185 - Semiconductors in Medical Applications PPT

8/17/2019 185 - Semiconductors in Medical Applications PPT

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Semiconductors in

Medical ApplicationsAngelo, Antolin, Arellano, Avila, Catibog, Dufourt


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MedicalApplications

Brain Data Collectio

Glucose Monitoring

Oxygen Saturation

Auscultation


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Brain Data Collectio


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Brain Computer Interfaa direct communication interface beteenan external device and t!e brain


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Brain Computer Interface

" directed at augmenting, assisting, or repairing sensory"motor or !cognitive functions#

" combines tec!nologies from t!e $elds of electrical engineering, co

science, biomedical engineering, and neurosurgery#


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%IS&O'( O) BCI

● Hans Berger’s discovery of electrical activit● Berger invented encephalography (EEG); h

to record human brain activity using that● Berger’s first recording device:

○ nserted silver wires under the scalps o○ !ilver foils attached to patients’ head b

bandages● !ensors:

○ "ippman capillary electrometer #$ disa

results

○ !iemens double coil recording galvanosuccess

● Berger analy%ed interrelation of alternation

wave diagrams with brain diseases&


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%IS&O'( O) BCI

● 'acues idal coined the term *B+,- produced the first peer.reviewed

publication●

Barac/ 0bama launched the B123


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%o BCI *or+s


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Maor &ypes of BCI

-# Invasive BCI. More direct signals

. /lanted it!in t!e brain0s grey matter

1# 2on"Invasive BCI

. 3asier and safer4# /artially Invasive

. /lanted it!in t!e s+ull but outside t!e brain


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C!allenges of BCI

-# &!e brain is incredibly complex#

. To say that all thoughts or actions are the result of simple ele

in the brain is a gross understatement.

1# &!e signal is ea+ and prone to interference#

. Reading brain signals is like listening to a bad phone connec

lots of static.

4# &!e e5uipment is less t!an portable#

http://health.howstuffworks.com/brain.htmhttp://electronics.howstuffworks.com/telephone.htmhttp://electronics.howstuffworks.com/telephone.htmhttp://health.howstuffworks.com/brain.htm


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C!allenges of BCI

6# 7sually invasive8# 'estricted to a small number of cells

9# Su:er from lo spatial resolution

;# arying distance beteen electrodes give di:erent electrical activity

neurons


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2on"Invasive and

/artially Invasive BCI0● 3lectroencep!alograp!y ?33G@

● 3lectrocorticograp!y ?3CoG@● %ippocampus cultured in semiconductor c!ip


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3lectroencep!alogram

33G is t!eelectrical braactivity recor

from electrodplaced on t!e


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3lectroencep!alogram ?33G@

➔ sync!ronous activity of t!ousands of cortical neur

➔ does not provide detailed information on t!e activ

single neurons

➔ c!aracteried by small signal amplitudes ?a fe

noisy measurements


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Mec!anism of 33G

-# Measurement of minute voltage di:erences by ele

1# Ampli$cation of signals

4# )iltering of signals

6# Interpretation by computer


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3lectrodes used in 33G

-# *et 3lectrodes

. 7sed it! a conductive gel andor abrasive paste

■ Conductive gel" loers impedance for ecient c!arge tra

■ Abrasive paste" removes Stratum Corneum

1# Dry 3lectrodes

. May be spi+y, non"contact, or !eterogeneous


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Spi+y Dry 3lectrodes ?examples@

● Array of Silicon microneedles coated it! Ag

● Array of Silicon microneedles coated it! AgAgCl

● Multialled carbon nanotube arrays

● Array of 6x6 microtips on Silicon substrate coated it! Iridium o

● -=E conical needles treated it! &itanium and Gold


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O&%3'S

● Hippocampus cultured on semiconductor chips

● Neural dust


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Semiconductor brain: Nerve tissue interfaced witcomputer tissue

● Published in 2006 by a group of scientists at the Max-Planck nstitute

!iochemistry● !efore" informational input percei#ed by the mammalian brain is stor

term memory" it is temporarily memorised in the hippocampus$

● n this study" a thin slice of a rat hippocampus region is culti#ated on

semiconductor chip %ith &6" '() sensory transistors per s*uare millim

as a multitransistor array$

● +he chips are made of silicon %hich %ere %ire-bonded to standard ce packages$

● +he chip maps the electrical acti#ity of the neuron$

● ,rom this biophysicists %ere able to #isualie the influence of pharm

compound on the neural net%ork$


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NEURAL DUST: The proposed solution

● Proposed by a group of researchers in the .ni#ersity of !● Ma/ority of neural recording is done through the direct el

measurement of potential charges near rele#ant neurons d

depolariation e#ents called action potentials 1P$

● .ses a lo%-po%er 3M45 coupled %ith ultrasonic h

and backscatter communication to allo% it to track amonitor a brains acti#ity


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● Here" thousands of of &0-&00 micrometer scale" free

floating" independent sensor nodes containing 3M4

circuits detect and report local extracellular

electrophysiological data

● A sub"cranial interrogator t!at establis!es poecommunication lin+s it! t!e neural dust

NEURAL DUST: The proposed solution


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Glucose Monitoring


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!ource: https:44www&lalpathlabs&com4blog4diabetes4

DIABETES

● 5iabetes 6ellitus is a chronic

metabolic disease that affects the

pancreas7 ability to produce or respond toinsulin&

● Has 8 types:○ 9ype : the beta.cells in the

pancreas that produce insulin are

gradually destroyed

○ 9ype : nsulin attaches to the

receptors of cells but glucose does

not get inside a condition /nown as

insulin resistance

● 0ver


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Insert p!otos and stu:

-# Blabla

1# blablabla

GLUCOSE MONITORING DEVICE:

GLUCOMETER

!ource: http:44www&n>p&com4files4microcontrollers4doc4user?guide4652@@A!G516=&pdftid#26dl51


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What is lucometer! "istor#

CD: Glucotest49estape 1oll licensed by Eli "illy to Boehring6annheim

CF’: 5iasti> +linisti> +hemstrip uG availa

CF: Earnest 2dams developed 5e>trosti> (2mes 6iles

"aboratories)

CI


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What is lucometer!

2 glucometer is a device for determining the

appro>imate concentration of glucose in the

blood& t is a /ey element of home.based blood

glucose monitoring for people with diabetes

mellitus (9ype and 8)&

Principle behind: +onductivity of blood is

affected by the uantity of glucose present&


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What is lucometer! $arts

Test strip

& Jor/ing electrode . Electrons are produced

here during the chemical reaction& t is

connected to the current to voltage amplifier&

8& 1eference electrode . Held at constant

voltage with respect to the wor/ing electrode to

push the desired chemical reactions&

K& +ounter electrode supplies current to the

wor/ing electrode


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What is lucometer! $arts

Bld Gl!cse Meter

& Analog to digital converter . @rovides the

signal biasing& 9he 25+ outputs specific digital

numbers from voltages (strips)&

8& Transimpedance amplifier . Ased to convert

the current inputs into voltages that can be read

by the 25+&

K& Operational amplifiers . +ompare mode set

for *greater than range, that initiates the

measurement algorithm& 9he compare mode set

for *inside range, easily identifies the pea/ of

the chemical reaction&


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What is lucometer! "ow it wor%s

!ample

6ounting

Blood Glucose

2nalysis

Lrom the

current

● !ample (blood) is placed on the test strip mounted onto the glucometer


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!ample

6ounting

Blood Glucose

2nalysis

Lrom the

current

● Glucose in the blood undergoes a series of

chemical reactions which then leads to

generation of a current (through the productionduring the reaction and flow of electrons) that is

directly proportional to the amount of glucose


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!ample

6ounting

Blood Glucose

2nalysis

Lrom the

current

● 9he electrons flow through the wor/ing electrode and into the blood glucose meter&● +urrent is measured through the internal op amp and the transimpedance amplifie

voltage conversion)&


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!ample

6ounting

Blood Glucose

2nalysis

Lrom the

current

● !ignals are passed onto the analog to digital converter ● Lrom the voltage values the concentration of glucose is obtained using a regression ●

9he value is then displayed on the "+5&


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Oxygen Saturation


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O"#GEN SATURATION

5efined as the ratio of o>ygenated hemoglobin to the total hemoglobin in the

blood&

CDM to ygen may lead to respiratory or cardiac arrest ma/ing it

necessary to monitor the o>ygen saturation of patients in critical condition&


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/ulse Oximeter" A device used to measure oxygen

saturation by monitoring !emoglobin

" Basic components for detectionF to


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How it wor/s:

N 9he "E5s and photodiode are used to sandwich a part of

the s/in (usually the earlobe or finger) such that light

travels through the body&

N 9he photodiode is used to measure the intensity and

wavelength of the light passing through the s/in&

5eo>ygenated hemoglobin and o>ygenated hemoglobin

have pea/ absorptions at FF< nm and C< nm

respectively&

N 9he formula 1# log(a)4log(b) where a is the intensity at

FF< nm and b is the intensity at C< nm is used to

compute for 1 the o>ygenated hemoglobin level&


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Auscultation


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Auscultation "A medical term for einternal sounds of t!e

using a stet!oscope #

Auscultation of "eart

Landmar%s


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Auscultation Device: StethoTraditional

Acoustic " *or+s via transmissounds from a c!esill t!en o in t!eand t!en in t!e liste

" Guided by Doppler'eceived acoustic converted to electr

Di it l St th


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" 7ltrasonic /robe3lectrical /rotectionSignal Conditioning


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Di&ital Stethoscope: "ow it Wo


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'eferences

%o Stu: *or+sF Brain Computer Interface !ttpFcomputer#!ostu:or+s#combrain"interface#!tm

HDry 33G 3lectrodes by M# A# alle ?1

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185 - Semiconductors in Medical Applications PPT

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