2010 PACE National Championship TournamentEdited by Chris Ray, Andy Watkins, Rob Carson, Hannah Kirsch, and Bernadette SpencerRound 18

Tossups

1. One essay by this thinker claims that the title figure exists not as interpretive guide but as structural “function” within a work that indicates status. In one work, this writer of “What is an Author?” traced the historical development of the conditions under which sets of “statements” create networks of meaning. That book, The Archeology of Knowledge, built heavily on a work discussing epistime that opens with an examination of (*) Las Meninas, The Order of Things. This thinker describes the dissociation of identity and disease through the “medical gaze” in one work, while another examines the shift from public torture to “gentler” institutions like Bentham's Panopticon. For 10 points, name this French author of The Birth of the Clinic and Discipline and Punish.ANSWER: Michel Foucault [or Paul-Michel Foucault]<Spencer>

2. These compounds and ketones are given in a fragmentation of alpha, beta epoxyketones. This functional group can be installed on a pseudohalide by a palladium catalyst in the Sonogashira reaction, and they are synthesized from aldehydes in the Corey-Fuchs reaction. Reacting these compounds with a lead-poisoned palladium catalyst named for (*) Lindlar reduces them to alkenes. The smallest stable cyclic example of these compounds has eight carbons, and the simplest example of these compounds is acetylene. For 10 points, name these compounds characterized by a triple bond between two carbons. ANSWER: alkynes<Kirsch>

3. In one poem by this author, a man lies “in a dale of Dagestan” thinking of a beautiful girl while dying of a bullet wound. This author of “The Dream” wrote a long poem in which Tamara is the object of affection of the enemy of the Guardian Angel. Another work by this author sees the protagonist meet his old flame Vera while courting Princess Mary. That work by this author of “The (*) Demon” is narrated partly by Maxim Maximitch and culminates in a duel at the edge of a cliff between Grushnitski and Pechorin. For 10 points, name this twice-exiled “poet of the Caucasus” who wrote the novel A Hero of Our Time.ANSWER: Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov<Gupta>

4. To offset the instability caused by one of these conflicts, Parthamaspatas was briefly installed on the throne of Ctesiphon and Cyrenica had to be repopulated; that second of these was named after the general Lucius Quietus. The first was supposedly triggered by insensitive bird sacrifices and saw Agrippa II flee shortly before the 12th Legion was ambushed in a mountain pass. Leaders of these events include John of Giscala and a man given the epithet (*) “Son of a Star” to fuel his messianic claims, Bar Kokhba. Josephus related the mass suicide of the Sicarii, a group of Zealots, after the siege of Masada during the first of these conflicts, which saw Titus destroy the Second Temple. For 10 points, identify these revolts against Roman rule by a certain religious group, supported by figures like Rabbi Akiva.ANSWER: Jewish Revolts or Romano-Jewish Wars [accept equivalents]<Ray>

5. This composition's first movement recapitulation is a near-exact repeat of the exposition in the subdominant. The instrumentation of this piece may have been influenced by the composer's patron Sylvester Paumgartner, and the key of the andante second movement rises by half steps, beginning and ending in F major. Ascending sextuplets appear in all but the scherzo movement of this piece and may represent the action of (*) leaping. The instrumentation of this work substitutes a double bass for a second violin, and the fourth movement of this work is a series of variations on a lied by its composer, “Die Forelle.” For 10 points, name this work for five instruments by Franz Schubert, possibly inspired by the movements of the namesake fish.ANSWER: the Trout Quintet [or Franz Schubert's Piano Quintet in A major, D. 667]<Kirsch>

6. Primitive computers often must implement the Horner algorithm to perform operations on them, and accuracy on multiple iterations of them can be improved using the Kahan summation algorithm. A bias of 127 is usually added to them, and they also contain a mantissa, sometimes called a significand. The current standard for these is IEEE [“I-Triple-E”] 754, and (*) subtraction on these is complicated by a namesake roundoff error. This data type is less precise than the “double,” and operations on them are measured in flops. For 10 points, name these representations of decimals in languages like C++, often contrasted with integers and more computationally imposing than their “fixed” counterparts.ANSWER: floating point numbers [or floats; or floating points]<Bentley>

7. In the Stargate series, this figure renounced ascension and created the Ark of Truth as well as a weapon used to wipe out the Ori. In another fictional appearance, he leaves for Bermuda in a huff after arguing with a student, having earlier defeated Madam Mim in the form of a purple dragon. That appearance also sees him illustrate a somewhat disturbing lesson about love using squirrels with the aid of his pet owl, (*) Archimedes. A dragon voiced by John Hurt advises this character, played by Colin Morgan, in a television show re-imagining his youth with characters like Morgana at the court of Uther Pendragon. The villain in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, for 10 points, identify this legendary builder of Stonehenge, a famous wizard from Arthurian myth.ANSWER: Merlinus Ambrosius [or Myrrdin Emrys] <Ray>

8. One of this author's characters receives the nickname “Samsonite” for his habit of stapling his enemies' hands with a Samsonite stapler; that man appears in a work about a newspaper editor and a dissident named Chris Onkoh, who both live in Kangan. Another work by this man repeatedly quotes the proverb “when a man says yes, his chi says yes also” and sees the protagonist dishonored by his outburst of (*) violence during the Week of Peace. The protagonist of that work by this man fears being lazy like his father Unoka and accidentally shoots a man at a funeral, leading to his exile from Umuofia. For 10 points, name this author of Anthills of the Savannah who wrote about Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart. ANSWER: Chinua Achebe [or Albert Chinụalụmọgụ Achebe]<Meade>

9. This man's oration on the death of King Follett contains controversial assertions about the doctrine of exaltation, while he related his experience of the “grove vision” in the Wentworth Letter. This man claimed to have been baptized by John the Baptist along with Oliver Cowdery, with whom he authored a text containing instructions on the baptism of the dead, Doctrines and Covenants. That work also relates this man's order to construct a (*) “Zion” in Jackson County and describes the overtaking of Nauvoo, Illinois, where this man was killed. This man was aided by Urim and Thummim in translating a work that was written in “Reformed Egyptian” on golden plates and shown to him by the angel Moroni. For 10 points, name this man who founded the LDS Church and translated the Book of Mormon.ANSWER: Joseph Smith, Jr.<Spencer>

10. A king of this empire known as “the whale” was aided militarily by the Ga. This empire defeated Charles MacCarthy and lost to the Wolseley ring during conflicts led by Prempeh I and Queen Yaa, while its greatest king was killed while leading an undermanned attack on the Akyem. That king was aided by Okomfo Anokye, who set up the obirempon as local magistrates and codified this empire's laws after it gained independence from the (*) Denkyera. Osei Tutu ruled from Kumasi over this gold-trading empire, which fought a series of wars with the British. Known for a unifying symbol supposedly called down from heaven, for 10 points, name this empire in present-day Ghana whose famed throne was called the Golden Stool.ANSWER: Ashanti Empire [or Asanteman]<Ray>

11. A pharyngosellar deformation of this organ occurs when Rathke's pouch does not lose its connection to other tissues until the sella turcica. In women who have just given birth, Sheehan's syndrome disrupts function in one portion of this organ. Vision loss and atypical breast milk production can result when a prolactinoma tumor forms on this organ, which is connected to a nearby structure via the infundibular stalk. Diabetes (*) insipidus can result from underproduction of one substance in this organ, which can cause acromegaly when it overproduces growth hormone. The anterior portion of this organ produces ACTH and FSH, and the posterior portion produces oxytocin. For 10 points, name this endocrine gland situated under the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, often described as the “master gland.”ANSWER: pituitary gland [or hypophysis]<Kirsch>

12. Rioting erupted at the centennial performance of this set of works, which under the direction of Pierre Boulez and Patrice Chéreau had been recast during the Industrial Revolution. One work in this set sees The Wanderer beat Mime in a riddle competition. A character who sings that he shall renounce love forever after being rejected by a trio of water nymphs introduces the “death-curse” (*) leitmotif that appears throughout these works. The last of these works contains an “immolation scene” in which Hagen drowns after attempting to retrieve a certain object from the funeral pyre of Brunnhilde and Siegfried. For 10 points, name this four-opera cycle that centers on an object forged by Alberich and includes Das Rheingold and Götterdammerung, a work of Richard Wagner.ANSWER: the Ring cycle [or The Ring of the Nibelung; or Der Ring des Nibelungen]<Kirsch>

13. This author wrote of a god who “dwelleth i’ the cold o’ the moon” in a satire of Calvinism subtitled “Natural Theology in the Island.” The speaker of another of his poems considers the “twenty-nine distinct damnations” he’ll use to trap a hated colleague. The speaker of one of his poems has “a sudden thought of one so pale” upon looking into the eyes of his paramour. This author of (*) “Caliban upon Setebos” described the speaker's hatred of Brother Lawrence in his “Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister” and described Fra Pandolf’s painting of a woman whose heart was “too soon made glad” in his best-known work. For 10 points, identify this author of the dramatic monologues “Porphyria’s Lover” and “My Last Duchess.”ANSWER: Robert Browning<Carson>

14. This man's sons were excommunicated for viciously murdering his nephew, Henry of Almain, on a church altar. The de Clares abandoned this man shortly after he signed the Treaty of Pipton, cementing his alliance with Llywelyn the Last. His followers forced the Dictum of Kenilworth after his death, which came a year after this disciple of Robert Grosseteste defeated his rival Richard of Cornwall at (*) Lewes. The future Edward Longshanks impersonated this man's son, luring him into a fatal clash at Evesham in a conflict waged by this man to assert the Provisions of Oxford. Known for instituting the first directly elected parliament, for 10 points, name this man who ruled England for a year while waging the Second Barons' War against Henry III.ANSWER: Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester [accept either underlined portion]<Ray>

15. One of this figure’s sons became the father of Italus after accidentally killing his own father with the spine of a stingray. This figure lusted after a youth who was preoccupied with the singer Canens; after being spurned by that youth, Picus, this figure turned him into a woodpecker. This mythological figure purified the Argonauts for their murder of Aspyrtus and, out of jealous love for Glaucus, turned (*) Scylla into a monster. This daughter of Perse and Helios became the mother of Agrius, Latinus, and Telegonus by a man who initially used the herb moly to resist her advances. Eurylochus warns that man of the dangers posed by this woman, who rules the island of Aeaea. For 10 points, identify this sorceress who famously transformed some of Odysseus’s men into swine.ANSWER: Circe [or Kirke]<Carson>

16. One variety of this effect arises from transporting a vector over an accelerated path and is used to take relativistic time dilation into account when considering spin-orbit coupling; that variety is named for Thomas. The Lens-Thirring effect is a type of this effect that corrects for the motion of the orbital plane of a body. When a magnetic field is applied to an electron in motion about a nucleus, it results in a form of this named for (*) Larmor. In a few thousand years, this phenomenon will cause Vega to become the North Star. Coming in torque-free and torque-induced varieties, for 10 points, identify this effect wherein a body’s axis of rotation spins, which is is responsible for the wobbling motion of tops.ANSWER: precession<Rosenberg>

17. In one work by this author, the Hersland family moves to Gossols after Alfred marries Julia Dehning. That novel is subtitled “Being a History of a Family’s Progress” and is set in Bridgepoint, as is a work by this author whose sections about Anna Federner and Lena Mainz bracket a long novella about the depressed, consumptive mulatto Melanctha Herbert. This author of The Making of Americans and (*) Three Lives also penned the Cubist poetry collection Tender Buttons and the poem “Sacred Emily,” which contains the line “Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose.” For 10 points, name this author who coined the term “Lost Generation” and wrote of her time in France in an “autobiography” of her lover, Alice B. Toklas. ANSWER: Gertrude Stein <Carson>

18. One of this man's works is separated by a large gray band and depicts the titular poem overlaid on colored squares. This artist of Once Emerged from the Grey of Night painted a cluster of colored arches in Viaducts Break Ranks. The story of the foolish Anselmus in The Golden Pot inspired him to paint Tale a la Hoffman, and he painted an orange sun hovering above the black outline of a roof in a work of “twentieth century pointillism,” (*) Ad Parnassum. This man's notebooks were collected into a major work of modern art theory, and his best-known work features four bird-like stick figures who perch over a pit on the hand crank for the titular contraption. For 10 points, name this Swiss-German expressionist who taught at the Bauhaus and painted Twittering Machine.ANSWER: Paul Klee<Rosenberg>

19. The Baumol-Tobin model states that this function is equal to the square root of half the income times the cost of withdrawals, all over the interest rate. This function is equal to the negative ratio of the price and wealth partials of indirect utility in Roy’s identity. The unique solutions to the expenditure minimization and utility maximization problems are the primary functions of this type; the (*) Slutsky equation relates changes in those functions, which are named for Hicks and Marshall. Changes in this function can also be decomposed into substitution and income effects, and for normal goods, its curve slopes downwards, indicating that it decreases as price increases. For 10 points, name this function contrasted with supply, the amount desired of a given good. ANSWER: demand [or demand for money; or Marshallian demand; or Hicksian demand at any point]<Jha>

20. A major primary source of this event is the “relation” of Lion Gardiner, who fired on a group of vessels despite the presence of Abraham Swain's daughters. Prior to this conflict, the ransom of Tatobem's corpse prompted the retaliatory murder of John Stone, and it saw John Mason immolate hundreds of civilians in an action that failed to kill its target Sassacus, who was with a Niantic raiding party. This conflict began after John (*) Oldham was murdered on his way to Block Island and ended after the “Great Swamp Fight” near Fairfield. The Mystic Massacre occurred during this conflict, which was ended by the Treaty of Hartford. The Narragansett joined the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies in, for 10 points, what conflict that practically exterminated the namesake Indian tribe?ANSWER: Pequotyo War<Watkins>

TB1. In special cases, this substance can be localized based on the equation z equals 40 h, the Ghyben-Herzberg relation. The amount of this substance released per decline in unit head is known as storativity. It is found in areas that are divided by the capillary fringe, below which is the phreatic zone and above which is the vadose zone. The Brinkman term is added to measure the effect on boundaries on the movement of this substance, which can be modeled by Darcy’s law. The effect of landfills on this substance is measured in the HELP numerical model. Saline intrusion affects this substance, which is found in a massive central plains reservoir named for the town of Ogallala. For 10 points, name this substance found in aquifers, which comes to the surface in artesian wells.ANSWER: groundwater [prompt on water or equivalents]<Hart>

TB2. One article by this man predicted that a “proportion of fit characters” would arise and warned that property inequity would breed factionalism. His determined opponents included the Blue Lights and the Essex Junto. After two months in his highest office, he signed Macon's Bill Number 2 to replace the Non-Intercourse Act. In between, he ghostwrote Edmund Randolph's (*) Virginia Plan and, with the man whom he served as Secretary of State, he co-wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions against the Alien and Sedition Acts. This man's wife sponsored “Wednesday drawing rooms” and saved a portrait of George Washington from the burning of the White House. For 10 points, name this “Father of the Constitution,” Secretary of State under and eventual successor to Thomas Jefferson, who presided over the War of 1812ANSWER: James Madison<Weiner>

TB3. This author wrote that the title substance “tastes of exotic fish” despite its disgusting origins in the title poem of one of his collections, Rat Jelly. The protagonist of one of his works is set on fire by a man he was hired to find by his lover Clara; later in that work, a waterworks is nearly blown up by that protagonist, Patrick. This author of In the Skin of a Lion also wrote a work in which a man ironically named Ranuccio Tommasoni cuts off the thumbs of the thief David (*) Caravaggio and whose title character befriends a Sikh sapper named Kip. That character nearly dies trying to save Katherine Clifton and is nursed by Hana after suffering horrific burns. For 10 points, name this Sri Lankan-born Canadian author who fictionalized Laszlo de Almasy in The English Patient.ANSWER: Michael Ondaatje [or Philip Michael Ondaatje]<Kirsch>

Bonuses

1. Less famous counterparts to this room, which was commissioned by Ludovico Gonzaga, included the Room of the Archers and one decorated by Pisanello. For 10 points each:[10] Identify this room in the Mantuan Ducal Palace housing several frescoes by the artist of The Triumphs of Caesar, who painted its ceiling to give the illusion of an oculus with several angels and a peacock peering in.ANSWER: the Camera degli Sposi [or the Bridal Chamber; or the Camera Picta; or the Painted Chamber; accept word equivalents like “Marriage Room”][10] This artist of The San Zeno Altarpiece and The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian decorated the Camera degli Sposi. He is best known for the foreshortening exhibited in his The Dead Christ.ANSWER: Andrea Mantegna[10] Mantegna's triptych on the birth of Christ, famous for a panel depicting the Adoration of the Magi, can be found in this famous Florentine museum originally designed by Vasari.ANSWER: The Uffizi Gallery [or Galleria degli Uffizi]<Ray>

2. One of this thinker's papers describes the “Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology.” For 10 points each:[10] Name this American pragmatist who expounded “learning by doing” in his Democracy and Education.ANSWER: John Dewey[10] Dewey's Freedom and Culture is a vigorous defense of democracy against the insidiousness of this form of socialism. This philosophy advocates a dictatorship of the proletariat and was named for an author of The Communist Manifesto.ANSWER: Marxism accept word forms; accept Karl Marx][10] Dewey centrally influence the critical pedagogy championed by this this Brazilian Marxist, who outlined a teaching philosophy for subjugated peoples in his The Pedagogy of the Oppressed.ANSWER: Paolo Reglus Neves Freire<Hart>

3. Like the ensuing Treaty of Schonbrunn, the inequity of this agreement was blamed on the diplomatic ineptitude of Johann Joseph, Prince of Lichtenstein. For 10 points each:[10] Name this 1805 agreement that confirmed the Treaty of Luneville and led to a major demotion for Francis II. The Confederation of the Rhine was created in the wake of this treaty.ANSWER: Peace of Pressburg[10] The Peace of Pressburg followed this French emperor's victory at Austerlitz and marked his triumph over the Third Coalition. This man would later lose to Wellington at Waterloo.ANSWER: Napoleon I Bonaparte[10] Napoleon had earlier won major gains against Austria in this 1797 treaty, which confirmed the Peace of Loeben and forced recognition of the Ligurian and Cisapline Republics. Signed in an Italian village, it ended the War of the First Coalition.ANSWER: Treaty of Campo Formio<Ray>

4. Identify the following about Shakespearean speeches, for 10 points each:[10] This hunchbacked monarch opens the play named for him by describing how “the winter of our discontent” is “made glorious summer by this sun of York.” Later, this figure cries, “My kingdom for a horse!”ANSWER: Richard III [or The Tragedy of Richard III; prompt on Richard][10] This other monarch proclaims, “He today that sheds his blood with me / Shall be my brother” in a speech on St. Crispin’s Day, after having earlier ordered his “dear friends” to go “Once more unto the breach!”ANSWER: Henry V [prompt on Henry; accept Prince Hal, even though he’s been king for the whole play][10] Philip the Bastard asserts that “new-made honor doth forget men’s names” in a soliloquy on vanity early in this play, which also sees the papal legate Pandulph dramatically excommunicate the title character.ANSWER: The Life and Death of King John<Carson>

5. Its original formulation involved the positron and electron emitted in pion decay, whose spins are necessarily opposite, and an experimenter who only measures one of them. For 10 points each:[10] Name this statement, which would appear to suggest that hidden variables exist, as one could then measure the positron's spin as well, giving it two definite values for spin.ANSWER: EPR paradox [or Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox][10] The EPR paradox was resolved by this theorem, which suggests that there can't be hidden variables after all in any local theory that attempts to explain quantum mechanical phenomena.ANSWER: Bell's theorem[10] Local hidden variable theories assume the incompleteness of this major interpretation of quantum mechanics, named for the northern European city in which Bohr and Heisenberg spent an eventful 1927.ANSWER: Copenhagen interpretation<Watkins>

6. This man was able to calm the Wolf of Gubbio and was stricken with stigmata during a vision of a six-winged seraph. For 10 points each:[10] Name this Italian patron saint of animals and founder of a namesake Order of Friars Minor.ANSWER: Saint Francis of Assisi [or San Francesco; or Giovanni Francesco di Bernardone][10] This female follower of Francis and patron saint of television founded a namesake Franciscan order of “Poor Ladies.”ANSWER: Saint Clare of Assisi [or Chiara Offreduccio][10] Saint Francis is the co-patron saint of Italy with this female doctor of the Church who wrote letters to Pope Gregory XI to convince him to move back to Rome from Avignon. ANSWER: Saint Catherine of Siena [do not accept “Catherine of (place that isn't Siena)”]<Spencer>

7. This group established the consecutive Bahri and Burji dynasties, which began after Aybak established a sultanate shortly before his murder by Shajar al-Durr. For 10 points each:[10] Identify this military group that overthrew Turanshah and ended the Ayyubid dynasty after resisting Louis IX's crusade at the Battle of Fariskur.ANSWER: Mamluks [or Mamelukes; despite the claims of Wikipedia, do not accept “Marmaduke,” who is a fictional dog and not a Muslim soldier][10] The greatest Mamluk sultan is often said to be this successor of Qutuz who helped repel Louis's crusade. He famously halted the Mongol assault on the Islamic world by defeating Hulagu Khan's forces at Ayn Jalut.ANSWER: Baibars al-Bunduqdari [or Abu al-Futuhat or Father of Conquests][10] The Ayyubid dynasty overthrown by the Mamluks had been founded by this famed Muslim general, who crushed Guy de Lusignan at Hattin and fought Richard the Lionhearted at Arsuf.ANSWER: Saladin<Ray>

8. One poem from this literary movement begins and ends with a description of “this quiet roof” and is titled “The Graveyard by the Sea.” For 10 points each:[10] Name this late nineteenth-century European literary movement, a reaction against realism that emphasized spirituality and mysticism, whose leading figures include Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé.ANSWER: symbolism [accept word forms][10] One seminal body of symbolist poetry is this work by Charles Baudelaire, which includes “Spleen and Ideal,” “Revolt,” “Wine,” and “Death.”ANSWER: Les Fleurs du Mal [or The Flowers of Evil][10] The Sister of Charity announces a mother's death in childbirth in this Belgian symbolist’s The Intruder. The fairy Bérylune accompanies Tyltyl and Mytyl in his play The Blue Bird.ANSWER: Maurice Maeterlinck [or Maurice Polydore Marie Bernard, Count Maeterlinck]<Gupta>

9. Many sources incorrectly claim that this opera’s libretto, written by Gian-Carlo Menotti, was inspired by a short work by Isak Dinesen. For 10 points each:[10] Identify this opera in which Erika sings the aria “Must the Winter Come So Soon?” and falls in love with the son of the title character’s former lover Anatol.ANSWER: Vanessa[10] This American composer of Vanessa also wrote an overture to A School for Scandal and adapted the second movement of his String Quartet into his Adagio for Strings.ANSWER: Samuel Osborne Barber II [10] The last movement of Barber's sonata for this instrument is a four- to six-voice fugue. A “canzone” second movement appears in his concerto for this instrument, the third movement of which was reworked at a slower tempo at the behest of Vladimir Horowitz.ANSWER: piano [or pianoforte]<Kirsch>

10. This hormone activates a JAK2 cascade after binding to receptors on its target tissues, which include bone marrow. For 10 points each:[10] Name this hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates the formation of red blood cells.ANSWER: erythropoietin [or EPO; or hemopoietin; or hematopoietin][10] This other hormone acts on the kidneys to increase reabsorption of water, thereby reducing urine volume. It is mostly secreted from the posterior pituitary in response to stimuli like low blood volume.ANSWER: anti-diuretic hormone [or ADH; or vasopressin; or argipressin][10] This hormone also regulates blood volume, as well as blood pressure. It is secreted from the granular cells of the kidney and hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I.ANSWER: renin<Kirsch>

11. Identify some assorted gods of the Levant and its environs, for 10 points each:[10] Kothar-wa-Khasis created Yagrush and Aymur, or Chaser and Driver, for this Ugaritic god, who crushed the sea god Yam. After being killed by Mot, his wife Anat slaughtered Mot, allowing this storm god to be revived.ANSWER: Ba’al-Hadad[10] This figure is related to Tammuz and is Semitic in origin, but is more famous for his appearances in Greek mythology as a son of Myrrha. This legendarily beautiful youth loved Aphrodite, but he died when he was gored to death by a boar. ANSWER: Adonis [or Atunis][10] The scorpion-men serve as guards at the palace of this Akkadian and Babylonian sun god, whose chariot-driver and vizier was Bunene.ANSWER: Shamash [or Utu]<Carson>

12. This case arose when Fort McHenry's commander George Cadwalader refused to acknowledge an order to release the namesake secessionist. For 10 points each:[10] Identify this Supreme Court ruling, which held that only Congress could suspend habeas corpus during wartime, as opposed to Abraham Lincoln's claims of presidential privilege.ANSWER: Ex Parte Merryman[10] Merryman was accused of being a secret member of this society, a more organized version of the Copperheads. It sought to form a slave empire encompassing the namesake geometric figure, which was to extend from the southern U.S. to Central America.ANSWER: Knights of the Golden Circle[10] Merryman was decided by this Jacksonian disciple, who succeeded John Marshall as chief justice and famously presided over Dred Scott.ANSWER: Roger Brooke Taney<Weiner>

13. The protagonist of this novel poses as a journalist to investigate a surprising number of suicides in the village of Kars, possibly related to a ban on headscarves. For 10 points each:[10] Name this novel about the poet Ka, who reunites with his former love interest Ipek in that village. ANSWER: Snow[10] This Turkish author of Snow won the 2006 literature Nobel. His other works include My Name is Red, The White Castle, and The Black Book.ANSWER: Ferit Orhan Pamuk[10] Pamuk recently became romantically entangled with the author of The Inheritance of Loss, a member of this literary family named Kiran. Kiran’s mother Anita wrote Fasting, Feasting and Clear Light of Day.ANSWER: Desai<Meade>

14. This pope officially established the Swiss Guard and rose to power as a mediator between the Orsini and Colonna families. For 10 points each:[10] Identify this “warrior pope” and patron of Michelangelo.ANSWER: Julius II [or Giuliano della Rovere][10] Julius's machinations against Venice led him to organize this alliance, led by Louis XII of France and Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. Julius later became so aggravating to members of this group that he was forced to form the Holy League with Venice against it.ANSWER: the League of Cambrai[10] This Swiss city was among the bishoprics stockpiled for Julius II's rise to power by his uncle, Pope Sixtus IV. A 1923 treaty named for this city modified the Treaty of Sevres and recognized the consolidation of the state of Turkey from the Ottoman Empire.ANSWER: Lausanne<Ray>

15. Sometimes named after Terquem or Feuerbach, this construct passes through the altitudes and midpoints of each side of a triangle. For 10 points each:[10] Name this shape that also passes through the midpoints of the segments between the vertices and the orthocenter.ANSWER: the nine-point circle[10] This famous mathematician's name is sometimes appended to the nine-point circle. A cuboid with integer edge and face diagonal length is known as his namesake brick, and he famously solved the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem.ANSWER: Leonhard Euler[10] Another neat fact about triangles is this theorem, which relates the lengths of the sides of a triangle to that of a segment stretching from one vertex to its opposite side.ANSWER: Stewart’s theorem<Watkins>

16. Partitions that divide the bedrooms in this house can be removed to make a larger play- or workspace, and each room has at least one door that leads outside. For 10 points each:[10] Identify this two-story residence designed by Gerrit Rietveld whose exterior is white with red, yellow, and blue poles supporting its several balconies.ANSWER: Rietveld Schröder House [or the Rietveld Schröderhuis][10] Gerrit Rietveld designed the Schröder House according to the principles of this Dutch art movement, whose members included Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian.ANSWER: De Stijl [or The Style; or neoplasticism][10] Rietveld was also known for creating “Red and Blue” and “Zigzag” designs for this kind of creation. A famous Modernist one of these was designed by Lilly Reich and Mies van der Rohe for the Barcelona pavillion.ANSWER: chairs <Kirsch>

17. The work ends with Professor Burris deciding that he’d rather try life back at the title location, which he had shown to Rogers and Steve Jamnik at the beginning of the work. For 10 points each: [10] Name this work whose titular entity is founded by Frazier and controlled by Planners and Managers.ANSWER: Walden Two[10] Walden Two is a work by this American behavioral psychologist, whose namesake box was used to study operant conditioning in animals such as rats.ANSWER: B.F. Skinner [or Burrhus Frederic Skinner; or Fred Skinner][10] This 1971 Skinner work builds off Walden Two, claiming that humans would be better off giving up the two titular concepts in favor of a technology-driven society modified by “social engineering.”ANSWER: Beyond Freedom and Dignity<Jang>

18. Known in the native tongue as “The Waters of Greenstone,” this island is home to an agricultural district called the Canterbury Plains. For 10 points each:[10] Name this island that is also the location of the cities of Dunedin and Invercargill.ANSWER: South Island [or Te Wai Pounamu][10] The South Island is separated by the Cook Strait from the North Island, where Wellington and Auckland are located; the two islands make up the bulk of this country.ANSWER: New Zealand[10] Named for its founding by the missionary Edward Gibbon Wakefield, this Avon River port is the largest city on the South Island.ANSWER: Christchurch<Weiner>

19. This resident of “Table Mountain” relates a story in which Jones and Brown of Calaveras throw fossils at each other in the poem “Society upon the Stanislaus.” For 10 points each:[10] Identify this character who also describes how he and Bill Nye were cheated at euchre by the “heathen Chinee” Ah Sin in a poem originally titled for the “plain language” he speaks.ANSWER: Truthful James [prompt on partial answer; accept “Plain Language from Truthful James”][10] Truthful James was created by this editor of the Overland Monthly who wrote about the suicide of John Oakhurst in “The Outcasts of Poker Flat.”ANSWER: Francis Bret Harte[10] John Oakhurst first appeared in this other Bret Harte short story, in which the titular son of Cherokee Sal is raised by Stumpy but, despite the efforts of Kentuck, drowns in a flood.ANSWER: “The Luck of Roaring Camp”<Carson>

20. In inorganic chemistry, the presence of these bonds in a ligand increases the ligand field strength and makes a low spin state more stable. For 10 points each:[10] Name these bonds, one of which is present, along with a single bond, in an alkene. They form from electrons shared between unhybridized p orbitals.ANSWER: pi bond[10] This term refers to the delocalization of electrons between pi bonds, often forming an extended pi system. This phenomenon is common in carboxylate ions.ANSWER: resonance[10] This term refers to effects on the acidity of a proton that arise due to the conjugate base's resonance stabilization. It generally contrasts with inductive effects, wherein a proton is made more acidic by the presence of electronegative groups.ANSWER: mesomeric effects<Watkins>