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1865-18901865-1890
25 Years of History in a Nutshell
The “Unofficial” Civil War
• Official Civil War ended at Appomattox in April of 1865
• Southern mentality –
• Lincoln assassinated
• Tensions between N & S - high
Reconstruction
• After the Civil War, the South was wrecked – Physically– Psychologically– Economically
Physical Wreckage
• Most of fighting in South• Buildings, businesses severely damaged
Charelston, SC - 1864
Psychological Damage
Confederate dead behind the stone wall of Marye's Heights, Fredericksburg, Virginia, killed during the Battle of Chancellorsville,
May 1863Civil War Refugee
Economic Damage
• 13th Amendment • Were “Freedmen” citizens?
• 14th Amendment
• Northerners take advantage
The End of Reconstruction
• 1872• The bad news is…
– Freedmen still treated badly– Birth of KKK (terrorists of the time)
• The good news is…– Upward economic swing– Growth of cities– And…
Industrialization
• Technological Revolution– Edison (electricity, light bulb, phonograph)– Morse (telegraph)– Bell (telephone)
• Oil as fuel
• Transcontinental Railroad
Industrialization
• Bessemer Process– Easier &
cheaper to remove impurities from steel
Birth of Big Business
• Robber Barons vs. Captains of Industry• John D. Rockefeller
– Standard Oil Company – philanthropist
• Andrew Carnegie (photo)– Carnegie Steel – “Gospel of Wealth”
Social Darwinism
• Charles Darwin
natural selection evolution
• Herbert Spencer & William Graham Sumner extend to human society
• Problems???
Issues of Industry
• Workers– Women– Children – Immigrants– Abuses
• Conditions– Dangerous
– Unsanitary • Political Bosses &
Corruption
Economic & Social Impact
• Larger gap between rich & poor
• Tenements
• Economy grows– More money to spend
• Consumer goods & services
• Leisure activities
Political Impact
• Birth of Socialism– An economic and political philosophy that favors public
(instead of private) control of property & income
• Reform– Labor Unions– Tariffs & Labor Laws– Settlement house (Hull House)
Westward Expansion
• Western Frontier– Morrill Land-
Grant Act of 1862– Homestead Act
• Work in the West– Mining– Ranching– Farming
Mining
• Gold rush
• Mines opened throughout West– Gold– Silver
Ranching
• Adopted Mexican ranching equipment & dress• Cattle boom (consumers demanded beef over
pork)– Cow towns– Cattle Barons
• Birth of the American Cowboy
– Fact vs. Myth
Farming
• Hard life– Backbreaking labor– Bugs & pests = problems– Droughts
• Building a house– Few to no trees– Built dugout or “soddie”
• Soddie– Walls & roof built from blocks of
sod– Cost = less than $10
• Many “homesteaders” headed back east
• Technology eased farming labor
The End of the Frontier???
• Turner’s Frontier Thesis– 1893, Frederick Jackson Turner– Frontier life made Americans who were:
• Socially mobile• Ready for adventure• Bent on self-improvement• Committed to democracy
• No Where to Go…