19 Beverages

8/8/2019 19 Beverages

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STIMULATINGBEVERAGES

Melanie P. MedeciloBiological Sciences Department


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Beveragesstimulants because they contain the

alkaloid caffeine and its relatives

it causes physiological reactions inhumans


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Health Effects of Caffeine

A Small Dose of Caffeine


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C affeineA

central nervous stimulant and a milddiureticCaffeine in a cup of coffee reaches thebloodstream 5 minutes after the liquid is

swallowedA s it circulates throughout the body, it stimulates the heart, increases stomachacidity and urine output, and causes a 10%rise in the metabolic rate.It makes a tired person more alert because it mimics the feelings produced when the bodyreleases the hormone adrenaline


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Caffeine

One gram compound (7-9 cups)causes anxiety, headache, dizziness,

insomnia, heart palpitation, and evenmild deliriumIt ranks today as the most widely usedpsychoactive drug in the world.


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W hat Is This?

N

N N

N

CH3

CH3

CH3

O

O

1

3

7


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Caffeine 1,3,7 Trimethylxanthine

N

N N

N

CH3

CH3

CH3

O

O

1

3

7


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History of Coffee

Date Event ~850 - Coffee beans discovered - The fable says that an

Ethiopian goat or sheepherder noticed that the goatswere more alter after eating the wild berries. He thensampled this new delicacy.

~1100 - First coffee trees and roasting of coffee beans.1475 - Constantinople the worlds first coffee house.1600s - Coffee enters Europe and moves quickly to the

A mericas1700s - Coffee house open throughout Europe.

1723 - First coffee plants are introduced into the A mericas.1822 - First espresso machine is created in France.1938 - First instant coffee invented by the Nestl company.1971 - Starbucks opens its first location in Seattle,

Washington's Pike Place Market.


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History of Tea

DATE EVENT

3000 B.C. - Tea discovered in China or introduced form India350 B.C. - First written description of Tea drinking in China.450 A.D. - Turkish traders bargain for Tea and the Silk road is born.

800 - Tea introduced to Japan.1450 - Japanese Tea ceremony created and popularized1610 - Dutch bring Tea to Europe1773 - Boston Tea party, rebellion against Englands tea tax1776 - England sends first Opium to China to help pay for tea.

1835 - First experimental tea plantations in Assam, India.1908 - Tea bags invented in New York.


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History of Chocolate

DATE EVENT400 B.C. - Olmec people of Mexico made chocolate drinks250 A.D. - Mayans of Mexico were cultivating cocoa crops1528 - Cocoa was brought to Spain by Hernando Corts

1600s - Chocolate drinks introduced into Europe1657 - First English chocolate houses open1828 - Screw press that extracted the cocoa butter from

the beans invented in Holland1840s - Chocolate as solid developed


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Q uote Lovers of Coffee

Coffee

Black as hell, strong as death,sweet as love.Turkish proverb.


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Q uote Fear of Coffee

"Often coffee drinkers,finding the drug to be

unpleasant, turn to other narcotics, of which opium andalcohol are most common.

Morphinism and Narcomanias from Other Drugs (1902) by T. D. Crothers, M.D.


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Q uote Love of Tea

Tea, though ridiculed by those whoare naturally coarse in their nervous

sensibilities will always be thefavorite beverage of the intellectual.

Thomas De Q uincey (17851859), English

author. Confessions of an English Opium-Eater,The Pleasures of Opium (1822).


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Q uote Religion and Drugs

If Christianity is wine, and

Islam coffee, Buddhism ismost certainly tea.

Alan W atts, The W ay of Zen, 1957


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Tea trade and opiumOpium W ar of 1839-42

Great Britain has a monopoly on the saleof opium which it forces on China; eventuallygaining control of Hong Kong.

Consider our societies ongoing war ondrugs.

Historical Events


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Caffeine and Society

Most widely consumed stimulantdrug in the worldMany people start consumingcaffeine at an early age

A great deal of money is madefrom caffeine why?


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Exposure

Most widely consumed

neuroactive compoundCoffee

Soda ProductsTeaChocolate


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Caffeine Content

1 Cup of coffee 65-175 mg

1 Cup of tea 50 mgCan of soda (12 oz) 40-50 mg

Bar of chocolate (30 g) 1-35mg


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A ctive Compounds In the Worlds StimulatingBeverages

PL ANT P ART C AFFEINE THEOBROMINE P O LYP HENO L S

C offee,unroasted, dried

1-1.5 - -

Teas, driedleaves

2.5-4.5 - 25.0

C acaoDried nibsFresh

cotyledons

0.60.8

1.72.4

3.65.2

Kola, fresh seeds 2.0 - -

Guarana, driedfruit

3.0-4.5 - -


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A mounts of Caffeine in Commonly Consumed Beverages

ITEM C AFFEINE, mg

Coffee5-oz cup, drip method5-oz cup, percolator method5-oz cup, instant5-oz cup, decaffeinated

146110

532

Tea 5-oz cup, brewed 1 min5-oz cup, brewed 3-5 min12 oz, canned

9-3320-5022-36

Cocoa and Chocolate6 oz, made with canned powder1 oz milk chocolate1 oz (square) baking chocolate

106

35

Softdrinks12 oz mountain dew12 oz Pepsi, regular12 oz Coca-Cola

523734


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Rapidly absorbed followingoral consumption

Peak blood (plasma) levels

usually with 30 minutes

Absorption


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Distributes into all body

compartments Pass easily into brain, breastmilk and crosses placenta

Does notaccumulate

Distribution


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Metabolized in the liver

Changed to di- and mono-methylxanthinesExcreted in the urine

Metabolism/Elimination


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How long it takes to leave the body?

Average adult 3-5 hrsChild less than 6 months 24 hrsPregnant 7-8 hrsSmoker 2-3 hrs

Varies between individuals

Half-life


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Theophylline 1,3 Dimethylxanthine

N

N N

N

H

CH3

CH3

O

O

1

3

7


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Blocks Adenosine receptor

Adenosine is a calmingneurotransmitter

Mechanism Of Action


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Blocks adenosine, a chemicalmessenger that occurs naturally in

the bodyWhen adenosine attaches tospecial receptors on the surfaces

of brain cells, it dilates arteries,suppresses locomotor activity andproduces sedation

A ction of Caffeine


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Parents Of Caffeine

N

NN

NH

1

3

7 N

NN

N

H

H

H

O

O

1

3

7

Parent of compoundsfound in RNA & DNA

PURINE XANTHINE

Dioxypurine - Parentmethylxanthines


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AdenosineReceptor AdenosineReceptor AdenosineAdenosine

Cell

Membrane

Cell

Membrane

Signal ProteinSignal Protein

Positive ResponseCalming effectPositive ResponseCalming effect

Outside CellOutside Cell

Inside CellInside Cell

Adenosine binds to receptor Adenosine binds to receptor

11

33

22

Normal Action of Adenosine


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CaffeineCaffeine11

Caffeineinactivates

receptor

Caffeineinactivates

receptor

No ResponseResulting in StimulationNo ResponseResulting in Stimulation

3322

Action of Caffeine

AdenosineReceptor AdenosineReceptor

Adenosinecan not bindAdenosinecan not bind

CaffeineCaffeine


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Pleasant stimulant effectsShort Half-life (you need to

back for more)Cant drink too much at anyone time (toxicity)

Headache when you stopdrinking it

W hy so many $$s from caffeine?


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19 Beverages

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