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RESEARCBESMtotM

EABLYHISTORY0F MANKIND.,

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1 RE8EABCHE8

Ntt tSTOTME

tEAELY,HISTORYOFMANKIND'IAXt~tttK

D 11" jh'NT 0F CIVILIZATION.

Bv EDWARD B. TYLOR,

A):TtM)t

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t~KtjOit:MiA~'RY ,

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OtAtTHK). 1. M)!

tSTKODL'LTMK 1

t'HAt'TKtfJf.

TttHUKSH''H)S-LAM!UAUH 1~

''UAn'KKtH.

Tfit: CKSTUItK-f.AXUUA'fH(c!i

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1 'K't'KXTM.

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)t

P~EABCHEStSTOTMK

EARLfEI~TORY0F MANEIND.

CHAPTERI.IXTUODUCTIO~.

Ix atuJyingthephenomcuaofknow!c()geandart, retigiuuandmythntogy,iawandcuttom,and thc rcst ni'thc comptoxwhoitjwhiehwceattCivilisation,it if!nut enoughto hveinvmwthc)unrettdvimcedrnecs.nnttto knowtheir )nstoryso&rM ttiructfocurdshin'c

prMcrvcdit fur us. Th

cxpinnationof

thstatcufthit)}p:htwhichwuhvobas oftfnto benoughtiuthoconditionofntdeaad eartytrihes; andwithoutn.knowtudgoof t)iixtoguideus,wcmaymisst))cmcauingcvenof famniarthought!)audpmetices. Totnkca tnvifu instance,tho Ktate-meut is truc enoughas it stands,thitt tho worn~uofmodemEuropetnutiiute

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tSTKODFCftOX.9

condition,oneofthmanycasesinwhiehthe rMnttofprogremhasbeen notpositivein addingsomethingnew,but negativoin taking awaysomethingbetongingtu an oadier stato ofthtngs.

It isindeed hardtytoo mue))to saytbat Civitization,beingaprocessoflongandcotnpkx growth,Mnoaty ho thoroughtyunderiitoodwhpnstudied throughits cntire range; that thepast i.scoutinuatiyneeded to ~ptain the p~ent, a.td thowhoteto

exphuKth part. A feelingofthix may accounthtMmetnpnsurofur tt)e

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ttTMnO(.T!ON. 9

!one.ns

morals,religion,law, and many others. Th mattOMdis'cu~edhve bocnchoseu,not M muchfor their absotutoim-

portance,as becauM,whilethcy are among tho easiestandmofttinvitiug partsof tho mtbject,it la possibleso to workthetnasto bringinto viewcertain gnent!lincsofafgnmont,whiehapplynot onlyto t))om,but ntsoto thmurecomploxa))t!di

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nfTROD~CTMN.4~

Butit Montyin particu!arparts ofHumanCulture,whereth&ctahavenot,soto opcak,travelledfar fromtheir causM,that thisdirectmethodMpracticaUo. Mostof itsphenomonahavegrownintoshapcout of such acomplicationofevents,that th laboriouspiecingtogcthcroftheir previonshistoryisthonlyMibwayofstudyiugthem. It t!)casytoMohowfara theotogianor n iawyorwouldgo wMigwho shouMtht-owhMtot-yasHe, Midattempt to explain,on abstt-actprinciples,thuexistenceofthPmtMtantChurc))or tho CodeNapolon.A Romant-squeot-an Earty HngHshcathedra!ii!not to bestud:cdMHthoughailthat th architccthadta dowasto takestonoand mortarandset up a bui!

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tjmtODUCTKHf.

In th remotetimesand placeswheredirecthistoryis at

fautt,tho studyofCivilizntion,Cutture-Historyas it is conve-

uienUycaUediu Gcrmauy,beeomcsitself uu importantaid toth historian,asnmeausofrc-cotistructingtho lestrecordsof

earlyor barbaroustimes. But its useas coutributingto tho

car)yhistoryofmankinddpendsmaintyonth answeringofthMiowingquMttot),whichrunsthroughul!thpresoutessuy:),andbinditthemtogethcrasVM'touscasesofa sineleproMem.

Whenfiimitarart!),customs,be)i(;&,or tcgund.are fuundiuMveratdistantrcgioM)),anwogpwpiesnot knownto bo of thotMunestock,howis thissituitaritytobuaccountedfor Some-timesit maybe ascribedto the likeworkingof meu'9mindsundcrlikeconditions,andsometitncfiit is a proofof Uoodre.

lationshiporofiMtMreouMc,director indirect,bctweeuthoraces

amocgwhotait Mfouud. lu tho oneeasuit has no Itistoricatvaluewhatcver,whilein tho other it bas thisvatuoiu a highdegrs,aud ttmcvcr-recurriugprobtem.I'!howto dittinguishbetweenthtwo. Anexnmpleo)teachsidomayserveto bringthematteriutoackarer tight.

Thgnralprevaleucuuf a beaef ia the continuauceof thoMursexistence~fterdeath, does uot

provothat ail munkind

Itavemheritcdsucha belief fruma commonsource. It mayliavebeeu so,but th historicatu~'umcutMuadevatuoloiB

by th faet that certain uatural pheuotucnttmay havo sug-gestt*dto thcmiudofmun,whilema certainstageofdeveiop-tucut,thc ideaof a futurestate,and this uot onceouly,but

agaiuaud again iu diSereutregioB:)aud at differeuttimes.Thsephenomeuamayprovenothingoft))ekind to us,butthat isuot thoquestion. Tho reasoaingof tho savagois nottobejudgcdbythoruleswhiehbelongto a higherducationaudwhntth ethuotogi~trequiresiu sucti a case,is uot tukuowwhat tho &ctsprovo to his owumind,but what infe-reucoth vorydiffereattytraiueduuudof th savagomaydraw

fromthem.Th botiefthat mau ttasa soul otpabtoof existlagapartfromthbodyit betongsto,and contiuuiugtu !ive,fora timeat teast,aftor that bodyis doadand buried,ts pedeettyiusuchamindwiththcfact that tho shadowyfonnsofmcuand

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!STRODUC!'tu~.(i

womendoappear to others,whenth men and womenthem-selvesarcat a distance,andaftertheyaredead. WecaUthseapparitionsdreamsor phantasmeacconlingas tho persontuwhomthey appear is a.sjucpor awake,aud when we I.car ofthetr occurrencein ordinary!iR.,set thc.n downas subjectiveIJroeessesofthmind. Wedonot t)unk that tho phantomofth da)-!

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!}

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ti MTi)UUU(Ttu\.

hoa visitfromthcsouluftheobjectdreamtof,oritmightLooncofth Mulsof thc dreamergoingaboutthworM,whiteth othcr-for everyman tia!

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IXTJ tODUCTtCHf. 9

th doctrine thut not dreMns ouly, but even ordh'ary appear-MKc.')M)d imaginations, arc caused by (i)m-)ike imnges whieh

fly off t'~m tho surfaces of real o)dects, aud corne in contact

with our tttiuds aud xpnsM,.

Tauehhjj'thmc tn~ttcM,tt monow cpMa,Hov thero MMm-ca)M haogM ofthin~Whtch,like Bi)N)!toru trombn

inipos$ibk'It appears then, from thcse consideratiotfs, that when we find

dim Motiotts of?fxtnro state current in th rcmotMt rgionsof the WM')d,wc tnust uut ttn-uce a~ume that they were all

diifnscd front u singte gcugt'aphic:t) ccntn?. Ttic case is onc iu

which any une p)uusib!c fxphmatiuu ft'om nnturnl causes it!

sufficicnt to bar thc argument from historical connexion. On

[.xcnit.;)

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10 MTMPUCTtON.

thother hMtd,thero is nothingto hiadcr snc))an at~nucntiut)mMtowinpfcase,whiehix taken lis~howiugtho oppositosideofthoprobicm.

'l'hcgrtetassof storieskuowua.sBrastFabtcshavooflatorMcnmuchiupubticmtiomtio)). Ittotdtimesiheywemtis.tcnedtu byhigbandlowwitt)the!toliethoinoHtcoutonptuonsthingthatcouMbemidufasUty,pointjerntaie,tocat) it a "eockMtdbuil xtn~ Iti our owuday,however,a t~'nf'Kttiotttunungwhumthot-ebastipn)))guptt newkuowtcdgoofcM timu~audwithit a uewsytnpatLywithoidthoughtsand fMc~)ig!not onlynpprceiatoth benst

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!tfTMDfCT!OX. 11

nauteof ReynarttinSouthAMca,"givenbyDr.Bteckto his)

HottentottatM,is amp)yjustincdby thcir contuiuiugfmnitiar

episodusbctonpiMgtothmcdiiuvtdRuynardth Fox. ThJackal fihatosdeathandliesin thc roadtill th iioh-waggonemesby,and

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1~ ISTHODUCTION.

notgo,bocausoth tracesof th peoph~whowentto sechimdidnotturnbaek."

Aeit happons,wcknow fromother sourcescnoughto ex-phunth appcamocoinSouth AMeaofstorie~froni Repart!and the ArabinnJ~fight~by reftin-ingtheot to NuropeanorMoxteminnucu. But nvcn without such knowledgo.thotaiesthcmsch'espruvuau historicatconnexion,nearorrcmote,betweenEurope, Esypt, and South Africa. To try to mako

snehvidencestand abnf is a more iunbttMOsta-sk. In ttchnpteron tho UMgrapincatDistributionof Myths,1 hfn'ocomparcdMt-ies

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!NTROnUCTtOX. 13

gained by eoMontratio!).Whatover 1)c tho fate of my argu.

ments, any one who cottcctsand groupa a maso of evidence

and makes an attcmpt to turn it to account which may !oad to

something better, h

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CHAPTERII.THEOESTURE-LANGUAGE.

HE powcrwhiehmaa po'i'iCMC'!ofuttorin~his thoughttt.toncof thc mostesscntia!etemcntsof hiscivitixation. Whethcrhc cancvcuthiukat ait withoutMmetneansof ontwarOf th )))CiHMwltichtnftnbasofttttcringor cxpt'cssingthatwhich).sin hi.stniu'),speechis byfar th most importMt,00mueh Hothat whcnwe speak of :

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THH aESTURK-LAXaUAOK. 1.!

ward sign nn impressionsimitarto theirs, as thoughnot liehimselfbut someonootsehadmadeit.

BesHesarticuiatespeech,tho principalmeansbywhichmancan expromwhat is in his mindare th Gesture-Lsnguage,Picture-Writing,and Word-Writing. If we know now,whatwohopetn knowMmeday,howLanguogcspnmg upandgrewitt tho worM,our knowh;d~eof mm/s earliest conditionand

historywouldstandona verydiffrentbasisfromwhatit now

docs. But woknowM littk abouttho Origin of Language,that cven th gt'catcfitphitologista

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O THE OESTMR.t.AMUAQE.

!anguago."Hero at oncoits cMentiatdiHercncefromRpeechbocomesovident. Why th words~

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TKRnESTUBE.LANCtUAOE. l?

u

Butit illto be observcdthatthoughthdeaf.and-ttumb)mvobeentaught to undorstandthsesignaandusetheminscbool,thoyignorethomin thcir ordiuaryta!k,audwillhavenothingtodowiththemiftheycnnhdpit.

Bydintofinstruction,dcaf-mutescanbe taught to commu-nicatetheir thought. and to learn frombooksand men innc:n')yt))cMmoWtty

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t8 TMH OHSTURH-LAXUUAttt:.

commoupropertyof t)))maxkind,it ixxctdojncuttivatctianddevotopedto sohigh a degreobythoscwho have th usaofiipeech,asbythosowhocanuotspeak,and mustthercforchveMcouMCto other mfans of communication. Th opinionsoftwoorthreoprneticnlobscrvcrsnmybc cited to showthat thcgestuK'-tangttagcis not, !ikuthc ~ttgcr-atphabct,m) )u'tJcamtintho

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TUE OESTURE'LANOUAOE. M

T. )ftr.e S

thcm,nnd for me to tell how t))cy arc made. Theymust bed)'awnfromthnatureofthc objcctsthc'yMoto rcpresont. Itis onty tho signs ~tvcnby thc mute himsctftu expressthactionswhich))('witnessL"andtho objectiiwtnehnrti broughtbcfurobon,whic)tcan f'pheo tn-tteu)attihu)K"agc."Speakingof h)'' cf)cbmtc

hift." S

ttaryp'akin~n)e)t &t'our ]

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20 THKf.KSTL'nH-LAXOU.WK.

describosthcir

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THH OESTUttE-LAXGUA(J. 21

thcnnger iipt eut fromthc cyes.i.s to "sce." To touchthcar and ton~uu with th fore-fin~)', M to "hcfn-" and to"taste." Whatcvcr in tu )'t' p'nntfd out, th forc-nngcr.ooappropriat'tycaifcd"index," h: t') point eutorindicatc.

ttt

Hownatund att tt~-suunttath-e signs are. 'l'hey wunt not;htbortcpxpianatiot). To seize tiM most striking outlineufan object,thc principal mwcment of an action,is th whotcsecret,and this is what thc rudest savagecan do untaught,nny,wttatis more,eaudobettcr and morecasiiyttian thc(idu-catcdman. Noneufmytcacht.'rshre whocanspeak,"saidthuDircctot'ofth Institution, arcvcrystronginthegcsturc-tanguagc. It isditncutt for an cducatcd spcakingmanto gctth pruficiencyin it whieha. dcaf-and-dmnbchild attains toulmostwlthoutan cnbrt. It is tme that 1cnuseit perfcctiybut1havu becn hure

furtyycar-sund I tnuduit

myhusiness

frontthu tinit tu bceonx!tiioruughiytnasicrof it. To he ableto speak iMau impedimpnt, not an assistance,in aa[uiringth gestunj-hutgungc. Th habit o(' thinkiugin won~, amt

UK'n;ttM

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22 TUE QESTURE-t.AXOt:A(jt:.

transiatingthsewordsinto signs,ismostdifEcutttoshaheoff;ibut until this isdune,itishardtypossiUotophco thsignsinth logicalsquencein whiehthey an'angethctnsctvesin thoMiudofthodcaf.mutc."

Asncwthingseumeunder tho noticeofthdeaf-imd-dumb,of coursenew )iign.sitnmediatclycotuuup for t)n-in. 80 tuexpress"raitway" aud "tocoinutivu,"ttie left htmdmnkcs a.chimney,andt)tc ntcaincurlingaimosthorixontaUyoutisiuu-

tatcdwiththrightfore.finger.Ttn;tipsuftite fiugcr!}of thohatf-ctoscdhandcomingtowurttsonetiku ray.soflight,is pho-to~'aph."

But thc en.suatobserver,w)tot.hontdtako(to'vueverysigtttliesawused in c)as.

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TKEOESTURE-LMQUAGE. 23

his nMMtnrMtraryoncsmayhavo beenbased onsuch buthe.had set him!.c!ftomake gMturc-xdo whatevcr wordscando,tUtdw)Mtberebyoft

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2t TtfK t:f.:

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TUECESTURB-LAKOUAGE. 25

though,aswill bc nwt'oi'uUyM(i

hmguagehe may t(.n'u, ''cf~tus niger," Il Mac): horsc,"w"hominem amo," j'aime t'!)0)nme." But tho dcaf-mutt:stt'ingi)togethcr th si~nsof th varionsideas he wisheotoconncct,inwhatappcar);tobothenatnnd orderiu whichtheyMtowoneanother in his min(!,fur it i.sthc mmc antougthcmutesofdiiR'rcntcouutt'Ics,:md M w))o)iyindepcHduntof thesyntaxwhichrnuyhuppeuto belongto th tauguagt'of theirspcakingMcnds. For instituer,their usnat constructionIs not"bjackJtursp,"hut "horsc htack," not ''hring a htack hat,"hut hatblack briog Mot 1 am hungry,give me br&ad,"but t'ungt'yme brcad give." Tho esseotia!indepundencoufthe gcsturG-tnugua~cmay indccdbc bMughtverye!ear!yintoview,

hy notici!)~that

ordiuarycducatcdmen,when

theyfinit

bcgiuto)earut!t0 laugttageof tii~ns,doMotcomenaturaUytutheus~ufits proper syutax.but, by an'augingtheir gesturcsinthe orticrf thu word.sthey thiuk iu, tnakc sentenceswhiehare unmcMningor mi.

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26 THEQESTURE-LNaUAOE.

tcavcaout. For Instance,to say, 'My f&thcr gave meannpplo,'hc makestho sign for *app!e,'then that fur 'ffttho'and that for 'I,'without.addingthat fur givc.' 1 Thfol-towingrcmarks,sent to nie byDr.Scott,sfcm to agreuwiththis vniw. Wit)trcgant to th two sentcnecs yougive(Istruck Tomwitha stick.Tomstruck'no with a stick),thcscqucncoin thc introductionof thc parti''uhn'partswou!d,inMmarncasurc,dpend on th part that most attention waswishedtoliedmwn

towards. If a tncrctel)i))~of thc factwasrct~ured,tny opiniunis that it wonidliearrangcdso,'1-Tom-struck-a-stick,'andt!

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T)tEQEaTUK-I.ANGUAaK. 27

deaf-and-dumb,whcn1 went on to Mk him, Whomadethoshocr andhoanswered,'Tho hoemadethe tihoemaker.SuwhenLauraBri'fgman,whowas blinda.swe)IM deaf-and-dumb,had k'Mmttocommunicateidcasbyttpcttingwordsontter finger.~xhewoutdsay "Shut dour,""Give book;" tMdottbtbeeauMshuhadiL'arntthesos(;ntcuce.swtwtc;but wh(:ushe !)mdcxeutcnee.fm' hcMcif,s!)ewoutdgo back to the)):tttn'!i)dcaf-ittKt-dun))!syntox,and )ipo)iout. "Linx-abrmd

givc," to ask for bt'cad to be ~vcu tK'r,mut"watcr drinklAura,"toexpressthatshowautedtodriukwatcr.~It istobcohservcdtttat therc i.sonoimportantpart ofcon-

!itruct!ouwhichDr.8cutt*st'otcsdo nottuuch,tt

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2K THH GKSTHRK-LAN&UAUK.

abnutin

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T)fHnESTU)tK-t,AKt!UAt!E. 29

toreadorwritf,dicd toavingawillwhich hohad oxocutedbyputting his mark to it. Probat*'of this will wasrefuscdbySirJ. P.Witdo,Judgoof thc CourtofProbato,on th groundthat therc was no suMcicntuvidcncoof thetostator'xnndcr-

standing and asscntingto its provisions. At a luter date.Ur.Spinks rcnewcdthemotionnpon.the f"))uwingjoint nti.davit of th widuwaudthc attosting wittK'si~s:"T)t(i signtihywhichd(.-ccascdioformcdu'!that thowii)wastheinstrument

whichwasto daat withins propertyupon hi))dcath, and thathiswifowastohavoatttuspmpcrtynfter hif

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30 TttHQE8TUHK.LANQUAUK.

his breast,andmovedhixarmsin Mtc))amanneras to indicatoa child,whichwo-o his usua) signsfor indieatinjf))iswifc's

daughtcr. Hcatwaysindicatcda fumatubycrosiiinghis arm,audu matupo~ou bycros-sin~his wrist. Tho sign.sby whichthosaid tc.statorinformudus that tns propertywnsto gf toWittiamWi~g (his wifu'sdaughtuf's husbitnd),iu case fuswlfu'x(taughtcrdi';d in tus Ji~tiutt', W('t'o.M futtuw.-t;Uc-

)'ep

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THH aESTUBE-t.ANOUAOK. 3t

hewcrcKo,pressingin hiseheckswiththumbnod(it)get'to

givehintsetfahtntcm.jawcd)ook, pHttinghishandtohis hcad,etc.,andhc mayshowthat Ibis cventwas a daybehind," aweekbchiud,"that is tu sayycsterdayor a weekagu,andsuhcmay say thnt he it g"it)gh"nto a wwk

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3~ THEGHKTUR)-hANQUAQtlap. 8ra 1".

MtCHI'S (AnoMfM) Sibtrtan O~ttMtt Nout. from PeMne~M&'&6e. Mlpe and lIIu.Uou., eo. 10..

MODEBN DOMESTtC COOKERY. F.MM pf).dpt

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PMM8HBD BY Mtt. MCMKAY. !6

NAUTICAL (TM) ALMANACK. Rcy

OLD MKDUX i Ptpent reod at the London C~ngrf

OXFOKU'a (Btma)' t.f) l'opular Lifo of WtUiitm Witbefforec.Portrait. t'MtSto. t0t.

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*? UST OP WORKS

PtULPOTTS' (Btmot) t~tteM te the hte OmrtM Bxtter.on hbn~m.?~~' ~t. ~'ttiTt. Nt.

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