182 CMP PT DJU - Conservation Management Plan of PT Dwima Jaya Utama

SOUTH and CENTRAL KALIMANTAN PRODUCTION FOREST PROJECT c/o Dinas Kehutanan, Jl. A. Yani Timor No. 14, BANJARBARU 70713, Indonesia

Tel. +62 (0511) 781 975, Fax: +62 (0511) 781 613

EUROPEAN COMMISSION – INDONESIA FOREST PROGRAMME

Conservation Management Plan of PT Dwima Jaya Utama

Short Term Consultant

Report No. 182 September 2004


Report No. 182 – September 2004

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South and Central Kalimantan Production Forest Project

ABSTRACT Key features of the forest, flora and fauna of the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession are described. Four endangered species are noted, whose survival is outside the control of PT Dwimajaya Utama. Main ways that PT Dwimajaya Utama can help conserve the biodiversity in its concession area are to allocate ecologically sensitive lands for conservation, and implement good timber production practices elsewhere. Logging by other parties and continuing conversion of forest to rice farms for the main purpose of land claims represent the main conservation threats.

Actions for conservation of habitat, flora and fauna need to be considered in the general context of the upper Katingan-Samba river catchment. At the request of PT Dwimajaya Utama, attempts were made to devise standard operating procedures for ecological issues, but there are more fundamental ways in which ecological conservation needs to be addressed. These are the focus of this report.

Three approaches to conservation management are outlined: (1) Specific actions and programmes (all or some of which could be implemented, with positive effects, at any time, by PT Dwimajaya Utama), (2) Strategic Forest Management Decision (it is argued that carefully planned conversion of part of the concession area to industrial tree plantations may represent the best and only economically viable choice for conservation in the long term; the idea of specific “areas of joint responsibility” in and near the concession area is strongly supported) and (3) Local Government Support (four ways in which local government might support conservation are outlined for consideration).



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(INDONESIAN ABSTRACT) Gambaran kunci hutan, puspa dan satwa PT Dwima Jaya Utama telah diuraikan. Empat jenis dilindungi ditemukan dimana keberadaannya diluar kendali PT Dwima Jaya Utama. Cara utama yang dapat membantu melindungi keragaman hayati di kawasan hutan PT Dwima Jaya Utama adalah dengan mengalokasikan lahan-lahan yang peka secara ekologi bagi konservasi, dan melaksanakan praktek pengusahaan hutan yang baik. Pembalakan oleh pihak lain dan keberlanjutan konversi hutan untuk ladan padi merupakan ancaman utama konservasi.

Aksi-aksi konservasi habitat, puspa dan satwa perlu dipertimbangkan dalam kontek umum daerah hulu sungai Katingan-Samba. Sebagai permintaan PT Dwima Jaya Utama, upaya-upaya telah dibuat untuk mengembangkan standard operating procedure isu-isu ekologis, namun ada yang lebih fundamentan dimana konservasi ekologi perlu diperhatikan. Kesemuanya dibahas pada laporan ini.

Tiga pendekatan pengelolaan konservasi telah dibuat: (1) aksi dan program khusus (semua atau beberapa diantaranya dapat diejawantahkan, dengan pengaruh positif setiap saat oleh PT Dwima Jaya Utama), (2) Keputusan Strategis Pengelolaan Hutan (dengan alasan bahwa konversi sebagian dari wilayah konsesi secara terencana dan seksama menjadi hutan tanaman industri pada jangka panjang; usulan mengembangkan “kawasan pemanfaatan bersama” di dalam dan di sekitar kawasan konsesi perlu didukung) dan (3) dukungan pemerintah kabupaten (empat pilihan dimana pemerintah kabupaten dapat mendukung konservasi telah dirumuskan dalam laporan ini).



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PREFACE The South and Central Kalimantan Production Forest Project (SCKPFP) is a technical co-operation project jointly funded, in terms of the financing memorandum ALA/95/18, by the European Commission and by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia through the Ministry of Forestry.

This report has been completed in accordance with the project Phase II Overall Work Plan (OWP) and

in part fulfilment of Activities 5.2 “to strengthen the capacity for the implementation and maintenance of environmental integrity in production forestry” and 5.4 “to recommend any improvement to increase forest protection”

to achieve Result 5 “The forest ecosystem and associated ecosystems within project sites managed to maintain viability and diversity,”

to realise the 2.5-year project Phase II purpose, which is “to build on the work of Phase I to further develop the human resources, institutional structures and mechanisms required to implement guidelines and systems in support of responsible, participative and sustainable forest management required to achieve the ITTO Year 2000 Objective.”

This text has been drafted with financial assistance from the Commission of the European Communities. The views expressed herein are those of the consultants and do therefore in no way necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission.

Copyright and ownership of this report as well as the work behind it rest jointly with the European Commission and the Government of Indonesia

The report is distributed through the Delegation of the European Commission, Jakarta and/or the Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia.

Prepared by: John Payne Edited by: Alfan Subekti Approved by: E.O.Kofod and S.Hutabarat International and National Co-directors

Banjarbaru, September 2004



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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks go to all persons (SCKPFP staff and advisers, government officers, people of Tumbang Manggo and Palangkaraya, and non-governmental organisations) who assisted this consultant in diverse ways.

Special thanks go to Andar Manik, Marcel de Brune, Lars-Gunnar Blomkvist and Tord Lindbergh whose timely presence in Palangkaraya and Tumbang Manggo encouraged the consultant to think deeply and take note of the great relevance of local people and economics in formulating conservation plans. Also, special thanks go to the SCKPFP support staff at Tumbang Manggo for security and housekeeping.

(Front cover: Dipterocarpus lowii, a species of keruing tree which is confined to a distinctive stunted dipterocarp forest on very infertile and ecologically sensitive soils in and near the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area; this is an easily-recognised indicator species for this forest and soil type, which should ideally be retained as conservation area and not exploited for timber production)



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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OVERVIEW

The PT Dwimajaya Utama concession boundaries do not follow natural, ecological or administrative boundaries. Development of a conservation management plan for the forest concession area must take note of the geographical and socio-economic context.

Attempts were made to develop standard operating procedures (SOPs) for ecological issues in the PT Dwimajaya Utama area, but other issues were considered by this consultant to be more significant.

PT Dwimajaya Utama faces a number of constraints, and the integrity of the forest concession area is subject to several chronic threats: logging by other parties; new rice farms and land claims made inside the concession area; and, especially in drought years, forest fire.

Under these circumstances, a conservation management plan should seek ways to address the big issues, rather than attempt to devise a detailed plan where success is unlikely as long as the constraints and threats continue to exist.

ECOSYSTEM, FLORA AND FAUNA

The PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area consists mainly of lowland dipterocarp forest, and two forms are distinguished: “typical” and “stunted”, the latter being (a) confined to infertile soils, (b) about 7,700 hectares in extent and (c) distinguished by an indicator tree species, Dipterocarpus lowii (shown on the front cover of this report).

There are probably only two threatened plant taxa (gaharu, Aquilaria species and ulin, Eusideroxylon zwager) and two endangered wildlife species (orang-utan Pongo pygmaeus and sun bear Helarctos malayanus) in the forest concession area. Conservation of these species is largely outside the control of PT Dwimajaya Utama. It is considered that all other wild plant and animal species in the forest concession can survive in the absence of special protective measures, as long as (a) production forest management is carried out in a responsible manner and (b) illegal logging, expansion of rice farms and fire can be controlled.

SPECIFIC ACTIONS & PROGRAMMES FOR CONSERVATION

Several specific actions and programmes are outlined, all or any of which can be initiated by PT Dwimajaya Utama to improve prospects for long-term conservation of wild species and ecosystems. The actions are: (a) supervision of bulldozer operators to minimise damage, (b) allocation of stunted dipterocarp forest land (7,700 ha) and major areas of steep land (8,340 ha) as “conservation areas”, (c) change from the 100 ha square “petak” system of dividing the forest concession area to use of compartments with natural boundaries and (d) monitor population levels of selected large animal species.

STRATEGIC FOREST MANAGEMENT DECISION



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Four options for long-term management of the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area are outlined. Two involve continued timber harvesting from natural forests (but one may be economically not viable while the other would ruin the forest), one involves leaving the forest to regenerate for a long period (excellent for conservation but also not economically viable) and the fourth involves carefully planned and implemented conversion of some existing forest to plantation forest (which may be more economically viable and therefore more sustainable long-term than the others).

The fourth option is unexpected and at first would seem to be contrary to conservation needs, and it is contrary to current requirements for certification. However, there can be a net positive effect on forest and species conservation, because plantations could serve to (a) reduce pressure on the remaining natural forest, which can be mainly left to regenerate, (b) act as a buffer to reduce illegal logging and expansion of rice farms into production forest, (c) demonstrate that future wood supplies will have to come mainly from plantations and (d) promote tree planting for wood on under-utilised village land. However, this reasoning is valid only if the company is committed to making the plantation element productive long-term, the government will support the idea and provide long-term tenure over the concession area (at least 55 years), and relevant local communities are fully briefed and consulted.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

District government (Pemda Katingan) support is needed to help stabilise land use and maintain extensive forest cover in good condition in the upper Katingan-Samba catchment area. Three suggestions are offered that could serve to support habitat and ecosystem conservation in the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area and the region in general: (a) make the boundary of the upper Katingan River catchment to be the Kabupaten Katingan boundary (in order to provide authority to the district government to promote good land use throughout the upper Katingan catchment), (b) treat the entire upper Katingan catchment above UTM grid system latitude line 9870 as a single forest management unit (so that land use decisions can be made in a comprehensive context, with an incentive to focus efforts to restrict illegal logging within this zone, and so that certification of sustainable forest management may become possible), and (c) identify and promote specific actions to generate alternative sustainable income sources (other than timber felling) for young men from rural villages, paying special attention to expansion of oil palm in the middle Katingan River area, but not through conversion of forest in the upper Katingan area.

Finally, the concept of “areas of joint responsibility”, promoted by SCKPFP for specific land areas where village and PT Dwimajaya Utama interests overlap, is strongly supported and should be fostered. The main benefit is to ensure that specific long-term management decisions are made collaboratively for specific land areas. This is a fundamental prerequisite for sustainable forest management, and again the role and support of local government is essential.



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RINGKASAN (INDONESIAN SUMMARY) UMUM

Tata batas PT Dwima Jaya Utama tidak mengikuti batas alam, ekologis, atau batas administrative. Pengembangan rencana penelolaan konservasi untuk kawasan konsesi harus memperhatikan aspek geography dan social ekonomi.

Upaya-upaya telah dilakukan untuk mengembangan standard operating procedure terhadap isu ekologi di PT Dwima Jaya Utama, namun isu-isu lain dianggap lebih signifikan oleh Konsultan.

Saat ini PT Dwima Jaya Utama menghadapi sejumlah permasalahan, dan integritas kawasan hutannya menjadi inti permasalahan dari berbagai ancaman kronis: seperti pembalakan oleh pihak luar, pembukaan ladang baru dan tuntutan lahan di dalam kawasan konsesi, serta khususnya kebakaran hutan pada musim kemarau.

Dalam kondisi seperti ini, rencana pengelolaan konservasi harus mengarah pada permasalahan utama, daripada sekedar upaya untuk memperinci rencana yang pada akhirnya keberhasilan jangka panjang masih belum pasti dan ancaman masih tetap tidak dapat ditekan.

ECOSYSTEM, FLORA DAN FAUNA

PT Dwima Jaya Utama didominasi oleh hutan dipterocarp dataran rendah, dan dua bentuk yang dibedakan sebagai: “typical” dan “kerdil”, yang kemudian menjadi (a) terbatas pada tanah tidak subur, (b) terdapat sekitar 7,700 ha, (c) dibedakan berdasarkan jenis pohon indicator, Dipterocarpus lowii (ditunjukkan pada cover laporan ini).

Kemungkinan hanya terdapat dua jenis puspa yang terancam (gaharu, Aquilaria species dan ulin, Eusideroxylon zwager) dan dua jenis satwa yang dilindungi (orang-utan Pongo pygmaeus and sun bear Helarctos malayanus) di konsesi PT Dwima Jaya Utama. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa jenis puspa dan satwa di kawasan ini dapat bertahan hidup tanpa perlakuan perlindungan khusus, sepanjang (a) pengelolaan hutan produksi dilakukan secara bertanggung jawab dan (b) pembalakan liar, pembukaan lading dan kebakaran dapat dikendalikan.

AKSI DAN PROGRAM KHUSUS KONSERVASI

Beberapa aksi dan program khusus telah dibuat, dimana seluruh atau sebagiannya dapat dilakukan oleh PT Dwima Jaya Utama untuk memperbaiki masa depan dari konservasi jangka panjang puspa dan satwa serta ekosistem yang ada. Aksi-aksi tersebut meliputi: (a) pengawasan operator buldoser untuk meminimasi kerusakan, (b) alokasi lahan hutan dipterocarp yang kerdil (7,700 ha) dan kawasan yang sebagian besar berlereng curam (8,340 ha) sebagai kawasan konservasi di dalam hutan produksi, (c) perubahan dari system petak bujur sangkar 100 ha dalam membagi kawasan konsesi, dengan menggunakan kompartemen batas alam, serta (d) memantau tingkat populasi jenis satwa besar yang terpilih.

KEPUTUSAN PENGELOLAAN HUTAN STRATEGIS

Empat alternative pengelolaan jangka panjang kawasan hutan PT Dwima Jaya Utama telah dirumuskan. Dua pilihan meliputi pemanen hutan dari hutan alam yang tetap diteruskan (namun satu mungkin secara ekonomi tidak layak sementara



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yang lainnya akan merusak hutan), satu diantaranya dengan meninggalkan hutan dan membiarkan proses regenerasi untuk jangka panjang (sangat baik untuk konservasi tapi tidak cukup layak dari sisi ekonomi), dan yang keempat adalah dengan merencanakan dan melakukan konversi secara seksama terhadap beberapa kawasan hutan yang ada untuk dirubah menjadi hutan tanaman (dimana mungkin secara ekonomi lebih layak dan karenanya lebih berkesinambungan dalam jangka panjang dibandingkan alternative lainnya).

Pilihan keempat tidak diharapkan dan kesannya memang bertolak belakang dengan kebutuhan konservasi, dan sudah barang tentu hal ini sangat bertolak belakang dengan kebutuhan saat ini untuk menuju sertifikasi. Namun, terdapat pengaruh positif yang bersih pada konservasi hutan dan puspa/ satwa, karena penanaman dapat (a) mengurangi tekanan pada hutan alam yang masih ada, yang mungkin tertinggal untuk beregenerasi, (b) sebagai pelindung untuk mengurangi pembalakan liar dan perluasan ladan di dalam hutan produksi, (c) menunjukkan bahwa pemenuhan bahan baku kayu di masa depan harus berasal dari hutan tanaman dan, (d) memperkenalkan penanaman pohon kayu pada lahan desa yang dimanfaatkan. Namun demikian, hal ini beralasan dengan beberapa persyaratan yaitu apabila perusahaan bersungguh-sungguh membangun penanaman jangka panjang, pemerintah akan mendukung ide dan menyediakan jaminan lahan konsesi jangka panjang (paling tidak 55 tahun), dan masyarakat lokal yang terkait benar-benar dibimbing dan disuluh.

DUKUNGAN PEMERINTAH LOKAL

Dukungn Pemerintah Kabupaten (PEMDA KATINGAN) diperlukan untuk membantu menstabilisasi penggunaan lahan dan memelihara tutupan hutan pada kondisi yang baik di hulu DAS Katingan Samba. Terdapat tiga saran yang mungkin dapat mendukung konservasi ekosistem dan habitat di PT Dwima Jaya Utama serta di kawasan ini secara umum: (a) membuat batas daerah aliran hulu sungai Katingan sebagai batas Kabupaten Katingan (dalam kaitannya untuk memberikan kewenangan pada pemerintah kabupaten dalam memperkenalkan tata guna lahan yang baik di seluruh cakupan DAS hulu Katingan), (b) menjadikan seluruh tangkapan Hulu Katingan di atas 9870 garis latitude pada system UTM sebagai unit pengelolan hutan tunggal (sehingga keputusan penggunaan lahan dapat dibuat dalam konteks yang luas, dengan insentif untuk menitik beratkan upaya-upaya terhadap penekanan pembalakan liar di dalam kawasan ini, dan sehingga sertifikasi pengelolaan hutan lestari bisa diwujudkan), dan (c) mengidentifikasi dan memperkenalkan aksi khusus untuk menghasilkan sumber pendapatan alternative yang berkesinambungan (selain penebangan kayu) bagi kaum muda dari desa-desa sekitar, memberikan perhatian khusus terhadap perluasan kelapa sawit di tengah kawasan Katingan, namun tidak mengkonversi hutan di hulu Katingan.

Akhirnya, konsep “kawasan pemanfaatan bersama” yang diperkenalkan oleh SCKPFP terhadap kawasan lahan khusus dimana desa dan PT Dwima Jaya Utama bertumpang tindih dalam pemanfaatannya sangat didukung dan seyogyanya diteruskan. Keuntungan utama adalah untuk meyakinkan bahwa keputusan pengelolaan jangka panjang dibuat secara kolaboratif untuk kawasan lahan tertentu. Hal ini merupakan prasyarat mutlak bagi pengelolaan hutan lestari dan dukungan pemerintah kabupaten sekali lagi sangat diperlukan.



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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS cm centimetres dbh diameter at breast height (a standard means to measure tree size) EC European Commission EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EU European Union FSC Forest Stewardship Council ha hectare(s) (an area equivalent to 100 x 100 metres) NGO Non Government Organisation SCKPFP South/Central Kalimantan Production Forest Programme SOP Standard Operating Procedure ST Short-term (referring to SCKPFP consultants) WWF World Wildlife Fund (= World Wide Fund for Nature)



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Table of Contents

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................................................. i (Indonesian Abstract) .................................................................................................................................................................... i PREFACE...................................................................................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................................................... i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................................................................... i RINGKASAN (Indonesian Summary) ......................................................................................................................................... i ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS..................................................................................................................................... i 1 AIMS & APPROACHES ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objective................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Approach ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Aims of a conservation management plan............................................................................................................ 1 1.4 Explanation of some terms used ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.5 Summary................................................................................................................................................................ 1 2 HABITATS, FLORA & FAUNA....................................................................................................................... 1 2.1 Habitats.................................................................................................................................................................. 1 2.2 Forest Types .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 2.3 Flora....................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2.4 Fauna ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1 3 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPS) .................................................................................... 1 3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 3.2 Comments on SOP requested in certification pre-assessment of PT Dwima Jaya Utama .................................. 1 3.3 Summary................................................................................................................................................................ 1 4 THREATS TO THE PT DWIMAJAYA UTAMA FOREST ECOSYSTEM.............................................. 1 4.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 4.1.1 Hill rice farming .................................................................................................................................................... 1 4.1.2 Population increase ............................................................................................................................................... 1 4.1.3 Uncertain land and forest rights ............................................................................................................................ 1 4.1.4 Law enforcement................................................................................................................................................... 1 4.1.5 Insufficient income sources................................................................................................................................... 1 4.1.6 Forest fire............................................................................................................................................................... 1 4.2 Addressing threats to forest conservation............................................................................................................. 1 5 SPECIFIC ACTIONS AND PROGRAMMES FOR CONSERVATION.................................................... 1 5.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 5.2 Supervision of bulldozer operators ....................................................................................................................... 1 5.3 Allocation of conservation areas........................................................................................................................... 1 5.3.1 Stunted Dipterocarp forest .................................................................................................................................... 1 5.3.2 Steep land with typical dipterocarp forest ............................................................................................................ 1 5.4 Allocation of forest management compartments.................................................................................................. 1 5.5 Monitoring selected wildlife species .................................................................................................................... 1 5.6 Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................. 1 6 STRATEGIC FOREST MANAGEMENT DECISION ................................................................................. 1 6.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 6.2 Forest plantations and areas of joint responsibility .............................................................................................. 1 6.2.1 Forest plantations .................................................................................................................................................. 1 6.2.2 Areas of joint responsibility.................................................................................................................................. 1 6.3 Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................. 1



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7 LOCAL GOVERNMENT SUPPORT.............................................................................................................. 1 7.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 7.2 Matching of Kabupaten and river catchment boundaries..................................................................................... 1 7.3 Entire upper Katingan catchment to be a single forest management unit............................................................ 1 7.4 Defining rights over land and forests.................................................................................................................... 1 7.5 Alternative sustainable income sources in Katingan............................................................................................ 1 7.6 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 8 MISSION EVALUATION ................................................................................................................................. 1 8.1 Relevance .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 8.2 Efficiency .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 8.3 Effectiveness.......................................................................................................................................................... 1 8.4 Impact .................................................................................................................................................................... 1 8.5 Sustainability ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................... 1 9.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 9.2 Recommendations - overview............................................................................................................................... 1 9.3 Recommendations to PT Dwimajaya Utama........................................................................................................ 1 9.4 Recommendations to both PT Dwimajaya Utama and the forestry authorities................................................... 1 9.5 Recommendations to the forestry authorities ....................................................................................................... 1 9.6 Recommendations to both PT Dwimajaya Utama and the Katingan district government.................................. 1 9.7 Recommendations to the Katingan district government ...................................................................................... 1 9.8 Recommendations to South & Central Kalimantan Production Forest Project................................................... 1

List of Appendices

Appendix 1 Terms of Reference ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Appendix 2 Mission Itinerary ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Appendix 3 List of People Met .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Appendix 4 References ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Appendix 5 Commercial trees in the PT Dwimajaya Utama area ...................................................................................... 1 Appendix 6 List of threatened, endemic and protected species of wild plants and animals which occur in the PT

Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area .......................................................................................................................... 1 Appendix 7 Wild mammals present in or near the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area ...................................... 1 Appendix 8 Presentation to stakeholders, 12 August and 9 September2004...................................................................... 1

List of Tables

Table 1: Terms of reference with activities, outputs & comments ............................................................................................. 1 Table 2: Three approaches to a conservation management plan................................................................................................. 1 Table 3: Aims of a conservation management plan for the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area .............................. 1 Table 4: Summary of forest types in the PT Dwimajaya Utama Forest Concession ................................................................. 1 Table 5: Comments on SOP requested in the 2003 certification pre-assessment....................................................................... 1 Table 6: Addressing threats to forest conservation ..................................................................................................................... 1 Table 7: Four options for future management of the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession ................................................ 1



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1 Aims & approaches

1.1 Objective

The objective of the consultancy (as stated in the terms of reference, see Appendix 1) was to “provide technical assistance in Conservation Management Plan of PT Dwimajaya Utama” and the purpose was to “seek means to improve the overall conservation values” of the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area. This and the more detailed duties specified in the consultant’s terms of reference (Appendix 1), together with activities, outputs and comments are summarised in Table 1.

Table 1: Terms of reference with activities, outputs & comments

ToR Activities / Outputs Comments

Under the supervision of the Environmental Management Advisor, … provide technical assistance in Conservation Management Plan of PT Dwima Jaya Utama

Discusion meetings with over 30 persons from PT Dwimajaya Utama, Dinas Kehutanan, other institutions and relevant SCKPFP experts (see Appendix 3) and field visits with PT Dwimajaya Utama staff

Difficult to obtain a common agreement on the approach and content of a Conservation Management Plan

Using information on tree inventory, forest stratification and biologial surveys conducted in SCKPFP Phase 1 as background, … conduct a reconnaissance survey of ecology, biology and forest types of the PT Dwima Jaya Utama concession

Review of previous work & relevant reports and datasets produced by PT Dwima Jaya Utama and SCKPFP.

Reconnaissance surveys conducted (12 x 1-day, 1 x 2-day), most with PT Dwima Jaya Utama planning section field staff, within PT Dwima Jaya Utama area, plus 4 visits to surrounding Forest Concession areas for comparison

Summary of ecology, biology and forest types of the PT Dwima Jaya Utama concession included in this report.

Tree inventory & forest stratification work of little relevance, as scientific names not used, and there are problems with errors in these earlier surveys

… guide, train and assist the project stakeholders (to): (a) obtain and analyze any available information on flora and fauna, forest types, soils and topography of the PT Dwima Jaya Utama concession area, (b) conduct field surveys in the PT Dwima Jaya Utama area, with emphasis on

(a) done during discussions in Tumbang Manggo camp and Dinas Kehutanan Palangkaraya;

(b) done during reconnaissance surveys conducted in the PT Dwima Jaya Utama area;

(c) done during reconnaissance surveys

Existing reliable information on flora, fauna, forest types & soils is very limited.

PT Dwima Jaya Utama senior staff have many diverse work commitments, with and separate from SCKPFP. Field work was done mostly with PT Dwima Jaya Utama planning section field survey staff, but most office discussion and



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ToR Activities / Outputs Comments obtaining information on forest types, forest condition and wild plant and animal species of species conservation significance, & (c) obtain relevant information and opinions from local residents in the upper Samba-Katingan river area.

conducted in the PT Dwima Jaya Utama area.

attempts to develop standard operating procedures done with head of rehabilitation

…make recommendations for the allocation of specific conservation areas within the PT Dwima Jaya Utama concession area, with special attention paid to rare and endangered species and to protection of steep land

Discussions held & recommendations made in two presentations, 12 August (Appendix 8) and 9 September (Appendix 9) to key stakeholders, and in this report

Soil & forest in PT Dwimajaya Utama area typical for much of lowland Borneo, so few or no local endemics expected. Good planning & harvesting practices in production forests allow all known flora & fauna species to survive. Steep land & sensitive soils are of greater concern. A few species are endangered by over-harvesting and hunting.

1.2 Approach

The aim of conservation of natural forests in Kalimantan has for years been supported by numerous legal requirements and projects, seemingly with no positive effect. Three potential approaches to a conservation management plan of PT Dwimajaya Utama were considered in this consultancy. The first, favoured by the consultant, was a “big picture” approach which would seek to identify a few key needs for achieving conservation of habitats, flora and fauna in the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area. The second was an even bigger scale approach, whereby the work would be integrated with district (kabupaten) level government land use plans. The third, requested by PT Dwimajaya Utama officers, was for assistance to work towards achievement of the ecological requirements for certification of sustainable forest management, outlined in a pre-assessment of the Forest Concession in 2003, by developing a set of standard operating procedures (SOPs). None of the approaches was found to be entirely satisfactory, and the main reasons for this are outlined in Table 2.



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Table 2: Three approaches to a conservation management plan

Approach Positive aspects Negative aspects

Big picture conservation of PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area

Opportunity to think afresh, free of the details of laws, regulations and certification pre-assessments

PT Dwima Jaya Utama has to fulfill governmental requirements, and a “fresh approach” merely adds to these burdens

Can be based on maps, which are easier to address than detailed texts; SCKPFP has extensive mapping-related expertise and inputs

No satisfactory vegetation map of the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area available; definition of vegetation types has not been agreed; available maps show inconsistencies

Opportunity to divide the concession into permanent zones (production, protection & conservation, community and non-forest); current “protection areas” are a mix of minimum governmental requirements and non-forest land

Due to prevailing conditions, PT Dwima Jaya Utama is under pressure to maximise total area available for production, rather than seek more conservation areas

Forest concession area can be re-zoned according to natural & readily visible boundaries (ridges, streams and old roads)

Government requires Forest Concessions to be zoned and managed according to 1 km square blocks

The approach demands close and extensive coordination between the different sections of PT Dwimajaya Utama and different components of SCKPFP

Time for adequate coordination was too short

Integration with district land use plans

SCKPFP has links with district government

Serious work on these lines would require much more time than was available

Standard operating procedures (SOPs) in support of achieving concession certification

Requested by PT Dwima Jaya Utama

In the opinion of the consultant, SOPs should represent additional fine-tuning after fundamental issues (planning, threats) have been addressed

2003 pre-assessment of PT Dwima Jaya Utama, based on Indonesia Ecolabelling Institute (LEI) criteria and requirements, contains 11 specific topics for SOPs relating to ecology, which PT Dwima Jaya Utama is recommended to develop and implement

Indonesia Ecolabelling Institute (LEI) requirements are based on at least one incorrect assumption, and are so prescriptive that certification may be impossible if all requirements have to be met

1.3 Aims of a conservation management plan

What are the specific aims of a Conservation Management Plan for the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area?



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Sustainable timber production through management of natural forests by periodic harvesting of large trees is the basis of the Forest Concession (licensed forest concession area) and Indonesia selective cutting (TPTI) systems. Although the long-term viability of the Indonesia selective cutting (TPTI) system has been questioned, it resembles other possible systems (for example, removal of no more than 8 trees per hectare at any one harvesting event) in that the idea is to treat harvesting as a silvicultural mechanism: removal of some large stems acts as a release for immature trees or saplings to grow to maturity for harvesting at a future cutting cycle. Leaving aside debates on which system is best, and whether any selective system will continue to be feasible in the long-term, currently available information suggests that no plant or animal species is likely to become extinct as a direct result of any selective system of tree harvesting in dipterocarp forests.

Methods to reduce damage to soil and water quality by improved planning, road construction, harvesting and transportation methods have been addressed exhaustively in previous SCKPFP work and are not reconsidered here.

The aims of a conservation management plan are therefore concerned with biological conservation, and can be summarised in three aims, as stated in Table 3.

Table 3: Aims of a conservation management plan for the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area

Aim Procedures

Identify habitat & vegetation types

Map habitat & vegetation types

Decide if conservation compartments or zones are required, where timber production is to be excluded

Ensure examples of all natural habitat & vegetation types in the Forest Concession area (“ecosystem”) are conserved

Incorporate above information in forest production planning

Identify plant species at risk of extinction

Determine steps to be taken to prevent extinction

Ensure no plant species (“flora”) go extinct in the Forest Concession area

Implement steps to prevent extinction

Identify animal species at risk of extinction

Determine steps to be taken to prevent extinction

Ensure no wild animal species (“fauna”) go extinct in the Forest Concession area

Implement steps to prevent extinction

1.4 Explanation of some terms used

The term “illegal logging” is used to mean any felling and removal of trees within the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area, for commercial sale, by persons or groups other than PT Dwimajaya Utama.

“Rice farms” and “swidden farming” are terms used to refer to the system of clear felling patches of natural forest (whether previously logged or not), burning and growing non-irrigated rice. This is the traditional means of growing rice, the staple food, in upper Katingan-Samba. After harvesting of rice, the land is usually



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abandoned and natural regeneration of pioneer trees occurs. In some places, rubber trees are planted by the farmer after the rice has been harvested. The term “encroachment” is not used in this report, because it is ambiguous. However, it seems possible that a significant incentive for making “rice farms” within the PT Dwimajaya Utama area is to claim ownership of the land.

1.5 Summary

There is no single template for a conservation management plan – the approach should suit the circumstances. Development of a conservation management plan for the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area in isolation of surrounding land use and trends would not be very helpful from a conservation perspective. Attention must be paid to the geographical and socio-economic context. The concession boundaries do not follow any natural, ecological or administrative boundaries. PT Dwimajaya Utama faces a number of constraints, notably staffing and the need for major fresh investment in equipment, as well as limited extent of remaining areas of quality virgin forest, and uncertain long-term rights over the forest concession area. Even more significantly, the integrity of the forest concession area is subject to several chronic threats. Under these circumstances, a conservation management plan should seek ways to address the big issues, rather than attempt to devise a detailed plan where success is unlikely as long as the constraints and threats continue to exist.



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2 Habitats, Flora & Fauna

2.1 Habitats

The natural vegetation throughout the PT Dwima Jaya Utama area is evergreen tropical forest ranging in altitude from about 50 – 440 metres above sea level. Free-flowing rivers, less than about 20 metres wide, represent the only other natural habitat within the Forest Concession area. Descriptions of the types of rivers and their fish fauna in the PT Dwima Jaya Utama area are provided by Agus & Wardhani (2002). Small caves in non-limestone rock were reported by local informants to exist in upper Samba area but outside the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area area. No informant knew of any natural salt or mineral sources (which, if present, are typically visited and used by large mammals) in upper Samba.

2.2 Forest Types

The natural vegetation of the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area consists mainly of lowland dipterocarp forest. The majority of the remaining dipterocarp forest has been logged, but is in generally quite good condition when compared to such forest elsewhere in Kalimantan, with the potential to regenerate well (leaving aside the issues of illegal logging and forest loss from rice farms).

Based on extensive field visits by the consultant, mainly with PT Dwimajaya Utama field staff, to accessible forests on both west and east sides of the forest concession area, and on inspection of 1:250,000 scale geological maps, 1:50,000 topographical maps, year 2001 aerial photos at 1:20,000 scale, satellite imagery and 1:100,000 scale “land capability maps” (source unknown) provided by the SCKPFP GIS/Remote sensing specialist, two fairly distinct forest types were identified within the concession area. In addition, there are small areas (< 200 ha) of stunted non-dipterocarp forest on steep, rocky hilltops on the north-west part of the eastern section of the concession area. These forest types are summarised in Table 4.

Over 90% of the concession is or was originally covered in typical lowland dipterocarp forest dominated by trees of the genera Shorea, Dipterocarpus and also Dryobalanops. Altitudinal range is about 50 – 440 metres above sea level. There is much local variation in tree species composition. Prominent “indicator” tree species for this forest type are ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri) and manggeris, known locally as doho, (Koompassia excelsia), which are scattered throughout the lowlands and on some areas of high ground. Almost all this forest lies on soils derived from igneous and metamorphic rocks (including granite, andesite, schist and basalt).

The other main vegetation type is named in this report as stunted dipterocarp forest, which in the PT Dwimajaya Utama area is confined an estimated maximum of 7,700 ha in the western section. Field observations indicate the following characteristics: (a) soil is based on sedimentary rocks, mainly sandstone, (b) on



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slopes and ridges, the soil becomes very dry during droughts, while the valleys, rich in palms, become waterlogged during rainy periods, (c) there is a thin layer of humus, (d) if disturbed by bulldozers, the very limited original topsoil disappears to leave an infertile, coarse sandy substrate which readily erodes when exposed to sun and rain, (e) the forest structure consists of a rather high density of relatively small trees, (f) trees greater than 80 cm dbh are rare and scattered or absent, (g) the main tree canopy rarely exceeds 30 metres in height, (h) many of the largest trees are naturally small (stunted) individuals of species which occur in more typical lowland dipterocarp forest, (i) some normally-prominent lowland dipterocarp forest trees (notably, ulin Eusideroxylon zwageri, and manggeris, Koompassia excelsa) are absent from this forest type and (j) there is an indicator tree species, Dipterocarpus lowii, a type of keruing (see cover photograh), which is confined to this soil type and not found in nearby “typical” lowland dipterocarp forest (this tree is very distinctive and, once seen, can be easily recognised from a distance by its large, very stiff, corrugated and angular leaves). The forest is not kerangas (a stunted forest type on white sand soils common in other parts of Kalimantan).

The soils underlying this forest are not all sandy, and in some locations are clay-rich, yet the vegetation cover remains similar. This observation suggests that the underlying parent rocks are deficient in minerals, and that this is the factor determining the presence of stunted forest, rather than merely being sandy.

Table 4: Summary of forest types in the PT Dwimajaya Utama Forest Concession

Type Geology/soils Main features Key flora

Typical lowland dipterocarp forest

Mainly igneous and metamorphic rocks (including granite, gneiss, andesite, basalt and others); soils generally moderately fertile loam

Dominant forest type throughout the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area

Large trees dominated by Shorea & Dipterocarpus species, with Dryobalanops oblongifolia locally common; also Koompassia excelsa, K. malaccensis & Dialium species; ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri); but much local variation in species composition

Stunted dipterocarp forest

Sedimentary rocks only, mainly coarse sandy soils and some clayey sites and loamy valley bottoms (but not the white quartz sandstone which is widespread south of Tumbang Samba)

No more than 7,700ha (7% of PT Dwima Jaya Utama area), west side only. Not a form of kerangas forest.

One species of keruing, Dipterocarpus lowii, is normally a prominent indicator species for this soil and forest type. Trees larger than 80 cm dbh rare.

Scrub forest on high peaks

Bare, steep rocky peaks, probably granite

No more than 200 ha (0.15% of PT Dwima Jaya Utama area), east side only, including Bukit Bangapan. Low-stature stunted trees on steep rocky slopes.

Unknown, but no dipterocarps or other commercial trees present (information from PT Dwimajaya Utama staff)



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2.3 Flora

When the consultancy commenced, three main sources of information were available relating to the flora of the PT Dwimajaya Utama area, done or initiated through SCKPFP phase 1: an inventory of timber trees for the entire concession, a forest strata classification based on the inventory and aerial photographs, and short-term specialist surveys. On review of the timber tree inventory, several problems were found. For example, two of the commonest forms of tree recorded in the inventory were “taring” and “tahatang”. However, during field work conducted by the consultant, accompanying PT Dwimajaya Utama field staff were unable to point out taring or tahatang trees. The scientific equivalent of these tree names could not be established, although it seems likely that they represent several taxa of non-dipterocarp commercial trees. Also, according to Newman et al (1996, 1998), some dipterocarp species listed as present in the permanent sample plots are probably not present in Central Kalimantan. A basic list of commercial trees in the PT Dwimajaya Utama area is provided in Appendix 4. The forest strata classification presented based on the year 2001 inventory concludes with only four vegetation types: primary forest, logged forest, secondary forest and non-forest (Hughes, 2001). Based on the quality of the data collected and the purpose of the inventory for timber production management, this classification is appropriate, but it is not adequate to indicate an ecological description of forest types.

There have been no scientific surveys to identify the tree species present in the PT Dwimajaya Utama area. Due to the similarity of the soils, climate and topography to widespread other parts of Borneo it is unlikely that there are any species which are locally endemic to upper Katingan or Kalimantan Tengah, although some are endemic to Borneo island.

The short-term specialist botanical surveys done in the PT Dwima Jaya Utama Forest Concession area under SCKPFP Phase 1 on palms (Mogea & Subekti, 2001), orchids (Nasution, 2001) and medicinal plants (Uway, 2002) provide an excellent introduction to commonly encountered species, but are unsufficient to provide guidance on whether there are specific forest or riverine areas that merit special protective measures for these forms of plants.

A list of threatened, endemic and protected plant species known to occur in the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area (Appendix 5) was prepared at Tumbang Manggo as part of efforts to develop standard operating procedures. The term “endemic” here refers to species which are confined to the island of Borneo. Endemic species become threatened only if they are limited to certain habitats or geographical areas where forest is under threat of degradation or destruction.

Any forest plant species can become threatened with extinction if (a) most of their forest habitat is destroyed or severely degraded or (b) if they are over-harvested to satisfy a large commercial demand for a relatively scarce product. Currently, based on field observations, the great majority of logged forest within the PT Dwimajaya Utama area (leaving aside the issues of illegal logging and forest loss from rice farms) has good potential to regenerate with a species composition very similar to the original forest. In general, there are plentiful saplings of commercial and non-commercial trees (as well as lianas) throughout the area. Forest loss or degradation caused by PT Dwimajaya Utama is unlikely to be a threat to any forest species, but activities by other parties do represent a longer-term threat to the forest and species conservation.



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This consultant suggests that there are currently only two threatened plant taxa in the forest concession area, both under pressure from rates of harvesting which are clearly well in excess of regeneration rates: gaharu, Aquilaria species and ulin, Eusideroxylon zwageri. Conservation of these valuable trees is largely outside the control of PT Dwimajaya Utama because harvesting is done by an array of rural people in the absence of effective government regulation. At present, it seems unlikely that either the government or people have the capacity to implement conservation measures for gaharu and ulin.

In summary, it is considered that wild plant species found in the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area, other than gaharu and ulin, can survive in the absence of special protective measures, as long as (a) production forest management is carried out in a responsible manner and (b) illegal logging, expansion of rice farms and fire can be controlled.

2.4 Fauna

Freshwater fish were investigated by Agus & Wardhani (2002) during Phase 1 of SCKPFP but no surveys of terrestrial fauna were done. During this consultancy, information was obtained on mammals and birds by direct observations when conducting field work and by showing pictures of mammals in Payne et al, (2000) to local residents. A list of mammals present in the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area is provided in Appendix 6.

This consultant suggests that there are currently only two endangered wildlife species in the forest concession area: sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) and orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus). The sun bear exists naturally at low population densities. Mature bears are often killed on sight, either to obtain the gall bladder (exported for Korean and Chinese medicines) or because they are considered dangerous. Young bears are typically taken alive by people who find them in the forest, for sale as pets. No orang-utan nests were seen in the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area by the consultant. Normally, such nests can be easily located if a breeding population of orang-utans exists within a particular forest area. Several persons reported having seen orang-utans or their nests only in the north-east part of the PT Dwimajaya Utama area, centred on the upper Talunai River and the upper parts of the Kahayan River catchment. But no-one reported signs of this species elsewhere in the upper Katingan-Samba catchment. These observations suggest that the species has been almost brought to extinction, probably by a long history of hunting.

Conservation of these mammals, which breed slowly and can become locally extinct under chronic hunting pressure, is largely outside the control of PT Dwimajaya Utama. This consultant believes that the orang-utan is nearly extinct in the entire upper Katingan-Samba catchment, and that there are no practical means to prevent this trend. Hunting may depress population sizes of some other species, but the generally moderate levels of hunting in the PT Dwimajaya Utama area are not expected to threaten any other species.



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3 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

3.1 Overview

Senior field staff of PT Dwimajaya Utama requested that this consultancy be used to assist in the development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) relating to environment and conservation. Attempts were made to fulfill this request, primarily though discussions and drafting with the head of the forest rehabilitation sub-section, but this consultant had several reservations over the value of SOPs.

3.2 Comments on SOP requested in certification pre-assessment of PT Dwima Jaya Utama

A year 2003 certification pre-assessment of the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area requested that 11 standard operating procedures be developed (Table 5).

Table 5: Comments on SOP requested in the 2003 certification pre-assessment

Requested SOP Comments

Security of protected areas, including against fire

Protected areas have yet to be defined; appropriate security measures can vary with distance from road, forest condition & other factors; fire risk tends to be greatest in logged production forest

Measurement of damage to forest structure and plant species composition, notably data analysis, and including monitoring programme

Needs research programme by specialists to provide useful data; more useful to concentrate effort on reducing damage during harvesting

Measurement of effects of production activities on soil

“

Measurement of effects of production activities on water

“

Management of the structure & composition of forest / tree stand

Difficult to put into practice; best approach would be improvement in use of bulldozers through supervision of operators and implementation of a reward and penalty system

Extension (public education & awareness) about the importance of sustaining the forest ecosystem & endangered, endemic and protected species

Local people are more concerned about issues such as land & forest rights, income, food, water, health etc

Inventory & monitoring of endangered, endemic and protected flora and fauna, sufficient to measure biodiversity

Needs major research programme by specialists to provide useful data; more useful to concentrate effort on reducing threats to the forest in general; also, species are endangered by excessive exploitation by local communities, rather than by company



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Requested SOP Comments activities

Measurement of endangered, endemic and protected plant species and population biodiversity and their habitats

“

Measurement of endangered, endemic and protected wildlife species and population biodiversity and their habitats

“

Security of endangered, endemic and protected plants and their habitats

Beyond the reasonable capability of a timber production company

Security of endangered, endemic and protected wildlife species and their habitats

“

3.3 Summary

Firstly, the SOP approach is suitable for some specific aspects of environmental management (for example, handling of oil, or felling of trees) but in general, conservation management (of habitats and wild species) depends more on long-term land use decisions, backed by good planning and implementation of the production and local community aspects of forestry. Secondly, development and implementation of SOPs for use in the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area can tend to direct focus on to details while avoiding the big issues (of forest loss and their underlying causes). Thirdly, use of certain SOPs for the main current problems in conservation may exacerbate rather than address those problems (for example, using an SOP to deal with persons clearing production forest for a new rice field). Fourthly, the consultant felt that development of SOPs was somewhat driven by external parties rather than a fundamental conservation concern or need in the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area (the parties are the non-governmental Lembaga Ekolabel Indonesia, the private company which made the certification pre-assessment of PT Dwimajaya Utama in 2003, and the government-managed Lembaga Peniliaian Independen). Fifthly, while analysing the recommendations of the year 2003 pre-assessment, it became apparent that some Lembaga Ekolabel Indonesia requirements are based on assumptions which do not match with current ecological knowledge of endangered and endemic species (for example, it is not necessary to identify and secure protected areas in order to conserve endangered, endemic and protected species – good timber harvesting practices are sufficient, as long as hunting and harvesting of endangered species by local communities can be stopped).



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4 Threats to the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest ecosystem

4.1 Overview

Overall, the biggest threat to biological conservation in the PT Dwima Jaya Utama area is loss of regenerating logged dipterocarp forest. The descriptive “regenerating logged” is to be stressed for two reasons. Firstly, most of the readily accessible forest has been logged (although not all) and the sites visited by the consultant are regenerating well in the absence of any need for replanting (seedlings and young trees of commercial species are generally common) or weeding (climbing bamboos and other invasive weeds are rare and localized). Secondly, due to the location of logged regenerating forest almost entirely in lowland and fairly accessible sites, it is these forests (rather than the unlogged forests) which are being targeted by non PT Dwimajaya Utama interests for exploitation and other uses. This scenario is also the case throughout much of Central Kalimantan. Six inter-linked major causes (or specific threats) of the main threat can be identified.

4.1.1 Hill rice farming

There remains a very strong tradition, desire and need amongst rural people in the upper Katingan-Samba area to grow non-irrigated (dry) rice. Inclusion here of this form of farming as a “threat” should not be interpreted to mean that swidden farming of rice is inherently bad; but that, together with the other threats outlined below, its continuing expansion into dipterocarp forest land is incompatible with forest conservation. The consultant was unable to obtain quantitative figures, but it seems that a majority of families resident in upper Katingan-Samba catchment aim to plant dry rice annually. Based on 1:20,000 scale aerial photos taken of the PT Dwima Jaya Utama area in 2001, an average individual rice field occupies 2.3 hectares (range 0.6 – 4.2 ha). Rice fields are prepared by felling and burning forest (either logged dipterocarp or secondary). After rice has been harvested, the land is abandoned to natural regeneration of pioneer tree species or planted with rubber trees. Comparing published (Bakosurtanal) 1:50,000 topographical maps of the PT Dwima Jaya Utama area, which are based on 1981-82 aerial photos, with the year 2001 photos and recent satellite imagery, it is clear that the extent of secondary forest (abandoned rice fields) has increased greatly at the expense of dipterocarp forest. Although land under secondary growth is often re-cleared and used for rice fields (i.e. a fallow system is used) it is also apparent by driving along existing roads that every year in upper Katingan-Samba, more regenerating dipterocarp forest is being cleared for rice fields.

During this consultancy, underbrushing of forest (cutting down saplings, seedlings, small trees, palms, lianas) for preparation of rice fields commenced in early July. Trees were felled with axes and chainsaws in late July – early August. A period of frequent and often heavy rain occurred between 3 – 25 July, followed by no rain at all until 4 September. Most farmers fired the felled vegetation in a very narrow time frame of 26-28 August.



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4.1.2 Population increase

The human population appears to have increased and be increasing in upper Katingan-Samba, seemingly due not only to improved life expectancy but also immigration (most men involved in unlicensed logging in the PT Dwimajaya Utama area are said to come from villages throughout the area between Samba and Sampit).

4.1.3 Uncertain land and forest rights

The uncertainty over land and forest rights in remaining forest areas has increased with now widespread acceptance in Indonesia that rural people should be accorded some rights in some areas over forest land that was previously considered to be owned by the state. As long as there is uncertainty over which people have what rights over which areas, the trend of unregulated felling of trees for sale of timber and of expanding rice fields will surely continue.

4.1.4 Law enforcement

It may be true that the current array of laws and regulations concerning forests, rural communities and local government have led to some uncertainty over land and forest rights. However, ladangs can be seen along roadsides, clearly within the PT Dwima Jaya Utama licence area, far from the nearest village center and far from any farming areas visible on the 1981-82 topographical maps, on marginal soils where traditional farmers are unlikely to have made farms in the past. Possibly up to year 2004 most were made by families who originate in the upper Katingan-Samba area, but nowadays, everyone who makes a ladang is labeled as “masyrakat”, and there is no ongoing process to distinguish who is making ladangs within the Forest Concession area. In the absence of action, it can be expected that additional outsiders will migrate in to make ladangs, more with the intention of claiming land rights than for rice production.

4.1.5 Insufficient income sources

There are insufficient regular income opportunities for people in general in the Katingan district, and especially young men with limited formal education.

4.1.6 Forest fire

This issue has been covered in other SCKPFP activities. No doubt there are many causes, but more than ten cases of small scale fires by the roadside were seen on both west and east sides of the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area starting on 18 August, and the most likely explanation for at least some of these cases is carelessly thrown cigarette butts. After a much longer dry spell, these could have resulted in very extensive fires in regenerating production forest.



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4.2 Addressing threats to forest conservation

In the opinion of this consultant, threats to forest conservation other than those outlined above are minor in comparison. Unless these six are addressed, other efforts are of limited value.

The six threats do not represent any new finding or insight, and indeed are widely known in Central Kalimantan. They are stressed here to show that (a) forest conservation in the PT Dwima Jaya Utama and much of Central Kalimantan in general will be very difficult in the absence of changes in the coming few years and that (b) some new initiatives may have to be considered if the region is not to end up with large tracts of degraded forest and scrub land, along with a rural population that has decreasing opportunities for advancement.

Arguably, the biggest threat to forest conservation is resistance to change. This applies to most societies everywhere.

For clarity, Table 6 lists the six issues along with some key suggestions for the way forward to address them.

Table 6: Addressing threats to forest conservation

Threat Comment Suggested needs

Hill rice farming Basic tradition & food production method in upper Katingan-Samba

Initiate process to define specific rice farming zones and permanent forest zones

Promote alternative livelihoods for young people

Population increase

In the absence of significant change in the local economy, every year there will be a further net loss of dipterocarp forest

New alternative economic opportunities in upper Katingan-Samba, and Central Kalimantan in general

Uncertain land & forest rights

Clear, officially recognized and approved rights over specific areas are a necessity for forest conservation

Formally define boundaries within which rights of local residents and PT Dwimajaya Utama are specified

Law enforcement

Enforcement in some specified areas if widespread enforcement is not feasible

With local government support, tackle illegal logging north of a specific line in upper Katingan, to protect catchment and ensure some sustainable production forests long-term

Insufficient regular income opportunities

Many young men and families in Katingan area have few choices of livelihood other than rice farming (for food and showing land rights) or timber cutting (for money income)

Promotion of investment in non-timber-based industries (e.g. oil palm plantations & processing, but on degraded lands and not in areas of regenerating forest)

Forest fire Unstable land use & unclear land status contribute greatly to fire risk

All of the above, to work towards clarification of land rights, secure land tenure and stabilization of land use



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5 Specific Actions and Programmes for Conservation

5.1 Overview

This section describes a small number of specific actions and programmes that could be initiated by PT Dwimajaya Utama, at any time, to support long-term conservation of wild species and ecosystems. If felt to be necessary, they could be formulated as standard operating procedures.

5.2 Supervision of bulldozer operators

The majority of damage to soil, slopes, watercourses and vegetation in production forest areas is caused by use of bulldozers when making roads and during the process of skidding logs from the felling site to the road. Improvements in road construction and skidding offer the single greatest opportunity leave the forest ecosystem in the best possible condition for natural regeneration. Thus, there is a need for improved supervision of bulldozer operators - to minimise damage to soil, slopes, watercourses and vegetation – together with agreed rewards and penalties for good and bad work. This would probably require significant investment in new machines and systems for maintenance and repair.

5.3 Allocation of conservation areas

To date, there is no evidence from Indonesia (or from Malaysia, where forests and species composition are very similar) that any wild plant or animal species can become extinct as a direct result of removing only large timber trees (trees greater than 50 cm dbh) from the forest on a long cycle (> 30 years). Thus, systems of selective removal of large trees as a means to produce timber and as a silvicultural system do not seem to be a direct threat to species conservation, as long as such systems are implemented properly.

Several organisations (including Lembaga Ekolabel Indonesia) require that efforts be made by production forest managers to identify locations where threatened, endemic and protected species occur, and to allocate appropriate conservation areas. While the intention is sound, practical implementation suffers from several problems, including the following: (a) large animal species move around the forest and there are few areas where these animals never travel or feed, (b) national and even international level experts are needed to identify most endangered, endemic and protected species in the field, (c) determination of which species are threatened or endangered is very much a matter of individual opinion (international lists tend to reflect the knowledge of academic specialists, and to assume that all commercially traded plant and animal species must be threatened, while non-traded species are safe – this is not necessarily true), (d) the term “endemic” is ambiguous, as it may mean “confined to Borneo island” or “confined to a particular geographical area within Borneo” or “confined to a particular soil type”, (e) species listed as “protected” in the Flora and Fauna Conservation law (Pengawetan Jenis



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Tumbuhan & Satwa) Government Regulation No. 07/1999 are a mixture whereby criteria for inclusion is unclear (some listed species are common). For practical conservation purposes, it is probably more useful to select conservation areas based on simple physical parameters. Two types of forest land in the PT Dwimajaya Utama merit allocation as conservation areas.

5.3.1 Stunted Dipterocarp forest

It is best that all stunted dipterocarp forest (and scrub forest on peaks, although these sites have no timber and are inaccessible to bulldozers) be allocated as conservation areas, because regeneration after logging in these areas would be either very slow or may fail entirely. Also, due to the easily desiccated soils, if disturbed by heavy machinery, the stunted dipterocarp forest will be highly susceptible to fire during droughts. No animal species appear to be confined to this forest type. However, a rather rare and beautiful rainforest bird, the green broadbill (Calyptomena viridis) was commonly heard calling in this forest, and the Borneo endemic monkey Hose’s Langur (Presbytis hosei) was twice noted by the consultant. This forest type could be allocated as Kawasan Pelestarian Plasma Nutfah (germ plasm preservation area) under existing regulations. By law, germ plasm preservation area is supposed to be demarcated on the ground, an action that would incur costs. If the law could be changed to allow that forest concession areas be divided into compartments based on natural features and existing roads, demarcation costs would be greatly reduced, since most of the compartment boundaries by definition already exist naturally and cannot be changed by human actions. And if the law could be changed in this way, the boundaries of areas covered in stunted dipterocarp forest could be used to defined compartment boundaries. The presence of a distinctive indicator tree species (Dipterocarpus lowii) (see section 2.2 , and front cover photograph) would also make demarcation not strictly necessary.

The stunted forest could thererefore be protected with no investment, but inevitably extent of timber production area would be reduced. The extent of stunted forest is estimated at up to 7,700 ha in total in the PT Dwimajaya Utama area. The approximate maximum extent of this forest type, proposed for conservation, is shown in the presentation given to stakeholders in Dinas Kehutanan, Palangkaraya, on 12 August 2004 Appendix

5.3.2 Steep land with typical dipterocarp forest

Although the typical dipterocarp forest in the PT Dwimajaya Utama area can be described as “lowland”, there are at least five distinct areas of steep land where slopes are predominantly > 40%, all in the eastern section of the concession. The five areas range in extent from about 420 – 3,800 ha, and total about 8,340 ha. It would be best for conservation of soil, water quality and forest structure of if these areas can be allocated as conservation areas. In theory, protection of such areas is covered under existing legal requirements, whereby slopes of >40% may not be entered for logging. In practice, it is preferable and more practical for any large areas which are predominantly steep to be excluded from timber production activities. Old logging roads run through some of these steep areas, joining the south and north parts of the concession. Some of these roads were well-made and



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remain in fair condition after years of disuse. There is no harm in reopening these roads through steep areas, when necessary, for future timber production on flatter terrain to the north.

The five main areas of steep land forest could be protected with no investment simply by demarcating them on company maps and excluding them from production. Alternatively, they could be designated as “kawasan lindung” or germ plasm preservation area under existing forest regulations, but that would involve the need for boundary demarcation on the ground and placement of sign boards.

5.4 Allocation of forest management compartments

Some means of dividing a forest concession into blocks, both on maps and on the ground, is needed for various management purposes. Following government regulations, PT Dwimajaya Utama divides its entire forest concession area into 1 kilometre square blocks known as “petak” (one petak is in theory 100 ha in extent, but somewhat more on hilly terrain). This system is prone to error, as the wooden pegs used to mark the corners of each square on the ground may be either initially put in the wrong place, or moved, or rot. One wrongly located peg, if assumed to be in the correct place, can then disrupt all related work, whether that be cruising for tree inventory and mapping, or demarcation of conservation areas. Whether pegs are in the wrong or right places, the work involved in cutting and maintaining boundary trails between the pegs is expensive and can never realistically be completed. It is suggested that a better system would be to divide the concession into compartments (of about 300 - 600 ha each) with boundaries based on watercourses, ridges and old roads and major skid trails, which can never change (in any significant way). The need for corner pegs and demarcation is much less than with straight line petak boundaries. Four reasons given for preferring the petak system are (a) much of the western part of the PT Dwimajaya Utama area is fairly flat with few natural features suitable for compartment boundaries, (b) streams in the lowlands are very winding, not shown on topographical maps and tedious to map, (c) ridges can be broad without a distinct middle and (d) there are not many old roads and clear skid trails in some parts of the concession. Whichever system is used, it is convenient to assign one compartment to one function (production, protection/conservation, community etc.) where possible, but one compartment may have more than one function. Most importantly, it is necessary to build up a record of the concession by preparing, and amending whenever necessary, a written description of the vegetation and condition of every compartment.

5.5 Monitoring selected wildlife species

Almost any design of work to study or monitor wild animals is beset by practical problems. Which animal species to study and why? How to find the animals? How to be sure they are identified correctly? How to be sure all the people involved in collecting data are equally capable and reliable? How to allow for the effects of weather in comparing results (typically, more anaimals are seen in the forest during “fine”weather than in rainy periods or droughts)?

The only significant reason that a forest concession holder would want to conduct wildlife study or monitoring would be either to (a) fulfil a legal requirement or (b) fulfil requirements imposed for certification of good forest management to support



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timber sales. Neither reason is sufficient to invest resources into much additional work over what is needed for sustainable timber production.

However, there is one simple way to conduct wildlife monitoring which can serve to impress government agencies, certifiers and non-governmental organisations; which in the long-term can be useful for wildlife conservation managers, although probably of no direct value to the concession manager or owner; and which incurs almost no additional cost.

The method is to require that every company staff who works often in the forest make a written note of every sighting of selected wild animal species, and to submit the notes (say, at the end of every week or field trip) to an appointed company co-ordinator. To avoid uncertainty or double counting, records of footprints, faeces or noises are not counted – only sightings of the animal. Care needs to be taken to ensure that several records submitted are not of several people seeing one animal at the same time. The species selected must be only those that all people who work often in the forest will recognise with a very minimum risk of mistake. In the case of PT Dwimajaya Utama, these would include: orang-utan, sun bear, clouded leopard, gibbon, sambar deer, barking deer, wild pig, pig-tailed macaque, long-tailed macaque, and hornbills (all species combined). There is little point trying to include animals that are normally only active at night and / or which are too small or obscure or similar to other species to be seen and identified readily. If done properly, the system should result in the accumulation of at least many tens of records annually. Over several years, the records should serve to indicate real trends.

5.6 Conclusion

All or any of the above proposals can serve directly or indirectly to spport conservation of habitatas, flora and fauna in the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area. They do not address the threats (chapter 4) to the forest, but can be useful independently of the extent to which the threats are addressed.



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6 Strategic Forest Management Decision

6.1 Overview

This section makes two assumptions. One is that the key threats to natural forests in Kalimantan (illegal logging, ladang and fire) are highly unlikely to be resolved successfully through laws and law enforcement alone. Thus additional approaches are needed. Secondly, it is assumed that sustainable and profitable management of production forests which have already been logged might be achievable only if the business that is managing that forest has additional sources of income.

Put simply, production forest concession holders such as PT Dwimajaya Utama are now faced with four main options on how to proceed: (a) keep on logging, according to rules dating from the 1970s, with small annual production, until no profits can be made or they are forced to close for other reasons, or (b) increase annual cut through re-entry logging in forest logged less than 35 years ago, until no profits can be made or they are forced to close for other reasons, or (c) totally close production operations, either permanently or for a period of many years, or (d) make a decision to try to continue with sustainable forest management, despite the odds, while seeking and implementing practical means to improve security of the forest and to make profits.

A further assumption is made: that development of forest plantations should be one of the first options to be investigated as a possible new means of generating profits.

Table 7: Four options for future management of the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession

Option Key aspects Implications

Business-as-usual: conservative

Continue strict adherence to Indonesia selective cutting (TPTI) requirements; annual felling areas become increasingly marginal as smaller, steeper, less fertile & more scattered areas are allocated for production; timber harvesting may not yield profits

Either impossible (if steep and infertile land areas not exploited) or the entire forest concession area is logged, irrespective of suitability or profitability; forest condition tends to slowly decline; illegal logging and encroachment continues; certification may be possible with sustained great effort; the option may be impossible if profits cannot be made

Business-as-usual: aggressive

Government permission is obtained for re-entry logging in areas logged in 1980s

Boost in company profits and government revenue from the forest concession area, probably for less than 10 years; thereafter, the concession has to be left unexploited for > 50 years; local communities and other parties take the view that neither company nor government is serious over forest management, and increase rates of illegal logging and rice field expansion; certification impossible; profits can probably be made but the forest is effectively ruined for future harvesting and for conservation purposes

Pro- Decision made that all Good for the forest and biodiversity



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Option Key aspects Implications conservation timber production is to

stop for an extended period (e.g. 10 years), and production re-starts thereafter with moderate annual cuts under a long-term sustainable forest management plan

conservation; neither PT Dwimajaya Utama nor government obtain revenue for 10 years; protection costs incurred, but some illegal logging and encroachment happens anyway; certification may be possible but pointless until there is timber production; lack of income probably make this option impossible

Plantations & natural forest

Decision made to convert part of the PT Dwimajaya Utama area to permanent forest plantations; locations of plantation areas decided mainly on basis of soils, slope, accessibility and discussion with local communities; income from clear-felling forest used to develop the plantations; remaining natural forest areas retained for low-intensity production of high value wood & conservation

No species currently present in the natural forest is likely to go extinct as a result of the conversion of forest to plantation, if natural forest is retained in the majority of the concession; forest not converted is mainly allowed to recover; an opportunity to make the concession financially sustainable; an opportunity to significantly reduce long-term threats from illegal logging and rice field expansion, by linking plantation development to definition of village boundaries and community rights; an opportunity to increase wood production on fallow land through planting agreements with local communities; certification probably impossible

The first two options are not supported for reasons of conservation of habitats, flora and fauna. The third option would seem to be ideal from the conservation pespective, but is unlikely to be practical, and illegal activities and forest loss would continue unaddressed. If this assessment is correct, PT Dwimajaya Utama should now consider making a far-reaching strategic decision. Ultimately, however, only the government can make a decision on conversion to plantation forest of land currently classified as production forest, including land under regenerating forest.

6.2 Forest plantations and areas of joint responsibility

One option for income from timber production might be forest plantations. For many reasons, previous attempts to develop forest plantations in Indonesia via governmental requirements have met with failure. Not only that, those attempts (Hutan Tanaman Industri, HTI) have led to loss of large areas of regenerating lowland forest, most of which was never converted to successful income-generating plantations. Thus, forest plantations in Kalimantan tend to be associated with deforestation and no corresponding net benefit. However, the fourth option (above) may have a chance to succeed via coordinated implementation of a recent (September 2004) SCKPFP proposal and a recent initiative: carefully planned, limited forest plantations, and areas of joint responsibility. Both will be elaborated more fully in separate consultant reports, which respectively will outline their practicality for economic and social sustainability. The following sections outline their potential benefits for forest (and therefore habitat and species) conservation.



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6.2.1 Forest plantations

The development of forest plantations in the PT Dwimajaya Utama area would have one obvious negative implication: loss of natural forest. However, with certain conditions (see below), development of tree plantations can have a net positive effect on retention of natural forests in this area for the following reasons:

- the long-term presence of a single major forest licensee can act to reduce uncontrolled forest loss (rather than the forest becoming an essentially open-access resource, through abandonment or issuance of many small licences)

- emphasis of timber production shifts from never-ending exploitation of natural forest to production from plantations (this change of emphasis will eventually mean that remaining natural forest is either abandoned or managed for small outputs of high-value timbers; also, note that a plantation, per hectare per year, can produce about ten times more timber than can natural forest)

- plantations could be situated to act as a buffer between areas accessible to people (roads, rivers and villages) and natural forest retained further away from human presence (thereby making it difficult and perhaps not economic for illegal logging in the natural forests)

- establishment of a possible example for production forest concessions elsewhere in Kalimantan (most forest industries in mature economies rely on plantations, not natural forests, for long-term supplies of wood, so development of extensive plantations can in the long term tend to support retention of natural forest)

- demonstration to local observers that an established business is serious about long-term management of land for wood production (and that long-term wood supplies will depend mainly on planting and tending trees).

The conditions necessary for a net positive contribution of plantations to forest conservation include the following:

- the company is committed to making the plantation element productive long-term (and not just an excuse for clear-felling natural forest to increase annual timber yields for the next few years)

- government (both local government and the forestry authorities) will support the idea and provide long-term tenure over the concession area (at least 55 years)

- relevant local communities are fully briefed on the planned plantations and all significant concerns of local residents are addressed in the plantation development and management plans.

6.2.2 Areas of joint responsibility

Most observers point to lack of law enforcement as the underlying reason for forest degradation and loss in Kalimantan. However, there is another fundamental issue to be addressed. No-one – even the government – can currently confirm precisely the long-term owner of most forest land in Kalimantan. The emphasis here is on



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the land, rather than the forest, and on the status of specific land areas. Production forest is “owned by the government”, but it is not clear whether the long-term decision-maker on land status will be any level of the forestry authorities, or the Kabupaten level government (see section 7.4). An alternative approach which has been developed through SCKPFP work is to define “areas of joint responsibility”, whereby three key partners (district level government, forest concession holder and a village community) agree on joint responsibility for management of specific land areas. Within these areas, land could be retained under natural forest for production, conservation or cultural purposes; or used for wood production through development of tree plantations; or used for traditional swidden rice farming; or used for other crops. The key points are not so much the precise details of use of the land but the following aspects:

- three essential parties are involved in the agreement;

- no important decisions are made without agreement of all three parties;

- no new laws are required and no existing laws are broken;

- specific land areas, with agreed boundaries, are involved;

- it will be difficult for any party in the future to radically change any agreements made, thereby offering an incentive to make investments of a long-term nature, including protecting natural forests and planting trees for wood production.

Difficulties will inevitably arise with this approach, notably obstacles placed by parties with vested interests, but the fundamental concept is sound and fair, and offers a practical alternative to a fundamental change in land laws, which in any case may be premature under current circumstances.

6.3 Conclusion

Proposals for forest conservation in the PT Dwimajaya Utama area must be compatible with prevailing business and social reality. It is suggested that, for economic, social and ecological sustainability, consideration should be given to the following vision of the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area: (a) about 16,000 ha of forest becomes “conservation area” (stunted forest and blocks of steep land; section 5.3), (b) 90,000 – 100,000 ha remains as production forest under natural forest management and (c) the balance is developed as plantation forest.

The plantation forest will be developed from a combination of (i) conversion of carefully selected sites currently under natural forest (harvesting of all remaining saleable trees in these sites will provide capital for developing the plantations) and (ii) replacing some secondary growth, by agreement with the relevant communities and persons, within the “areas of joint responsibility”.

The plantations will contain a mix of tree species, primarily or entirely for timber (not pulp) production. Where possible, the plantations developed from conversion of natural forest will be situated to (a) help act as a deterent to illegal logging and (b) allow the plantation main roads to serve as access roads to existing villages that currently have seasonal or no road access.



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7 Local Government Support

7.1 Overview

In the long term, policy on land use and forests in Kalimantan will increasingly depend on the policies of the local (kabupaten level) government; similarly, actual land use will depend much on the implementation of policies by local government.

The aim of the contents of this chapter is to seek enhanced support from the local district government, to help stabilise land use and maintain extensive forest cover in good condition in the upper Katingan-Samba catchment area. The majority of the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area lies within Kabupaten Katingan. Four suggestions are offered for consideration. None would be easy to implement, but all could serve to support habitat and ecosystem conservation in the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area and the region in general.

7.2 Matching of Kabupaten and river catchment boundaries

It is suggested that the boundary of the middle - northern part of Kabupaten Katingan should ideally be identical to the boundary of the upper Katingan river catchment. In addition to (a) seemingly being the original intention of the government (the two boundaries are currently similar to but inexplicably different, according to available governmental maps) and (b) being rational interms of access to rural villages, matching the catchment and district boundaries should act as an incentive to local governments to manage natural resources (notably land, soil, forests and minerals) in a responsible way. With agreement that the water catchment boundary is the same as the Kabupaten boundary, there is no need for urgent delineation of a boundary on the ground, because the boundary is already clear from topographic maps.

7.3 Entire upper Katingan catchment to be a single forest management unit

If the entire upper Katingan rive catchment above UTM grid system latitude line 9870 were to be designated as a single forest management unit, there might be several advantages, including the following: (a) ultimate security of tenure over and responsibility for forest management would more clearly lie with the local government (Pemda Katingan), which has permanent tenure over the land, (b) forest management and other land use decisions should be made in a more broad, comprehensive & consultative context, (c) there may be an incentive to focus efforts to restrict illegal logging within this zone, if a stoppage of illegal logging is not possible elsewhere, (d) processes for solving local community problems and disputes exist through formal legislation that can be utilised by the local government, and (e) certification of sustainable forest management (the whole management unit) may become possible, as the normally prohibitive issues issues of forest tenure and processes of dealing with local communities are more readily solved. This concept is similar to the Kesatuan Pengusahaan Hutan Produksi



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(KPHP) concept which was formally proposed since the mid 1990s (Anon, 1997). However, the idea here differs in that Pemda Katingan would be expected to take a lead role rather than the Department of Forestry.

7.4 Defining rights over land and forests

This consultant believes that it is fair to say that, unless the long-term owner of any particular land area is known and specified in some form of legal documentation, no-one in Kalimantan is likely to either invest in managing natural forest well or in planting trees for profit on that land. One way to approach this dilemma would be to review legislation relating to land with a view to making some fundamental changes. However, such an attempt is unlikely in the near future, as the process would impinge immediately on the national level land law (Basic Agrarian Law) and would surely take many years of debate.

The concept of defined areas of joint responsibility (see section 6.2.2) represents a possible alternative means to define rights over land and forests. Progress of this idea in the Talunai River area, initiated by SCKPFP with the support of Bupati Katingan, should be monitored with a view to introducing it in other parts of upper Katingan. Any problems that may be experienced in the Talunai area should not be used to stop trying in other areas – ultimately, success or otherwise depends on whether or not the key persons involved in implementation of the agreement are committed and serious. Local government can play a key role in dealing with recalcitrance amongst one or both of the other partners in the agreement. It will be beneficial if local government can also has be proactive to promote such agreements elsewhere (or allow appropriate non-governmental organisations to act as promoters and mediators), because individual villages and companies may not take the initiative alone.

The potential advantages to forest conservation of the success of this idea include the following: (a) there will be a formal written agreement which, if appropriately formulated, can serve to outlast shorter agreements (such as Forest Concession licence agreements) and be regarded as a from of long-term tenure of the relevant land and forests, (b) the potential sanctions against illegal logging (whether carried out by the local community or others) are stronger than currently available, and (c) there may be the possibility to stabilise the extent of land under hill rice cultivation (including under fallow) within the joint agreement land areas.

7.5 Alternative sustainable income sources in Katingan

There is a profound need to urgently identify and promote specific actions to generate alternative sustainable income sources (other than timber felling) for young men from rural villages in Katingan District. This can help to reduce number of families dependent for their money income on illegal or inappropriate felling of timber trees. In any case, there will eventually be no more timber to cut if current trends run unchecked. It is better to try to solve these prolems sooner rather than later.

Significant expansion of oil palm plantations and promotion of local processing and oil-palm based manufacturing in the middle Katingan River area offers one of the few alternatives currently feasible. Non-governmental investors will have to



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provide the investment capital. Local government will need to be prepared to mediate and gain support of local people who fear loss of land, as well as certain non-governmental organisations that oppose all oil palm expansion.

This consultant does NOT support conversion of forest to oil palm in the PT Dwima Jaya Utama area or in the upper Katingan in general, but it is better that oil palm is used to generate job opportunities, income and wealth from at least some of the degraded lands elsewhere in the district.

7.6 Conclusions

The local government (Pemda Katingan) can play an important role in supporting forest conservation in the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area as well as in all production forests in the upper Katingan river catchment area. Four suggestions are outlined, which require almost no cost to the government.



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8 Mission Evaluation

8.1 Relevance

If PT Dwimajaya Utama and its forest concession area were in a condition of stability, with a known future and few external threats, the timing of this consultancy would have been too late, because conservation planning should be done in tandem with forestry and social planning. However, the company and concession are both in a state of uncertainty, and governmental policies which impinge on forestry, directly and indirectly, are also in a state of flux. The only certainties at this stage are that illegal logging pressure will remain and probably intensify; that, in the absence of a new government programme of land allocation, people will continue to clear production forest for rice fields and to claim the land; and that the risk of damaging forest fires will remain high in every drought year. In these circumstances, the idea of forest certification remains a good target for the longer term, but will be impossible in the near term. For these reasons, the consultant decided to shift the emphasis of the work away from devising a specific detailed plan and away from developing the standard operating procedures that had been initially requsted by PT Dwima Jaya Utama, to (a) a few specific actions and programmes that would be beneficial if implemented in any order and at any time, (b) outlining the need for a strategic decision on how to manage the concession area, and (c) suggesting that a few key actions by local government might serve to promote forest conservation in the PT Dwimajaya Utama area and elsewhere in the upper Katingan-Samba catchment.

By good fortune, the work was performed at a time when two other ST consultants were involved in or suggesting new initiatives that could serve to change the current impasse of under-investment by PT Dwimajaya Utama and seemingly intractable external threats to the forest. These were (a) the initiative of joint company - village community management responsibility for specific land areas near the Talunai River and (b) the possibility of industrial tree plantations within the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area as a means to maintain financial sustainability of the company. Both these ideas, if appropriately formulated and implemented, could serve to have significant positive impacts on conservation of natural forests (and therefore wild species in general) in and around the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area.

Thus, the input of this consultancy turned out to be relevant in time and context, although perhaps not in the way envisaged when the consultancy terms of reference were first devised.

8.2 Efficiency

A number of issues in combination led to rather low efficiency. Minor irritations are to be expected in short-term work of this nature and need not be mentioned specifically here. However, two were of particular concern.



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Firstly, starting 17 July until the end of the consultancy, fuel stocks at Tumbang Manggo were low, and electricity was available on most days only from 08.00-10.00 and after 17.00 hours. Since mornings were often spent either in discussion with PT Dwimajaya Utama staff or in the field, in general work with computers was possible only after 17.00 hours – not an ideal time of day to start thinking and writing. A total of 37 days was spent based at Tumbang Manggo, as it was felt necessary for a consultancy on conservation to gain a thorough overview and understanding of all relevant circumstances in the project area. Also, PT Dwimajaya Utama staff based at Tumbang Manggo seemed to feel that SCKPFP short-term experts generally come and go too quickly. In addition, the consultant was reluctant to discuss his ideas with too many persons outside PT Dwimajaya Utama and Dinas Kehutanan, in order to avoid the risk of confusing his work with ongoing work by other SCKPFP staff on social and forest management issues. In retrospect, the consultant should have spent less time at Tumbang Manggo and more in Palangkaraya, so “socialise” his ideas more fully with government officers.

The second issue concerns maps. The consultant had the sense that SCKPFP has played a significant role in exposing local stakeholders to the “high-tech” aspects of mapping. Yet the importance of accuracy and precision in mapping, and being able to interpret maps when in the field, remains weak amongst all stakeholders. A strange thing noted constantly was that all PT Dwimajaya Utama staff based at Tumbang Manggo as well as the SCKPFP drivers based there, referred to places within the concession in terms of their proximity to roads currently driveable, using the expression “kilometre XX”, but (apart from one senior company officer) they were hardly able or unable to read 1:50,000 scale maps. In contrast, SCKPFP advisers working in the PT Dwimajaya Utama area did not understand the meaning of “km XX”, because there are very few any markers along the roads, and there are no kilometre markings shown on SCKPFP maps of the concession area. For the consultant personally, on many occasions during the consultancy, it was not possible to obtain maps or mapping expertise in the project offices. No reliable maps of vegetation or land cover, or ground truthing reports, were seen during the consultancy.

Despite the above criticisms, SCKPFP has acquired and produced many useful maps and images. If not already done, consideration should be given, and decisions made, as to the most useful places to lodge the various maps (digital and printed) now in existence as outputs of SCKPFP. In the opinion of this consultant, not only the relevant forest concession holders and governmental forest agencies, but also Regional Land Use Planning Body, Natural Resources Conservation Agency and Provincial Environmental Impact Controlling Agency and local offices, relevant Bupati’s offices, and the local universities in Palangkaraya and Banjarbaru should be considered as prime holders of these important forms of information.

8.3 Effectiveness

Following many discussion meetings at Tumbang Manggo, notes for development of possible standard operating procedures on ecological aspects were prepared and are retained by the relevant PT Dwimajaya Utama staff member. These might or might not be developed and used. If the concession is not going to be certified, however, for whatever reasons, this consultant is doubtful that the standard operating procedures drafted will be of much real conservation value.



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Regarding the project phase II purpose, which refers development of “… the human resources, institutional structures and mechanisms required to implement … sustainable forest management”, this consultancy is likely to have impact only on “mechanisms” (for example, to conserve forest long-term in the PT Dwimajaya Utama area, the consultant supports the ideas of areas of joint management responsibility and carefully considered plantation forests). In general, the issues that the consultant felt were important and priority for discussion were more appropriate for the most senior PT Dwimajaya Utama staff (Area Manager and above) and potentially also for the Katingan local government, rather than the middle level staff of both PT Dwimajaya Utama and Dinas Kehutanan and other government agencies with whom the consultant mainly worked.

8.4 Impact

If PT Dwimajaya Utama and its forest concession area were in a condition of stability, with a known future and few external threats, the idea of working with middle level concession managers on preparing a conservation plan might have been ideal. However, under prevailing (Jul-September 2004) circumstances of uncertainty, both in terms of which company staff will be retained and if further investment in the concession will happen, and in terms of external threats to the forest, conservation planning becomes more linked to key policy decisions, by both PT Dwimajaya Utama and key government agencies.

This report is targeted, therefore, largely at higher levels (PT Dwimajaya Utama senior managers and decision-makers, local government) than the staff with whom the consultant worked most closely.

8.5 Sustainability

Sustainability of the recommendations made in this report will depend largely on strategic decisions to be made by PT Dwimajaya Utama, on the interest of the Katingan district government, and on interest and support from the Department of Forestry. In this context, the consultant hopes that SCKPFP can continue working beyond 2004 to pursue some of the key initiatives and suggestions, which are likely to be lost if momentum is not retained, and which may be lost if SCKPFP ceases to exist. In any case, it is suggested that this report and other relevant SCKPFP reports be fully translated into Bahasa Indonesia, and copies provided to key agencies including PT Dwimajaya Utama, Regional Land Use Planning Body, the Katingan district government and Department of Forestry. It may also be beneficial for SCKPFP to contact and discuss the recommendations of this and related reports with selected interested non-governmental organisations (for example, Teropong, WWF-Indonesia) that may be in a position to play an advocacy role after the end of SCKPFP.



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9 Conclusions and Recommendations

9.1 Conclusions

Initially, PT Dwimajaya Utama field managers had hoped that this consultancy would help in drawing up detailed standard operating procedures relevant to ecology. Efforts were made along these lines, but this report takes a different approach – that the macro level issues must be prioritised and addressed before the details.

In general, forests and their plant and animal life can survive if a selective timber extraction system is implemented well. Only certain ecologically sensitive forest lands need to be totally excluded from timber extraction. The main threats to conservation in the PT Dwimajaya Utama area come from external sources, over which PT Dwimajaya Utama has almost no control. On initial observations, the threats of illegal logging and expansion of rice farms by local people suggest limited prospects for successful conservation of habitat, flora and fauna in the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession area. This report shows, however, that potential ways exist to counter these threats, in part drawing on ongoing initiatives and proposals made by other SCKPFP advisers (see below, Recommendations, 9.3).

9.2 Recommendations - overview

As far as possible, the recommendations outlined below minimise costs and the need for significant new investments. With support from PT Dwimajaya Utama, the forestry authorities and the local government (Pemda Katingan) for these recommendations, there are good prospects for the economic, social and ecological aspects of production forest management to be mutually supportive.

One unexpected recommendation is to consider conversion of some production forest to plantation forest. At first, this would seem to be contrary to conservation needs and it is contrary to current requirements for certification. However, for several reasons, there can be a net positive effect. The reasons include: the long-term presence of a single major forest licensee, which can act to reduce uncontrolled forest loss; emphasis of timber production shifts from never-ending exploitation of natural forest to production from plantations; plantations could be situated to act as a buffer between areas accessible to people and natural forest retained further away from human presence, thereby making it illegal logging less viable; and demonstration to local observers that an established business is serious about long-term management of land for wood production and that long-term wood supplies will depend mainly on planting and tending trees.

However, this reasoning is valid only if: the company is committed to making the plantation element productive long-term; government (both local government and the forestry authorities) will support the idea and provide long-term tenure over the concession area (at least 55 years); relevant local communities are fully briefed on



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the planned plantations and all significant concerns of local residents are addressed in the plantation development and management plans.

9.3 Recommendations to PT Dwimajaya Utama

(1) Bulldozer operators to be subject to supervision, rewards and penalties in order to reduce unnecessary damage to soil, watercourses and forest structure (see 5.2).

(2) Conservation areas to be allocated on forest land which is most sensitive to disturbance, namely (a) on all land with stunted forest (up to 7,700 hectares, all on the west side of the concession area; indicator tree species: Dipterocarpus lowii, shown on front cover of this report) and on extensive areas of steep land (up to 8,340 hectares in five main blocks all on the east side). These areas could be allocated using current legal mechanisms / requirements, or they could be allocated independently of legal requirements in the context of a forest management plan, as there is no special need to demarcate them on the ground (see 5.3).

(3) Selected wildlife species to be monitored through keeping and compilation of sighting records by all field staff (see 5.5).

(4) Consideration be given to investigating the viability of carefully planned and implemented conversion of some production forest to plantation forest, in order to ensure financial sustainability and to ensure long-term production of wood from the forest concession area (see 6.2.1).

(5) If recommendations relating to plantation forest and areas of joint responsibility are pursued, plantation forest should also be proposed as a major land use in the areas of joint responsibility (see 6.2).

9.4 Recommendations to both PT Dwimajaya Utama and the forestry authorities

Consideration should be given to converting from the current system of dividing the forest as 100 hectare square blocks, to a system of larger compartments with “natural” boundaries based on watercourses, ridge tops and old roads and tracks (see 5.4).

9.5 Recommendations to the forestry authorities

If proposed by PT Dwimajaya Utama, consideration should be given to permitting a carefully planned and implemented process of converting some production forest to plantation forest, in order to ensure financial sustainability and to ensure long-term production of wood from the forest concession area (see 6.2.1).

9.6 Recommendations to both PT Dwimajaya Utama and the Katingan district government

Pursue together the concept of specific “areas of joint responsibility”, with formal agreements between the company, villages and the Katingan district government, in order to plan and stabilise land use in village – forest interface areas (see 6.2.2).



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9.7 Recommendations to the Katingan district government

(1) The boundary of the middle - northern part of Kabupaten Katingan should be identical to the boundary of the upper Katingan river catchment in order to optimise integrated use of forests and other natural resources (see 7.2).

(2) Designate the entire Katingan river catchment above UTM grid system latitude line 9870 as a single forest management unit (see 7.3).

(3) Identify and promote specific actions to generate alternative sustainable income sources (other than timber felling) for young men from rural villages, paying special attention to expansion of oil palm plantations and promotion of local processing and oil-palm based manufacturing in the middle Katingan River area, but not through conversion of forest in the upper Katingan area (see 7.5).

9.8 Recommendations to South & Central Kalimantan Production Forest Project

(1) Contact and discuss the recommendations of this and related reports with selected interested non-governmental organisations (for example, Teropong, WWF-Indonesia) that may be in a position to play an advocacy role in relation to specific issues (e.g. need to retain stunted forest as conservation area; promoting use of the “areas of joint responsibility” concept).

(2) This and other SCKPFP reports directly and indirectly relevant to forest conservation be fully translated into Bahasa Indonesia, and copies provided to key agencies including PT Dwimajaya Utama, Regional Land Use Planning Body, the Katingan district government and Department of Forestry.

(3) If not already done, consideration should be given as to the most useful places to lodge the various maps (digital and printed) now in existence as outputs of SCKPFP, with not only the relevant forest concession holders and governmental forest agencies, but also Regional Land Use Planning Body, Natural Resources Conservation Agency and Provincial Environmental Impact Controlling Agency provincial and local offices, relevant Bupati’s offices, and local universities to be considered as prime holders of these important forms of information.



32


Appendix 1

Terms of Reference



33


Forest Ecologist Objective: Under the supervision of the Environmental Management Advisor, this specialist

will provide technical assistance in Conservation Management Plan of PT Dwima Jaya Utama

Background: The South and Central Kalimantan Production Forest Project (SCKPFP) is a cooperation project between the Government of Indonesia and the European Union. It aims to have:

Institutional structures and mechanisms developed to replicate guidelines and systems that support responsible participative sustainable forest management to achieve the ITTO Year 2000 objective.

Almost all the remaining lowland forests in the upper Samba-Katingan River catchments, the region in which the Dwima Jaya Utama (PT Dwima Jaya Utama) forest concession is located, are classified as production forest, meaning that the primary function is timber production. The nearby Bukit Raya National Park is predominantly hill and mountain forest, which certainly contains a different array of flora and fauna. Currently, no parts of the PT Dwima Jaya Utama concession and no lowland areas in the region in general have been identified or formally allocated for conservation. PT Dwima Jaya Utama has allocated two, small “demonstration” conservation areas but specialist surveys suggest that these have no significant value in terms of biological conservation.

There are currently three main sources of information on the biology of the PT Dwima Jaya Utama area, both done through SCKPFP phase 1: an inventory of timber trees for the entire concession, a forest strata classification based on the inventory and aerial photographs, and short-term specialist surveys of plants, invertebrates and fish. Using this information as background, the short-term forest ecology and conservation will conduct a reconnaissance survey of ecology, biology and forest types of the PT Dwima Jaya Utama concession. The ultimate purpose of this consultancy is to seek means to improve the overall conservation values of the PT Dwima Jaya Utama area.

Project: South-Central Kalimantan Production Forest Project Budget heading: A23: Forest Ecologist Duration: 3 months Timing: Start Soonest Finish Duty station: Project sites in Jakarta, South or Central Kalimantan. Language: English, Knowledge of Indonesian a distinct advantage Profile: University degree and a higher in a biological subject, and a good working

knowledge of both the flora and fauna of Borneo forests are essential. A minimum of 10 years professional experience relating to Borneo forests is required in order to make assessments on the survey area in comparison to other areas. Experience in conducting field work in remote areas and of obtaining information from local residents are also necessary. Ability to read and communicate in Bahasa Indonesia, and good report writing skill in English are required.

Advanced user level of MS Word, MS Excel essential. Candidate: Junaidi Payne



34


Duties: Under the Supervision of the Environmental Management Advisor and in close cooperation with other sections of the project, the consultant will guide, train and assist the project stakeholders in the following tasks:

• Obtain and analyze any available information on flora and fauna, forest types, soils and topography of the PT Dwima Jaya Utama concession area

• Conduct field surveys in the PT Dwima Jaya Utama area, with emphasis on obtaining information on forest types, forest condition and wild plant and animal species of species conservation significance

• Obtain relevant information and opinions from local residents in the upper Samba-Katingan river area

• In consultation with relevant SCKPFP forest advisers PT Dwima Jaya Utama staff and governmental agencies make recommendations for the allocation of specific conservation areas within the PT Dwima Jaya Utama concession area, with special attention paid to rare and endangered species and to protection of steep land.

Reporting: The consultant shall, before the end of the mission provide a mission report in accordance with guidelines for such reports. The report shall be submitted in due time to allow for it to be discussed, adjusted and approved before final departure from the project site.

The report shall be written using MS Word and shall be submitted in digital as well as hard copy.

Approach: It is essential the consultant at all times works to enhance the Government of Indonesia’s and project stakeholders’ capability to carry out their mandate within relevant aspects of sustainable forest management. Success will be measured in transfer of capability, long-term impact and sustainability of methodologies rather than mere physical fieldwork. In particular, it is stressed that the maps, reports and recommendations to be produced must be produced by the appropriate stakeholders themselves under their own heading and logo, guided and supported by the consultant.



35


Appendix 2

Mission Itinerary



36


Date Activities

21 June Malaysia (Sabah) to Jakarta

22 June a.m. Jakarta to Banjarbaru; a.m. & p.m. briefings and discussions on mission, in SCKPFP office (Banjarbaru)

23 June : a.m. Banjarbaru to Palangkaraya; p.m. orientation and discussions in SCKPFP office (Palangkaraya)

24 June : a.m. Dinas Kehutanan KalTeng office, Provincial Environmental Impact Controlling Agency Palangkaraya office, WWF-Indonesia Palangkaraya office; p.m. seek relevant documentation in SCKPFP office (Palangkaraya)

25 June : a.m. & p.m. compilation and reading of all available relevant documents, mostly reports from SCKPFP Phase 1 on CD-Rom (Palangkaraya)

26 June : a.m. evaluation of available relevant documents and other information obtained to date; p.m. meeting with head of Kantor Lingkungan Hidup, Kabupaten Katingan (Palangkaraya)

27 June : (Sunday) Drafting possible work scenarios (Palangkaraya)

28 June : Discussion with SCKPFP Forest Management and Environmental advisers (Palangkaraya)

29 June : Palangkaraya – PT Dwima Jaya Utama main camp; inspection of available maps etc.; discussion with Forest Management Assistant, Mr Halimansyah (Tumbang Manggu)

30 June : Discussion with PT Dwima Jaya Utama Head of Forest & Community Development Section (Bena Hutan), Mr Yuel; field visit to east section of PT Dwima Jaya Utama Forest Concession (Tumbang Manggu)

1 July : Discussion with PT Dwima Jaya Utama Head of Forest Planning Section and Head of Field Planning Sub-section, Mr Bisri Mustofa, on relative merits of compartment and petak systems for forest mapping and management; field visit to west section of PT Dwima Jaya Utama Forest Concession & PT Carus Indonesia Forest Concession (Tumbang Manggu)

2 July : Planning for field survey relating to forest classification, with Planning Section staff, including reconnaissance of potential access points (Tumbang Manggu)

3 July : Field survey in forest, west section of PT Dwima Jaya Utama Forest Concession, with Planning Section survey staff (forest camp)

4 July : (Sunday) Field survey in forest, west section of PT Dwima Jaya Utama Forest Concession, with Planning Section survey staff (Tumbang Manggu)

5 July : (Public Holiday, presidential voting) write report on field survey, plus draft sections of consultant’s report; further investigation of maps and aerial photos in SCKPFP office (Tumbang Manggu)

6 July : Discussion with Sianto Lalang, PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama Head of Research & Forest Rehabilitation Sub-section, Forest Development Section, on approach to this consultancy, and agreement in principle (a) for Mr Sianto to be the main counterpart for this consultancy & (b) initial focus on Indonesia Ecolabelling Institute (LEI) certification pre-assessment relevant recommendations; evening meeting with Dayak community leader (Tumbang Manggu)

7 July : Further discussions with Sianto Lalang, on contents of a conservation plan for PT Dwima Jaya Utama; evening meeting with Tord Lindbergh (Tumbang Manggu)

8 July : T. Manggu to Palangkaraya. Discussions with social component advisers on prospects & methods for limiting ladang expansion in PT Dwima Jaya Utama. Evening meeting with Kanwil Kehutanan officer Don Freddy (Palangkaraya)

9 July : Discussion with Eka Rianta; obtain maps/data on land suitability etc. in PT Dwima Jaya Utama area. Review of relevant documents in SCKPFP forest component office. Evening discussion with persons involved in Program Pengembangan Kecamatan, Regional Manajmen Unit IX (Kalimantan Selatan-Tengah) (Palangkaraya)

10 July : Palangkaraya to T. Manggu. Discussion with Tord Lindbergh on forest areas not economic for timber extraction etc. (Tumbang Manggu)

11 July : Office-based preparations (review maps and aerial photos; draft possible means to satisfy all Indonesia Ecolabelling Institute (LEI) requirements) for further discussion with Sianto Lalang (Tumbang Manggu)

12 July : Discussions with Sianto Lalang, on fulfilment of Indonesia Ecolabelling Institute (LEI) conditions & recommendations; use of SOPs in a conservation plan; need to classify ecological forest types &



37


Date Activities methods to do so; work with Bena Program (Tumbang Manggu)

13 July : a.m. Discussions with Lasmari (PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama camp manager & acting area manager), Bisri Mustofa (PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama head of planning) and Sianto Lalang, on fulfilment of Indonesia Ecolabelling Institute (LEI) conditions & recommendations; possible role of local government in addressing illegal logging. p.m. arrival at Tumbang Manggu of Lars Blomkvist, Timothy Nolan, Rene Weterings, Stephen Devenish, Mohd. Sidiq & Halimansyah, group visit to reduced impact logging site and current PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama felling area (Tumbang Manggu)

14 July : a.m. Group visit with PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama staff to low stature dipterocarp forest area. p.m. Group discussion on forestry issues (PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama experiences reduction in fuel availability) (Tumbang Manggu)

15 July : a.m. Visit with PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama staff to forest on two soil types, west side PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama area. p.m. Group discussion on forestry issues (Tumbang Manggu)

16 July : Visit with PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama staff to forest on three soil types, west side PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama area (Tumbang Manggu)

17 July : a.m. Visit with PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama staff to forest on two soil types, west side PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama area. p.m. Discussion with residents at Desa Matikei on mammals (fuel stocks very low in Samba river area; limited electricity supply starting today) (Tumbang Manggu)

18 July : discussions with SCKPFP reduced impact logging specialist (Tumbang Manggu)

19 July : Discussions with PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama camp manager, head of forest planning and head of research & forest rehabilitation on Indonesia Ecolabelling Institute (LEI); possible role of Bupati Katingan in addressing illegal logging; allocation of forest protection & conservation areas; and comparison of compartment and petak systems for forest mapping and management. Visit with PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama staff to “Tegakan Benih” area, east side of PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama area (Tumbang Manggu)

20 July : a.m. Discussions with PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama camp manager, head of forest planning and head of research & forest rehabilitation on this consultant’s proposals to reclassify PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama area by function/vegetation type; discussion with head of research & forest rehabilitation on follow-up work. p.m. Discussions with SCKPFP Rural Development Specialist and RIL Specialist (Tumbang Manggu)

21 July : Visit to forest on four soil types, east side PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama area (Tumbang Manggu)

22 July : Tumbang Manggu – Palangkaraya. Discussions with relevant project advisers (forestry, management plan, roads, RIL).

23 July : Discussions with GIS/RS adviser & assistant. Draft outline provisional conservation plan points for presentation to stakeholders in mid August (Palangkaraya).

24 July : a.m. Attend presentation by short-term road adviser T. Lindbergh to Dinas Kehutanan. p.m. Travel Palangkaraya-Banjarbaru./

25 July : Report drafting. Discussions with SCKPFP short-term rural organisation and fire risk advisers (Banjarbaru).

26 July : SCKPFP office discussions (Environmental Management Adviser, District Community Forest Planner, others) (Banjarbaru).

27 July : Travel Banjarbaru – Sabah, Malaysia.

5 August : Travel Sabah – Jakarta. Meetings with relevant officers in Departemen Kehutanan (Jakarta).

6 August : SCKPFP Jakarta office. Travel to Banjarbaru.

7 August : SCKPFP Banjarbaru office; review digital mapping (Banjarbaru).

8 August : SCKPFP Banjarbaru office; discussions with ST GIS/mapping adviser (Banjarbaru).

9 August : Discussion with Environmental Management Adviser; travel Banjarbaru – Palangkaraya.

10 August : Discussion with Head of Forest & Land Conservation & Rehabilitation Sub-section; map preparation with SCKPFP GIS/Remote sensing adviser (Palangkaraya).

11 August : Preparation of presentation on “Conservation Plan for PT Dwima Jaya Utama”; discussion with Head of Forest & Community Development, PT Dwima Jaya Utama (Palangkaraya).

12 August : Presentation on “Conservation Plan for PT Dwima Jaya Utama” at 1-day workshop on sustainable forest management at Dinas Kehutanan (Palangkaraya).



38


Date Activities

13 August : Meeting with Dinas Kehutanan officers of Forest & Land Conservation & Rehabilitation Division; review of workshop discussions; preparations for field work in PT Dwima Jaya Utama area (Palangkaraya).

14 August : Review topographical & geological maps of upper Katingan (Palangkaraya)

15 August : Report drafting (Palangkaraya)

16 August : Travel Palangkaraya to Tumbang Manggo via Kasongan – Samba land route; discussions with SCKPFP conflict resolution management specialist (Tumbang Manggo)

17 August : Public Holiday (Merdeka Day) (Tumbang Manggo)

18 August : Discussion meetings with (a.m.) Sianto Lalang & Bisri Mustofa, & (p.m.) Junaidi PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama PMDH staff & Kurniady (Teropong, local NGO) (Tumbang Manggo)

19 August : Office discussion meeting with Bisri Mustofa & Andar Manik, & visit with both to current felling areas of PT. Hutan Mulya and PT. Kayu Waja. Discussions with Junaidi & Andar Manik (Tumbang Manggo)

20 August : Visit to Tumbang Kawei / Tumbang Mangara (upper Talunai River) with Andar Manik & Junaidi (Tumbang Manggo)

21 August : Visit to PT. Yakin Timber Forest Concession (adjacent to Bukit Raya National Park) and logged stunted dipterocarp forest in PT. Hutan Mulya area; meeting with ladang makers (Tumbang Manggo)

22 August : Visit Tumbang Teranei, by foot from Km 27, observing vegetation types en route, for possible alternative/additional use, restoration etc., with Wawan Widayanto (Tumbang Manggo)

23 August : drafting SOPs on conservation issues; discussion meetings with Sianto Lalang and Yuel (Tumbang Manggo)

24 August : drafting SOPs on conservation issues (limited by electricity supply) (Tumbang Manggo)

25 August : drafting SOPs on conservation issues (limited by electricity supply) (Tumbang Manggo)

26 August : discussion with Sianto Lalang; drafting SOP (limited by electricity supply) (Tumbang Manggo)

27 August : a.m. drafting report, p.m. visit to proposed 2005 felling block with PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama planning staff and ST GIS specialist (Tumbang Manggo)

28 August : a.m. discussion with Sianto Lalang; p.m. draft text for presentation to PT Dwima Jaya Utama (Tumbang Manggo)

29 August : Discussion with ST GIS specialist (Tumbang Manggo)

30 August : a.m. discussions with Anton Pawarrangan & Sianto Lalang; p.m. visits to stunted dipterocarp forest in two sites to check variation in tree composition (Tumbang Manggo)

31 August : a.m. discussions with Anton Pawarrangan, Sianto Lalang & othert PT Dwimajaya Utama officers; p.m. discussions with SCKPFP social advisers (Tumbang Manggo)

1 September : Travel Tumbang Manggo to Palangkaraya.

2 Septermber : a.m. meetings with H. Khanafi & Agus Sutoko, Dinas Kehutanan officers. p.m. meetings with Aurélien Brulé (Kalaweit Conservation Program & radio station) & Balikpapan Orang-utan Society staff (Palangkaraya)

3 September : a.m. meeting with Ibu Rihanae, Kepala Subbid AMDAL & Perangkat Manajemen Lingkungan, Bada Pengelola & Pelstarian Lingkungan Hidup Daerah, Kalimantan Tengah; p.m. discussion meeting with Tord Lindberg & Lars G Blomkvist (Palangkaraya)

4 September : a.m. discussions with SCKPFP ST Conflict Resolution and Growth & Yield Specialists, p.m. report writing (Palangkaraya)

5 September : Report drafting (Palangkaraya)

6 September : Discussions with SCKPFP forestry advisers & preparation of presentation for 9 September (Palangkaraya)

7 September : Preparation of presentation (Palangkaraya)

8 September : a.m. discussion with PT Dwimajaya Utama area manager and forestry advisers, p.m. meetings with Dinas Kehutanan officers (Palangkaraya)

9 September : a.m. Presentation of “conservation management plan” contents & recommendations to relevant stakeholders. p.m. discussions with Natural Resources Conservation Agency officers (Palangkaraya)

10 September : further drafting of final report (Palangkaraya)



39


Date Activities

11 September : farewell visits to BPPHLD & Dinas Kehutanan staff; report drafting (Palangkaraya)

12 September : travel Palangkaraya to Banjarbaru; discussion with SCKPFP co-director (Banjarbaru)

13 September : draft report (Banjarbaru)

14 September : draft & discuss report (Banjarbaru)

15 September : a.m. Banjarbaru – Jakarta; p.m. briefing to European Commission office (Jakarta)

16 September : Jakarta –Kuala Lumpur – Kota Kinabalu (Sabah)

:



40


Appendix 3

List of People Met



41


* = persons met and worked with through discussions and / or field work

Organisation Name Position / role

Bappeda Propinsi Kalteng Humala Pontas Pangaribuan

Land use planning

Badan Pengelola & Pelestarian Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (Provincial Environmental Impact Controlling Agency) Kalimantan Tengah

Rihanae Kepala Subbid AMDAL & Perangkat Manajemen Lingkungan

Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (Natural Resources Conservation Agency), Kalimantan Tengah

Abdul Moein Senior officer

Yohanes Sudarto Head

Departemen Kehutanan (Jakarta)

Kris Harianto Head of Essential Ecosystem Conservation Sub-Directorate, Directorate of Biodiversity Conservation

Ir. Ida Poespita Head of Data & Records Sub-Directorate, Directorate of Natural Resource Conservation

Dr. Widodo Sukohadi Ramono

Director, Biodiversity Conservation

Dinas Kehutanan Kalimantan (Palangkaraya)

Ade Susino Forest Planning Section

Agus Sutoko Head of Administration

Alexander Binti Acting Head

Awat Praja Sinseng Head of Forest & Land Conservation

Don Fredy Head of Forest Planning Section

H. Khanafi * Head of Forest & Land Conservation, Rehabilitation Sub-section

Maidiward Head of Balai Sertifikasi Penguji Hasil Hutan

PT Dwima Jaya Utama Anton Pawarrangan * Area Manager

Bambang Harianto * Blockman (field)

Bisri Mustofa * Head of Forest Planning

Hendra Gunawan * Forest Planning (field)

Imam Masrokah Forest Planning (Administration)

Junaidi PMDH

Lasmari Camp Manager

Oco Dalin Sari Forest & Community Development

Rusmansyah * Forest Planning (field)

Samsudin * Head of Field Survey (field)

Samroni Forest Planning

Santoso Reforestation (field)

Sianto La’Lang * Head of Reforestation & Research

Stefanus Jehanu * Survey & Mapping (field)

Syamsudin Amir Head of Production



42


Organisation Name Position / role

Trianto Head of Scaling (timber measurement)

Wawan Widayanto * Forest survey (field)

Yuel Head of Forest & Community Development

Zainul Arifin * Forest planning (field)

Forest Liaison Bureau Timothy Nolan Director

Pemda (Pemerintah Daerah) Katingan

During Rampai Kepala Kantor Lingkungan Hidup & Tata Ruang

Program Pengembangan Kecamatan

Toni Yosepta Fasilitator Training, Regional Manajmen Unit IX (Kalimantan Selatan-Tengah)

Yerri Novita Fasilitator Training, Regional Manajmen Unit IX (Kalimantan Selatan-Tengah)

SCKPFP Abdul Fatah ST Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Specialist

A. Hidayat ST Communication Specialist

Alfan Subekti * Environmental Management Adviser

Aloysius Suratin Community Forestry Specialist

Andar Manik * ST Conflict Resolution Management Specialist

Dr Bambang Hero Saharjo ST Fire Risk adviser

Bambang Sujoko Legal Adviser

Lars-Gunnar Blomkvist * Provincial Coordinator & Forest Adviser

Marcel de Brune * Rural Development Specialist

Boni Subekti ST Quality Management Specialist

Budi Harsoyo GIS/RS Assistant

Stephen Devenish * ST Post Harvest Assessment specialist

Eka Rianta * GIS / Remote Sensing Adviser

Gustaaf Prihatin * ST Concession Management Specialist

Halimansyah Forest Harvesting Assistant

Heri Satono GIS assistant

Anja Hoffmann ST Fire Risk adviser

Nick Jewell * ST GIS mapping specialist

Kartika Rini Information Assistant

E O Kofod International Co-director

Tord Lindbergh * ST Road Planning Specialist

Philippe Lyssens ST Rural Organisation adviser

Mahmud Hidayat ST Information Campaign Design Specialist

Mahrus Aryadi ST Community Based Forest Protection Specialist

Oniranto ST District Community Forestry Planner

Robert Panie Forest Harvesting Adviser

Ruslandi * ST Forest Growth & Yield Specialist

Mohammad Sidiq * Environmental Assistant

Dr Silver Hutabarat National Co-director

Sukhyar Faidil Fire Management Specialist

Wayan Nuarsa ST Environmental Data Management



43


Organisation Name Position / role Specialist

René Weterings * ST Forest Management Adviser

Universitas Palangkaraya Kurniady Forestry student from Tumbang Samba

Modi Patroni Forestry student from Tumbang Manggo

WWF-Indonesia Dadang Setiawan Communication Manager, Sebangau Project

Drosopolino Leader, Sebangau Project

Metarius Assistant Module Leader, Sebangau Project

Nancy Ariani Project Secretary, Sebangau Project

Yayasan Kalaweit Aurélien Brulé Founder/Director



44


Appendix 4

References



45


Agus Tjakrawidjaja & Pramudygarini Wardhani (2002) Ikan Air Tawar di Hulu Katingan – Samba, Kalimantan Tengah SCKPFP Report No. 108

Anon (1997) Manual KPHP Buku 1 & 2. Manual Pembentukan Kesatuan Pengusahaan Hutan Produksi. Departemen Kehutanan Republik Indonesia dengan Indonesia-U.K. Tropical Forest Management Program (DFID)

Hughes, M A (2002) A 1% sampling intensity forest resource inventory of the PT Dwima Jaya Utama forest concession SCKPFP Report No. 90

Johns, A G (2002) Endangered, Rare and Threatened Species in South and Central Kalimantan: Categorisation, Identification and Monitoring Process.. SCKPFP Report No. 106

Mogea, J & A Subekti (2001) Rattans in the PT Dwima Jaya Utama production forest area, Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur, Central Kalimantan: Categorisation, Identification and Monitoring Process. SCKPFP Report No. 83

Nasution, R (2001) Orchids in the PT Dwima Jaya Utama production forest, Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur, Central Kalimantan. SCKPFP Report No. 81

Newman, M F, Burgess P F & Whitmore, TC (1996) Manuals of Dipterocarps for Foresters.Borneo Island Light Hardwoods. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh / CIFOR.

Newman, M F, Burgess P F & Whitmore, TC (1998) Manuals of Dipterocarps for Foresters Borneo Island Medium and Heavy Hardwoods. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh / CIFOR.

Payne, J, Francis, C & Phillipps, K (2000) Buku Panduan Lapangan Mamalia di Kalimantan, Sabah, Sarawak & Brunei. The Sabah Society (Kota Kinabalu, Sabah), WWF-Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur) & Wildlife Conservation Society (Bogor)

Telfer, L (2001) Ulin exploitation in the Forest Concession of PT Dwima Jaya Utama SCKPFP Report No. 87

Uway Warsita Mahyar (2002) Tumbuhan Obat-obatan dan tumbuhan berguna lainnya di Forest Concession PT Dwima Jaya Utama, Kalimantan Tengah SCKPFP Report No. 134



46


Appendix 5

Commercial trees in the PT Dwimajaya Utama area



47


Usual trade name Local names

used by PT Dwima Jaya Utama field staff

Scientific names Notes

Red meranti Meranti merah, bangkirai, letang, mahadirang, mahambong, majau, sapon

Shorea species including S. johorensis, S. leprosula, S. ovalis, S. parvifolia, S. pauciflora

At least 6 species in this group. Generally the commonest commercial tree type throughout the concession. Local names contain inconsistencies.

Tengkawang Tengkawang Shorea species A type of red meranti which is supposed not to be felled because the fruits represent a non-timber forest product.

Yellow meranti Suhi Shorea species Mainly on well-drained slopes.

White meranti Kerakas, damarsi Shorea species Scattered & nowhere common.

Bangkirai Benuas Shorea laevis Mainly on broad ridge tops & well-drained shallow slopes.

Balau Pelepek Shorea species, probably mainly S. seminis & S. guiso

Keruing Keruing Dipterocarpus species Several species seen, but D. lowii only in stunted forest

Kapur Kapur Dryobalanops oblongifolia

Merawan Merawan, cangal Hopea species

Kempas Kempas Koompassia malaccensis



48


Appendix 6

List of threatened, endemic and protected species of wild plants and

animals which occur in the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest concession

area



49


Note: this list was prepared at Tumbang Manggo, in Bahasa Indonesia, in connection with efforts to prepare ecological standard operating procedures for PT Dwimajaya Utama. ”Protected” means species present in the PT Dwimajaya Utama area which are listed under the Flora and Fauna Conservation law, PP 07/1999

DAFTAR JENIS-JENIS FLORA (TUMBUHAN) & FAUNA (SATWA) YANG ”LANKA (L), ENDEMIK (di Pulau Kalimantan) (E) atau DILINDUNGI (D)” di AREAL Forest Concession PT DWIMA JAYA UTAMA – DERAF - (24 Agus 2004) Nama lokal Nama ilmiah LED Keterangan

TUMBUH-TUMBUHAN

Ulin Eusideroxylon zwageri

D Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)

PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama tidak menebang untuk tujuan komersial

Umum di dataran rendah & tanah subur di PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama

Ada lokasi seluas 100 ha untuk pelestarian sumber daya genetik jenis ulin

Mesyarakat menebang jenis ini untuk menjual

Dianggap akan lanka di areal PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama pada masa akan datang

Kayu Bawang Scorodocarpus borneensis



Mesyarakat tidak menebang jenis ini untuk tujuan komersial

Contoh: didalam PUP III 1999/2000, pohon Nos. 40, 103 & 317

Dianggap tidak lanka di areal PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama

Kayu gaharu Aquilaria species L Tidak dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)

Keberadaan kayu gaharu di PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama sangat sporadis (tidak terbatas di areal atau jenis tanah yang spesifik)


Mesyarakat mencari jenis ini untuk menjual (harga gaharu sangat tinggi, untuk pasaran expor)

Dianggap lanka di areal PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama

Tengkawang Shorea pinanga D Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)


Jenis ini umum di kawasan lindung ”sempadan sungai”

Mesyarakat menebang jenis ini untuk menjual kayunya

Regenerasi biasanya cukup memuaskan di hutan yang telah digerapkan


Pelepek Shorea seminis D Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)

Tujuan jenis ini dilindungi mungkin karena buahnya merupukan sejenis ”tengkawang”

Mesyarakat juga menebang jenis pohon ini untuk menjual kayu


Putang Dyera costulata D Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)

Mesyarakat tidak memanfaatkan jenis ini untuk karetnya, tetapi menebang pohon untuk kayu, untuk membuat meubel, kotak & alat musik



50


Nama lokal Nama ilmiah LED Keterangan

Biasanya di hutan dataran rendah, yang sering diancam ladang


Magas Duabanga moluccana


Jarang ditemui di PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama, tetapi umum di kawasan bukit-bukitan seluruh Kalimantan

Jenis ”pioneer” di hutan sekunder; sebab dilindungi tidak ketahui

Keruing Dipterocarpus tempehes (? mungkin ada di areal PT Dwimajaya Utama)


Jenis-jenis keruing lain tidak dilindungi

Mungkin tidak ada di areal Forest Concession PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama

Anggerik hitam

Coelogyne pandurata


Contoh: Km 39, dekat Kem Kucu


Anggerik tebu Gramatophyllum speciosum


Contoh: Umum di pohon besar di bahagian barat & timur


Enau Arenga pinnata D Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)

Sejenis palem; umum, dianggap tidak lanka di areal PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama

Bindang Borassodendron borneensis

DE Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)


Palem raja Caryota no D Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)


Sagu bukit Eugeissona utilis D Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)


SATWA

Rusa, Bajang Cervus unicolor D Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)

Bisa hidup di hutan, belukar & hutan sekunder

Diburuh oleh sebagian mesyarakat lokal

Tidak lanka di areal PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama

Kijang, Kerahow

Muntiacus muntjak D Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)

Biasanya di hutan tinggi



Pelanduk Tragulus species D Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)

Bisa hidup di hutan, belukar & hutan sekunder


Umum & tidak lanka di areal PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama

Harimau dahan, Mengkuli, Mapulis

Neofelis nebulosa D Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)

Kondisi habitatnya (hutan dipterocarp) pada umumnya terkawal dalam Forest Concession PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama, tetapi habitatnya diancam oleh penebangan liar & ladang



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Diburuh oleh sebagian mesyarakat lokal; pakannya (rusa, babi hutan dll.) diburuh oleh sebagian mesyarakat

Jarang ditemui, tetapi dianggap tidak lanka di areal PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama

Binturong, Tuhun

Arctictis binturong D Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)

Kondisi habitatnya (hutan dipterocarp) pada umumnya terkawal dalam Forest Concession PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama

Diburuh oleh sebagian mesyarakyat lokal, & habitatnya diancam oleh penebangan liar & ladang didalam Forest Concession PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama


Beruang, Behuang

Helarctos malayanus

DL Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)


Diburuh oleh sebagian mesyarakat lokal, & habitatnya diancam oleh penebangan liar & ladang didalam Forest Concession PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama

Tenggiling, Ahem, Ayim

Manis javanica D Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)

Jenis ini bisa hidup di hutan yang rusak, hutan tanaman industri & kebun

Diburuh oleh sebagian mesyarakyat lokal untuk daging & menjual sisiknya


Kalaweit, Owa Hylobates agilis D Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)




Kelasi Presbytis rubicunda E Kondisi habitatnya (hutan dipterocarp) pada umumnya terkawal dalam Forest Concession PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama



Buhis Presbytis frontata E Kondisi habitatnya (hutan dipterocarp) pada umumnya terkawal dalam Forest Concession PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama



Orang-utan, Kahiu

Pongo pygmaeus DL Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)



Sangat lanka di areal PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama, kemungkinan besar karena lama diburuh oleh mesyarakat sehingga hampir punah

Kukang Nycticebus coucang


Jenis ini bisa hidup pinggir hutan, kebun & hutan sekunder



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Diambil oleh sebagian mesyarakat lokal untuk memelihara dalam kandang


Kera hantu, Ikir

Tarsius bancanus D Dilindungi di bawa PP 07/1999 (Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan & Satwa)

Jenis ini bisa hidup pinggir hutan, kebun & hutan sekunder


Riwang-riwu, Nyamu

Rheithrosciurus macrotis

E Kondisi habitatnya (hutan dipterocarp) pada umumnya terkawal dalam Forest Concession PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama



Tingang, Enggang

Semua jenis dalam marga Bucerotidae



Diburuh oleh sebagian mesyarakat lokal, & habitatnya diancam oleh tebangan liar & ladang didalam Forest Concession PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama


Haruai Argusianus argus D Kondisi habitatnya (hutan dipterocarp) pada umumnya terkawal dalam Forest Concession PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama

Diburuh oleh sebagian mesyarakat lokal, & habitatnya diancam oleh ladang didalam Forest Concession PTPT Dwima Jaya Utama


Nota: (1) mengikut data yang tersedia, tidak ada jenis flora atau fauna yang endemic di propinsi Kalimantan Tengah sahaja. (2) Di DAS sungai Katingan-Samba, ada 10 jenis ikan ”baru” yang belum diberi nama ilmiah (lihat: Agus Tjakrawidjaja & Pramudygarini Warhani, Nopember 2001, ”Ikan Air Tawar di Hulu Katingan, Kalimantan Tengah. Laporan SCKPFP No. 108. Ikan ini mungkin diancam oleh cara tangkap ikan yang tidak lestari (sterum, racun, dll).



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Appendix 7

Wild mammals present in or near the PT Dwimajaya Utama forest

concession area



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English name Scientific name Indonesian Dayak Katingan

Moonrat Echinosorex gymnurus Rindil Bulan Butah

Treeshrew Tupaia species Tusong

Flying Fox Begamat

Pangolin Manis javanica Trenggiling Ahem, Ahum

Bornean Tarsier Tarsius bancanus Krabuku Ingkat Ikir, Iker

Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang Kukang Kukang, Kalaweit Berang

Colugo Cynocephalus variegatus Kubung Kubung

Red Leaf Monkey Presbytis rubicunda Lutung Merah Kelasi

Hose’s Leaf Monkey

Presbytis hosei Lutung Banggat Buhis

Proboscis Monkey Nasalis larvatus Bekantan Bokara

Long-tailed Macaque

Macaca fascicularis Kera Bake

Pig-tailed Macaque

Macaca nemestrina Beruk Beruk

Agile Gibbon Hylobates agilis Owa Kalawet

Orang-utan Pongo pygmaeus Mawas Kahiu

Giant Squirrel Ratufa affinis Jelarang Megas, Mengkas

Horse-tailed Squirrel

Sundasciurus hippurus Nyungau

Plantain Squirrel Callosciurus notatus Mukas

Black-eared Pigmy Squirrel

Nannosciurus melanotis Bajing kerdil Petik

Tufted Ground Squirrel

Rheithrosciurus macrotis Bajing-tanak ekor-tegak

Riwang-riwu, Nyamu

Porcupine Hystrix species Landak Tahatung

Long-tailed Porcupine

Trichys fasciculata Angkis Akis, Angkis

Rats Various Tikus Belawaw

Sun Bear Helarctos malayanus Beruang Behuang

Yellow-throated Marten

Martes flavigula Musang leher-kuning

Mamar

Malay Badger Mydaus javanensis Teledu Siruh

Otters Lutra species Berang-berang Dingin

Malay Civet Viverra tangalunga Tenggalung Beong

Binturong Arctictis binturong Binturung Tuhun, Temunyin

Palm civets Arctogalidia trivirgata, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus & Paguma larvata

Musang Parei-maru

Striped civets Prionodon linsang, Hemigalus derbyanus Linsang, Musang belang

Pusakambeh

Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa Macan Dahan Mengkuli, Mapulis

Bearded Pig Sus barbatus Babi hutan Bavoi, Bahui, Baweh

Mouse-deer Tragulus javanicus & T. napu Pelanduk Pelanduk

Barking Deer Muntiacus muntjak & M. atherodes Kijang Kerahow, Gerahow

Sambar Deer Cevus unicolor Rusa Bajang



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Note: Dayak Katingan names obtained by asking local residents in several settlements west and east of Samba River, using Payne et al (2000)



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Appendix 8

Presentation to stakeholders, 12 August and 9 September2004



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182 CMP PT DJU - Conservation Management Plan of PT Dwima Jaya Utama

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