(1827 - 1929)

“The Evolution of Emily Howland:

From Accommodation To Social

Justice”

Emily Howland

•Abolitionist

•Educator

•Quaker

•Philanthropist

•Suffrage Advocate

•Advocate of World Peace

EMILY &

SLOCUM

HOWLAND

Accounts of the black civil rights struggle focus on

major events, urban rebellions and nation-wide

efforts prior to the Brown Case of 1954. But many of

the most notable, now mostly forgotten, were those

individuals who worked quietly to break down

barriers during the Jim Crow years, laying the

ground-work for the gain made during the civil rights

decades of the 1950’s-1960’s. One such figure

financially supported the establishment of black

schools, many of whose leaders and students became

“Forerunners of Black Power”

(Ernest Bormann, (ed.) 1978)

Howland’s Connections:

James Edward Mason

Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906)

• Social Reformer

• Educator

• Quaker

• Temperance

• Women’s Suffrage

• Labor Activist

Portrait of Susan B.

Anthony that was used

in the History of

Woman Suffrage

Susan B. Anthony (seated) and Emily Howland in

the study of Emily’s home in Sherwood, New York.

(Courtesy Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College)

Howland’s Connections:

William Howard Day

(1825-1900)

• Abolitionist

• Editor

• Publisher

• Teacher

• Civil Leader

• Clergyman

Howland’s Connections:

William Wells Brown

(1814-1884)

• Abolitionist

• Novelist

• Historian

Howland’s Connections:

William Still

(1821-1902)

• Abolitionist

• Author

• Historian

• Activist

Howland’s Connections:

Jermain Loguen

(1813-1872

• Clergyman

• Abolitionist – Jerry

Rescue, 1851

• Author

Howland’s Connections:

Frederick Douglass

(1818-1895)

• Abolitionist

• Author

• Editor

• Diplomat

“There is no work that men are required to

do, which they can not better and more

economically do with education than

without it.”

“Accumulate property… poverty is are

greatest calamity. On the other hand,

poverty… is the only condition upon

which any people can rise to the dignity of

genuine manhood.”

Howland’s Connections:

Henry Highland Garnet

(1815-1882)

• Abolitionist

• Minister

• Educator

• Orator:

• 1843, “Call To

Rebellion”

Howland’s Connections:

A woodcut of Tubman

in her Civil war

Clothing

Harriet Tubman

(1820-1913)

• Underground Railroad

• Nurse

• Women’s Rights

Howland’s Connections:

Sojourner Truth

(1797-1883)

• Abolitionist

• Lecturer

• “Exoduster”

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=horrid+massacre+in+virginia&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=HfsTHU30k0rRWM&tbnid=IuXqvvI5WsRhpM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.negroartist.com/IMAGES OF SLAVERY AND FREEDOM/pages/Horrid massacre in Virginia_tiff.htm&ei=oHaSUdvzIYHYywGvj4HwDA&psig=AFQjCNFHtXmF7FQ5GqyPPte8jmqE29Pxpg&ust=1368639470496218

Nat Turner’s Insurrection,

Virginia, 1813

• Intelligent, literate, preacher

• Visionary – signs from God

• Terror in white community – 60 whites

slain; 150+ blacks slain

• Impact : illegal to teach slaves, free black,

mulattoes to read or write meant

wide spread illiteracy

• Exceptions (Stonewall Jackson, Mary

Peake, Frederick Douglass)

The Capture of Nat Turner

The Slave Trade

Of Human Bondage

Symbol of the Anti-Slavery Society

The

Brutality

of Slavery

Abolition Poster

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1868 – 1963)

• Ph.D., Harvard, “African

Slave Trade”

• Scholar, actionist, militant

• Co-founder, NAACP;

editor, Crisis

• Critic of Booker T.

Washington (Niagara

Movement) “Of Mr.

Booker T. Washington

and Others”

Myrtilla Miner (1815 – 1864)

• Educated, Rochester,

NY – Clover Street

Seminary

• Teacher in New

England, moved to

Mississippi

• Opened Normal school

for girls in

Washington, DC

• Operation run by Emily

Howland, 1857

A Beaufort, South Carolina, Family photographed after being

freed by Union forces in 1862.

“Glimpses at Freedmen’s Bureau – Issuing Rations to the Old and Sick.” In addition to visiting

freedpeople at home, Freedmen’s Bureau agents distributed food, clothing, and fuel from

deports in the city. In this image, a freedwoman hands the bureau agent a ticket she may have

received during a home visit. Bureau agents and other visitors handed out such vouchers to

those whom they judged deserving of aid. This sketch was made in Richmond, but similar

facilities operated in Washington. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, September 22, 1866.

Freedmen’s relief workers believed that “industrial schools” such as this one in Richmond,

Virginia, would teach freedwomen marketable skills and inculcate them with a proper

appreciation for waged labor, thus preparing them for citizenship. Frank Leslie's Illustrated

Newspaper, September 22, 1866.

A group of African American refugees, called contraband, who worked

for the Union army as teamsters. The photo was taken c. 1864 in

Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, just south of Richmond.

Contrabands of the Civil War

Life In The Camps

Ironing

Gardening

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=sick+from+freedom&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=K5irKb5ZUxls8M&tbnid=7lPBXmtqPo576M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2160484/The-end-slavery-led-hunger-death-millions-black-Americans-Extraordinary-claims-new-book.html&ei=266TUcSPFOvDyAHYuoHYAw&psig=AFQjCNGs-ER7-msNZBmIYSiewU2ckGXe_A&ust=1368719424324879

Emily Howland arrived at Contraband Camp in the

midst of this upheaval. Events taking place in this and other

camps and freedman villages in which Emily worked,

nursed and taught over the next four years pointed to myriad

difficulties that were to be found on this road to

emancipation. There was a glaring lack of organization,

direction or concerted effort to systemically understand and

deal with the needs of countless numbers of blacks under

Federal control during the years 1863 to 1868. More

important this haphazard approach was shared by both well-

meaning friends of the blacks and those less charitably

disposed. Unfortunately throughout postwar reconstruction

it proved to be a model of white relations with freed blacks.

Judith C. Breault The world of Emily Howland, P. 52.

When Emily Howland entered Contraband Camp in

early January of 1863, she recoiled from the sight meeting

her Gaze. Nothing in her pervious experience had prepared

her for the misery and suffering she witnessed before her.

Smallpox, tuberculosis, pneumonia and pleurisy were

prevalent in camp, afflicting the aged of both sexes as well

the young children. The roofs of stables and makeshift tents

leaked, floors were constantly muddy and to compound the

already existing unsanitary conditions, heat and clean

bedding were not available. When it rained saturated clothes

and bedding typically resulted, adding to the wretchedness

of those under Federal care.

Judith C. Breault The world of Emily Howland, P. 52.

Federal Troops Protecting Freedmen

Freedmen’s Bureau school Hulton Archive/Getty Images

This school on St. Helena Island in South Carolina was typical of the

Sabbath and free schools attended by ex-slaves in the period

immediately following the Civil War. Courtesy of the National Archives.

Booker T. Washington:

Architect of the Tuskegee Model

W. E. B. Du Bois in 1918

Born William Edward Burghardt Du Bois

February 23, 1868

Great Barrington, Massachusetts, U. S.

Died August 27, 1963 (aged 95)

Accra Ghana

Residence

Atlanta, Georgia; New York City

Fields Civil rights, sociology, history

Institutions

Atlanta University, NAACP

Alma mater

Fisk University

Harvard University

University of Berlin

Known for

The Souls of Black Folk

Black Reconstruction in America

The Crisis

Influences

Alexander Crummell, William James

Notable awards

Lenin Peace Prize

Spingarn Medal

Spouse Nina Gomer Du Bois,

Shirley Graham Du Bois

Booker T. and W. E. B. By Dudley Randall

“It seems to me,” said Booker T.,

“It shows a mighty lot of cheek

To study Chemistry and Greek

When Mister Charlie needs a hand

To hoe the cotton on his land,

And when Miss Ann looks for a cook,

Why stick your nose inside a book?”

“I don’t agree,” said W. E. B.

“If I should have the drive to seek

Knowledge of chemistry or Greek,

I’ll do it. Charles and Miss Ann can look

Another place for hand or cook.

Some men rejoice in skill of hand,

And some in cultivating lands,

But there are others who maintain

The right to cultivate the brain.”

“It seems to me,” said Booker T.,

“That all you folks have missed the boat

Who shout about the right to vote,

And spend vain days and sleepless nights

In uproar over civil rights.

Just keep your months shut, do not grouse,

But work, and save, and buy a house.”

“I don’t agree,” said W. E. B.,

“For what can property avail

If dignity and justice fail?

Unless you help to make the laws,

They’ll steal your house with trumped-up

clause.

A rope’s as tight, a fire as hot,

No matter how much cash you’ve got.

Speak soft, and try your little plan,

But as for me, I’ll be a man.”

“It seems to me,” said Booker T.—

“I don’t agree,”

Said W. E. B.

The Birth of

a Nation

The Birth of a Nation Hooded Klansmen catch Gus, a black man described in the

film as "a renegade, a product of the vicious doctrines

spread by the carpetbaggers.”

William Joseph Simmons (1880-1945)

Founded the second Ku Klux Klan in 1915.

Members of the second Ku Klux Klan

at a rally in 1922.

The “Triple Alliance” In Southern

Education

1. Redemptionists

• Southerners, return to ante-bellum state quo

2. Philanthropists (white, northern, wealthy, elites)

3. (Black) Accommodationists:

• Booker T. Washington

• R. R. Moton

Booker T. Washington with President

Theodore Roosevelt, 1901

Booker T. Washington is known for many things. Most

people know him for his “Atlanta ‘Compromise’ Address,”

his rivalry with W. E. B. Du Bois, and his unwavering

allegiance to industrial education.

Faculty at Tuskegee Institute, including Booker T. Washington in the

front row.

Stirrings of Discontent I: In Society:

1. Depredations of the revived Ku Klux Klan, 1915-

2. The “New Negro”

• North ward, urban exodus

• Formation of N. A. A. C. P., 1909

• W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919: “We are cowards and

jackasses if we do not marshal every ounce

of our brain and brawn to fight back …against

the forces of hell in our land.”

• Marcus Garvey – UNIA

• Harlem Renaissance

Northern Exodus

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=Great+Migration&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=C_G1rufLuGXg8M&tbnid=Fs1mDrjbapWjjM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://mrskhistory.wikispaces.com/*African-Americans+-+The+Great+Migration&ei=Yb2bUaKbF4zUyQGCyIGwBQ&psig=AFQjCNGX4iWMaY_0wWgU65lGo-wz54D7Yg&ust=1369247362240807

The book Moving

North by Monica

Halpern is about

how life was hard in

the South from

1915-1930.

Some Founders of the NAACP

NAACP Stop Lynching button

Marcus Garvey

(1887 – 1940)

• Jamaica – born

• Publisher,

Journalist,

Entrepreneur

• Black Nationalism

• Pan - Africanism

Marcus Garvey is

shown in a military

uniform as the

'Provisional President

of Africa' during a

parade up Lenox

Avenue in Harlem,

New York City. The

parade took place in

August 1922, during

the opening day

exercises of the

annual Convention of

the Negro Peoples of

the World. (AP Photo)

U.N.I.A. parade in Harlem, 1924

Stirring of Discontent II: A sample of black schools:

1. Manassas Negro and Industrial School, Virginia

2. Snow Hill Normal and Industrial Institute, Wilcox

County, Alabama

3. Calhoun Colored School (1892 – 1945), Lowndes

County, Alabama

4. Institute For Colored Youth (ICY) Cheyney Pennsylvania

5. Frederick Douglass Memorial Hospital and Training

Institute, Pennsylvania

Jennie Dean had an abiding faith in Christian religion, and it was this,

her friends say, that upheld her and helped her win success. Those who

know her intimately say she was cautious, prudent, self-sacrificing,

with a personal character above reproach, and a spotless integrity…

Manassas Democrat, May 8, 1913

Jennie Dean

(1852-1913)

• Manassas Negro and Industrial

School

• Devout

• Urban migrations as evil

• Rules for Good Behavior

Among Her People

• Jennie Thompson as ally

• Mrs. Ona Gray Langhorn

• Oswald Garrison Villard

Oswald Garrison

Villard

(1872-1949)

• Journalist, Nation,

New York Evening

Post

• Co-founder, NAACP

and treasurer

• Author, John Brown

Fifty Years After

• Pacifist

Many of the men and women with their manual training were

able to move into the world and became very successful

citizens, able to handle their responsibilities and to contribute

very much to the society in which they lived. Many followed

through with professional training for the trades they

acquired at Manassas.

Snow Hill Normal and Industrial Institute

William James Edwards,

circa 1908 at the height of Snow Hill

Institute’s Golden Age.

William James Edwards

(1869-1959) • Social Activist

• Tuskegee graduate

• 1893 Opened Snow Hill

• Black Belt Improvement Society- goals

• Land ownership

• Self–reliance

• End share cropping

• Author: Twenty-five Years in Black Belt

• Later focus on academic education

• Campaign to oust Edwards

• Fallen Prince, Donald Stone, 1990

• Thomas Jesse Jones

• William H. Baldwin

• R. R. Moton

• Ousted, 1925

• Legacy: Consuela Lee

“She used her love of jazz and Black people to help educate the

children of Wilcox County, Alabama, including Snow Hill.”

Consuela Lee

William Henry Baldwin III

•Snow Hill is rotten…and has been

practically from the start; “a

fraudulent educational undertaking

and a menace to public morals”

•Threatened Moton/Tuskegee with

financial ruin

Robert Russa

Moton

(1867 – 1940)

Successor to

Booker T.

Washington

(1915 – 1935)

The “New Slavery” Sharecropping

Sharecroppers

W.J. Edwards founded Snow Hill Institute in Alabama in 1893 to educate the descendants of

African slaves. He established a trade and agricultural school with grades one to twelve based

on a model of Tuskegee Institute. In 1980, Consuela Lee, a jazz pianist, composer and

granddaughter of W. J. Edwards, returned home to Snow Hill to reopen the school after the

state of Alabama used a desegregation edict to close it in 1973. Snow Hill Institute for the

Performing Arts was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

The Snow Hill Institute of Cultural Arts and Heritage is a 501(c)(3) organization whose

mission is education, research and preservation of the history of William J. Edwards and the

Snow Hill Institute.

William and

Susie Edwards,

Circa 1909

Snow Hill Institute

Snow Hill faculty, 1902

Snow Hill Institute faculty, 1899: seated Napoleon Rivers; second row, L to R unk, w.

J. Edwards, Robert Phillips, Alice Simmons, E.D. Whitehead, Elizabeth Holtzclaw, E.

S. Handy, T. F. Johnson; third row, L to R unk, Sarah Rivers, W. H. Holtzclaw, Etta

Thomas, Nancy Gaines, E. N. Johnson, Mamie Jones and Lucy Purifoy.

Snow Hill Normal and Industrial Institute

“The carpenter shop.” Illustration from The World’s Work, Col 6’ by

Walter Hines Page and Arthur W. Page, c. 1903.

Snow Hill Normal and Industrial Institute

A group of African-American students standing before Snow Hill

Institute. Photographed by Frances Benjamin Johnston c. 1904.

Found on the web at corbis.com.

The Institute Brick Foundry, 1902

The Institute Saw Mill, 1902. These industries waged war upon

the one-room log cabin.

“Uncle Charles Lee in front of his one-room log

cabin, the typical Black Belt dwelling before the

advent of the Tuskegee Program.

Snow Hill Normal and Industrial Institute

“Teachers of Snow Hill Institute.” Illustration from ‘Twenty-five Years

in the Black Belt’ by William James Edwards, c. 1918.

Edwards “crime” : improve academic

program against demands of northern

philanthropists and the disciples of

Tuskegee.

•Academic courses curtailed, faculty

purged

•Howland remained a firm supporter

Margaret James Murray Washington (1865 – 1925)

• Biracial Sharecropper, Family

• Excellent Student – Fisk

University

• Booker T. Washington hired her

as Lady Principal

• Married, 1892

• Co – founder, National

Association of Colored

Women, 1896

• Started Mt. Meigs school for boys

and an industrial school for

girls at Tuskegee

Calhoun, Alabama

Calhoun Colored

School:

Charlotte Thorn’s

Lighthouse on the

Hill

The principal’s house at Calhoun Colored School.

A Carpentry class at the Calhoun School

A cooking class at the Calhoun School

The staff of the Calhoun Colored

School, c. 1900

Charlotte Thorn

(1857-1932)

• Moved away from Tuskegee Model

• Had academic heads

• Susan Shavens

• African-American Academic

Department Head

• Correspondent with Howland

• Departure from Tuskegee model,

1896

• Clara Hart

• Successor

• Continued, extended Shavens’

program

• Library featured works by African-

American writers

• Mabel Edna Brown – Black department

head, 1906

• Solicited books by black authors

• Land ownership era land bank

• Crutches = “Creepin” Jesus

• Faculty from Yale, Williams, MIT, Harvard,

1937

Richard Price Hallowell

(1835 – 1904)

• Quaker

• Abolitionist

• Successful Merchant

• Banker

• Civil Rights Activist

• CCS Board of Trustees

Hallowell Family at CCS:

Emily: “Calhoun Plantation Songs”

cultural resource

Maria Hallowell and Joseph P. Loud

• NAACP Boston

• Philanthropist to CCS

• Member in association for The Study of

Negro Life and History

Carter G. Woodson

Carter G. Woodson

(1875 – 1950)

• Berea College

• Superintendent of education,

Philippines

• BA, MA, University of Chicago

• PHD, Harvard

• Father of African-American History

• Association for Study of Negro

Life and History

• Journal of Negro History

• Black History Month

• Associated Publishers

• Self – described “radical”

• Anticipated Black Studies Curricula

• Mis–Education of the Negro (1933)

Calhoun Colored School and Settlement

Calhoun, Lowndes County, Atlanta

“Our grade school makes a natural center for community life.

Calhoun is in the midst of 30,000 plantation negroes. It lives in

touch with all the life of its township and county, and limits its

aim to this social group. We have farmers’ conferences, mother’s

meetings, Sunday and mission services, cabin, school, church

and plantation visiting, medical mission work by school

physician, agricultural fairs, teachers’ institutes, celebration of

national holidays and Christmas festivals, thrift and land buying

meetings, sociological study of the county, etc. [ To change the

crop mortgage renter into a small farmer, with land and a home

of his own, is our aim.]

Mabel Edna Brown

Calhoun Colored School

•Moved Tuskegee model

•Rigorous academics

•Encouraged land ownership-end sharecropping

•Howland philanthropy

•Experiment ended:

•Northward immigrations

•Great Depression

•Death of Charlotte Thorn

•Success due to sources outside mainstream Northern

Philanthropy

State historical maker in front of the

Institute For Colored Youth

Institute For Colored Youth (ICY)

Richard Humphrey

Sara Mapps Douglass (1806-1882)

•Educator: ICY(1853-1877): “Academic”

•Activist (Grimke, Molt)

Fannie Jackson Coppin

(1837-1913)

•Rhode Island State Normal;

Oberlin

•ICY (1865-1902

•“Lift our race out of

ignorance and degradation”

in “see it with the enduring

grace of intellectual

achievements”

•Reminiscences of School Life

1913

ICY: Tradition of Social Justice

Octavius V. Catto

(1839-1871) •Educator/Intellectual

•Graduate ICY

•Co-Founder, Banneker Institute

•Lost to F.J. Coppin as ICY

principal; head of men’s department

•Civil rights activist

•Raised troops for north

•Civil disobedience to desegregate

Philadelphia street cars in alliance

with Thaddeus Stephens

•Election violence in route to vote,

martyred, 1871

Edward A. Bouchet

(1852-1918)

•Ph.D in Physics, Yale, 1874

•Alfred Cope, benefactor,

established new science

program at ICY recruited

Bouchet

•Unable to obtain work at

white universities,

taught at ICY (1876-

1902)

•During “Great School Wars”,

1902 when academic

department was

discontinued

The former ICY in 1914, by which time the school

had been renamed for Samuel J. Randall.

Leslie Pinckney Hill

(1880-1960)

•Educator

•Harvard BA (1903),

MA(1902)

•Tuskegee Institute,

(1904-1907)

•Manassas Industrial Institute

(1907-1913)

•ICY, (1913-1951)

•Administrator, Mercy-Douglass

Hospital

•Education as vehicle to fight

racism

•Author as activist

•“So Quietly”, 1919

•Wings of Oppression, 1921

•Toussaint L. Ouverture, 1928

•“What The Negro Wants and How

to Get It”,1944

Frederick Douglass Memorial Hospital and

Training School

Operating Room, Frederick Douglass

Memorial Hospital, founded in

Philadelphia in 1895.

Nathan Francis Mossell

(1890-1910) •Canadian- born; one of six children of

Lockport, N.Y. business man

•Lincoln University, honors, 1879

•University of Pennsylvania Medical

School, honors, 1882

•1895 established Frederick Douglass

Memorial Hospital and Training

School

•Mossell retired, 1933

•Merged with Mercy Hopital,1948

•Civil rights activist

•Member, Niagara Movement, 1905

•Founder, Philadelphia NAACP, 1910

•Pressured Lincoln University to hire

black professors, 1880’s

•Pushed to integrate Girard College

Aaron Albert Mossell

(1863-1951)

•Canadian-born, one of

six children of

Lockport N.Y.

business man

•Lincoln University, 1885

•First African-American graduate of university of

Pennsylvania Law School, 1888

•Thesis unconstitutionality Anti-Miscegenation

Laws

•Defended blacks involved in Philadelphia race

riots, 1917-1919

•Daughter, Sadie Tunner Mossell (1898-1989)

•MA, Economics, University of Pennsylvania,

1979

•Ph.D Economics, University of Pennsylvania,

1912

•Thesis: “The Standard of Living of One

Hundred Negro Migrant Families in

Philadelphia”

•Law degree, University of Pennsylvania,

1927

•Married Raymond Pace Alexander

(1898-1974)

•Working class, born in Philadelphia

•University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School,

1920

•Harvard Law School, 1923

•Council for NAACP, segregation case

•Trenton Six Case, 1948 with Thurgau

Marshall

•Advisor to Marshall in Brown Case, 1954

Sadie Mossell

(1898-1989)

Sadie Mossell was just 23

when she became the first

African American woman in

the united States to earn a

doctoral degree in economics.

In 1927 she would graduate

from the University

Pennsylvania Law School and

become the first African

American woman to pass the

Pennsylvania bar.

Raymond Pace Alexander

(1897-1974)

• Was a prominent black

attorney

• A contemporary of

such nationally

known black

attorneys as

Thurgood Marshall

Emily Howland during her triumphal tour of the

Southern schools in 1913. (Courtesy Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College)

Her generosity and relations with black

educators were courageous acts to make at a

time when the Southern blacks’ social equality

and civil rights were daily denied. Jim Crow

laws, judicial and economic exploitation and

lynching were facts of Southern life while

more subtle, yet equally insidious,

discriminatory Northern practices continued to

keep blacks in a decidedly inferior position

within American society.

Breault, 134