IMPLY TOPPING UP ONLY THAT US INSITUTTION B CK-STOPPING UNNECESSARY PROJECT FORMULATED AND DISCUSSED HJTH GOS ON BASIS FUCL FUNDING-ALTHOUGHTECHNICiANS WOULD WORK OPERATIONALLY WITHIN MINISTRY CF AGRiCULTURE

3 RECOMMENDATION CONSTRUCTION ALTERNATIVE FOR HOUSING DEVELOPED AFTER PROP FORWARDEDo SPICER

UNCLASIFIED

eNa - N

Annex E Brief Job Description of AID Technicians

A Soil Conservation Engineers

Qualification

A graduate in Agriculture or Civil Engineering if the formerConservation Engineering should have been then

one of the major subjectsstudied for the degree in Agriculture If the latter hydrology shouldhave been studied and subsequent experience been in the field ofAgriculture and conservation

Job Description

The Conservation Engineer would be required to undertake thep1 nning and design of conservation measures and systems as a memberof a planning team These would call for

1 An abliity to assess the overall infrastructural needs of a landunit and produce a physical plan illustrating the positions of roadswaterways diversions and storm drains river crossings and all theother attendant features including water storage dams

2 In addition he will be required to select out more specificproject areas within the land unit and on the basis of aerial photographyandor topographical mapping produce detailed designs of waterconservation structures including open earth and lined furrow or canalsfor irrigation Using applicable storm data and run-off characteristicsand nedimentationOrates determines watershed yields and storage needsfor earth-fill dams for irrigation and other purposes plus watershed protection needs

3 He should have a good practical working knowledgetopographical survey ofbe able to use both level and theodolite but is not

required to be -certificated

B Heavy Equipment - Workshop Manager

Qualifications

Mechanical Engineer - A graduate in MeL anical Engineering or afully apprenticed mechanic of at least ten to fifteen years practicalexperience on diesel and heavy earth moving plant Should be capableof office administration and the daily supervision and direction of four toffive other qualified mechanics and machine hands

a

Job Description

He would be required to

1 Run and operate a mechanical Workshop in Manzini undertaking all manner of repaie work

2 He should be fully knowledgeable of a wide range of earth moving plants of different manufacturers and should also be capable of organizing and administrating a preventative maintenance programn-mtincluding the necessary training of personnel

3 On the basis bf the above (2) he should be able to arrangefor the ordering of spare parts and parts exchanging units in good time so as to prevent wasteful delays in downj time Develop and maintenance of effective relationships with numerous parts suppliers is a requirement

4 He should have the ability to improvise the manufacture of construction materials in steel as required from time to time in the form of railings pipe fittings suspension cables spray rigs eta

5 He should also be fully conversant with the techniques of operatibg earth moving equipment especially in the use of crawler shy

equipment and scraper operation

6 He should have the ability to develop and maintain effective working relationships with operators and site foreman in the field leading to efficient and economical use of machinery plus sound decisions on routing and reppLirs of eiiprqnht

7 He should understand warranties and take prompt actions for their fulfillment as necessary

C Range Management Advisor

The range management technician should have a wide range of experience in several range areas with a strong livestock and ecologicalbackground He should be capable of developing sound technical guidesincorporating management needs over a wide range of range cites covering several climatic and altitudinal uones having great variations in soils slopes vegetative compositions and condition A capability

-3shy

to develop and apply practical and economically sound managementplans over extensive range areas involving diverse groups is necessary The ability to work with high level governmental administrators and technicians is necessary as well as with farmers owning only a few head of stock Training counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders is a requirement

D Animal Husbandry Advisor

The animal husbandman must have a strong educational and professional experience background in breeding of livestock selection for upgrading native as well as improvial breeds of cattle sheep and goats Familiarity with and treatment needs of animal diseases expecially in endemic and erosion diseases is desirable Knowdglfe of animal nutrition requirements based on native range forage crop residue and local supplements is pertinent

He must possess the ability to use this knowledge to develop workable plans and extension approaches to peoples and situations in the Highveld and other areas in Swaziland

The ability to xtrain and motivate all levels of persons in the livestock field is necessary including counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders

E Ageiculture Economict--Marketing

Qualifications

This position calls for an agricultural economist preferably with some overseas experience in project preparations and in setting up agricultural economics research programs and marketing studies in developing ountries A PhD in the field of agricultural economics is desirable but not required if the candidate is otherwise qualified on the basis of experience The incumbent should have training and experience in agricultural marketing economics analysis and production economics

Job Description

1 Assists Ministry in economics and financial analysis related to rural development and in specific project preparation and evaluation

2 Directs and assists the Ministry in carrying out needed agricultural economic studies and analysis relating to rural development program

-4shy

3 Assists in developing techniques for evaluating Agricultural Five-Year Plan and provides the leadership and direction in preparing the new Five-Year Plans

4 Serves as agricultural representative on inter-ministerial planning committees

Life of Project

PROJECT DEcICN SUMMARY From FY 72 to FY 77 LOGICAL IRAMEWORK Total US Funding $2165000Date Prepared Oct 31 1971

Project Title Swaziland Rural Development 690-11-110-024

NARRATIVE SUMMARY OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICAT(RS MEANS OF VERIFICATION IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS Assumptions for achieving goal

Program or Sector Goal The broader objective Measures of Goal Achievement 1 Absence of requirements targetsto which this project contributes 1 RDAs become viable self-ststaining for additional external inputs I COS will continue to giveTo support the GOS Agriculture Development entities same kind of priority to Agpriorities designed to improve the standard sector of living of rural peoples through improved agriculture production and related public services

Project Purpose Conditions that will indicate Furpose 1 National statistical Assumptions for achievingTo increase agricultural productivity and has been achieved End of project status information purposefarmer income within the 6 rural develop- i Real per capita farm income will 2 Direct observation 1 Rate of inflation will ment areas increase 30 over life of project not increase

2 Increase in national grain product- 2 There will be an expanshyion increase in national cattle take sion of both domestic and off South African markets 3 Increased export earnings Irom Ag production Elimination of gisin imports

Outputs Relative to RDAs Magnitude of Outputs 1 National statistical Assumptions for providing1 Tmproved range management practices and 1 Ratio of acres per animal urit changes information outputs more rational pattern of land use from 151 to 101 Rotational grazing 2 Special baseline studies if i Prices for grain and livestock 2 Increased production of maize and sorghum systems introduced needed will stay the same or increase at 3 Expanded administrative capacity within 2 Maize yields up from 400 pounds per 3 Direct observation a rational rate the Ministry acre to 800 per acre Wheat from 300 2 The GOS National Council will 4 Increased yields of livestock products pounds per acre to 900 pounds continue support for the RDA 5 Expanded farmer access to public services 3 Placement of 15 formally trained schemecredit and markets personnel in Ministry Phase-out US 3 Recruitment of highly trained 6 Reduced erosion and expanded water advisors technicians will be achieved on supplies 4 Cattle take off up from 12 to 17 a timely basis 7 Creation of farm to market roads per year Cattle to marketable matur- 4 GOS will successfully introshy

ity in 4 years with increase ir carcass duce improved farming and animal weight husbandry techniques5 Completion of 15 rural village cen- 5 New seed varieties compatibleters with extension and marketing ser- to Swazi ecology will be vices available 6 Construction of terraces on 125000 6 GOS will provide increased acres and 100 dams public services required in RDAs 7 Construction of 350 miles of feeder roads and fence lines

Inputs IMPLEMENTATION TARGET (TYPE ANT QUAN- I AID Budget Assumptions for providing inputsI-US Technicians TITY) 2 Direct observation 1 That UK will continue to2- US Loan - (Equipment and Credit) (See inputs section of PROP) 3 Project Implementation Plan provide pledged level of assisshy3 Participant and farmer training 4 Project Evaluation tance on schedule 4 UK - a) technicians b) land purchase 2 Equipment provided under loan

c) loan to Swazi Credit Bank will be shipped on time 5 GOS Contributions 3 Expanded credit institutions

will be createdlamp faAk44bU a~t

nepartrn ent Sta-te IL

A NDLAAFS1D 223

GAE~ 01 MBBN065 241052Z-

ACT ION AID0-31I

INFO OCT-01 AF-05 037W 365

R 240915Z NOV 71R51 MAMEMBASSY MBABANE TSECSTATE WASHDC 2628

UNCLAS MBABANE 1675

SUBi RURAL DEVELOPMENT- PROP 024

REFt ELLISCAMPBELL LETTER NOVEMXER 151 1971

I TO ASSIST IN AIDW REVIEW SUBJECT PROJECT PROPOSALIN i A-RESPONSE QUESTIONS REFERENCELETTER OSARAC HADPLANNED THAT

TECHNICIANS WOULD BE AS SELF-SUFFICIENT AS POSSIBLE FOLLOW ING APPROACH ALREADY USED UBLS PIOT WHIC PROVIDESALLOW-ANCES IN LIEU OFPREVIOUS PREQUISITES HOWEVERi LOGISTICAL SPECIFICS NOT INCLUDED IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROP SINCEPROP FOLLOWS NEW MO AND LOGISTIC ITEMS MORE PROPERLY ADDRESSED PROAG AND PIOT

20 RECOMMENDATION-THAT CONTRACT BE TRANSCENTURY TYPE NOT MEANT TO IMPLY TOPPING UP ONLY THAT US INSITUTTION B CK-STOPPING UNNECESSARY PROJECT FORMULATED AND DISCUSSED HJTH GOS ON BASIS FUCL FUNDING-ALTHOUGHTECHNICiANS WOULD WORK OPERATIONALLY WITHIN MINISTRY CF AGRiCULTURE

3 RECOMMENDATION CONSTRUCTION ALTERNATIVE FOR HOUSING DEVELOPED AFTER PROP FORWARDEDo SPICER

UNCLASIFIED

eNa - N

Job Description

He would be required to

1 Run and operate a mechanical Workshop in Manzini undertaking all manner of repaie work

2 He should be fully knowledgeable of a wide range of earth moving plants of different manufacturers and should also be capable of organizing and administrating a preventative maintenance programn-mtincluding the necessary training of personnel

3 On the basis bf the above (2) he should be able to arrangefor the ordering of spare parts and parts exchanging units in good time so as to prevent wasteful delays in downj time Develop and maintenance of effective relationships with numerous parts suppliers is a requirement

4 He should have the ability to improvise the manufacture of construction materials in steel as required from time to time in the form of railings pipe fittings suspension cables spray rigs eta

5 He should also be fully conversant with the techniques of operatibg earth moving equipment especially in the use of crawler shy

equipment and scraper operation

6 He should have the ability to develop and maintain effective working relationships with operators and site foreman in the field leading to efficient and economical use of machinery plus sound decisions on routing and reppLirs of eiiprqnht

7 He should understand warranties and take prompt actions for their fulfillment as necessary

C Range Management Advisor

The range management technician should have a wide range of experience in several range areas with a strong livestock and ecologicalbackground He should be capable of developing sound technical guidesincorporating management needs over a wide range of range cites covering several climatic and altitudinal uones having great variations in soils slopes vegetative compositions and condition A capability

-3shy

to develop and apply practical and economically sound managementplans over extensive range areas involving diverse groups is necessary The ability to work with high level governmental administrators and technicians is necessary as well as with farmers owning only a few head of stock Training counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders is a requirement

D Animal Husbandry Advisor

The animal husbandman must have a strong educational and professional experience background in breeding of livestock selection for upgrading native as well as improvial breeds of cattle sheep and goats Familiarity with and treatment needs of animal diseases expecially in endemic and erosion diseases is desirable Knowdglfe of animal nutrition requirements based on native range forage crop residue and local supplements is pertinent

He must possess the ability to use this knowledge to develop workable plans and extension approaches to peoples and situations in the Highveld and other areas in Swaziland

The ability to xtrain and motivate all levels of persons in the livestock field is necessary including counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders

E Ageiculture Economict--Marketing

Qualifications

This position calls for an agricultural economist preferably with some overseas experience in project preparations and in setting up agricultural economics research programs and marketing studies in developing ountries A PhD in the field of agricultural economics is desirable but not required if the candidate is otherwise qualified on the basis of experience The incumbent should have training and experience in agricultural marketing economics analysis and production economics

Job Description

1 Assists Ministry in economics and financial analysis related to rural development and in specific project preparation and evaluation

2 Directs and assists the Ministry in carrying out needed agricultural economic studies and analysis relating to rural development program

-4shy

3 Assists in developing techniques for evaluating Agricultural Five-Year Plan and provides the leadership and direction in preparing the new Five-Year Plans

4 Serves as agricultural representative on inter-ministerial planning committees

Life of Project

PROJECT DEcICN SUMMARY From FY 72 to FY 77 LOGICAL IRAMEWORK Total US Funding $2165000Date Prepared Oct 31 1971

Project Title Swaziland Rural Development 690-11-110-024

NARRATIVE SUMMARY OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICAT(RS MEANS OF VERIFICATION IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS Assumptions for achieving goal

Program or Sector Goal The broader objective Measures of Goal Achievement 1 Absence of requirements targetsto which this project contributes 1 RDAs become viable self-ststaining for additional external inputs I COS will continue to giveTo support the GOS Agriculture Development entities same kind of priority to Agpriorities designed to improve the standard sector of living of rural peoples through improved agriculture production and related public services

Project Purpose Conditions that will indicate Furpose 1 National statistical Assumptions for achievingTo increase agricultural productivity and has been achieved End of project status information purposefarmer income within the 6 rural develop- i Real per capita farm income will 2 Direct observation 1 Rate of inflation will ment areas increase 30 over life of project not increase

2 Increase in national grain product- 2 There will be an expanshyion increase in national cattle take sion of both domestic and off South African markets 3 Increased export earnings Irom Ag production Elimination of gisin imports

Outputs Relative to RDAs Magnitude of Outputs 1 National statistical Assumptions for providing1 Tmproved range management practices and 1 Ratio of acres per animal urit changes information outputs more rational pattern of land use from 151 to 101 Rotational grazing 2 Special baseline studies if i Prices for grain and livestock 2 Increased production of maize and sorghum systems introduced needed will stay the same or increase at 3 Expanded administrative capacity within 2 Maize yields up from 400 pounds per 3 Direct observation a rational rate the Ministry acre to 800 per acre Wheat from 300 2 The GOS National Council will 4 Increased yields of livestock products pounds per acre to 900 pounds continue support for the RDA 5 Expanded farmer access to public services 3 Placement of 15 formally trained schemecredit and markets personnel in Ministry Phase-out US 3 Recruitment of highly trained 6 Reduced erosion and expanded water advisors technicians will be achieved on supplies 4 Cattle take off up from 12 to 17 a timely basis 7 Creation of farm to market roads per year Cattle to marketable matur- 4 GOS will successfully introshy

ity in 4 years with increase ir carcass duce improved farming and animal weight husbandry techniques5 Completion of 15 rural village cen- 5 New seed varieties compatibleters with extension and marketing ser- to Swazi ecology will be vices available 6 Construction of terraces on 125000 6 GOS will provide increased acres and 100 dams public services required in RDAs 7 Construction of 350 miles of feeder roads and fence lines

Inputs IMPLEMENTATION TARGET (TYPE ANT QUAN- I AID Budget Assumptions for providing inputsI-US Technicians TITY) 2 Direct observation 1 That UK will continue to2- US Loan - (Equipment and Credit) (See inputs section of PROP) 3 Project Implementation Plan provide pledged level of assisshy3 Participant and farmer training 4 Project Evaluation tance on schedule 4 UK - a) technicians b) land purchase 2 Equipment provided under loan

c) loan to Swazi Credit Bank will be shipped on time 5 GOS Contributions 3 Expanded credit institutions

will be createdlamp faAk44bU a~t

nepartrn ent Sta-te IL

A NDLAAFS1D 223

GAE~ 01 MBBN065 241052Z-

ACT ION AID0-31I

INFO OCT-01 AF-05 037W 365

R 240915Z NOV 71R51 MAMEMBASSY MBABANE TSECSTATE WASHDC 2628

UNCLAS MBABANE 1675

SUBi RURAL DEVELOPMENT- PROP 024

REFt ELLISCAMPBELL LETTER NOVEMXER 151 1971

I TO ASSIST IN AIDW REVIEW SUBJECT PROJECT PROPOSALIN i A-RESPONSE QUESTIONS REFERENCELETTER OSARAC HADPLANNED THAT

TECHNICIANS WOULD BE AS SELF-SUFFICIENT AS POSSIBLE FOLLOW ING APPROACH ALREADY USED UBLS PIOT WHIC PROVIDESALLOW-ANCES IN LIEU OFPREVIOUS PREQUISITES HOWEVERi LOGISTICAL SPECIFICS NOT INCLUDED IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROP SINCEPROP FOLLOWS NEW MO AND LOGISTIC ITEMS MORE PROPERLY ADDRESSED PROAG AND PIOT

20 RECOMMENDATION-THAT CONTRACT BE TRANSCENTURY TYPE NOT MEANT TO IMPLY TOPPING UP ONLY THAT US INSITUTTION B CK-STOPPING UNNECESSARY PROJECT FORMULATED AND DISCUSSED HJTH GOS ON BASIS FUCL FUNDING-ALTHOUGHTECHNICiANS WOULD WORK OPERATIONALLY WITHIN MINISTRY CF AGRiCULTURE

3 RECOMMENDATION CONSTRUCTION ALTERNATIVE FOR HOUSING DEVELOPED AFTER PROP FORWARDEDo SPICER

UNCLASIFIED

eNa - N

-3shy

to develop and apply practical and economically sound managementplans over extensive range areas involving diverse groups is necessary The ability to work with high level governmental administrators and technicians is necessary as well as with farmers owning only a few head of stock Training counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders is a requirement

D Animal Husbandry Advisor

The animal husbandman must have a strong educational and professional experience background in breeding of livestock selection for upgrading native as well as improvial breeds of cattle sheep and goats Familiarity with and treatment needs of animal diseases expecially in endemic and erosion diseases is desirable Knowdglfe of animal nutrition requirements based on native range forage crop residue and local supplements is pertinent

He must possess the ability to use this knowledge to develop workable plans and extension approaches to peoples and situations in the Highveld and other areas in Swaziland

The ability to xtrain and motivate all levels of persons in the livestock field is necessary including counterparts student trainees farmers and leaders

E Ageiculture Economict--Marketing

Qualifications

This position calls for an agricultural economist preferably with some overseas experience in project preparations and in setting up agricultural economics research programs and marketing studies in developing ountries A PhD in the field of agricultural economics is desirable but not required if the candidate is otherwise qualified on the basis of experience The incumbent should have training and experience in agricultural marketing economics analysis and production economics

Job Description

1 Assists Ministry in economics and financial analysis related to rural development and in specific project preparation and evaluation

2 Directs and assists the Ministry in carrying out needed agricultural economic studies and analysis relating to rural development program

-4shy

3 Assists in developing techniques for evaluating Agricultural Five-Year Plan and provides the leadership and direction in preparing the new Five-Year Plans

4 Serves as agricultural representative on inter-ministerial planning committees

Life of Project

PROJECT DEcICN SUMMARY From FY 72 to FY 77 LOGICAL IRAMEWORK Total US Funding $2165000Date Prepared Oct 31 1971

Project Title Swaziland Rural Development 690-11-110-024

NARRATIVE SUMMARY OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICAT(RS MEANS OF VERIFICATION IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS Assumptions for achieving goal

Program or Sector Goal The broader objective Measures of Goal Achievement 1 Absence of requirements targetsto which this project contributes 1 RDAs become viable self-ststaining for additional external inputs I COS will continue to giveTo support the GOS Agriculture Development entities same kind of priority to Agpriorities designed to improve the standard sector of living of rural peoples through improved agriculture production and related public services

Project Purpose Conditions that will indicate Furpose 1 National statistical Assumptions for achievingTo increase agricultural productivity and has been achieved End of project status information purposefarmer income within the 6 rural develop- i Real per capita farm income will 2 Direct observation 1 Rate of inflation will ment areas increase 30 over life of project not increase

2 Increase in national grain product- 2 There will be an expanshyion increase in national cattle take sion of both domestic and off South African markets 3 Increased export earnings Irom Ag production Elimination of gisin imports

Outputs Relative to RDAs Magnitude of Outputs 1 National statistical Assumptions for providing1 Tmproved range management practices and 1 Ratio of acres per animal urit changes information outputs more rational pattern of land use from 151 to 101 Rotational grazing 2 Special baseline studies if i Prices for grain and livestock 2 Increased production of maize and sorghum systems introduced needed will stay the same or increase at 3 Expanded administrative capacity within 2 Maize yields up from 400 pounds per 3 Direct observation a rational rate the Ministry acre to 800 per acre Wheat from 300 2 The GOS National Council will 4 Increased yields of livestock products pounds per acre to 900 pounds continue support for the RDA 5 Expanded farmer access to public services 3 Placement of 15 formally trained schemecredit and markets personnel in Ministry Phase-out US 3 Recruitment of highly trained 6 Reduced erosion and expanded water advisors technicians will be achieved on supplies 4 Cattle take off up from 12 to 17 a timely basis 7 Creation of farm to market roads per year Cattle to marketable matur- 4 GOS will successfully introshy

ity in 4 years with increase ir carcass duce improved farming and animal weight husbandry techniques5 Completion of 15 rural village cen- 5 New seed varieties compatibleters with extension and marketing ser- to Swazi ecology will be vices available 6 Construction of terraces on 125000 6 GOS will provide increased acres and 100 dams public services required in RDAs 7 Construction of 350 miles of feeder roads and fence lines

Inputs IMPLEMENTATION TARGET (TYPE ANT QUAN- I AID Budget Assumptions for providing inputsI-US Technicians TITY) 2 Direct observation 1 That UK will continue to2- US Loan - (Equipment and Credit) (See inputs section of PROP) 3 Project Implementation Plan provide pledged level of assisshy3 Participant and farmer training 4 Project Evaluation tance on schedule 4 UK - a) technicians b) land purchase 2 Equipment provided under loan

c) loan to Swazi Credit Bank will be shipped on time 5 GOS Contributions 3 Expanded credit institutions

will be createdlamp faAk44bU a~t

nepartrn ent Sta-te IL

A NDLAAFS1D 223

GAE~ 01 MBBN065 241052Z-

ACT ION AID0-31I

INFO OCT-01 AF-05 037W 365

R 240915Z NOV 71R51 MAMEMBASSY MBABANE TSECSTATE WASHDC 2628

UNCLAS MBABANE 1675

SUBi RURAL DEVELOPMENT- PROP 024

REFt ELLISCAMPBELL LETTER NOVEMXER 151 1971

I TO ASSIST IN AIDW REVIEW SUBJECT PROJECT PROPOSALIN i A-RESPONSE QUESTIONS REFERENCELETTER OSARAC HADPLANNED THAT

TECHNICIANS WOULD BE AS SELF-SUFFICIENT AS POSSIBLE FOLLOW ING APPROACH ALREADY USED UBLS PIOT WHIC PROVIDESALLOW-ANCES IN LIEU OFPREVIOUS PREQUISITES HOWEVERi LOGISTICAL SPECIFICS NOT INCLUDED IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROP SINCEPROP FOLLOWS NEW MO AND LOGISTIC ITEMS MORE PROPERLY ADDRESSED PROAG AND PIOT

20 RECOMMENDATION-THAT CONTRACT BE TRANSCENTURY TYPE NOT MEANT TO IMPLY TOPPING UP ONLY THAT US INSITUTTION B CK-STOPPING UNNECESSARY PROJECT FORMULATED AND DISCUSSED HJTH GOS ON BASIS FUCL FUNDING-ALTHOUGHTECHNICiANS WOULD WORK OPERATIONALLY WITHIN MINISTRY CF AGRiCULTURE

3 RECOMMENDATION CONSTRUCTION ALTERNATIVE FOR HOUSING DEVELOPED AFTER PROP FORWARDEDo SPICER

UNCLASIFIED

eNa - N

-4shy

3 Assists in developing techniques for evaluating Agricultural Five-Year Plan and provides the leadership and direction in preparing the new Five-Year Plans

4 Serves as agricultural representative on inter-ministerial planning committees

Life of Project

PROJECT DEcICN SUMMARY From FY 72 to FY 77 LOGICAL IRAMEWORK Total US Funding $2165000Date Prepared Oct 31 1971

Project Title Swaziland Rural Development 690-11-110-024

NARRATIVE SUMMARY OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICAT(RS MEANS OF VERIFICATION IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS Assumptions for achieving goal

Program or Sector Goal The broader objective Measures of Goal Achievement 1 Absence of requirements targetsto which this project contributes 1 RDAs become viable self-ststaining for additional external inputs I COS will continue to giveTo support the GOS Agriculture Development entities same kind of priority to Agpriorities designed to improve the standard sector of living of rural peoples through improved agriculture production and related public services

Project Purpose Conditions that will indicate Furpose 1 National statistical Assumptions for achievingTo increase agricultural productivity and has been achieved End of project status information purposefarmer income within the 6 rural develop- i Real per capita farm income will 2 Direct observation 1 Rate of inflation will ment areas increase 30 over life of project not increase

2 Increase in national grain product- 2 There will be an expanshyion increase in national cattle take sion of both domestic and off South African markets 3 Increased export earnings Irom Ag production Elimination of gisin imports

Outputs Relative to RDAs Magnitude of Outputs 1 National statistical Assumptions for providing1 Tmproved range management practices and 1 Ratio of acres per animal urit changes information outputs more rational pattern of land use from 151 to 101 Rotational grazing 2 Special baseline studies if i Prices for grain and livestock 2 Increased production of maize and sorghum systems introduced needed will stay the same or increase at 3 Expanded administrative capacity within 2 Maize yields up from 400 pounds per 3 Direct observation a rational rate the Ministry acre to 800 per acre Wheat from 300 2 The GOS National Council will 4 Increased yields of livestock products pounds per acre to 900 pounds continue support for the RDA 5 Expanded farmer access to public services 3 Placement of 15 formally trained schemecredit and markets personnel in Ministry Phase-out US 3 Recruitment of highly trained 6 Reduced erosion and expanded water advisors technicians will be achieved on supplies 4 Cattle take off up from 12 to 17 a timely basis 7 Creation of farm to market roads per year Cattle to marketable matur- 4 GOS will successfully introshy

ity in 4 years with increase ir carcass duce improved farming and animal weight husbandry techniques5 Completion of 15 rural village cen- 5 New seed varieties compatibleters with extension and marketing ser- to Swazi ecology will be vices available 6 Construction of terraces on 125000 6 GOS will provide increased acres and 100 dams public services required in RDAs 7 Construction of 350 miles of feeder roads and fence lines

Inputs IMPLEMENTATION TARGET (TYPE ANT QUAN- I AID Budget Assumptions for providing inputsI-US Technicians TITY) 2 Direct observation 1 That UK will continue to2- US Loan - (Equipment and Credit) (See inputs section of PROP) 3 Project Implementation Plan provide pledged level of assisshy3 Participant and farmer training 4 Project Evaluation tance on schedule 4 UK - a) technicians b) land purchase 2 Equipment provided under loan

c) loan to Swazi Credit Bank will be shipped on time 5 GOS Contributions 3 Expanded credit institutions

will be createdlamp faAk44bU a~t

nepartrn ent Sta-te IL

A NDLAAFS1D 223

GAE~ 01 MBBN065 241052Z-

ACT ION AID0-31I

INFO OCT-01 AF-05 037W 365

R 240915Z NOV 71R51 MAMEMBASSY MBABANE TSECSTATE WASHDC 2628

UNCLAS MBABANE 1675

SUBi RURAL DEVELOPMENT- PROP 024

REFt ELLISCAMPBELL LETTER NOVEMXER 151 1971

I TO ASSIST IN AIDW REVIEW SUBJECT PROJECT PROPOSALIN i A-RESPONSE QUESTIONS REFERENCELETTER OSARAC HADPLANNED THAT

TECHNICIANS WOULD BE AS SELF-SUFFICIENT AS POSSIBLE FOLLOW ING APPROACH ALREADY USED UBLS PIOT WHIC PROVIDESALLOW-ANCES IN LIEU OFPREVIOUS PREQUISITES HOWEVERi LOGISTICAL SPECIFICS NOT INCLUDED IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROP SINCEPROP FOLLOWS NEW MO AND LOGISTIC ITEMS MORE PROPERLY ADDRESSED PROAG AND PIOT

20 RECOMMENDATION-THAT CONTRACT BE TRANSCENTURY TYPE NOT MEANT TO IMPLY TOPPING UP ONLY THAT US INSITUTTION B CK-STOPPING UNNECESSARY PROJECT FORMULATED AND DISCUSSED HJTH GOS ON BASIS FUCL FUNDING-ALTHOUGHTECHNICiANS WOULD WORK OPERATIONALLY WITHIN MINISTRY CF AGRiCULTURE

3 RECOMMENDATION CONSTRUCTION ALTERNATIVE FOR HOUSING DEVELOPED AFTER PROP FORWARDEDo SPICER

UNCLASIFIED

eNa - N

Life of Project

PROJECT DEcICN SUMMARY From FY 72 to FY 77 LOGICAL IRAMEWORK Total US Funding $2165000Date Prepared Oct 31 1971

Project Title Swaziland Rural Development 690-11-110-024

NARRATIVE SUMMARY OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICAT(RS MEANS OF VERIFICATION IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS Assumptions for achieving goal

Program or Sector Goal The broader objective Measures of Goal Achievement 1 Absence of requirements targetsto which this project contributes 1 RDAs become viable self-ststaining for additional external inputs I COS will continue to giveTo support the GOS Agriculture Development entities same kind of priority to Agpriorities designed to improve the standard sector of living of rural peoples through improved agriculture production and related public services

Project Purpose Conditions that will indicate Furpose 1 National statistical Assumptions for achievingTo increase agricultural productivity and has been achieved End of project status information purposefarmer income within the 6 rural develop- i Real per capita farm income will 2 Direct observation 1 Rate of inflation will ment areas increase 30 over life of project not increase

2 Increase in national grain product- 2 There will be an expanshyion increase in national cattle take sion of both domestic and off South African markets 3 Increased export earnings Irom Ag production Elimination of gisin imports

Outputs Relative to RDAs Magnitude of Outputs 1 National statistical Assumptions for providing1 Tmproved range management practices and 1 Ratio of acres per animal urit changes information outputs more rational pattern of land use from 151 to 101 Rotational grazing 2 Special baseline studies if i Prices for grain and livestock 2 Increased production of maize and sorghum systems introduced needed will stay the same or increase at 3 Expanded administrative capacity within 2 Maize yields up from 400 pounds per 3 Direct observation a rational rate the Ministry acre to 800 per acre Wheat from 300 2 The GOS National Council will 4 Increased yields of livestock products pounds per acre to 900 pounds continue support for the RDA 5 Expanded farmer access to public services 3 Placement of 15 formally trained schemecredit and markets personnel in Ministry Phase-out US 3 Recruitment of highly trained 6 Reduced erosion and expanded water advisors technicians will be achieved on supplies 4 Cattle take off up from 12 to 17 a timely basis 7 Creation of farm to market roads per year Cattle to marketable matur- 4 GOS will successfully introshy

ity in 4 years with increase ir carcass duce improved farming and animal weight husbandry techniques5 Completion of 15 rural village cen- 5 New seed varieties compatibleters with extension and marketing ser- to Swazi ecology will be vices available 6 Construction of terraces on 125000 6 GOS will provide increased acres and 100 dams public services required in RDAs 7 Construction of 350 miles of feeder roads and fence lines

Inputs IMPLEMENTATION TARGET (TYPE ANT QUAN- I AID Budget Assumptions for providing inputsI-US Technicians TITY) 2 Direct observation 1 That UK will continue to2- US Loan - (Equipment and Credit) (See inputs section of PROP) 3 Project Implementation Plan provide pledged level of assisshy3 Participant and farmer training 4 Project Evaluation tance on schedule 4 UK - a) technicians b) land purchase 2 Equipment provided under loan

c) loan to Swazi Credit Bank will be shipped on time 5 GOS Contributions 3 Expanded credit institutions

will be createdlamp faAk44bU a~t

nepartrn ent Sta-te IL

A NDLAAFS1D 223

GAE~ 01 MBBN065 241052Z-

ACT ION AID0-31I

INFO OCT-01 AF-05 037W 365

R 240915Z NOV 71R51 MAMEMBASSY MBABANE TSECSTATE WASHDC 2628

UNCLAS MBABANE 1675

SUBi RURAL DEVELOPMENT- PROP 024

REFt ELLISCAMPBELL LETTER NOVEMXER 151 1971

I TO ASSIST IN AIDW REVIEW SUBJECT PROJECT PROPOSALIN i A-RESPONSE QUESTIONS REFERENCELETTER OSARAC HADPLANNED THAT

TECHNICIANS WOULD BE AS SELF-SUFFICIENT AS POSSIBLE FOLLOW ING APPROACH ALREADY USED UBLS PIOT WHIC PROVIDESALLOW-ANCES IN LIEU OFPREVIOUS PREQUISITES HOWEVERi LOGISTICAL SPECIFICS NOT INCLUDED IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROP SINCEPROP FOLLOWS NEW MO AND LOGISTIC ITEMS MORE PROPERLY ADDRESSED PROAG AND PIOT

20 RECOMMENDATION-THAT CONTRACT BE TRANSCENTURY TYPE NOT MEANT TO IMPLY TOPPING UP ONLY THAT US INSITUTTION B CK-STOPPING UNNECESSARY PROJECT FORMULATED AND DISCUSSED HJTH GOS ON BASIS FUCL FUNDING-ALTHOUGHTECHNICiANS WOULD WORK OPERATIONALLY WITHIN MINISTRY CF AGRiCULTURE

3 RECOMMENDATION CONSTRUCTION ALTERNATIVE FOR HOUSING DEVELOPED AFTER PROP FORWARDEDo SPICER

UNCLASIFIED

eNa - N

nepartrn ent Sta-te IL

A NDLAAFS1D 223

GAE~ 01 MBBN065 241052Z-

ACT ION AID0-31I

INFO OCT-01 AF-05 037W 365

R 240915Z NOV 71R51 MAMEMBASSY MBABANE TSECSTATE WASHDC 2628

UNCLAS MBABANE 1675

SUBi RURAL DEVELOPMENT- PROP 024

REFt ELLISCAMPBELL LETTER NOVEMXER 151 1971

I TO ASSIST IN AIDW REVIEW SUBJECT PROJECT PROPOSALIN i A-RESPONSE QUESTIONS REFERENCELETTER OSARAC HADPLANNED THAT

TECHNICIANS WOULD BE AS SELF-SUFFICIENT AS POSSIBLE FOLLOW ING APPROACH ALREADY USED UBLS PIOT WHIC PROVIDESALLOW-ANCES IN LIEU OFPREVIOUS PREQUISITES HOWEVERi LOGISTICAL SPECIFICS NOT INCLUDED IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROP SINCEPROP FOLLOWS NEW MO AND LOGISTIC ITEMS MORE PROPERLY ADDRESSED PROAG AND PIOT

20 RECOMMENDATION-THAT CONTRACT BE TRANSCENTURY TYPE NOT MEANT TO IMPLY TOPPING UP ONLY THAT US INSITUTTION B CK-STOPPING UNNECESSARY PROJECT FORMULATED AND DISCUSSED HJTH GOS ON BASIS FUCL FUNDING-ALTHOUGHTECHNICiANS WOULD WORK OPERATIONALLY WITHIN MINISTRY CF AGRiCULTURE

3 RECOMMENDATION CONSTRUCTION ALTERNATIVE FOR HOUSING DEVELOPED AFTER PROP FORWARDEDo SPICER

UNCLASIFIED

eNa - N