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The Civil War1861-1865
1860 Candidates
John C. Breckinridge
Stephen A. Douglas
John Bell
Abraham Lincoln
Issue of State’s Rights-Jefferson Davis Democrats split their support
◦ Charleston, NC for 10 days◦ Pop sov (N) v. federal protection of slavery (S)◦ Douglas v. Breckinridge
Whigs make last effort◦ “Constitutional Union Party”-John Bell (moderate)
Republicans nominate Lincoln (moderate)◦ Slavery not allowed in the territories◦ No interference with slavery in states where it
already existed
Election of 1860
40 % pop vote, 60% of electoral vote
No southern E.V. Breckinridge and
Bell in the S; Lincoln and Douglas in N&W
2 POLITICAL ENTITIES
Lincoln Wins the Election
South outraged that Lincoln could win without a single southern vote
Lincoln=“black Republican”
Charleston, SC: Dec. 20, 1860 convention called and a formal declaration of secession is announced-SC leaves Union
6 deep south states follow: GA, FL, AL, MS, LA, TX (Georgia and Texas try to stop it)
Southern Reaction
The Confederacy Forms
February 1861: Secessionist leaders meet in Montgomery, AL and declare themselves the “Confederate States of America”
Frame a constitution and a new government and select Jefferson Davis as president◦ MS senator, does not want to secede, appeals for
peace before secession occurs
Confederacy Forms
Lincoln v Davis
Lincoln, 1809-1865 Davis, 1808-1889
Whig from IL turned Republican
Took presidency after 7 states had already seceded
Won reelection after steering nation through war
Ended slavery in US
Served in US House of Representatives
Joined army against Mexico 1846
Became Senator and Sect. of War
Strong leadership Imprisoned for treason
but never tried
Inaugural Address◦ “preserve, protect, and defend” the Constitution◦ Warned “in your hands, my dissatisfied countrymen,
and not in mine, in the momentous issues of Civil War.” South would have to start the war.
South takes federal forts and arsenals◦ Fort Sumter in Charleston, SC
Lincoln asked to send supplies (food only) ◦ SC is suspicious and asks for surrender
Fort refuses to surrender; Confederates fire◦ April 1861
Lincoln takes Office
12.20.1860: SC withdraws from Union 5 days later: 68 federal troops arrive at Fort
Sumter; cut off supplies to the fort◦ Is the fort Federal or State property?
Davis takes office February 1861, Lincoln takes office March 4, 1861
Troops running out of supplies…Lincoln says he is sending provisions (no military action)◦ Davis asks General Anderson to surrender; he refuses
Civil War begins 4:30AM April 12, 1861 by Confederate artillery
Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter
The War BeginsUnion v. Confederacy
Beginning of the WarStrategies, Sides, and Bull Run – Emancipation Proclamation
North v. South: Advantages
http://www.nps.gov/civilwar/facts.htm
Generals to Remember
Union Confederate
Ulysses S. Grant George McClellan Robert Anderson Nathanial Banks General William T.
Sherman George Cluster Winfield Scott
Hancock
Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson J.E.B. Stuart Nathan Bedford
Forrest James Longstreet Braxton Bragg George Pickett William T. Anderson P.G.T. Beauregard A.P. Hill
19 Free States, 4 slave-holding border states (DE, MD, KY, and MO) and 1863 WV◦ Block them from Confederacy
Gen. Winfield Scott: ANACONDA PLAN◦ 1. Blockade Southern ports (VA to TX) -starve S of supplies◦ 2. Capture Richmond (Head of the snake)◦ 3. Drive southward towards MS River, control it (and TN
River and Cumberland River), and split the Confederacy in 2 to weaken it
Critics: antislavery congressmen wanted a quicker way to free the slaves
Union Plan
Militarily: preserve small armies and damage Union troops-take down Union will to fight◦ Defend territories; prolong engagement◦ Break blockade◦ Take MD, Pennsylvania, and DC
Politically: seek recognition by foreign countries (Great Britain and France)◦ No longer trading with North, need help◦ F/GB need cotton; may trade military supplies
Confederacy Plan
Two Theaters:◦ East: Atlantic to App Mtns◦ West: App Mtns to MS river
1. Bull Run (Manassas)2. Shiloh3. Antietam4. Chancellorsville5. Gettysburg6. Vicksburg7. Atlanta
Major Battles of the Warhttp://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/
1861: Union army moving towards Richmond◦ U defeat at Bull Run-proves that it won’t be short war◦ 2 armies: Army of Potomac (U) vs Army of N. Virginia
(C)◦ C and U want to fight on Southern soil (why?)
Union and Confederacy stand off:◦ 1862 Shiloh: Grant (U) steers off C counter attack in
TN and advances West◦ 1862 Maryland: Antietam invasion by General Lee;
held off by McClellan (U)
1861-1862: Stalemate
Lee (C) vs McClellan (U) Plan of attack discovered by Union troops-
move to attack behind Antietam Creek Forced standoff- C outnumbered 2:1 Single bloodiest day of the Civil War
◦ 22,000 soldiers in 1 day (more than Am. Rev)
September 22, 1862: Emancipation Proclamation◦ Freed all enslaved peoples still in rebel states◦ Did NOT include border states or states under Union
control-Redefined war in the N: “slavery”◦ 54th MA Regiment: 180,000 AA volunteers for U
Antietam: Emancipation Proc
Inside the WarHome Front, Frontlines, and the Country
The Home Front: Military Issues
Union Confederacy
Originally filled by volunteers
Used bonds to convince others-led to bond jumping
1863 institute a draft Substitutes for $300
Approx. 2 million total
Consisted of mostly volunteers
1862 institute a draft “Rich man’s war but a
poor man’s fight”
Approx. 1 million total
~ 2 million will serve in Union Army Upped manufacturing
◦ 97% of firearms (total), 96% of its railroad locomotives, 94 % cloth, 93% pig iron, and over 90% of its boots and shoes
Public opinion down after first 2 years; 1863 Enrollment Act: 1st draft in U.S. history◦ 20-45 years of age◦ Substitution (could pay for someone to fight for
you)◦ Commutation (pay $300 to the federal government
to not fight)◦ 8% of Union soldiers were draftees
Mobilizing for War: Union
~800,000 will serve (impossible w/o slavery)
1862: Confederate Conscription◦ 18-35 years for 3 years (expands to 17-50)◦ 1 out of 5 soldiers were draftees◦ 20-Negro Law: anyone owning 20 or more
slaves or was a political leader were exempt from fighting
Munitions: arms factories developed across the South (bought from Europe)
Shortages: clothing, supplies, food No navy to organize
Mobilizing for War: Confederacy
Financing the War
Union Confederacy
Morrill Tariff Act 1861: placed duties on all imported items (20% on manufactured goods, 10% raw materials)
1862 Legal Tender Act authorized Fed. Gov’t to make paper money called Greenbacks
21% of wartime revenue from taxation
Economy boomed during the war
Established a National Bank 1863; critical for money organization
Victim of staggering inflation (printed $1 billion in currency)◦ 80% v. 9,000%◦ $1 1861= $46 1864
Did not make legal tender (bank)
Difficult economic stagnation: blockade, little transportation, lack of industry
5% of wartime rev. from taxation
Early on: criticism for bank, draft, slavery Advantage: stable government Expands executive power:
◦ Suspends habeas corpus in MD (pro-slavery factions raising hell; Copperheads)
◦ Martial law in border states◦ Seized telegraph stations for security
Border States strong-armed into Union Chief Justice Taney: Lincoln overstepped
power with habeas corpus◦ Lincoln ignores: “exec powers in cases of rebellion
(Art. 1 Sec. 9)
Political Leadership: Union
Jefferson Davis: Ultimate Dilemma “Died of a Theory”◦ Confederate Constitution: too many states rights
(couldn’t impose tariffs or internal improvements)◦ Southern independence v. state sovereignty
Davis: knack for making enemies◦ Heated battles with VP A. Stephens from GA
No tax structure, new constitution and government, no navy, little industry, unconnected railroad lines
Political Leadership: Confederacy
Turning PointGettysburg – End of War
Lee felt a victory in the North could end war George Meade (U) vs Robert E. Lee (C) Day 1:
◦ C troops ran into U while looking for shoes◦ Push U troops out of town…to higher ground
Day 2:◦ Lee orders assaults to right and left of U army◦ Fought hard but matched 2:1 Union army
Day 3:◦ Final attack at Cemetery Ridge-Pickett’s Charge◦ Forced retreat; 1/3 of C troops killed
Gettysburg: 3 days
Lincoln declared that the US had been “conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal”
Dedicated the cemetery to fallen soldiers Recognized today as statement of values
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2a-S3rjDBw
Gettysburg Address, Nov. 1863
Led by General Ulysses S. Grant◦ Nicknamed “Unconditional Surrender” (total war)◦ Victorious at Shiloh, TN 1862◦ Victorious at Vicksburg, MS 1863
Marched troops through LA, south of Vicksburg Ordered Calvary attack on rail lines-got control Places Vicksburg under siege; lack of supplies to C
troops eventually lead to their defeat
Confederacy split in two; Lincoln’s Key
1862-1863: Northern Victories
Winning leads to Lincoln’s Re-election: much to celebrate; still faces issues◦ Victories on battlefields◦ Lost some support-too much
authority v. not enough support for antislavery
◦ Reelection=Confederacy realizes that the North will never give up or negotiate peace
Election of 1864
“With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds.”
2nd Inaugural Address, 1865
Grant receives all Union forces in 1864◦ Virginia: relentless attack against Lee’s army◦ April 9, 1865: capture of Richmond after 11
months◦ Lee surrenders at Appomattox◦ “The rebels are our countrymen again”◦ Salute their enemies-Chamberlain
General William T. Sherman◦ Total War idea-burned cities, tore down railroads
and wraps them around trees◦ Famous “March to the Sea” to Savannah, GA◦ Captures Atlanta, GA
Final Phase: 1864-1865
April 14-15, 1865 Lincoln attends
“Our American Cousin”
John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln in the back of the head
“Thus ever to Tyrants, the South is avenged!”
Assassination of Lincoln
http://www.history.com/topics/abraham-lincoln-assassination
Plotters: wanted to cause chaos◦ Give south time to reunite and continue war◦ Planned to kill VP and Sect. of States as well◦ Booth: shot while house on fire; 4 co-conspirators
hanged
United his northern supporters and critics◦ National symbol of freedom and hero
Impact of Assassination
Courage, dignity, and humility Beginning: little known to Americans
◦ EVERYONE knows who Lincoln is now! 3 Philosophies of Lincoln:
◦ A) Democracy: life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness is supposed to be guaranteed to any person
◦ B) The Union: “A house divided cannot stand”; always for the preservation of the Union
◦ C) Reuniting the Nation: did not focus on punishing the South, but making the Union whole again
Lincoln as a Leader
1. What can we infer about the letter writer at the time the Civil War started, his or her home, family members, work, level of education? How do you know?
2. Can we tell which side the author of this letter supported, the Union or Confederacy? If so, how do we know? Give specifics.
3. What is happening during the Civil War at the time the letters were written? (Check your notes)
4. If the author is a man, why do you think he has enlisted? Does he say anything about the views or attitudes he holds that have led him to make the commitment to fight, or can we infer them in any way?
Civil War: An Inside Look
With E.P., African Americans can fight 180,000 volunteer fighters Dealt with racism in North (low
expectations) and did menial tasks◦ Cooks, cleaning weapons, dig latrines◦ 3 year battle for equal pay◦ Exposed battle positions, longest guard duty
Passively and actively helped in the South◦ Helped feed union troops◦ Worked as spies and scouts◦ Organized own military units
African Americans Join
New opportunities for public life Many took over family businesses/farms
◦ Fun Fact: several asked for their husbands to come home…reason for Southern desertion
New teaching jobs open for women Development of Nursing profession
◦ Clara Barton◦ Formation of the US Sanitary Commission
Women in the War
Impact of the WarHow the war changed America forever
620,000+ dead, thousands more wounded Originally not as nationalistic as South BUT
that changes as the war continues◦ Greater technological prowess◦ Larger population (2:1)◦ More abundant resources◦ Developed new advantages like military leaders
Grant and Sherman◦ Steady leadership of President Lincoln◦ Emancipation Proclamation
Why the North Won
Impact of War: Economic
North South
Industrial boom from the war continued
Gilded Age: “glitter covering decay”
1862 Homestead Act: gave land out west
Land Grant College Act: protective tarrif that gave money to establish colleges that taught agr/tech
South slow to rebuild Relied on northern
investment; tensions still high
North blamed south for their shortcomings (forgot that Sherman destroyed everything)
Impact of War, continued
North South
Distressed over the loss of Lincoln
Cemented federal authority after accepting the South; state’s right problems do not end with war
Citizens of a United Nation, not just states
Landscape in shambles
Dislocated southerners left to roam
Defeat v. noble cause (The South Will Rise Again!!!)
Aimless African Americans; sense of hope