Date post: | 12-Jan-2017 |
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Business |
Author: | michael-robert-juadiong |
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ì BA 244: Supply Chain Management
Internal Supply Chain
Procurement Produc,on Storage Distribu,on Sales and Marke,ng
Forecas,ng
Demand Management
ì Balances customer requirements with the capabili,es of the supply chain (Lambert, 2008)
ì Process within an organiza,on to “tailor its capacity, to meet varia)ons in demand, or to manage the level of demand using marke)ng or SCM strategies” (CIPS)
Successful Application
ì Use detailed POS data to match the rate of produc,on to demand: forecast
ì Need for established process for receiving, storing, and using POS data from retailers (Lawrie, 2007 b:2)
Successful Application
1. Define relevant data to manage demand, followed by systema,c and accurate recording of this data
2. Synchronize demand with supply
3. Long term planning
4. Strategically assess promo,onal ac,vity and its impact on demand
Taylor and Fearne (2006)
Hints and Tips
ì Collabora,ve demand forecas,ng ì firms reach a consensus, both internally and with
their chain partners on the expected level, ,ming, mix and loca,on of demand (Lawrie, 2007b)
ì Use pricing and promo,ons to s,mulate demand (Lawrie et al., 2007b)
ì Monitor sales against forecasts
Forecasting
ì Encompasses techniques employed to systema)cally analyze data and informa)on in an aXempt to predict future paXerns, trends or performance (Lysons and Farrington, 2006)
ì Underlying basis or all business decisions ì Produc,on ì Inventory ì Personnel ì Facili,es ì Budget
Steps in Forecasting
1. Select the items to be forecast
2. Determine the ,me horizon of the forecast
3. Select the forecas,ng model
4. Gather data
5. Make the forecast
6. Validate and implement results
Forecasting Approaches
Qualita,ve Approach
When liXle data exist
Involves intui,on, experience
e.g. new technologies, new products
Quan,ta,ve Approach
When stable and historical data exist
Involves mathema,cal techniques
e.g. current technology, exis,ng products
Forecasting Approaches
ì Which approach did they use to forecast the iPad?
Overview of Quantitative Approaches
Quan,ta,ve Forecas,ng
Time Series Models
Moving Average
Exponen,al Smoothing (EWAM)
Trend Projec,on
Associa,ve Models
Linear Regression
What is a Time Series?
ì Evenly spaced numerical data ì Regular ,me periods
ì Forecast based only on past values ì Assumes that factors influencing past and present
will con,nue to influence in the future
Overview of Quantitative Approaches
Quan,ta,ve Forecas,ng
Time Series Models
Moving Average
Exponen,al Smoothing (EWAM)
Trend Projec,on
Associa,ve Models
Linear Regression
Forecasting Demand
ì Moving Average ì How to best smooth out fluctua,ons
Moving Average
PAST FUTURE
Moving Average
PAST FUTURE
Moving Average
PAST FUTURE
Observations?
ì What is the trend? ì Upward ì Downward
ì Which data is more smooth? ì Demand ì 3-‐week ì 6-‐week
However
ì Which data is more relevant? ì Older? ì Most Recent?
ì Example: Philippine Popula,on for 2017 ì 2010: 150 M? ì 2016: 200 M?
Forecasting Demand
ì Exponen,ally Weighted Average Method (EWAM) ì Since the older the demand data, the less relevant ì Adds weights, with more weight to more recent
data ì Weights must add to 1 or 100%
Exponentially Weighted Average Method (EWAM)
Week Demand, pcs Weight Weighted Qty Weighted FC 1 650 0.2 130 2 678 0.3 203 3 720 0.5 360 4 ? 693
Overview of Quantitative Approaches
Quan,ta,ve Forecas,ng
Time Series Models
Moving Average
Exponen,al Smoothing (EWAM)
Trend Projec,on
Associa,ve Models
Linear Regression
Trend Projection
Trend Projection
ì Y = a + bx ì Y is the forecast ì a is the intercept ì b is the slope
ì Extrapola,on
Overview of Quantitative Approaches
Quan,ta,ve Forecas,ng
Time Series Models
Moving Average
Exponen,al Smoothing (EWAM)
Trend Projec,on
Associa,ve Models
Linear Regression
Regression
ì Demand is expressed as a func,on of an independent variable, not ,me
ì Demand is forecasted by plugging values of the independent variable
ì e.g. sokdrink demand as a func,on of temperature
ì e.g. product demand as a func,on of promo budget
ì Key is to have a logical rela,onship between variables
Regression Demand for Burger Steak
Meal, pc Demand for Chickenjoy
Meal, pc Marke,ng Budget for Burger Steak, PHP ,00
1 37 11,190 2 53 15,930 10 83 25,020 9 64 19,200 11 48 14,400 13 58 17,490 17 64 19,140 16 66 19,740 20 53 15,900 18 80 23,970 19 77 23,100 24 71 21,150 21 75 22,410 28 60 18,030 26 79 23,730 30 97 29,130 36 73 22,020 41 81 24,420 40 70 21,120 42 62 18,450 48 90 27,060
Regression
Variable Demand for Burger Steak Meal
Independent Variables
Marke,ng Budget for Burger Steak 29.948 **
Demand for Chickenjoy Meal -‐18.685 *
Forecasting Time Horizon
ì it is difficult to be as accurate the further into the future they go; there are poten,al risks associated with longer horizons
ì technological products with short life cycles can only be forecasted a few months into the future ì vs. furniture product forecas,ng that can be done
for years ahead, since furniture products have a longer life cycle (Boyer and Verma, 2010)
Forecasting Time Horizon
Performance Monitoring
ì forecast accuracy should be monitored and its assump)ons, techniques and validity of data revisited when the actual outcomes differ considerably from those predicted (Lysons and Farrington, 2006)
ì Goodness-‐of-‐fit tests
ì Bullwhip Effect
History
ì First described by Forrester in 1958 and has been experienced since the 1960s
ì Term was first used in the management circles of Proctor & Gamble, when in the 1980s the company experienced extensive demand amplifica,ons for Pampers
Definition
ì Demand distor)on that travels upstream in the supply chain due to the variance of orders which may be larger than that of sales (Lee and Billington, 1992)
Cause
ì Inventory is oken a subs)tute for informa)on, as any kind of uncertainty is covered by inventory. However, adding in safety stocks can send out false signals and encourage suppliers to also compensate for uncertainty by similarly building in safety stocks
Effect
ì accumula)on of inventory at the manufacturer's end, which further increases supply chain costs to the company (Sucky, 2009)
ì stockholding and obsolescence costs
Mitigations
ì Reduced lead ,mes
ì Shared knowledge with suppliers and customers to beXer gauge demand; Provide each stage of the supply chain with complete access to customer demand informa)on
ì use of technology to speed communica)ons and improve response ,me
Steps to Successful Application
ì Improve communica)on and informa,on flow along the supply chain
ì Improve data forecas)ng (e.g. determining product demand from actual data entered into POS computer systems will improve sales forecast accuracy)
ì Work with firms upstream and downstream in the supply chain
ì Order products up and down the supply chain in smaller increments, thus reducing the )me between orders and allowing for )mely informa)on to be available
Fransoo and Wouters (2000)
Other Tips
ì Eliminate variability of demand caused by unplanned promo,onal ac,vi,es at the retailers' end (Towill et al.,1996)
Case Studies
ì The Barilla S.p.A. case was one of the first published studies to empirically support and provide illustra,ons of the issues resul,ng from the bullwhip phenomena
ì One of the major pasta producers in Italy, offered special price discounts to customers
ì ordered full truckload quan,,es
ì Resulted in spiky and erra,c customer order paXerns
ì As a result, supply chain costs outstripped the benefits from full truckload transporta,on
(Barilla S.p.A., HBS Case 9-‐694-‐04)
Case Studies
ì HewleX Packard printers
ì When examining the actual sales at a major reseller, execu,ves found that there were some normal fluctua,ons over ,me
ì However, when they examined the orders from the reseller, they observed much bigger swings
ì Moreover, the orders from the printer division to the company's integrated circuit division had even greater fluctua,ons
(Kuper and Branvold, 2000)
Internal Supply Chain
Procurement Produc,on Storage Distribu,on Sales and Marke,ng
Forecas,ng
Corporate Spend Management
Internal Supply Chain
ì How much to produce or purchase ì Demand Planning
ì Which one to produce or purchase first? ì Corporate Spend Management
Pareto Analysis
ì 80/20 Rule
ì 80% of spend being directed towards just 20% of the suppliers
ì Cri,cal Few vs. Trivial Many
ì Pareto Analysis
HOMEWORK
ì READ!
ì Han, K., et. al. 2012. Value Cocrea,on and Wealth Spillover in Open Innova,on Alliances. MIS Quarterly. 36: 291-‐315.
ì End