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This workbook contains the results of regressions that accompany the report "The living stThis was published as the Department for Work and Pensions Research Report 577 and is
Each sheet of this workbook contains results from regressions arranged by the chapter of t
BHPS British Household Panel SurveyEFS Expenditure and Food SurveyFACS Families and Children StudyFRS Family Resources Survey
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ndards of families with children reporting low incomes" by Mike Brewer, Cormac O'Dea, Gillian Paull aavailable from http://www.dwp.gov.uk/asd/asd5/rports2009-2010/rrep577.pdf
he report and the underlying household survey
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nd Luke Sibieta
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Probability of Income PovertyNorth-East 0.613
(3.87)**North West 0.661
(4.93)**Yorkshire & Humberside 0.385
(3.05)**East Midlands 0.267
(1.85)West Midlands 0.463
(3.52)**Eastern 0.191
(1.36)South East -0.003
(0.02)South West 0.202
(1.39)Wales 0.737
(4.95)**Scotland 0.589(4.26)**
Northern Ireland 0.772(5.72)**
Two children 0.165(2.53)*
Three children 0.516(6.59)**
Youngest child, 5-10 0.040(0.56)
Youngest child, 10+ 0.147(1.98)*
Self-Employed 0.976(11.47)**
Workless 2.082(30.45)**
Single -0.147(2.13)*
Two adults working -1.794(20.94)**
Multiple-family household -0.315(3.91)**
Age of Parent 0.033(1.33)
Age of Parent squared -0.001(2.32)*
Parent left school 16-17 -0.223(3.25)**
Parent left school 18+ -0.727(8.93)**
2001 0.206(2.13)*
2002 0.124
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(1.24)2003 0.038
(0.38)2005 0.231
(2.32)*2006 0.318
(2.97)** Asian 1.183
(9.85)**Black 0.385
(2.33)*Other Ethnicity 0.708
(3.82)**Constant -2.491
(4.64)**Income
Income^2
Income^3
Income^4
Income^5
Observations 12736
Absolute value of z statistics in parentheses* significant at 5%; ** significant at 1%
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Probability of Expenditure Poverty (Entire Sampl Probability of Expenditure Poverty (Income Control0.563 0.209(3.53)** (2.24)*0.690 0.272(5.09)** (3.45)**0.515 0.191
(3.99)** (2.57)*0.410 0.161(2.80)** (1.92)0.774 0.353(5.94)** (4.65)**0.010 -0.044(0.07) (0.52)0.030 0.011(0.22) (0.14)0.152 0.006(0.98) (0.07)0.604 0.208
(3.94)** (2.33)*0.741 0.304(5.29)** (3.73)**0.435 0.062(3.01)** (0.74)0.296 0.100(4.40)** (2.59)**0.819 0.315(10.51)** (6.96)**-0.107 -0.039(1.50) (0.94)-0.093 -0.049(1.24) (1.13)-0.152 -0.150(1.50) (2.72)**1.101 0.273(15.62)** (6.11)**-0.202 -0.059(2.80)** (1.38)-0.979 -0.124(12.44)** (2.68)**0.056 0.061(0.71) (1.34)0.009 -0.004(0.36) (0.28)
-0.000 -0.000(1.31) (0.31)-0.583 -0.252(8.24)** (6.30)**-1.168 -0.393(13.24)** (7.86)**0.069 0.011(0.72) (0.19)0.175 0.085
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(1.78) (1.49)-0.175 -0.111(1.73) (1.92)0.088 0.021(0.88) (0.37)0.107 0.025
(0.98) (0.41)1.402 0.656(12.12)** (9.48)**0.895 0.412(5.60)** (4.33)**0.903 0.394(4.92)** (3.70)**-1.876 0.009(3.38)** (5.02)**
-0.000(7.11)**0.000
(6.55)**-0.000(5.68)**0.000(5.62)**-0.684(1.86)
12736 12736
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(0.83) (0.93)-0.164 -0.135(1.00) (0.99)0.033 0.094(0.20) (0.70)-0.217 -0.024
(1.23) (0.16)0.770 1.333(4.46)** (9.31)**0.952 0.881(3.74)** (4.36)**0.498 0.758(1.84) (3.29)**-1.209 -3.854(1.38) (5.26)**
2310 12736
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Equivalised total expenditureIncome*Employed -3.452
(3.09)**Income^2*Employed 0.019
(1.77)Income^3*Employed -0.000
(1.12)Income^4*Employed 0.000
(0.89)Income^5*Employed -0.000
(0.81)Income*Self-employed -2.054
(1.82)Income^2*Self-employed 0.009
(0.69)Income^3*Self-employed -0.000
(0.29)Income^4*Self-employed 0.000
(0.18)Income^5*Self-employed -0.000(0.18)
Income*Workless -7.261(7.77)**
Income 2*Workless 0.064(5.45)**
Income 3*Workless -0.000(4.16)**
Income 4*Workless 0.000(3.47)**
Income 5*Workless -0.000(3.04)**
North-East -33.962(4.60)**
North West -20.496(3.28)**
Yorkshire & Humberside -23.302(4.00)**
East Midlands -36.142(5.58)**
West Midlands -28.756(4.71)**
Eastern -10.004(1.59)
South East -5.554(0.94)
South West -18.846(2.96)**
Wales -23.776(3.43)**
Scotland -29.656(4.62)**
Northern Ireland -10.829
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(1.71)Two children -10.436
(3.67)**Three children -24.778
(6.87)**Youngest child, 5-10 1.710
(0.53)Youngest child, 10+ 5.731
(1.77)Self-Employed -46.172
(0.89)Workless -0.145
(0.00)Single 3.204
(0.92)Two adults working -0.601
(0.18)Multiple-family household -7.951
(2.26)* Age of Parent 0.747(0.61)
Age of Parent squared 0.001(0.08)
Parent left school 16-17 21.392(7.22)**
Parent left school 18+ 46.689(13.31)**
2001 -6.118(1.45)
2002 -8.156(1.88)
2003 2.705(0.64)
2005 2.796(0.64)
2006 11.872(2.48)*
Asian -55.969(9.25)**
Black -42.753(5.41)**
Other Ethnicity -29.784(3.27)**
Constant 461.714(9.09)**
Observations 9544
Absolute value of t statistics in parentheses* significant at 5%; ** significant at 1%
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Probability of Income PovertyNorth-East 0.58
[0.108]**North West 0.329
[0.084]**Yorkshire & Humberside 0.315
[0.094]**East Midlands 0.414
[0.094]**West Midlands 0.326
[0.090]**Eastern -0.047
[0.097]South East -0.04
[0.088]South West 0.255
[0.102]*Wales 0.473
[0.105]**Scotland 0.404
[0.081]**Northern Ireland 0.376
[0.091]**Two children 0.188
[0.044]**Three children 0.561
[0.055]**Youngest child, 5-10 0.218
[0.050]**Youngest child, 10+ 0.447
[0.064]**Self-Employed 1.276
[0.058]**Workless 2.116
[0.052]**Couple 0.499
[0.051]**Two adults working -1.721
[0.055]**Multiple-family household -0.688
[0.124]** Age of Parent -0.031
[0.015]* Age of Parent squared 0
[0.000]Parent left school 16-17 -0.105
[0.049]*
Parent left school 18+ -0.503[0.049]**2005 0.072
[0.045]2006 0.103
[0.045]*Mixed Ethnicity 0.244
[0.185]Indian 0.772
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[0.128]**Pakistani/Bangladeshi/Other Asian 1.05
[0.102]**Black 0.423
[0.104]**Chinese/Other 0.831
[0.153]** Adult - Restrictive Disability -0.194
[0.052]**Child - Limiting disability -0.553
[0.069]**Constant -1.52
[0.294]**Income
Income^2
Income^3
Income^4
Income^5
Observations 25249
Robust standard errors in parentheses* significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%
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Probability of Material Deprivation (Entire Sample)-0.532
[0.106]**-0.458
[0.080]**-0.569
[0.091]**-0.499
[0.092]**-0.475
[0.087]**-0.495
[0.089]**-0.34
[0.080]**-0.344
[0.094]**-0.447
[0.102]**-0.576
[0.078]**-0.685
[0.091]**0.083
[0.043]0.518
[0.054]**0.154
[0.050]**0.243
[0.062]**-0.357
[0.075]**1.313
[0.047]**-0.531
[0.048]**-1.067
[0.053]**-1.518
[0.139]**-0.085
[0.016]**0.001
[0.000]**-0.404
[0.050]**
-0.892[0.051]**-0.113
[0.044]*-0.017[0.044]0.404
[0.176]*0.507
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[0.137]**0.747
[0.102]**0.902
[0.102]**0.609
[0.151]**0.666
[0.047]**0.124
[0.062]*1.823
[0.308]**
25249
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Probability of Material Deprivation (Income Controls)-0.75
[0.108]**-0.66
[0.084]**-0.779
[0.093]**-0.688
[0.095]**-0.684
[0.089]**-0.582
[0.094]**-0.382
[0.085]**-0.541
[0.096]**-0.678
[0.105]**-0.764
[0.081]**-0.922
[0.093]**-0.055[0.044]0.241
[0.055]**0.088
[0.051]0.1
[0.063]-0.527
[0.080]**0.937
[0.050]**-0.604
[0.049]**-0.567
[0.056]**-1.327
[0.139]**-0.058
[0.016]**0
[0.000]-0.339
[0.051]**
-0.567[0.055]**-0.06
[0.044]0.057
[0.045]0.278
[0.177]0.334
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[0.140]*0.442
[0.099]**0.773
[0.106]**0.338
[0.151]*0.656
[0.047]**0.224
[0.061]**2.004
[0.347]**0.003
[0.001]*0.000
[0.000]**0.000
[0.000]**0.000
[0.000]**0.000
[0.000]**25249
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Probability of Material Deprivation (Only those in income Poverty)-0.391
[0.185]*-0.558
[0.143]**-0.603
[0.160]**-0.609
[0.160]**-0.485
[0.151]**-0.28
[0.171]-0.39
[0.155]*-0.34
[0.180]-0.448
[0.175]*-0.395
[0.140]**-0.792
[0.155]**0.06
[0.078]0.277
[0.093]**0.092
[0.089]0.087
[0.111]-0.755
[0.127]**0.99
[0.079]**-0.488
[0.080]**-0.791
[0.138]**-1.504
[0.216]**-0.023[0.024]
0[0.000]-0.324
[0.093]**
-0.728[0.100]**-0.197
[0.078]*-0.16
[0.079]*0.183
[0.300]0.239
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[0.226]0.516
[0.142]**0.822
[0.188]**0.257
[0.231]0.593
[0.076]**0.08
[0.113]1.188
[0.470]*
5216
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Probability of Joint Poverty (60%) and Material Deprivation0.297
[0.137]*0.058
[0.106]-0.012[0.120]0.132
[0.120]0.052
[0.114]-0.161[0.126]-0.261
[0.118]*-0.002[0.138]0.243
[0.132]0.223
[0.103]*-0.096[0.119]0.148
[0.058]*0.486
[0.070]**0.205
[0.065]**0.381
[0.085]**0.241
[0.114]*2.162
[0.064]**0.114
[0.061]-2.277
[0.123]**-1.389
[0.174]**-0.023[0.018]
0[0.000]-0.293
[0.071]**
-0.779[0.077]**-0.088[0.058]-0.012[0.059]0.189
[0.237]0.666
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[0.190]**0.932
[0.122]**0.676
[0.124]**0.648
[0.197]**0.096
[0.061]-0.478
[0.081]**-1.846
[0.345]**
25249
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[0.179]**0.91
[0.114]**0.693
[0.116]**0.619
[0.186]**0.303
[0.055]**-0.367
[0.074]**0.01
[0.326]
25249
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Material Deprivation ScoreIncome*Employed -0.08
[0.004]***Income^2*Employed 0.038
[0.006]***Income^3*Employed -0.001
[0.000]***Income^4*Employed 0.001
[0.000]*Income^5*Employed -0.003
[0.002]Income*Self-employed -0.011
[0.008]Income^2*Self-employed -0.015
[0.015]Income^3*Self-employed 0.001
[0.001]Income^4*Self-employed -0.001
[0.002]Income^5*Self-employed 0.001
[0.020]Income*Workless 0.188
[0.024]***Income^2*Workless -0.869
[0.108]***Income^3*Workless 0.118
[0.019]***Income^4*Workless -0.612
[0.121]***Income^5*Workless 10.565
[2.502]***North-East -6.66
[0.789]***North West -5.972
[0.593]***Yorkshire & Humberside -7.436
[0.653]***East Midlands -6.164
[0.670]***West Midlands -6.466
[0.635]***Eastern -5.478
[0.644]***South East -2.885
[0.583]***South West -4.169
[0.674]***Wales -6.717
[0.760]***Scotland -6.898
[0.575]***Northern Ireland -8.972
[0.656]***Two children -0.566
[0.304]*
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Three children 2.622[0.402]***
Youngest child, 5-10 -0.04[0.354]
Youngest child, 10+ -0.168[0.441]
Self-Employed -22.07[1.623]***
Workless -15.454[2.053]***
Couple -7.596[0.386]***
Two adults working -3.386[0.364]***
Multiple-family household -11.784[0.947]***
Age of Parent -0.557[0.117]***
Age of Parent squared 0.003[0.001]**
Parent left school 16-17 -2.123[0.327]***
Parent left school 18+ -5.287[0.330]***
2005 -0.56[0.313]*
2006 -0.164[0.320]
Mixed Ethnicity 2.825[1.303]**
Indian 3.786[0.949]***
Pakistani/Bangladeshi/Other Asian 6.587[0.754]***
Black 8.677[0.762]***
Chinese/Other 3.823[1.116]***
Adult - Restrictive Disability 6.995[0.365]***
Child - Limiting disability 2.728[0.458]***
Constant 59.906[2.408]***
Observations 25249
Robust standard errors in parentheses* significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%
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FACS Chapter 6 Figure 6.16 Figure 6.18 Figure 6.20VARIABLES
Couple -5.830*** -5.311*** -0.358***(0.443) (0.296) (0.0380)
Two children -1.925*** -2.398*** -0.0599*(0.355) (0.243) (0.0330)
Three children 1.561*** -2.787*** 0.692***(0.457) (0.313) (0.0374)
Youngest child, 5-10 -1.902*** -1.825*** -0.110***(0.396) (0.267) (0.0360)
Youngest child, 10+ -1.651*** -2.456*** -0.107**(0.528) (0.361) (0.0477)
Self-Employed 1.954 -14.82* -0.0447(9.351) (7.670) (0.838)
Workless 12.72 -0.675 0.805(8.110) (5.204) (0.624)
Two adults working -3.051*** -1.260*** -0.149***(0.437) (0.303) (0.0406)
Multiple-family household -1.902*** -2.898*** 0.728***(0.465) (0.329) (0.0346)
Age of Parent 0.344** -0.254** -0.0225*(0.140) (0.102) (0.0121)
Age of Parent squared -0.00776*** -1.36e-05 -3.68e-05(0.00187) (0.00139) (0.000164)
Parent has school qualifications or nvq 1-3 4.865*** 3.287*** 0.200***(0.508) (0.344) (0.0397)
Parent has further qualifications and nvq 4-5 -3.091*** -2.274*** -0.0994***(0.348) (0.239) (0.0322)
At least one adult has a health problem 7.105*** 2.444*** 0.344***(0.335) (0.228) (0.0293)
Asian 4.254*** 7.500*** 0.412***
(0.836) (0.559) (0.0626)Black 6.564*** 4.109*** 0.303***
(1.072) (0.730) (0.0770)Other 2.954** 5.658*** 0.464***
(1.206) (0.861) (0.0899)North-East -6.860*** -4.236*** -0.716***
(0.824) (0.565) (0.0713)North West -3.233*** -1.765*** -0.438***
(0.727) (0.492) (0.0592)Yorkshire & Humberside -4.808*** -0.683 -0.421***
(0.737) (0.492) (0.0603)East Midlands -2.417*** -3.136*** -0.451***
(0.780) (0.512) (0.0634)West Midlands -3.176*** -2.499*** -0.457***
(0.745) (0.508) (0.0617)Eastern 0.358 -3.194*** -0.588***
(0.801) (0.550) (0.0684)South East 0.152 -2.712*** -0.298***
(0.717) (0.490) (0.0578)South West -1.040 -2.827*** -0.276***
(0.772) (0.533) (0.0643)Wales -1.797** -2.121*** -0.543***
(0.808) (0.543) (0.0675)
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Scotland -0.555 -2.591*** -0.329***(0.755) (0.522) (0.0607)
2002 -2.467*** -1.780*** 0.0530(0.461) (0.304) (0.0442)
2003 -4.125*** -3.078*** 0.0173(0.465) (0.314) (0.0450)
2004 -5.208*** -4.512*** 0.0926**(0.469) (0.317) (0.0452)
2005 -5.199*** -4.999*** 0.126***(0.474) (0.324) (0.0454)
2006 0.124***(0.0456)
Income For all 0.199 0.0117 0.00663(0.182) (0.117) (0.0146)
Income^2 0.000118 0.000704 2.99e-06(0.00162) (0.00105) (0.000134)
Income^3 -6.04e-06 -5.07e-06 -1.93e-07(6.64e-06) (4.31e-06) (5.60e-07)
Income^4 1.71e-08 1.13e-08 5.31e-10(1.27e-08) (8.26e-09) (1.09e-09)
Income^5 -0 -0 -0(0) (0) (0)
Income For self-employed 0.00235 0.316 0.00603(0.247) (0.195) (0.0222)
Income^2 -0.00137 -0.00302 -8.73e-05(0.00246) (0.00190) (0.000223)
Income^3 9.86e-06 1.30e-05 4.37e-07(1.10e-05) (8.37e-06) (1.00e-06)
Income^4 -2.47e-08 -2.53e-08 -9.03e-10(2.25e-08) (1.69e-08) (2.04e-09)
Income^5 0 0 0(0) (0) (0)
Income For workless -0.222 0.0964 -0.0123(0.214) (0.138) (0.0165)
Income^2 0.00314 -0.000635 0.000143(0.00217) (0.00142) (0.000166)
Income^3 -1.72e-05* 1.68e-06 -7.91e-07(1.01e-05) (6.70e-06) (7.72e-07)
Income^4 4.12e-08* -7.52e-10 1.97e-09(2.18e-08) (1.46e-08) (1.65e-09)
Income^5 -0** -0 -0(0) (0) (0)
Constant -3.997 21.32*** 16.55*** 14.12*** -0.636(7.937) (0.165) (5.212) (0.123) (0.633)
Sample size 27061 27061 27097 27097 31594
Robust standard errors in parentheses* significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%
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Figure 6.22 Figure 6.23
-0.670*** -0.592***(0.0653) (0.0458)0.0686 -0.0894**(0.0556) (0.0375)0.603*** 0.0873*(0.0675) (0.0478)0.144** -0.0858**(0.0608) (0.0423)0.285*** -0.262***(0.0832) (0.0563)-2.173 -2.164*(1.865) (1.243)0.0210 0.545(1.419) (0.975)-0.552*** -0.150***(0.0730) (0.0475)-0.322*** -0.0656(0.0739) (0.0483)-0.0433** -0.0114(0.0215) (0.0144)-0.000497* -0.000217(0.000295) (0.000194)0.194*** 0.234***(0.0688) (0.0494)-0.632*** -0.172***(0.0581) (0.0377)0.754*** 0.573***(0.0516) (0.0349)0.142 -0.0813
(0.132) (0.0894)0.776*** 0.137(0.143) (0.107)0.759*** 0.281**(0.181) (0.115)-0.659*** -0.827***(0.126) (0.0864)-0.417*** -0.653***(0.110) (0.0751)-0.301*** -0.574***(0.112) (0.0760)-0.0266 -0.398***(0.115) (0.0780)-0.471*** -0.649***(0.116) (0.0779)-0.255** -0.336***(0.123) (0.0812)-0.109 -0.284***(0.111) (0.0744)-0.225* -0.451***(0.121) (0.0813)-0.139 -0.475***(0.119) (0.0820)
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0.172 -0.762***(0.109) (0.0784)-0.177** -0.286***(0.0736) (0.0509)-0.249*** -0.391***(0.0754) (0.0520)-0.333*** -0.382***(0.0774) (0.0529)-0.413*** -0.361***(0.0794) (0.0537)-0.482*** -0.298***(0.0794) (0.0532)0.0122 0.00397(0.0331) (0.0223)-2.90e-05 4.37e-05(0.000294) (0.000195)-1.84e-07 -4.78e-07(1.20e-06) (7.85e-07)6.26e-10 1.29e-09(2.30e-09) (1.48e-09)-0 -0(0) (0)0.0492 0.0583*(0.0483) (0.0314)-0.000458 -0.000595**(0.000477) (0.000302)1.82e-06 2.57e-06*(2.12e-06) (1.32e-06)-3.19e-09 -4.95e-09*(4.32e-09) (2.65e-09)0 0(0) (0)
-0.00292 -0.000132(0.0361) (0.0245)4.89e-05 2.04e-05(0.000345) (0.000235)-8.20e-08 -8.69e-08(1.53e-06) (1.05e-06)-1.06e-10 8.50e-11(3.18e-09) (2.21e-09)0 0(0) (0)
1.630*** 0.556 2.869*** 0.989 2.292***(0.0122) (1.421) (0.0295) (0.977) (0.0149)
31594 32110 32110 31830 31830
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BHPS Chapter 6 Figure 6.17 Figure 6.19VARIABLES
Couple -14.51*** -3.743***(1.345) (0.355)
Two children -0.0849 -2.272***(1.157) (0.242)
Three children 2.364 -3.072***(1.456) (0.313)
Youngest child, 5-10 0.401 -0.871***(1.256) (0.262)
Youngest child, 10+ -0.811 -1.965***(1.680) (0.332)
Self-Employed -24.42 -2.159(30.00) (10.63)
Workless -2.092 -0.277(27.46) (10.48)
Two adults working -3.654*** -0.314(1.298) (0.248)
Multiple-family household 1.027 -1.986***(1.424) (0.299)
Age of Parent -1.232*** -0.781***(0.394) (0.105)
Age of Parent squared 0.00928* 0.00809***(0.00516) (0.00135)
Parent has school qualifications or nvq 1-3 10.70*** 3.994***(1.836) (0.614)
Parent has further qualifications and nvq 4-5 0.283 -1.557***(1.046) (0.212)
At least one adult has a health problem 13.23*** -0.251(1.140) (0.260)
Asian 7.562*** 4.192***
(2.881) (0.795)Black 4.615 1.961*
(4.584) (1.081)Other 5.362 3.901***
(3.516) (1.011)North-East 0.0573 -3.649***
(2.808) (0.599)North West -2.504 -3.080***
(2.668) (0.554)Yorkshire & Humberside -0.692 -2.704***
(2.628) (0.563)East Midlands -6.008** -2.183***
(2.670) (0.579)West Midlands -2.098 -2.447***
(2.698) (0.579)Eastern 3.512 -3.787***
(3.190) (0.696)South East 9.022*** -3.870***
(2.490) (0.515)South West -0.762 -3.523***
(2.704) (0.564)Wales 1.585 -3.149***
(2.849) (0.598)
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Scotland -0.777 -1.928***(2.719) (0.567)
1997 -2.704 1.699***(2.005) (0.472)
1998 -5.017** 0.401(2.079) (0.452)
1999 -3.503* -0.182(2.058) (0.487)
2000 -4.828** -1.383***(2.099) (0.453)
2001 -6.736*** -2.416***(2.114) (0.425)
2002 -6.986*** -2.655***(2.132) (0.469)
2003 -8.784*** -3.293***(2.195) (0.447)
2004 -8.320*** -3.648***(2.267) (0.446)
2005 -9.524*** -3.683***(2.222) (0.450)
2006 -7.514*** -3.270***(2.221) (0.469)
Income For all 0.0756 0.147(0.611) (0.217)
Income^2 0.000381 -0.00127(0.00538) (0.00174)
Income^3 -6.28e-06 3.61e-06(2.19e-05) (6.49e-06)
Income^4 1.65e-08 -3.94e-09(4.16e-08) (1.14e-08)
Income^5 -0 0(0) (0)
Income For self-employed -0.0997 -0.0677(0.792) (0.241)
Income^2 0.00242 0.000187(0.00777) (0.00207)
Income^3 -1.52e-05 1.85e-06(3.45e-05) (8.28e-06)
Income^4 3.95e-08 -8.00e-09(7.02e-08) (1.55e-08)
Income^5 -0 0(5.31e-11) (0)
Income For workless 0.142 0.00260(0.697) (0.239)
Income^2 -0.000547 0.000355(0.00694) (0.00217)
Income^3 5.43e-07 -2.78e-06(3.27e-05) (9.53e-06)
Income^4 7.23e-10 7.89e-09(7.19e-08) (1.99e-08)
Income^5 -0 -0(5.92e-11) (0)
Constant 39.41 37.74*** 43.72*** 9.904***(26.95) (0.472) (10.32) (0.154)
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Observations 10178 10178 10220 10220Robust standard errors in parentheses*** p
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Figure 6.21 Figure 6.24
-0.110** -0.506***(0.0538) (0.0953)-0.103** 0.00468(0.0444) (0.0776)0.140** -0.147(0.0560) (0.100)0.128*** 0.0917(0.0483) (0.0865)0.135** 0.0532(0.0641) (0.115)-0.538 -3.183*(1.035) (1.771)-0.357 -2.480(0.959) (1.581)-0.0305 -0.0182(0.0494) (0.0875)0.384*** 0.343***(0.0523) (0.0935)-0.0998*** -0.0988***(0.0153) (0.0266)0.000904*** 0.00110***(0.000202) (0.000351)0.356*** 0.409***(0.0692) (0.124)0.0163 0.153**(0.0412) (0.0718)0.400*** 0.747***(0.0435) (0.0775)0.338*** 0.288
(0.103) (0.205)0.137 0.290(0.161) (0.323)0.258* 0.161(0.138) (0.247)-0.596*** -0.520***(0.101) (0.189)-0.454*** -0.585***(0.0867) (0.175)-0.596*** -0.360**(0.0902) (0.169)-0.467*** -0.407**(0.0884) (0.168)-0.420*** -0.369**(0.0891) (0.175)-0.747*** 0.0834(0.118) (0.199)-0.402*** 0.248(0.0822) (0.156)-0.575*** -0.192(0.0942) (0.176)-0.677*** 0.205(0.101) (0.178)
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-0.515*** -0.0974(0.0925) (0.172)0.00366 0.0490(0.0793) (0.141)-0.123 -0.0696(0.0804) (0.141)-0.131 -0.120(0.0827) (0.145)-0.104 0.123(0.0814) (0.141)-0.107 -0.161(0.0832) (0.150)-0.0566 -0.104(0.0845) (0.148)-0.166* -0.256*(0.0853) (0.153)-0.171** -0.131(0.0868) (0.153)-0.205** 0.113(0.0880) (0.152)-0.313*** 0.212(0.0916) (0.152)-0.0113 -0.0501(0.0223) (0.0365)0.000155 0.000430(0.000199) (0.000333)-8.34e-07 -1.89e-06(8.19e-07) (1.39e-06)1.84e-09 3.82e-09(1.56e-09) (2.68e-09)-0 -0(0) (0)
0.0219 0.0476(0.0280) (0.0490)-0.000262 -0.000361(0.000279) (0.000498)1.15e-06 1.30e-06(1.26e-06) (2.25e-06)-2.12e-09 -2.14e-09(2.58e-09) (4.61e-09)0 0(0) (0)0.00849 0.0327(0.0254) (0.0420)-0.000121 -5.37e-05(0.000263) (0.000432)7.12e-07 -6.74e-07(1.27e-06) (2.05e-06)-1.62e-09 2.73e-09(2.85e-09) (4.47e-09)0 -0(0) (0)2.548*** 1.421*** 3.954** 2.242***(0.953) (0.0144) (1.560) (0.0327)
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10193 10193 9189 9189
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FACS Chapter 9 Table 9.1 Table 9.2 Table 9.3 Table 9.2VARIABLES Poverty Daily living Daily living Daily living Daily living Poverty an Consumer
Couple 0.310*** -0.379*** -0.391*** -0.451*** -0.373*** -0.0398 -0.600***(0.0402) (0.0449) (0.0456) (0.0700) (0.0666) (0.0582) (0.0435)
Two children 0.305*** 0.00263 -0.115*** -0.191*** -0.0176 0.156*** -0.148***(0.0354) (0.0391) (0.0403) (0.0626) (0.0647) (0.0542) (0.0362)
Three children 0.716*** 0.399*** 0.173*** 0.00703 0.288*** 0.552*** -0.0351(0.0453) (0.0486) (0.0501) (0.0766) (0.0761) (0.0656) (0.0465)
Youngest child, 5-10 0.148*** -0.0722* -0.124*** -0.182*** -0.173** -0.0700 -0.148***(0.0413) (0.0438) (0.0442) (0.0680) (0.0722) (0.0596) (0.0412)
Youngest child, 10+ 0.392*** 0.0497 -0.0685 -0.196** -0.0748 0.185** -0.136**(0.0540) (0.0576) (0.0586) (0.0894) (0.0929) (0.0799) (0.0548)
Self-Employed 0.471*** -0.292*** -0.197*** -0.305*** -0.485*** -0.129 -0.340***(0.0494) (0.0617) (0.0631) (0.101) (0.120) (0.108) (0.0575)
Workless 1.543*** 1.231*** 1.030*** 1.039*** 0.840*** 1.640*** 0.876***(0.0391) (0.0424) (0.0452) (0.0661) (0.0629) (0.0562) (0.0418)
Two adults working -2.268*** -1.004*** -0.561*** -0.463*** -0.377*** -2.361*** -0.687***(0.0474) (0.0479) (0.0524) (0.0821) (0.130) (0.114) (0.0432)
Multiple-family househol 0.444*** -0.205*** -0.269*** -0.154** -0.424*** 0.0123 -0.334***(0.0416) (0.0502) (0.0507) (0.0771) (0.0715) (0.0630) (0.0502)
Parent has school qualifi -0.242*** -0.446*** -0.413*** -0.360*** -0.297*** -0.306*** -0.420***(0.0476) (0.0513) (0.0503) (0.0756) (0.0676) (0.0573) (0.0505)
Parent has further qualifi -0.860*** -1.104*** -0.800*** -0.706*** -0.767*** -1.020*** -0.981***(0.0529) (0.0578) (0.0586) (0.0886) (0.0858) (0.0749) (0.0561)
At least one adult has a -0.0910*** 0.629*** 0.612*** 0.698*** 0.548*** 0.239*** 0.323***(0.0345) (0.0359) (0.0363) (0.0558) (0.0586) (0.0505) (0.0344)
Asian 0.930*** 0.551*** 0.386*** 0.364** 0.258** 0.753*** 1.116***(0.0762) (0.0927) (0.0922) (0.148) (0.124) (0.115) (0.0767)
Black 0.356*** 0.523*** 0.479*** 0.536*** 0.371** 0.482*** 0.598***(0.0979) (0.103) (0.109) (0.159) (0.166) (0.126) (0.0989)
Other 0.124 0.357*** 0.352*** 0.370* 0.487** 0.359** 0.619***
(0.120) (0.127) (0.128) (0.201) (0.208) (0.171) (0.110) Age of Parent -0.164*** -0.0180 0.0153 0.0691*** 0.00992 -0.0690*** -0.0660***
(0.0133) (0.0146) (0.0147) (0.0239) (0.0210) (0.0180) (0.0146) Age of Parent squared 0.00193*** -0.000144 -0.000480* -0.00110** -0.000268 0.000677**0.000299
(0.000178) (0.000195) (0.000196) (0.000314) (0.000284) (0.000241) (0.000196)North-East 0.775*** -0.385*** -0.551*** -0.601*** -0.480*** 0.168 -0.402***
(0.0778) (0.0896) (0.0911) (0.142) (0.138) (0.113) (0.0839)North West 0.671*** -0.0543 -0.203*** -0.315** -0.0628 0.414*** -0.145**
(0.0690) (0.0747) (0.0773) (0.125) (0.122) (0.1000) (0.0672)Yorkshire & Humberside0.620*** -0.248*** -0.420*** -0.466*** -0.208 0.283*** 0.0332
(0.0715) (0.0781) (0.0802) (0.126) (0.127) (0.103) (0.0690)East Midlands 0.756*** 0.0148 -0.148* -0.262** 0.0882 0.588*** -0.257***
(0.0730) (0.0789) (0.0815) (0.128) (0.130) (0.102) (0.0733)West Midlands 0.547*** -0.126 -0.273*** -0.386*** -0.183 0.276*** -0.222***
(0.0709) (0.0780) (0.0808) (0.128) (0.131) (0.105) (0.0716)Eastern 0.286*** 0.151* 0.0793 0.109 0.120 0.301** -0.324***
(0.0792) (0.0820) (0.0850) (0.130) (0.146) (0.117) (0.0790)South East 0.216*** 0 .0229 -0.0116 -0.0988 -0.136 0.0350 -0.331***
(0.0701) (0.0729) (0.0767) (0.121) (0.130) (0.105) (0.0685)South West 0.615*** 0.0232 -0.131 -0.282** -0.201 0.233** -0.237***
(0.0767) (0.0829) (0.0857) (0.136) (0.142) (0.116) (0.0770)Wales 0.876*** -0.0390 -0.235*** -0.380*** -0.222* 0.466*** -0.0342
(0.0760) (0.0857) (0.0872) (0.134) (0.131) (0.108) (0.0781)
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Scotland 0.796*** 0.145* -0.0218 - 0.0639 0.146 0.704*** -0.181**(0.0706) (0.0769) (0.0798) (0.126) (0.125) (0.100) (0.0723)
2004 -0.145*** -0.515*** -0.481*** -0.0244 -0.499*** -0.466*** -0.528***(0.0509) (0.0511) (0.0515) (0.0614) (0.0818) (0.0688) (0.0485)
2005 -0.0971* -0.587*** -0.540*** -0.0897 -0.485*** -0.435*** -0.605***(0.0510) (0.0515) (0.0518) (0.0621) (0.0820) (0.0695) (0.0488)
Past income 0.00805***(0.00269)
past income^2 -2.99e-05***(5.97e-06)
Past income^3 2.20e-08***(4.34e-09)
Past income^4 -0***(0)
Past income^5 0***(0)
Always poor (income between 50 and 60% median) 0.369**(0.186)
Always very poor (income always below 50% median) 0.313(0.197)
Mixture of poor and very poor 0.597***(0.131)
Mixture of not poor and poor 0.434***(0.0833)
Mixture of not poor and very poor 0.254**(0.104)
Mixture of poor, not poor and very poor 0.448***(0.0951)
2002 -0.0232 -0.213*** -0.210*** -0.170** -0.141** -0.199***(0.0488) (0.0483) (0.0485) (0.0774) (0.0643) (0.0461)
2003 -0.225*** -0.472*** -0.421*** -0.331*** -0.404*** -0.395***(0.0504) (0.0502) (0.0506) (0.0818) (0.0673) (0.0476)
Income 0.00417***(0.00142)
Income^2 -1.72e-05***(3.28e-06)
Income^3 8.31e-09***(1.80e-09)
Income^4 -0***(0)
Income^5 0***(0)
2006 -0.0118(0.0506)
Constant 1.413*** 0.309 -0.129 -2.231*** 0.00239 -0.857** 2.135***(0.249) (0.277) (0.327) (0.584) (0.389) (0.335) (0.273)
Sample size 41300 34647 34647 17145 7068 34647 34685Robust standard errors in parentheses*** p
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Table 9.3 Table 9.2 Table 9.3 Table 9.2Consumer Consumer Consumer Poverty an Housing coHousing coHousing coHousing coPoverty an Problem d
-0.629*** -0.645*** -0.534*** -0.131** -0.362*** -0.393*** -0.347*** -0.129 0.0469 -0.433***(0.0442) (0.0688) (0.0666) (0.0584) (0.0913) (0.0909) (0.126) (0.123) (0.125) (0.0528)-0.257*** -0.276*** -0.0638 0.132** -0.0565 -0.110 -0.0663 0.0782 0.175 0.194***(0.0370) (0.0587) (0.0639) (0.0531) (0.0830) (0.0840) (0.124) (0.123) (0.120) (0.0459)-0.231*** -0.416*** -0.0416 0.316*** 0.847*** 0.737*** 0.662*** 0.812*** 1.031*** 0.588***(0.0473) (0.0751) (0.0761) (0.0661) (0.0879) (0.0890) (0.130) (0.127) (0.127) (0.0554)-0.198*** -0.252*** -0.250*** -0.120** -0.260*** -0.282*** -0.276** -0.363*** -0.324** 0.0961*(0.0414) (0.0638) (0.0716) (0.0603) (0.0881) (0.0882) (0.122) (0.134) (0.131) (0.0498)-0.249*** -0.420*** -0.131 0.146* -0.0492 -0.114 -0.273 -0.0365 0.149 0.260***(0.0553) (0.0854) (0.0934) (0.0809) (0.120) (0.119) (0.169) (0.164) (0.167) (0.0690)-0.267*** -0.149* -0.398*** -0.0280 -0.152 -0.112 0.0538 -0.0873 0.142 -0.302***(0.0589) (0.0908) (0.116) (0.104) (0.130) (0.130) (0.179) (0.234) (0.224) (0.0809)0.680*** 0.776*** 0.630*** 1.525*** 0.687*** 0.515*** 0.499*** 0.658*** 1.422*** 0.630***(0.0446) (0.0653) (0.0625) (0.0559) (0.0887) (0.0895) (0.123) (0.124) (0.132) (0.0502)-0.318*** -0.219*** -0.309** -2.361*** -0.694*** -0.363*** -0.609*** -0.361 -2.256*** -0.981***(0.0466) (0.0744) (0.128) (0.113) (0.104) (0.110) (0.161) (0.279) (0.273) (0.0610)-0.405*** -0.208*** -0.528*** -0.0598 0.324*** 0.248*** 0.300** 0.317*** 0.571*** -0.183***(0.0512) (0.0771) (0.0739) (0.0641) (0.0873) (0.0885) (0.129) (0.116) (0.116) (0.0600)-0.392*** -0.417*** -0.337*** -0.341*** -0.248*** -0.240*** -0.233* -0.303*** -0.350*** -0.0631(0.0500) (0.0742) (0.0678) (0.0577) (0.0865) (0.0860) (0.121) (0.108) (0.108) (0.0566)-0.726*** -0.672*** -0.588*** -0.925*** -0.647*** -0.480*** -0.430*** -0.563*** -0.914*** -0.763***(0.0568) (0.0861) (0.0855) (0.0749) (0.110) (0.109) (0.152) (0.157) (0.165) (0.0705)0.309*** 0.311*** 0.243*** 0.0394 0.596*** 0.596*** 0.468*** 0.435*** 0.315*** 0.549***(0.0345) (0.0542) (0.0580) (0.0511) (0.0706) (0.0706) (0.104) (0.105) (0.108) (0.0415)0.973*** 0.982*** 0.970*** 1.294*** 0.643*** 0.526*** 0.0176 0.322* 0.681*** 0.222**(0.0784) (0.123) (0.118) (0.102) (0.135) (0.136) (0.224) (0.187) (0.185) (0.106)0.553*** 0.480*** 0.450*** 0.531*** 0.180 0.116 -0.184 0.387 0.574** 0.522***(0.103) (0.157) (0.170) (0.125) (0.181) (0.182) (0.291) (0.246) (0.234) (0.114)0.617*** 0.473** 0.735*** 0.503*** 0.855*** 0.852*** 0.951*** 0.951*** 0.860*** 0.472***
(0.113) (0.190) (0.204) (0.157) (0.175) (0.177) (0.249) (0.254) (0.252) (0.131)-0.0322** -0.0124 -0.00904 -0.0814*** -0.0330 -0.0111 0.00874 0.0136 -0.0487 -0.0232(0.0147) (0.0236) (0.0215) (0.0183) (0.0282) (0.0284) (0.0408) (0.0379) (0.0368) (0.0177)-5.76e-05 -0.000262 -0.000250 0.000665**-1.31e-05 -0.000247 -0.000341 -0.000489 0.000231 -0.000412*(0.000198) (0.000314) (0.000293) (0.000247) (0.000392) (0.000394) (0.000554) (0.000528) (0.000502) (0.000249)-0.561*** -0.584*** -0.578*** 0.123 -0.694*** -0.789*** -0.969*** -0.803*** -0.395 -0.307***(0.0856) (0.131) (0.136) (0.110) (0.178) (0.179) (0.267) (0.257) (0.253) (0.103)-0.297*** -0.336*** -0.207* 0.330*** 0.00153 -0.0852 -0.146 0.162 0.498*** -0.0537(0.0700) (0.110) (0.118) (0.0947) (0.130) (0.131) (0.192) (0.191) (0.187) (0.0874)-0.139* -0.283** 0.0316 0.455*** -0.108 -0.209 -0.185 -0.153 0.150 -0.0371(0.0711) (0.111) (0.124) (0.0970) (0.138) (0.139) (0.196) (0.209) (0.205) (0.0896)-0.421*** -0.460*** -0.346*** 0.282*** -0.235 -0.336** -0.478** -0.231 0.178 0.197**(0.0751) (0.118) (0.127) (0.102) (0.144) (0.145) (0.213) (0.213) (0.206) (0.0892)-0.371*** -0.422*** -0.407*** 0.116 -0.285* -0.379** -0.324 -0.105 0.221 -0.162*(0.0741) (0.117) (0.130) (0.103) (0.147) (0.148) (0.210) (0.214) (0.208) (0.0932)-0.421*** -0.393*** -0.429*** -0.0631 -0.341** -0.389** -0.340 -0.164 -0.0433 -0.132(0.0815) (0.125) (0.144) (0.117) (0.159) (0.160) (0.223) (0.243) (0.237) (0.0986)-0.390*** -0.383*** -0.530*** -0.239** -0.0935 -0.122 -0.376* -0.374* -0.288 0.0429(0.0716) (0.113) (0.129) (0.105) (0.130) (0.131) (0.200) (0.227) (0.222) (0.0866)-0.391*** -0.570*** -0.328** 0.147 0.0353 -0.0493 -0.106 0.120 0.355 0.0373(0.0792) (0.127) (0.140) (0.113) (0.147) (0.148) (0.211) (0.233) (0.225) (0.0961)-0.226*** -0.235** -0.155 0.532*** -0.479*** -0.590*** -0.843*** -0.814*** -0.367 0.0605(0.0795) (0.120) (0.129) (0.103) (0.165) (0.166) (0.246) (0.248) (0.244) (0.0952)
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-0.349*** -0.448*** -0.261** 0.430*** -0.250* -0.356** -0.298 -0.0150 0.420** 0.157*(0.0748) (0.119) (0.123) (0.0983) (0.145) (0.146) (0.200) (0.202) (0.198) (0.0888)-0.495*** -0.134** -0.350*** -0.355*** -0.125 -0.0946 0.129 0.126 0.0689 -0.176***(0.0488) (0.0589) (0.0810) (0.0683) (0.109) (0.109) (0.131) (0.157) (0.155) (0.0638)-0.562*** -0.204*** -0.421*** -0.394*** -0.103 -0.0656 0.144 0.104 0.0688 -0.216***(0.0492) (0.0590) (0.0823) (0.0698) (0.109) (0.109) (0.133) (0.159) (0.156) (0.0654)
0.0131*** 0.0151**(0.00475) (0.00633)-5.44e-05*** -5.97e-05***(1.59e-05) (2.01e-05)6.22e-08*** 7.33e-08***(2.15e-08) (2.54e-08)-0** -0***(0) (0)0**(0)0.381** 0.0721(0.183) (0.319)0.0284 0.800***(0.192) (0.287)0.254** 0.533**(0.129) (0.213)0.278*** 0.183(0.0806) (0.164)0.0525 -0.223(0.1000) (0.214)0.209** 0.369**(0.0914) (0.177)
-0.195*** -0.0959 -0.0937 -0.000171 0.00614 0.0946 0.0948 -0.0406(0.0464) (0.0778) (0.0648) (0.103) (0.103) (0.151) (0.149) (0.0609)-0.347*** -0.269*** -0.359*** -0.242** -0.196* -0.0694 -0.160 -0.179***(0.0479) (0.0819) (0.0678) (0.110) (0.110) (0.163) (0.161) (0.0630)
-0.000214 -0.00147(0.000949) (0.00118)-6.12e-06*** -3.43e-06(1.88e-06) (2.47e-06)3.02e-09*** 2.82e-09**(8.90e-10) (1.30e-09)-0*** -0**(0) (0)0***(0)
0.0170 0.0469 0.256** 0.232 0.214 -0.256***(0.106) (0.107) (0.129) (0.154) (0.151) (0.0656)
2.142*** 0.221 1.118*** -0.110 -2.026*** -1.741*** -4.095*** -2.991*** -3.460*** -0.660**(0.305) (0.677) (0.396) (0.336) (0.513) (0.534) (1.046) (0.682) (0.680) (0.322)
34685 17159 7091 34685 40728 40728 22428 8273 40728 41300
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Table 9.3 Table 9.2 Table 9.3 Table 9.4Problem d Problem d Problem d Poverty an Financial d Financial diFinancial d Financial diPoverty an Long-run p
-0.457*** -0.480*** -0.400*** -0.161** -0.462*** -0.486*** -0.534*** -0.361*** -0.0880 0.135*(0.0532) (0.0739) (0.0729) (0.0706) (0.0421) (0.0422) (0.0599) (0.0632) (0.0589) (0.0761)0.120*** 0.117* 0.178** 0.292*** 0.0492 -0.00694 0.0258 0.0610 0.200*** 0.244***(0.0464) (0.0663) (0.0704) (0.0658) (0.0340) (0.0345) (0.0492) (0.0606) (0.0536) (0.0710)0.442*** 0.377*** 0.451*** 0.712*** 0.275*** 0.166*** 0.137** 0.124* 0.434*** 0.789***(0.0562) (0.0791) (0.0807) (0.0773) (0.0432) (0.0437) (0.0627) (0.0719) (0.0663) (0.0865)0.0635 -0.0540 -0.0500 -0.00140 -0.0177 -0.0445 -0.126** -0.0805 -0.0254 0.223***(0.0499) (0.0707) (0.0757) (0.0709) (0.0387) (0.0388) (0.0540) (0.0682) (0.0607) (0.0790)0.173** 0.0320 0.0440 0.248** -0.0900* -0.153*** -0.244*** -0.0148 0.206** 0.439***(0.0691) (0.0955) (0.102) (0.0977) (0.0515) (0.0518) (0.0716) (0.0896) (0.0817) (0.105)-0.228*** -0.267** -0.476*** -0.199 -0.233*** -0.189*** -0.240*** -0.327*** -0.00118 0.498***(0.0817) (0.113) (0.150) (0.141) (0.0515) (0.0518) (0.0720) (0.118) (0.108) (0.102)0.454*** 0.544*** 0.383*** 1.214*** 0.763*** 0.613*** 0.650*** 0.654*** 1.494*** 1.326***(0.0521) (0.0708) (0.0696) (0.0696) (0.0400) (0.0419) (0.0575) (0.0600) (0.0574) (0.0737)-0.603*** -0.357*** -0.486*** -2.432*** -0.428*** -0.194*** -0.108* -0.122 -2.154*** -2.179***(0.0657) (0.0920) (0.162) (0.153) (0.0409) (0.0456) (0.0621) (0.122) (0.110) (0.112)-0.253*** 0.0798 -0.450*** -0.143* 0.00961 -0.0457 0.0957 -0.192*** 0.145** 0.451***(0.0610) (0.0822) (0.0845) (0.0816) (0.0438) (0.0445) (0.0619) (0.0683) (0.0627) (0.0801)-0.0471 -0.0597 -0.00963 -0.0788 -0.241*** -0.228*** -0.169*** -0.158** -0.207*** -0.294***(0.0559) (0.0781) (0.0726) (0.0700) (0.0458) (0.0455) (0.0650) (0.0625) (0.0574) (0.0788)-0.542*** -0.487*** -0.370*** -0.761*** -0.537*** -0.386*** -0.270*** -0.370*** -0.748*** -0.987***(0.0701) (0.0983) (0.0976) (0.0977) (0.0514) (0.0518) (0.0741) (0.0824) (0.0767) (0.101)0.542*** 0.582*** 0.493*** 0.335*** 0.462*** 0.457*** 0.488*** 0.492*** 0.278*** -0.0629(0.0416) (0.0592) (0.0621) (0.0600) (0.0317) (0.0317) (0.0444) (0.0550) (0.0507) (0.0678)0.0934 0.0116 0.154 0.586*** 0.00756 -0.102 -0.269** -0.0846 0.400*** 1.040***(0.105) (0.156) (0.134) (0.132) (0.0838) (0.0842) (0.131) (0.119) (0.116) (0.146)0.468*** 0.320* 0.479*** 0.600*** 0.0968 0.0462 -0.181 0.194 0.356*** 0.204(0.115) (0.172) (0.165) (0.149) (0.0934) (0.0940) (0.140) (0.151) (0.127) (0.188)0.466*** 0.668*** 0.294 0.252 0.154 0.136 0.142 0.379** 0.292* 0.000103
(0.134) (0.194) (0.208) (0.198) (0.103) (0.104) (0.151) (0.179) (0.160) (0.272)0.00102 0.0448 0.0586** -0.0211 -0.0217* -0.00198 0.0412** 0.0227 -0.0551*** -0.148***(0.0179) (0.0275) (0.0254) (0.0235) (0.0128) (0.0130) (0.0200) (0.0198) (0.0180) (0.0260)-0.000657* -0.00120** -0.00123** -0.000231 -6.03e-05 -0.000268 -0.000820* -0.000560* 0.000384 0.00172***(0.000251) (0.000379) (0.000360) (0.000328) (0.000172) (0.000174) (0.000264) (0.000270) (0.000243) (0.000337)-0.425*** -0.499*** -0.120 0.323** -0.535*** -0.640*** -0.680*** -0.650*** -0.0414 0.719***(0.104) (0.150) (0.152) (0.142) (0.0778) (0.0788) (0.111) (0.127) (0.112) (0.146)-0.158* -0.267** 0.0880 0.423*** -0.404*** -0.499*** -0.598*** -0.287** 0.176* 0.670***(0.0889) (0.132) (0.136) (0.127) (0.0652) (0.0666) (0.0966) (0.114) (0.0996) (0.134)-0.158* -0.249* 0.110 0.447*** -0.312*** -0.424*** -0.503*** -0.183 0.260*** 0.528***(0.0909) (0.133) (0.140) (0.130) (0.0661) (0.0672) (0.0953) (0.116) (0.100) (0.139)0.0787 0.0633 0.358** 0.733*** -0.219*** -0.325*** -0.393*** -0.127 0.379*** 0.580***(0.0907) (0.130) (0.139) (0.127) (0.0673) (0.0686) (0.0970) (0.119) (0.101) (0.141)-0.270*** -0.280** 0.0547 0.371*** -0.422*** -0.519*** -0.639*** -0.408*** 0.0513 0.340**(0.0945) (0.136) (0.145) (0.134) (0.0678) (0.0690) (0.0994) (0.122) (0.105) (0.144)-0.190* -0.136 0.158 0.279* -0.305*** -0.369*** -0.462*** -0.0341 0.145 0.247(0.0999) (0.142) (0.158) (0.147) (0.0718) (0.0729) (0.103) (0.133) (0.115) (0.157)0.0213 -0.00555 0.277* 0.305** -0.169*** -0.208*** -0.239*** -0.241** -0.0756 -0.0690(0.0883) (0.128) (0.145) (0.133) (0.0619) (0.0634) (0.0899) (0.121) (0.104) (0.147)-0.0631 -0.181 0.262* 0.484*** -0.234*** -0.331*** -0.354*** -0.321** 0.0788 0.0768(0.0974) (0.142) (0.156) (0.143) (0.0702) (0.0716) (0.101) (0.133) (0.115) (0.163)-0.0772 -0.122 0.0583 0.548*** -0.232*** -0.352*** -0.412*** -0.241** 0.376*** 0.905***(0.0962) (0.138) (0.144) (0.134) (0.0722) (0.0733) (0.105) (0.121) (0.105) (0.142)
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0.0354 0.0337 0.221 0.667*** -0.496*** -0.608*** -0.695*** -0.381*** 0.223** 0.826***(0.0901) (0.131) (0.137) (0.128) (0.0688) (0.0700) (0.0998) (0.116) (0.101) (0.136)-0.141** 0.0188 -0.111 -0.191** -0.339*** -0.316*** 0.0798 -0.327*** -0.362*** 0.00357(0.0638) (0.0732) (0.0950) (0.0894) (0.0485) (0.0488) (0.0569) (0.0840) (0.0748) (0.0803)-0.171*** -0.0400 -0.116 -0.179** -0.278*** -0.250*** 0.120** -0.327*** -0.343*** 0.00308(0.0654) (0.0762) (0.0966) (0.0905) (0.0487) (0.0491) (0.0576) (0.0846) (0.0754) (0.0813)
-0.00985 -0.00327***(0.00993) (0.000635)8.76e-05 2.12e-06***(6.17e-05) (7.09e-07)-3.19e-07* -5.46e-10**(1.76e-07) (2.65e-10)4.46e-10* 0(2.28e-10) (0)-0** -0(0) (0)0.303 0.301*(0.195) (0.157)0.341* -0.123(0.201) (0.146)0.500*** 0.262**(0.142) (0.102)0.459*** 0.200***(0.0972) (0.0708)0.648*** 0.258***(0.110) (0.0843)0.700*** 0.287***(0.106) (0.0780)
-0.0330 -0.0735 -0.0925 -0.234*** -0.231*** -0.238*** -0.216***(0.0607) (0.0896) (0.0842) (0.0469) (0.0470) (0.0795) (0.0706)-0.128** -0.104 -0.245*** -0.388*** -0.356*** -0.237*** -0.345***(0.0631) (0.0947) (0.0885) (0.0482) (0.0485) (0.0825) (0.0731)
0.000865 -0.00248***(0.00115) (0.000294)-9.26e-06*** 7.28e-07***(2.61e-06) (2.29e-07)5.38e-09*** -7.16e-11**(1.47e-09) (0)-0*** 0(0) (0)0*** -0(0) (0)-0.222*** -0.0870 -0.177* -0.182** -0.289*** -0.268*** 0.151*** -0.344*** -0.307*** 0.111(0.0656) (0.0766) (0.0959) (0.0903) (0.0489) (0.0492) (0.0574) (0.0833) (0.0753) (0.0804)-0.640* -1.761** -2.155*** -2.527*** 0.180 0.530** -0.668* -0.560 -1.234*** 0.00662(0.348) (0.801) (0.451) (0.427) (0.243) (0.247) (0.400) (0.362) (0.334) (0.496)
41300 22724 8461 41300 40914 40914 22534 8362 40914 19848
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Table 9.4 Table 9.5 Table 9.4 Table 9.5 Table 9.4 Table 9.5 Table 9.4 Table 9.5 Table 9.4 Table 9.5Long-run d Long-run P Long-run c Long-run P Long-run h Long-run p Long-run p Long-run p Long-run fi Long-run p
-0.261*** -0.146 -0.408*** 0.129 -0.712** -0.623 -0.322** -0.283 -0.598*** -0.487***(0.0896) (0.161) (0.0956) (0.182) (0.322) (0.468) (0.128) (0.254) (0.0978) (0.182)-0.147* 0.0792 -0.0784 0.253 0.0400 0.420 0.0780 0.0418 0.00696 0.292*(0.0809) (0.144) (0.0832) (0.161) (0.352) (0.508) (0.112) (0.230) (0.0810) (0.170)0.278*** 0.583*** -0.103 0.441** 1.604*** 1.606*** 0.417*** 0.603** 0.0991 0.729***(0.0984) (0.172) (0.105) (0.190) (0.311) (0.480) (0.131) (0.244) (0.100) (0.195)0.00780 0.156 -0.0342 0.210 -0.742* -1.171* 0.259** -0.0579 -0.126 0.0449(0.0883) (0.155) (0.0895) (0.171) (0.396) (0.660) (0.117) (0.241) (0.0896) (0.179)0.136 0.514** 0.0518 0.572** -0.104 0.0811 0.344** 0.425 -0.362*** 0.320(0.115) (0.208) (0.124) (0.234) (0.453) (0.628) (0.162) (0.296) (0.121) (0.230)-0.476*** -0.588 -0.171 -0.268 0.946*** 1.882** -0.591** -0.0703 -0.425*** -0.513(0.159) (0.439) (0.143) (0.391) (0.328) (0.910) (0.240) (0.574) (0.156) (0.616)1.418*** 1.808*** 0.972*** 1.867*** 0.568* 2.203*** 0.740*** 1.716*** 0.861*** 1.775***(0.0826) (0.161) (0.0870) (0.181) (0.330) (0.680) (0.120) (0.251) (0.0873) (0.194)-1.096*** -2.629*** -0.851*** -2.822*** -0.441 -1.763 -0.982*** -2.263*** -0.606*** -3.115***(0.115) (0.439) (0.113) (0.530) (0.376) (1.301) (0.164) (0.627) (0.113) (0.745)-0.0618 0.0516 -0.262** 0.0846 0.323 0.858* 0.274** 0.389 0.130 0.258(0.0980) (0.163) (0.112) (0.198) (0.309) (0.504) (0.133) (0.251) (0.1000) (0.199)-0.316*** -0.314** -0.527*** -0.523*** -0.605** -0.327 -0.136 -0.00744 -0.355*** -0.0861(0.0902) (0.134) (0.0928) (0.150) (0.305) (0.410) (0.127) (0.226) (0.0913) (0.167)-1.111*** -1.021*** -1.199*** -1.000*** -0.613* -1.129* -0.973*** -0.721** -0.816*** -0.433*(0.115) (0.209) (0.123) (0.237) (0.345) (0.610) (0.178) (0.359) (0.114) (0.248)0.741*** 0.0174 0.395*** -0.193 0.821*** 0.285 0.647*** 0.137 0.678*** 0.249(0.0718) (0.136) (0.0759) (0.153) (0.248) (0.428) (0.103) (0.219) (0.0747) (0.163)0.291 0.575* 1.293*** 1.495*** -0.488 -0.334 0.261 1.226*** -1.011*** -0.950(0.213) (0.329) (0.158) (0.259) (0.640) (0.803) (0.287) (0.390) (0.317) (0.623)0.704*** 0.641** 0.426** 0.169 -0.152 1.162 0.383 -0.0635 -0.0289 -0.184(0.190) (0.306) (0.209) (0.378) (0.710) (0.769) (0.290) (0.621) (0.202) (0.455)0.581** 0.0404 0.885*** -0.0869 1.002 1.813** 1.257*** -0.415 0.488* 0.396
(0.293) (0.575) (0.248) (0.551) (0.671) (0.768) (0.282) (1.047) (0.279) (0.536)-0.00694 -0.0734 -0.0648* -0.143** -0.238** -0.143 0.115** 0.188* 0.0409 0.0351(0.0304) (0.0502) (0.0354) (0.0616) (0.0955) (0.156) (0.0550) (0.0968) (0.0329) (0.0597)-0.000280 0.000726 0.000154 0.00117 0.00272** 0.00150 -0.00240** -0.00316** -0.000796* -0.000894(0.000397) (0.000658) (0.000479) (0.000825) (0.00117) (0.00201) (0.000781) (0.00135) (0.000438) (0.000766)-0.395** -0.164 -0.586*** -0.704** -1.395* 0.148 0.231 -0.451*** 0.00726(0.176) (0.305) (0.177) (0.325) (0.814) (0.270) (0.525) (0.164) (0.325)-0.0968 0.173 -0.190 0.195 0.287 1.512** 0.0631 0.786* -0.724*** 0.141(0.156) (0.273) (0.143) (0.245) (0.474) (0.737) (0.254) (0.444) (0.160) (0.312)-0.305* 0.472* -0.0586 0.0595 0.413 0.780 0.102 0.163 -0.325** 0.447(0.159) (0.259) (0.145) (0.258) (0.459) (0.793) (0.257) (0.511) (0.148) (0.294)0.0601 0.652** -0.165 -0.0767 -0.831 -0.728 1.112*** 1.053** -0.242 0.284(0.155) (0.253) (0.151) (0.273) (0.601) (1.115) (0.229) (0.447) (0.148) (0.300)-0.223 -0.0384 -0.216 -0.642** -0.504 -0.0297 0.236 0.474 -0.639*** -0.190(0.161) (0.290) (0.154) (0.313) (0.545) (0.885) (0.256) (0.498) (0.159) (0.332)0.163 0.664** -0.770*** -0.493 -1.479* -0.580 0.279 0.279 -0.845*** -0.0635(0.166) (0.289) (0.182) (0.330) (0.797) (1.192) (0.268) (0.553) (0.182) (0.368)-0.0869 -0.520 -0.578*** -1.108*** 0.167 0.212 0.560** 0.630 -0.398*** -1.220***(0.151) (0.316) (0.156) (0.357) (0.444) (0.815) (0.239) (0.472) (0.146) (0.446)-0.206 -0.252 -0.807*** -1.262*** -0.274 -0.309 0.483* 0.0961 -0.441*** -0.975**(0.177) (0.352) (0.187) (0.449) (0.570) (1.238) (0.261) (0.591) (0.164) (0.471)-0.204 0.346 -0.0276 0.245 -1.415* 0.502** 0.758 -0.557*** 0.187(0.168) (0.275) (0.151) (0.257) (0.774) (0.248) (0.479) (0.164) (0.314)
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0.161 0.852*** - 0.274* -0.211 -0.446 0.647 0.455* 0.612 -0.868*** -0.216(0.155) (0.252) (0.155) (0.282) (0.548) (0.777) (0.245) (0.469) (0.162) (0.319)-0.236*** -0.0919 -0.185** 0.00297 -0.198 -0.277 -0.247** -0.460* -0.101 -0.185(0.0789) (0.135) (0.0816) (0.155) (0.296) (0.461) (0.125) (0.263) (0.0921) (0.190)-0.352*** -0.142 -0.252*** 0.0723 -0.646* -1.612** -0.307** -0.0644 -0.166* -0.152(0.0813) (0.140) (0.0835) (0.156) (0.341) (0.773) (0.129) (0.242) (0.0948) (0.194)
-0.328 -0.258 -0.331** -0.182 -0.149 0.00509(0.307) (0.462) (0.130) (0.249) (0.0948) (0.187)
-1.206** -2.477*** 0.850 -0.539 -0.0141 -4.315 -4.652*** -8.380*** -2.031*** -4.845***(0.578) (0.944) (0.639) (1.082) (1.860) (2.861) (0.974) (1.700) (0.613) (1.116)
14874 14874 14918 14918 19349 16948 19848 19848 19383 19383
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overty and financial difficulties
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BHPS Chapter 9 Table 9.1 Table 9.2 Table 9.3 Table 9.2VARIABLES Poverty Daily living Daily living Daily living Daily living Poverty an Consumer
Couple -0.147* -0.715*** -0.712*** -0.874*** -0.518*** -0.428*** -0.780***(0.0774) (0.0651) (0.0662) (0.0864) (0.116) (0.0902) (0.0783)
Two children 0.343*** 0.221*** 0.0237 0.0330 0.108 0.388*** -0.326***(0.0724) (0.0526) (0.0545) (0.0732) (0.123) (0.0926) (0.0653)
Three children 1.000*** 0.538*** 0 .170** 0.154 0.321** 0.943*** -0.262***(0.0860) (0.0679) (0.0698) (0.0938) (0.141) (0.105) (0.0842)
Youngest child, 5-10 0.100 0.108* 0.0378 -0.0471 0.177 0.154 -0.211***(0.0765) (0.0584) (0.0595) (0.0768) (0.126) (0.0958) (0.0722)
Youngest child, 10+ 0.171* 0.137* -0.0338 -0.171* 0.116 0.162 -0.425***(0.103) (0.0771) (0.0790) (0.103) (0.175) (0.128) (0.100)
Self-Employed 1.752*** -0.232*** -0.416*** -0.447*** -0.849*** 0.648*** -0.0294(0.0792) (0.0671) (0.0745) (0.0939) (0.144) (0.119) (0.0858)
Workless 2.173*** 0.780*** 0.419*** 0.465*** 0.458*** 1.878*** 0.670***(0.0795) (0.0713) (0.0761) (0.100) (0.115) (0.0896) (0.0797)
Two adults working -2.098*** -0.569*** -0.183*** -0.148** -0.413** -2.273*** -0.555***(0.0825) (0.0546) (0.0582) (0.0743) (0.182) (0.145) (0.0708)
Multiple-family household -0.640*** -0.0234 0.0386 0.0700 0.297* -0.427*** -0.548***(0.0981) (0.0695) (0.0686) (0.0858) (0.159) (0.115) (0.0928)
Parent has school qualificatio -0.180 -0.625*** -0.555*** -0.431*** -0.393** -0.326*** -0.450***(0.114) (0.100) (0.0982) (0.131) (0.156) (0.119) (0.106)
Parent has further qualificatio -0.779*** -0.849*** -0.551*** -0.347*** -0.474*** -0.861*** -1.027***(0.116) (0.100) (0.0995) (0.131) (0.165) (0.127) (0.109)-0.0320 0.691*** 0.646*** 0.703*** 0.502*** 0.240*** 0.0657(0.0762) (0.0538) (0.0552) (0.0693) (0.114) (0.0891) (0.0699)
Non-white 0.520*** 0.433*** 0.356*** 0.380*** 0.573*** 0.784*** 0.730***(0.128) (0.0995) (0.102) (0.129) (0.193) (0.141) (0.115)
Age of Parent -0.0402* -0.129*** -0.0946*** -0.0924*** -0.0577 -0.0560** -0.158***(0.0222) (0.0217) (0.0203) (0.0294) (0.0387) (0.0256) (0.0220)
Age of Parent squared 0.000177 0.00115*** 0.000860**0.000984**0.000359 0.000260 0.00164***
(0.000288) (0.000283) (0.000265) (0.000371) (0.000497) (0.000331) (0.000291)North-East 0.545*** 0.526*** 0.325** 0.363** 0.495* 0.797*** -0.541***
(0.163) (0.129) (0.134) (0.184) (0.279) (0.204) (0.158)North West 0.368** 0.139 -0.0122 0.0914 0.290 0.501*** -0.243*
(0.146) (0.118) (0.122) (0.171) (0.249) (0.182) (0.131)Yorkshire & Humberside 0.720*** 0.336*** 0.0879 0.122 0.522** 0.913*** -0.00755
(0.141) (0.118) (0.122) (0.173) (0.244) (0.181) (0.130)East Midlands 0.386*** 0.0784 -0.149 -0.121 0.290 0.595*** -0.00951
(0.144) (0.120) (0.124) (0.173) (0.244) (0.184) (0.130)West Midlands 0.530*** 0.202* 0.0193 0.0638 0.289 0.662*** -0.0630
(0.144) (0.119) (0.123) (0.173) (0.245) (0.180) (0.131)Eastern 0.647*** 0.456*** 0.265* 0.227 0.270 0.720*** 0.0307
(0.171) (0.141) (0.147) (0.205) (0.279) (0.219) (0.165)South East -0.0544 0.548*** 0.513*** 0.666*** 0.368 0.269 -0.491***
(0.135) (0.108) (0.113) (0.160) (0.244) (0.176) (0.126)South West 0.413*** 0.224* 0.0393 0.108 0.624** 0.752*** -0.185
(0.150) (0.121) (0.123) (0.172) (0.261) (0.194) (0.140)Wales 0.665*** 0.403*** 0.173 0.106 0.520** 0.878*** -0.0315
(0.156) (0.131) (0.132) (0.186) (0.261) (0.198) (0.146)Scotland 0.356** 0.260** 0.0840 0.137 0.697*** 0.742*** 0.0637
(0.146) (0.120) (0.125) (0.173) (0.253) (0.185) (0.133)1999 0.104 -0.267*** -0.202** 0.0595 -0.221 -0.133 -0.191*
(0.116) (0.0987) (0.101) (0.116) (0.219) (0.157) (0.114)
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2000 -0.0912 -0.403*** -0.306*** -0.117 -0.351 -0.349** -0.372***(0.117) (0.0989) (0.101) (0.119) (0.222) (0.158) (0.116)
2001 -0.134 -0.507*** -0.370*** -0.0558 -0.404* -0.435*** -0.634***(0.120) (0.101) (0.103) (0.120) (0.227) (0.162) (0.124)
2002 -0.246* -0.616*** -0.428*** -0.0459 -0.407* -0.572*** -0.761***(0.126) (0.101) (0.103) (0.119) (0.232) (0.167) (0.126)
2003 -0.0316 -0.676*** -0.503*** -0.116 -0.812*** -0.685*** -0.924***(0.122) (0.104) (0.106) (0.124) (0.223) (0.173) (0.128)
2004 -0.106 -0.683*** -0.508*** -0.115 -0.762*** -0.726*** -1.119***(0.128) (0.105) (0.109) (0.127) (0.230) (0.178) (0.139)
2005 -0.251* -0.684*** -0.484*** -0.127 -0.837*** -0.871*** -1.295***(0.132) (0.106) (0.109) (0.125) (0.239) (0.185) (0.141)
2006 -0.629*** -0.438*** -0.0925 -0.518** -0.602*** -0.965***(0.104) (0.107) (0.126) (0.231) (0.180) (0.134)
Past income 0.00508(0.00388)
past income^2 -3.23e-05***(1.01e-05)
Past income^3 3.86e-08***(1.08e-08)
Past income^4 -0***(0)
Past income^5 0***(0)
Always poor (income between 50 and 60% median) -0.0993(0.292)
Always very poor (income always below 50% median) 0.205(0.254)
Mixture of poor and very poor 0.508**(0.197)
Mixture of not poor and poor 0.0941(0.106)
Mixture of not poor and very poor 0.0923(0.114)
Mixture of poor, not poor and very poor 0.294*(0.164)
1996 0.167 -0.201** -0.192* 0.113 0.122 0.319***(0.115) (0.0976) (0.0998) (0.214) (0.152) (0.109)
1997 0.239** -0.324*** -0.321*** -0.219 -0.0182 -0.00750(0.113) (0.0997) (0.102) (0.214) (0.157) (0.112)
Past income 5.44e-05(0.00118)
Income^2 -1.12e-05***(2.89e-06)
Income^3 9.48e-09***(2.58e-09)
Income^4 -0***(0)
Income^5 0***(0)
Constant -0.624 3.227*** 3.324*** 2.320*** 1.964*** -0.639 4.084***(0.439) (0.420) (0.433) (0.796) (0.747) (0.513) (0.432)
Observations 13140 13064 13064 8627 2167 13064 13115Robust standard errors in parentheses
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*** p
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Table 9.3 Table 9.2 Table 9.3 Table 9.2Consumer Consumer Consumer Poverty an Housing coHousing coHousing coHousing coPoverty an Financial di
-0.779*** -0.885*** -0.711*** -0.579*** 0.0919 0.0898 0.0350 0.256 0.139 -0.459***(0.0785) (0.109) (0.125) (0.108) (0.185) (0.183) (0.256) (0.257) (0.250) (0.0752)-0.497*** -0.619*** -0.637*** -0.207* -0.0619 -0.218 0.0844 -0.275 0.0406 0.210***(0.0673) (0.0952) (0.131) (0.109) (0.162) (0.162) (0.246) (0.253) (0.252) (0.0594)-0.582*** -0.715*** -0.725*** 0.0672 1.067*** 0.843*** 1.142*** 0.508** 0.967*** 0.275***(0.0864) (0.122) (0.150) (0.127) (0.172) (0.173) (0.260) (0.252) (0.243) (0.0776)-0.276*** -0.260*** -0.219 -0.103 -0.0766 -0.133 -0.387* -0.165 -0.148 0.118*(0.0737) (0.0999) (0.134) (0.114) (0.149) (0.151) (0.220) (0.241) (0.228) (0.0670)-0.578*** -0.668*** -0.621*** -0.334** -0.281 -0.363* -0.464 -0.179 -0.165 0.141(0.103) (0.145) (0.200) (0.158) (0.203) (0.205) (0.317) (0.334) (0.307) (0.0869)-0.182* -0.133 -0.691*** 0.660*** 0.0535 -0.0346 -0.215 -0.428 0.893*** -0.0307(0.0932) (0.125) (0.173) (0.152) (0.201) (0.207) (0.313) (0.345) (0.342) (0.0762)0.348*** 0.170 0.189 1.697*** 0.746*** 0.533*** 0.626** 0.688** 1.920*** 0.295***(0.0857) (0.116) (0.122) (0.110) (0.169) (0.176) (0.257) (0.270) (0.295) (0.0799)-0.174** -0.140 -0.277 -2.314*** -0.281 0.0405 -0.137 0.726** -1.008*** -0.385***(0.0751) (0.107) (0.230) (0.199) (0.174) (0.180) (0.252) (0.351) (0.350) (0.0636)-0.434*** -0.371*** -0.293* -0.902*** 1.535*** 1.613*** 1.832*** 1.751*** 1.234*** 0.169**(0.0911) (0.120) (0.177) (0.150) (0.156) (0.154) (0.229) (0.245) (0.236) (0.0746)-0.388*** -0.409*** -0.449*** -0.425*** -0.732*** -0.671*** -0.771*** -0.684*** -0.700*** -0.420***(0.104) (0.138) (0.153) (0.132) (0.179) (0.177) (0.275) (0.246) (0.245) (0.105)-0.770*** -0.675*** -0.858*** -1.124*** -1.290*** -1.068*** -0.883*** -1.030*** -1.364*** -0.489***(0.108) (0.142) (0.165) (0.148) (0.213) (0.208) (0.292) (0.295) (0.319) (0.107)0.0222 0.0273 -0.0306 -0.117 0.579*** 0.541*** 0.455** 0.177 0.175 0.659***(0.0699) (0.0946) (0.122) (0.110) (0.143) (0.142) (0.207) (0.241) (0.226) (0.0600)0.689*** 0.722*** 0.802*** 0.869*** 0.486** 0.419** 0.585** 0.588** 0.884*** 0.231**(0.116) (0.158) (0.200) (0.154) (0.209) (0.203) (0.298) (0.268) (0.286) (0.118)-0.134*** -0.120*** -0.188*** -0.137*** -0.0243 -0.0156 0.0363 0.0776 0.0706 -0.134***(0.0216) (0.0345) (0.0436) (0.0279) (0.0490) (0.0484) (0.0996) (0.0714) (0.0675) (0.0226)0.00145*** 0.00136*** 0.00219*** 0.00132*** -0.000569 -0.000619 -0.00139 -0.00152 -0.00151 0.00146***
(0.000284) (0.000437) (0.000581) (0.000365) (0.000689) (0.000682) (0.00137) (0.00100) (0.000958) (0.000299)-0.752*** -0.983*** -0.577** 0.0269 -1.338*** -1.519*** -1.343** -0.533 -0.352 -0.273*(0.162) (0.237) (0.284) (0.244) (0.362) (0.362) (0.631) (0.457) (0.460) (0.144)-0.383*** -0.338* 0.192 0.372* -1.624*** -1.772*** -1.476*** -1.158*** -0.968** -0.373***(0.133) (0.183) (0.247) (0.196) (0.295) (0.294) (0.489) (0.413) (0.414) (0.131)-0.237* -0.255 0.321 0.760*** -1.202*** -1.408*** -1.125** -1.260*** -0.908** -0.135(0.133) (0.188) (0.241) (0.195) (0.268) (0.271) (0.473) (0.400) (0.400) (0.128)-0.222* -0.198 0.0225 0.442** -1.038*** -1.231*** -0.687 -0.539 -0.438 -0.160(0.134) (0.188) (0.241) (0.198) (0.268) (0.269) (0.434) (0.361) (0.376) (0.129)-0.235* -0.0515 0.262 0.618*** -0.798*** -0.933*** -0.345 -0.500 -0.340 -0.133(0.133) (0.184) (0.250) (0.202) (0.243) (0.241) (0.405) (0.349) (0.351) (0.130)-0.147 -0.130 -0.141 0.341 -1.252*** -1.414*** -1.588** -1.491** -1.150* 0.177(0.169) (0.240) (0.294) (0.254) (0.393) (0.391) (0.718) (0.672) (0.667) (0.149)-0.580*** -0.640*** -0.407 -0.239 -0.976*** -1.049*** -0.623 -1.269*** -1.266*** 0.140(0.128) (0.184) (0.248) (0.201) (0.233) (0.233) (0.423) (0.467) (0.434) (0.113)-0.363** -0.300 -0.0329 0.278 -0.743*** -0.902*** -0.292 -0.865 -0.764 -0.123(0.142) (0.202) (0.273) (0.228) (0.273) (0.276) (0.455) (0.530) (0.505) (0.131)-0.242* -0.401* 0.229 0.641*** -1.485*** -1.664*** -0.867* -1.349** -0.925* 0.303**(0.147) (0.210) (0.264) (0.220) (0.359) (0.362) (0.520) (0.561) (0.517) (0.136)-0.112 -0.147 0.111 0.381* -0.490** -0.675*** 0.198 0.0296 0.154 0.0172(0.137) (0.193) (0.257) (0.210) (0.243) (0.244) (0.399) (0.358) (0.350) (0.127)-0.129 -0.234* -0.0780 -0.0417 -0.213 -0.156 0.391 -0.00387 -0.107 -0.222*(0.115) (0.135) (0.209) (0.180) (0.266) (0.266) (0.346) (0.424) (0.412) (0.115)
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-0.284** -0.408*** -0.360 -0.390** -0.411 -0.359 0.120 -0.110 -0.146 -0.0417(0.118) (0.142) (0.222) (0.189) (0.284) (0.283) (0.375) (0.416) (0.407) (0.112)-0.503*** -0.597*** -0.389 -0.455** -0.193 -0.0976 0.183 -0.0216 -0.150 -0.291**(0.126) (0.150) (0.241) (0.196) (0.269) (0.271) (0.382) (0.406) (0.401) (0.117)-0.589*** -0.614*** -0.669*** -0.806*** 0.0142 0.164 0.511 0.279 -0.106 -0.327***(0.128) (0.151) (0.241) (0.205) (0.256) (0.262) (0.354) (0.431) (0.413) (0.116)-0.760*** -0.864*** -0.631*** -0.649*** -0.506* -0.369 -0.201 0.0879 -0.0722 -0.399***(0.129) (0.161) (0.233) (0.199) (0.305) (0.306) (0.442) (0.424) (0.414) (0.119)-0.953*** -0.929*** -0.946*** -1.003*** -0.0185 0.128 0.294 0.486 0.253 -0.340***(0.140) (0.166) (0.264) (0.226) (0.272) (0.278) (0.390) (0.412) (0.394) (0.120)-1.102*** -1.184*** -0.886*** -1.080*** -0.186 -0.0299 0.354 0.128 -0.184 -0.154(0.142) (0.169) (0.244) (0.222) (0.282) (0.285) (0.383) (0.451) (0.433) (0.116)-0.785*** -0.809*** -0.977*** -1.058*** -0.174 -0.00920 0.250 -0.529 -0.703 -0.110(0.136) (0.160) (0.256) (0.224) (0.291) (0.294) (0.400) (0.525) (0.511) (0.116)
0.00953* -0.157***(0.00497) (0.0330)-4.26e-05*** 0.00123***(1.40e-05) (0.000310)5.08e-08*** -4.22e-06***(1.66e-08) (1.23e-06)-0*** 6.40e-09***(0) (2.15e-09)0** -0***(0) (0)0.608* 0.664(0.337) (0.638)0.529* 0.419(0.297) (0.674)0.496** -0.588(0.233) (0.641)0.254* -0.0506(0.137) (0.343)
0.324** -0.0967(0.145) (0.396)0.449** 0.285(0.198) (0.423)
0.352*** 0.400* 0.329* -0.199 -0.168 0.00463 0.0395 -0.0389(0.111) (0.207) (0.171) (0.263) (0.263) (0.392) (0.373) (0.112)0.00452 0.152 0.247 -0.283 -0.260 -0.253 -0.252 -0.0902(0.114) (0.210) (0.176) (0.271) (0.270) (0.414) (0.415) (0.112)0.00284* -0.0198*(0.00168) (0.0103)-2.13e-05*** 0.000169**(5.29e-06) (8.01e-05)2.39e-08*** -5.88e-07**(6.47e-09) (2.61e-07)-0*** 8.21e-10**(0) (3.71e-10)0*** -0**(0) (0)4.105*** 3.000*** 4.930*** 1.524*** -1.027 -0.112 4.022* -3.306*** -4.883*** 2.085***(0.467) (0.940) (0.826) (0.567) (0.906) (1.012) (2.323) (1.256) (1.248) (0.437)
13115 8656 2184 13115 13080 13080 8647 2174 13080 11812
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Table 9.3 Table 9.4 Table 9.4 Table 9.5 Table 9.4 Table 9.5 Table 9.4Financial d Financial d Financial d Poverty an Long-run p Long-run d Long-run P Long-run c Long-run P Long-run h
-0.453*** -0.482*** -0.102 -0.204* -0.447*** -0.849*** -0.894*** -0.574*** -0.419* -0.532***(0.0758) (0.101) (0.126) (0.112) (0.134) (0.0979) (0.191) (0.126) (0.240) (0.155)0.0515 0.163** 0.170 0.423*** 0.492*** 0.195** 0.320 -0.450*** -0.373 0.454***(0.0612) (0.0828) (0.126) (0.110) (0.149) (0.0896) (0.205) (0.113) (0.273) (0.132)-0.0138 0.0287 0.0566 0.685*** 1.478*** 0.525*** 1.116*** -0.143 0.597** 0.394**(0.0796) (0.106) (0.144) (0.127) (0.164) (0.111) (0.221) (0.138) (0.301) (0.167)0.0681 -0.0509 0.0467 0.0982 0.432*** 0.296*** 0.469** -0.116 0.409* 0.421***(0.0680) (0.0879) (0.132) (0.119) (0.138) (0.0971) (0.199) (0.117) (0.232) (0.145)0.0176 -0.0944 0.371** 0.376** 0.472** 0.325*** 0.198 -0.275* 0.0957 0.284(0.0888) (0.115) (0.183) (0.152) (0.191) (0.126) (0.280) (0.166) (0.361) (0.188)-0.188** -0.146 -0.463*** 0.891*** 1.536*** -0.150 0.960*** 0.0426 0.208 0.218(0.0821) (0.102) (0.171) (0.141) (0.154) (0.114) (0.274) (0.145) (0.368) (0.157)-0.0254 -0.119 0.153 1.492*** 2.020*** 0.843*** 2.181*** 0.518*** 1.599*** 0.310**(0.0847) (0.113) (0.124) (0.115) (0.135) (0.101) (0.203) (0.126) (0.242) (0.156)-0.0409 -0.0875 -0.177 -2.099*** -2.171*** -0.713*** -1.396*** -0.742*** -1.975*** -0.540***(0.0671) (0.0862) (0.204) (0.167) (0.194) (0.0954) (0.319) (0.127) (0.477) (0.140)0.238*** 0.388*** 0.447*** -0.121 -0.204 0.0818 -0.245 -0.537*** -0.881** 0.490***(0.0748) (0.0944) (0.153) (0.129) (0.162) (0.103) (0.230) (0.148) (0.353) (0.142)-0.366*** -0.325** -0.303** -0.308** -0.323* -0.821*** -0.518** -0.634*** -0.718*** -0.551***(0.103) (0.138) (0.151) (0.139) (0.169) (0.133) (0.224) (0.149) (0.253) (0.194)-0.239** -0.188 -0.100 -0.613*** -1.082*** -1.035*** -1.218*** -1.279*** -1.857*** -0.729***(0.106) (0.140) (0.163) (0.150) (0.180) (0.135) (0.247) (0.158) (0.317) (0.198)0.614*** 0.658*** 0.460*** 0.347*** -0.198 0.760*** 0.246 -0.178 -0.449* 0.672***(0.0605) (0.0778) (0.119) (0.107) (0.133) (0.0826) (0.178) (0.118) (0.249) (0.121)0.156 0.0511 0.353* 0.590*** 0.918*** 0.725*** 1.644*** 0.980*** 1.509*** 0.300(0.117) (0.156) (0.199) (0.185) (0.201) (0.143) (0.251) (0.164) (0.297) (0.237)-0.111*** -0.0944*** -0.0198 -0.0431 0.0255 -0.116*** 0.0603 -0.123*** -0.141* -0.0742(0.0222) (0.0330) (0.0400) (0.0309) (0.0473) (0.0339) (0.0640) (0.0382) (0.0729) (0.0490)0.00129*** 0.00117*** 0.000116 0.000248 -0.000617 0.000968**-0.00126 0.00120** 0.00133 0.000657
(0.000294) (0.000423) (0.000531) (0.000399) (0.000594) (0.000431) (0.000799) (0.000481) (0.000907) (0.000633)-0.441*** -0.669*** 0.446 0.727*** 0.397 1.067*** 1.595*** -0.0565 -0.156(0.146) (0.192) (0.283) (0.242) (0.294) (0.220) (0.422) (0.273) (0.281)-0.480*** -0.567*** 0.164 0.419* 0.536** 0.507** 1.325*** 0.119 1.078*** -0.628**(0.133) (0.171) (0.259) (0.229) (0.243) (0.209) (0.357) (0.219) (0.409) (0.275)-0.330** -0.580*** 0.385 0.759*** 0.848*** 0.495** 1.559*** 0.255 1.130*** -0.471*(0.130) (0.173) (0.246) (0.217) (0.237) (0.213) (0.367) (0.225) (0.421) (0.277)-0.339*** -0.497*** 0.347 0.574** 0.512** 0.149 1.207*** 0.520** 1.247*** -0.826***(0.131) (0.170) (0.250) (0.223) (0.244) (0.219) (0.383) (0.217) (0.410) (0.288)-0.270** -0.369** 0.132 0.419* 0.524** 0.402* 1.068*** 0.342 0.963** -0.303(0.133) (0.172) (0.259) (0.232) (0.252) (0.212) (0.379) (0.220) (0.447) (0.270)0.0467 -0.224 0.572* 0.823*** 1.418*** 0.868*** 1.922*** 0.499* 0.729 0.457(0.153) (0.202) (0.298) (0.264) (0.276) (0.245) (0.429) (0.276) (0.526) (0.281)0.115 0.0568 0.282 0.150 -0.557** 0.918*** -0.0719 -0.462** -0.326 0.134(0.116) (0.149) (0.253) (0.221) (0.255) (0.198) (0.413) (0.230) (0.496) (0.227)-0.257* -0.512*** 0.381 0.555** 0.317 0.528** 1.406*** 0.114 0.750 -0.804**(0.134) (0.175) (0.278) (0.241) (0.286) (0.221) (0.433) (0.250) (0.547) (0.317)0.134 0.0673 0.708*** 0.911*** 0.898*** 0.646*** 1.760*** 0.429* 1.320*** 0.0249(0.138) (0.177) (0.269) (0.229) (0.265) (0.230) (0.421) (0.242) (0.482) (0.278)-0.123 -0.159 0.516** 0.652*** 0.108 0.603*** 1.147*** 0.419* 0.424 0.0722(0.131) (0.165) (0.259) (0.225) (0.250) (0.211) (0.368) (0.228) (0.476) (0.252)-0.147 -0.0532 -0.138 -0.109 -0.000233 -0.0285 0.201 -0.0326 0.0486 -0.0766(0.117) (0.132) (0.215) (0.190) (0.192) (0.142) (0.282) (0.150) (0.302) (0.203)
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0.0723 0.110 -0.0441 -0.203 -0.0721 -0.141 -0.0360 -0.314** -0.0568 -0.177(0.114) (0.132) (0.225) (0.193) (0.194) (0.143) (0.281) (0.157) (0.303) (0.209)-0.149 -0.0707 -0.321 -0.403** -0.290 -0.129 -0.154 -0.612*** -0.440 -0.425*(0.118) (0.137) (0.232) (0.202) (0.201) (0.144) (0.291) (0.170) (0.336) (0.221)-0.142 -0.00312 -0.233 -0.440** -0.614*** -0.295** -0.157 -0.686*** -0.829** -0.326(0.118) (0.135) (0.233) (0.204) (0.210) (0.146) (0.295) (0.172) (0.363) (0.216)-0.225* -0.0562 -0.486** -0.509** -0.654*** -0.348** -0.590* -1.083*** -1.699*** -0.366*(0.121) (0.139) (0.234) (0.212) (0.221) (0.148) (0.336) (0.192) (0.478) (0.215)-0.164 0.00818 -0.430* -0.471** -0.834*** -0.428*** -1.317*** -1.164*** -2.332*** -0.220(0.122) (0.140) (0.241) (0.214) (0.235) (0.153) (0.386) (0.200) (0.644) (0.213)0.0435 0.150 -0.286 -0.455** -0.812*** -0.411*** -1.103*** -1.408*** -1.301*** -0.207(0.119) (0.138) (0.235) (0.209) (0.234) (0.152) (0.368) (0.210) (0.445) (0.214)0.0814 0.146 -0.0895 -0.245 -0.991*** -0.453*** -0.906** -1.352*** -1.355*** -0.158(0.118) (0.138) (0.236) (0.209) (0.250) (0.155) (0.364) (0.212) (0.463) (0.214)
-0.000979(0.00458)-6.04e-06(1.24e-05)3.95e-09(1.44e-08)0(0)-0(0)-0.958**(0.469)0.379(0.284)0.328(0.220)-0.0371(0.126)
0.435***(0.128)0.263(0.180)
-0.0184 0.162 0.195(0.113) (0.203) (0.181)-0.0692 -0.0802 0.0238(0.114) (0.207) (0.185)0.00122(0.00191)-1.80e-05***(6.43e-06)2.42e-08***(8.52e-09)-0***(0)0**(0)2.239*** 1.670* -0.454 -1.932*** -2.940*** 1.616** -4.904*** 2.510*** 0.143 -0.328(0.479) (0.896) (0.748) (0.620) (0.929) (0.676) (1.308) (0.763) (1.451) (0.945)
11812 7771 1898 11812 8672 8977 8537 9077 8102 7776
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Table 9.5 Table 9.4Long-run p Long-run fi Long-run poverty and financial difficulties
-0.276 -1.232**(0.367) (0.626)0.824** 0.627(0.378) (0.557)1.522*** 2.158***(0.386) (0.499)1.490*** 0.0562(0.443) (0.408)1.425** 0.298(0.564) (0.538)2.127*** 1.292***(0.427) (0.444)1.982*** 1.479**(0.383) (0.629)-1.784*** 0.659(0.509) (0.459)1.072*** 1.530***(0.319) (0.401)-1.034*** -0.481(0.352) (0.497)-1.690*** -1.099*(0.394) (0.600)-0.225 0.395(0.356) (0.327)1.351** -0.0160(0.587) (0.496)0.268 -0.0166(0.180) (0.179)-0.00448* -0.000586
(0.00235) (0.00223)1.237* -1.648(0.691) (1.093)0.758(0.699)0.312 -1.073*(0.704) (0.627)0.554 -1.174(0.620) (0.750)-0.277 -0.389(0.836) (0.560)1.748**(0.734)-1.443 -2.373***(0.903) (0.872)-0.519 -0.889(1.128) (0.795)1.364**(0.646)0.0902 -0.138(0.708) (0.597)0.323 0.327(0.478) (0.779)
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0.104 0.601(0.511) (0.750)0.0531 0.298(0.561) (0.807)0.412 0.494(0.530) (0.778)-0.139 -0.319(0.564) (0.972)-0.812 1.064(0.673) (0.721)0.0667 0.832(0.555) (0.732)-0.332 1.510**(0.614) (0.673)
