19 June 02

Characteristics of Characteristics of Military CultureMilitary Culture

United Nations Civil Military United Nations Civil Military Coordination CourseCoordination Course

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OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE

Familiarize the audience with the Familiarize the audience with the

military culture, customs, structure,andmilitary culture, customs, structure,and

capabilities. In addition provide a capabilities. In addition provide a

background of US Military involvement in background of US Military involvement in

disaster/emergency situations.disaster/emergency situations.

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OutlineOutline

• StructureStructure

• CultureCulture

• MissionMission

• ConstraintsConstraints

• CoordinationCoordination

• US MilitaryUS Military

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Military StructureMilitary Structure

• Military forces vary in structure and Military forces vary in structure and mission, but are all organized along similar mission, but are all organized along similar lineslinesUniforms, insignia and medalsUniforms, insignia and medalsWeaponsWeaponsCommand, staff, forcesCommand, staff, forcesArmy, navy, air force, and others (coast Army, navy, air force, and others (coast guard, security, emergency response, etc.)guard, security, emergency response, etc.)

• Most militaries have the primary mission of Most militaries have the primary mission of war-fighting (defense or offense)war-fighting (defense or offense)Secondary missions now span the operational Secondary missions now span the operational

spectrum of peace and warspectrum of peace and war

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• Highly structured, hierarchicalHighly structured, hierarchicalChain-of-Command/leadershipChain-of-Command/leadership

• AuthoritarianAuthoritarianWho’s in charge?Who’s in charge?Non-democraticNon-democratic

• Goal-orientedGoal-orientedWhat’s the mission? (both specified and implied)What’s the mission? (both specified and implied)

• Rules, regulations and doctrineRules, regulations and doctrineStandardizationStandardization

• Process and scheduling are adhered toProcess and scheduling are adhered to ““Battle Rhythm”Battle Rhythm”

Organizational CultureOrganizational Culture

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Organizational CultureOrganizational Culture

• Training priority is combat readinessTraining priority is combat readinessBattle skillsBattle skillsPhysical fitnessPhysical fitnessEquipment maintenance/operationEquipment maintenance/operation

• Respect for rank, tradition, physical and Respect for rank, tradition, physical and mental toughness, and agemental toughness, and age

• Strong desire to controlStrong desire to control• Highly competitiveHighly competitive

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• Leaders are taught to be assertive, decisive, Leaders are taught to be assertive, decisive, tenacious, and confidenttenacious, and confident ““Make a decision and make it now!”Make a decision and make it now!”

• Non-conformity is avoidedNon-conformity is avoided• Trained to be insensitive (important for Trained to be insensitive (important for

battlefield survival)battlefield survival)• Trained to be secretive (for operational security)Trained to be secretive (for operational security)

Operational security concerns lead to a reluctance to Operational security concerns lead to a reluctance to share information about planned activitiesshare information about planned activities

In-depth information of civilian activities is expected to be In-depth information of civilian activities is expected to be providedprovided

Organizational CultureOrganizational Culture

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MissionMission

• OrdersOrders• Mission statementMission statement

End StateEnd StateMission CreepMission CreepForce ProtectionForce Protection

• Comparatively high standard of support, Comparatively high standard of support, number of personnelnumber of personnelSelf-sustaining and self-reliant as possibleSelf-sustaining and self-reliant as possibleLogistics can be used to assist dislocated civiliansLogistics can be used to assist dislocated civiliansStandard of support is based on national policyStandard of support is based on national policy

• Unit TypesUnit Types

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Spectrum of war-peaceSpectrum of war-peace

PRE-CONFLICTPRE-CONFLICT CONFLICTCONFLICT POST-CONFLICTPOST-CONFLICT

PEACETIMEOPERATIONSPEACETIME

OPERATIONSCOMBAT

OPERATIONSCOMBAT

OPERATIONSPEACETIME

OPERATIONSPEACETIME

OPERATIONS

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• International constraints: International constraints: Law of Land WarfareLaw of Land WarfareGeneva and Hague ConventionsGeneva and Hague ConventionsOther treatiesOther treaties

• National Constraints:National Constraints:LawLawCivilian controlCivilian control

• Internal Constraints:Internal Constraints:Rules of Engagement (ROE)Rules of Engagement (ROE)Doctrine, RegulationsDoctrine, RegulationsCultureCulture

Military ConstraintsMilitary Constraints

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Coordination: Coordination: MeetingsMeetings

• Highly structured, efficiently managed, Highly structured, efficiently managed, succinct presentationssuccinct presentations

• In meetings with relief personnel the military In meetings with relief personnel the military will expect resolutionwill expect resolutionMilitary personnel may attempt to assert leadership if Military personnel may attempt to assert leadership if

leadership seen as weak in or inefficientleadership seen as weak in or inefficientA perceived lack of progress may lead to frustration, A perceived lack of progress may lead to frustration,

loss of interest, or nonparticipationloss of interest, or nonparticipation

• Assignment of specific responsibilityAssignment of specific responsibilityPerceived efficiency, organization, responsibility, or Perceived efficiency, organization, responsibility, or

competence elicits a positive reactioncompetence elicits a positive reactionOperational weakness elicits harsh judgmentOperational weakness elicits harsh judgment

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US Military StructureUS Military Structure

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Chain of CommandChain of Command

• The US Department of Defense receives The US Department of Defense receives direction from National Command direction from National Command Authorities (NCA- the President of the Authorities (NCA- the President of the United States, and Secretary of Defense)United States, and Secretary of Defense)

• NCA direction is passed to the Joint Chiefs NCA direction is passed to the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)of Staff (JCS)Consists of the Chairman and the chiefs of staffs of Consists of the Chairman and the chiefs of staffs of

various services (Army, Navy, Marines, Air Force)various services (Army, Navy, Marines, Air Force)

• The Chairman directs the geographic The Chairman directs the geographic commanders to carry out operational commanders to carry out operational activitiesactivities

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• The US military divides the world up into The US military divides the world up into five areas of responsibility (AORs):five areas of responsibility (AORs):

• Southern Command (SOUTHCOM)Southern Command (SOUTHCOM)• European Command (EUCOM)European Command (EUCOM)• Pacific Command (PACOM)Pacific Command (PACOM)• Central Command (CENTCOM)Central Command (CENTCOM)• Northern Command (NORTHCOMNorthern Command (NORTHCOM

• Each AOR has a ‘Combatant Commander’Each AOR has a ‘Combatant Commander’

Chain of CommandChain of Command

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Structure Structure

USSOUTHCOMUSSOUTHCOMUSSOUTHCOMUSSOUTHCOM

NAVSOUTHNAVSOUTHNAVSOUTHNAVSOUTHUSARSOUSARSOUSARSOUSARSO USAFSOUTHUSAFSOUTHUSAFSOUTHUSAFSOUTHMARFORSOUTHMARFORSOUTHMARFORSOUTHMARFORSOUTH SOCSOUTHSOCSOUTHSOCSOUTHSOCSOUTH

US Southern CommandUS Southern Command

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CINC Authority During CINC Authority During Humanitarian Relief OperationsHumanitarian Relief Operations

• Combatant Commanders are responsible Combatant Commanders are responsible for all US military operations within their for all US military operations within their AORAOR

• Combatant Commanders are legally Combatant Commanders are legally authorized to take unilateral action on authorized to take unilateral action on what they deem to be a humanitarian relief what they deem to be a humanitarian relief situationsituationNCA guidance is almost always soughtNCA guidance is almost always soughtCoordinate with the US ambassador(s) requiredCoordinate with the US ambassador(s) required

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Humanitarian Assistance Humanitarian Assistance Survey Team (HAST)Survey Team (HAST)

• Combatant Commanders may deploy a HAST Combatant Commanders may deploy a HAST to assess existing conditions after a disaster to assess existing conditions after a disaster and determine the need for military forcesand determine the need for military forces

• HAST focus:HAST focus:Requirements for military support to the relief effortRequirements for military support to the relief effortAbility of affected country to handle follow-on military Ability of affected country to handle follow-on military

forces (e.g. airport or seaport capabilities)forces (e.g. airport or seaport capabilities)

• Works with Department of State assetsWorks with Department of State assetsOffice of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA)Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA)

• Disaster Assistance Response Teams (DART)Disaster Assistance Response Teams (DART)Embassy Country TeamEmbassy Country Team

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Joint Task Force (JTF)Joint Task Force (JTF)

• The Combatant Commander typically sets The Combatant Commander typically sets up a JTF for the field management of large up a JTF for the field management of large military activitiesmilitary activities

• JTF is established when:JTF is established when:Mission involves two or more military services on a Mission involves two or more military services on a

significant scalesignificant scaleRequires close integration of effort to meet specific Requires close integration of effort to meet specific

military objectivesmilitary objectives

• The JTF commander answers to the US The JTF commander answers to the US Ambassador(s)Ambassador(s)

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Joint Task Force (JTF)Joint Task Force (JTF)

• No Set Organization

• Mission Dependent

• No Set Organization

• Mission Dependent

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Joint Task Force (JTF)Joint Task Force (JTF)

• Operation Sea Angel (Bangladesh)Operation Sea Angel (Bangladesh)

• Operation Restore Hope (Somalia)Operation Restore Hope (Somalia)

• Operation Fuerte Apoyo (CENTAM)Operation Fuerte Apoyo (CENTAM)

• Operation Provide Refuge (Kosovo/Ft Dix)Operation Provide Refuge (Kosovo/Ft Dix)

• Operation Fundamental Response (Venezuela)Operation Fundamental Response (Venezuela)

• Operation Sea Angel (Bangladesh)Operation Sea Angel (Bangladesh)

• Operation Restore Hope (Somalia)Operation Restore Hope (Somalia)

• Operation Fuerte Apoyo (CENTAM)Operation Fuerte Apoyo (CENTAM)

• Operation Provide Refuge (Kosovo/Ft Dix)Operation Provide Refuge (Kosovo/Ft Dix)

• Operation Fundamental Response (Venezuela)Operation Fundamental Response (Venezuela)

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Joint Task Force (JTF)Joint Task Force (JTF)

(USAF ASSETS)

C-130

C-141

C-17

C-5

C-17

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Joint Task Force (JTF)Joint Task Force (JTF)

(ROTARY-WING AVIATION)

UH-60

CH-47

UH-1H

CH-46

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Joint Task Force (JTF)Joint Task Force (JTF)

(ENGINEERS)

• Mobility

• Well Drilling

• Prime Power

• Vertical Construction

• Mobility

• Well Drilling

• Prime Power

• Vertical Construction

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Joint Task Force (JTF)Joint Task Force (JTF)

(MEDICAL)

•Public Health Assessments

• Epidemiology

• Post - Traumatic Stress

• Treatment and Evacuation

• Industrial Hygienists

• Medical Logistics

• JTF Support

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Joint Task Force (JTF)Joint Task Force (JTF)

(ROWPU)

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Joint Task Force (JTF)Joint Task Force (JTF)

(FORCE PROTECTION)

• MILITARY POLICE

• INFANTRY

• HOST NATION

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Civil Military OperationsCivil Military Operations

• CIVIL AFFAIRS PERSONNELCIVIL AFFAIRS PERSONNEL

• CMOCCMOC

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Civil Affairs (CA) PersonnelCivil Affairs (CA) Personnel

• Capable of supporting humanitarian Capable of supporting humanitarian assistance operations in many functional assistance operations in many functional areasareas

• Serve as CJTF’s primary advisor on Serve as CJTF’s primary advisor on impact of military activities on the civilian impact of military activities on the civilian sector (or vice versa)sector (or vice versa)

• Provide a primary military liaison with Provide a primary military liaison with local civil authorities in affected countrylocal civil authorities in affected country

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Civil Military Operations Civil Military Operations Center (CMOC)Center (CMOC)

• The JTF normally interacts through the The JTF normally interacts through the CMOC with various civilian agenciesCMOC with various civilian agenciesHost nation (HN)Host nation (HN)Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) International organizations (IOs)International organizations (IOs)Other names (CIMICC, HACC, HOC, OSOCC …)Other names (CIMICC, HACC, HOC, OSOCC …)

• CMOCs are established, as neededCMOCs are established, as neededMay be military or civilian-run May be military or civilian-run UN may take the lead role UN may take the lead role

• US Civil Affairs (CA) personnel represent US Civil Affairs (CA) personnel represent the JTFthe JTF

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Psychological OperationsPsychological Operations

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Psychological Operations Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Personnel(PSYOP) Personnel

• PSYOP units convey messages and PSYOP units convey messages and themes intended to have an impact on themes intended to have an impact on selected target audiencesselected target audiencesObjective: to influence behavior and attitudes and Objective: to influence behavior and attitudes and

constrain undesired actionsconstrain undesired actionsProvide CJTF with analysis and effectiveness of Provide CJTF with analysis and effectiveness of

campaigns and operationscampaigns and operationsProvide language capability and equipmentProvide language capability and equipment

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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

THE MILITARY BRINGS DISCIPLINED PROFESSIONALS,

SECURITY, COMMAND AND CONTROL ASSETS, AS WELL

AS A ROBUST LOGISTICAL CAPABILITY TO EMERGENCY

SITUATIONS. DON’T BE AFRAID TO WORK WITH US, WE

ARE ALL IN THE SAME BUSINESS OF SAVING LIVES.

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Questions?Questions?

http//www.southcom.mil/http//www.southcom.mil/

LTC JERRY TIMONEYLTC JERRY TIMONEYUSARSO, G3, H&CA DIV.USARSO, G3, H&CA DIV.(787) 707-5737(787) 707-5737timoneyg@usarso.army.miltimoneyg@usarso.army.mil