19TH CENTURY POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES(Post-Congress of Vienna Industrial Age Politics in Europe)

Conservatism• Tradition and social stability• Seeks to “conserve” the status quo• Anti-(French) Revolution• Opposed the ideas of democracy, free speech,

and other individual rights• Opposed the ideas of equality and the social

contract between citizens and government• Believed in the right of kings and royal families to

rule • Supported church authority (state religions)

Liberalism• Based on Enlightenment ideas• Individual Rights—especially “civil liberties”

such as freedom of speech and the press• Written Constitutions and Bills of Rights to

define and limit the powers of government• Demanded representative assemblies and

expanding voting rights• (Though NOT necessarily Universal male suffrage)

• Religious tolerance

Socialism• Government/public ownership of property

• No Private Property

• Economic Equality—all citizens should have their basic needs provided for

• Disagreement over means:• Moderate socialists focused on voting rights—universal

suffrage would naturally lead to Socialism• Radical socialists believed that economic change would

only result from violent revolution

• Karl Marx—father of Socialism

Nationalism• Belief in the unity of a “nation” of people

• Defined by a Common Language, History, and Customs

• Primary loyalty of each person should be to his/her Nation (not to a region, empire, or individual person such as a king)

• Supported the creation of National States• Either through the Unification of smaller, independent

states• Or through the Dissolution of Multi-National Empires

• This ideology is separate from the “left—right” spectrum