1910-1920 - Mr. Robertson -...

1910-1920

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed.

Theme 1: Progressivism Under Taft and Wilson



Theme 2: African American Migration Suffrage at Last

Theme 3: Foreign Policy for Business Theme 4: World War I Era (1914-1920)

Citizenship for Native American Veterans



Theme 1 Government and the People

Progressivism Under Taft and Wilson

•  What political conflicts marked the presidency of William Howard Taft?

•  Who were the contenders in the election of 1912 and what was the outcome?

•  What major policies did President Woodrow Wilson help put in place?

•  In what ways were the achievements of progressivism limited?

Chapter 18, Section 3

Taft’s Presidency

•  Taft was endorsed by Roosevelt and pledged to carry on the progressive program.

•  However, he did not even appoint any Progressives to his Cabinet. •  He campaigned on a platform to lower tariffs, but ended up

signing a bill that added some highly protective tariff increases. •  Taft also angered conservationists on the issue of public land

management. Taft chose Richard A. Ballinger for Secretary of the Interior.

•  Ballinger opposed conservation of public lands. Instead he sided with business interests who sought unrestricted development of public lands.

•  Taft angered many people and his presidency suffered.


Turmoil in the Republican Party

•  Angry Republican Progressives teamed up with Democrats against the opponents of reform in the Republican Party.

•  Roosevelt criticized Taft and campaigned for Progressive candidates in the 1910 midterm elections.

•  Roosevelt called for business regulation, welfare laws, workplace protection for women and children, income and inheritance taxes and voting reform. He called this plan: the New Nationalism.

•  Progressive Republicans left the Republican Party and formed the Progressive Party, nicknamed the Bull Moose Party.

•  The Bull Moose platform included tariff reduction, woman’s suffrage, more regulation of business, a child labor ban, an eight-hour workday, and direct election of senators.


Fought to keep the Presidency for the Republican Party William Howard Taft

A Four-Way Election

Represented the Progressive Bull Moose Party Theodore Roosevelt

The Election of 1912 Chapter 18, Section 3

Made his third of five presidential runs for the Socialist Party

Eugene V. Debs

Headed the Democratic ticket; with the Republican Party split between Taft and Roosevelt, Wilson won the election.

Woodrow Wilson

Wilson’s Policies as President

•  Wilson’s first major victory was tariff reduction. •  He attacked the trusts by helping Congress pass the

Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914. This act strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.

•  Wilson and Congress created the Federal Trade Commission to enforce the Clayton Antitrust Act.

•  In 1913 Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act and created the Federal Reserve System to overhaul the American banking system.

•  In 1916 Wilson tried to attract Progressive voters. To this aim he nominated Progressive lawyer Louis D. Brandeis to the Supreme Court.

•  In 1916 Wilson won a second term.


The Limits of Progressivism

•  The changes made by Progressives were limited to certain groups in the United States.

•  Progressives championed municipal reforms, but did little for tenant or migrant farmers.

•  Progressive Presidents took little action to pursue social justice reforms.

•  Wilson continued the Jim Crow practice, begun under Taft, of separating the races in federal offices.

•  At the 1912 Progressive Party convention, Roosevelt declined to seat black delegates from the South for fear of alienating white Southern Progressives.

•  By 1916, the reform spirit had nearly died. It was replaced by American concerns about World War I.


Progressivism Under Taft and Wilson–Assessment

What party was nicknamed the Bull Moose Party? (A) The Conservatives (B) The Republicans (C) The Progressives (D) The Democratic Socialists

Woodrow Wilson enacted all of the following policies except__________. (A) the Federal Trade Commission (B) the Clayton Antitrust Act (C) the Federal Reserve Commission (D) the Payne-Aldrich Tariff


Progressivism Under Taft and Wilson–Assessment

What party was nicknamed the Bull Moose Party? (A) The Conservatives (B) The Republicans (C) The Progressives (D) The Democratic Socialists

Woodrow Wilson enacted all of the following policies except__________. (A) the Federal Trade Commission (B) the Clayton Antitrust Act (C) the Federal Reserve Commission (D) the Payne-Aldrich Tariff




Theme 2 Who are the Americans

African American Migration

•  How were nation’s cities and suburbs affected by Americans on the move from rural areas?

•  Why did the war change the lives of Americans on the home front?



•  The life you described, is the life that the overwhelming majority of African Americans lived. In 1900, 90% of blacks lived in Southern States!

•  In 1910, a new possibility emerged for African Americans as an industrial boom in the North sparked demand for new workers.

•  1910-1930 (second wave,1930 to 1970) 6 million African Americans moved out of the rural south into the Northeast, Midwest, and West. –  New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Detroit, Pittsburgh,

Cleveland, and Indianapolis •  Largest internal movement of an American population. •  By the end of the Great Migration…

–  African Americans became an urbanized—rather than rural—population.

–  Northern American cities became significantly more black


Causes of the Great Migration

•  Jim Crow Laws in the South (Push)

•  Racial Violence in the South (Push)

•  Increased Demand for Industrial Workers in the North (Pull)

•  Better Educational Opportunities in the North (Pull)

•  Increased Political Opportunities in the North (Pull)


The Great Migration

•  This event is shown by one of the most famous African American painters of the 20th century, Jacob Lawrence. Lawrence’s Migration Series tells the story of the Great Migration.



Between 1910 and 1930 the number of African Americans to migrate was (A) 630 thousand (B) 6 million (C) 600 thousand (D) 3 million

Which of the following was a major push factor motivating African Americans to leave the South?

(A) Equal treatment (B) Job openings (C) Voting rights (D) Discrimination & racism




Between 1910 and 1930 the number of African Americans to migrate was (A) 630 thousand (B) 6 million (C) 600 thousand (D) 3 million

Which of the following was a major push factor motivating African Americans to leave the South?

(A) Equal treatment (B) Job openings (C) Voting rights (D) Discrimination & racism



Suffrage at Last

•  In what ways were Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton a “bridge” to the twentieth-century suffrage effort?

•  What two main strategies did suffrage leaders pursue?

•  What was the status of the suffrage movement by the turn of the century?

•  Why was a new generation of national leaders needed in the suffrage effort?

•  What factors led to a final victory for suffrage?


Preparing the Way for Suffrage

•  American women activists first demanded the right to vote in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention in New York.

•  The movement eventually split into two groups: –  The National Woman Suffrage Association fought for a

constitutional amendment for suffrage. –  The American Woman Suffrage Association worked to win

voting rights on the state level. •  In 1890, Wyoming entered the union and became the first

state to grant women the right to vote. •  In 1872, in an act of civil disobedience, a suffrage leader,

Susan B. Anthony, insisted on voting in Rochester, New York. She was arrested for this act.


Suffragist Strategies

Constitutional Amendment •  Winning suffrage by a

constitutional amendment •  The first federal amendment

was introduced in Congress in 1868 and stalled.

•  In 1878, suffragists introduced a new amendment.

•  Stalled again, the bill was not debated again until 1887. It was defeated by the Senate.

•  The bill was not debated again until 1913.

Individual State Suffrage •  Winning suffrage state by

state •  State suffrage seemed more

successful than a constitutional amendment.

•  Survival on the frontier required the combined efforts of men and women and encouraged a greater sense of equality.

•  Western states were more likely to allow women the right to vote.


A New Generation

•  Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leaders of the suffrage movement, died without seeing the victory of women’s suffrage.

•  At the turn of the century, Carrie Chapman Catt became the leader of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). She led the movement from 1900 to 1904 and again after 1915.

•  In March 1913 Alice Paul and Lucy Barns organized a parade of 5,000 women in Washington, D.C.

•  After the success of the rally, Paul transformed her committee into a new organization called the National Woman’s Party (NWP) (aka Congressional Union).


A Split in the Movement Chapter 18, Section 4

•  Called for an aggressive militant campaign for the constitutional amendment

•  Opposed the plan of the CU believing it would alienate moderate supporters.

•  Expelled the CU from their organization

•  Planned to bypass existing state suffrage organizations and set up new ones in each state

•  They staged militant protests where they burned a life-size dummy of President Wilson and copies of his speeches.

•  They were arrested and went on hunger strikes in prison.

National Woman’s Party(NWP) National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

•  Backed the state suffrage campaigns

•  By 1917, NAWSA was the largest volunteer organization in the country.

•  In 1917, NAWSA saw an important victory when New York voted for women’s suffrage.

Victory for Suffrage

•  In 1918, Congress formally proposed the suffrage amendment.

•  After the amendment was proposed the ratification battle began.

•  In August 1920, Tennessee became the 36th state necessary to ratify the suffrage amendment.

•  The Nineteenth Amendment, granting women the right to vote, was the last major reform of the Progressive Era passing in 1920.


Suffrage at Last—Assessment

Which of the following best describes the difference between NAWSA and NWP?

(A) The NAWSA fought for state suffrage. (B) The NWP did not want to alienate more moderate members. (C) The NWP used more radical tactics. (D) The NAWSA was more aligned with the Progressives.

Why did the fight for individual state suffrage seem more successful? (A) State governments were often more progressive than the federal

government. (B) Western states were more likely to allow women the right to vote. (C) More women volunteered to organize state suffrage battles. (D) The federal government was more concerned with reforming Jim

Crow laws.



Suffrage at Last—Assessment

Which of the following best describes the difference between NAWSA and NWP?

(A) The NAWSA fought for state suffrage. (B) The NWP did not want to alienate more moderate members. (C) The NWP used more radical tactics. (D) The NAWSA was more aligned with the Progressives.

Why did the fight for individual state suffrage seem more successful? (A) State governments were often more progressive than the federal

government. (B) Western states were more likely to allow women the right to vote. (C) More women volunteered to organize state suffrage battles. (D) The federal government was more concerned with reforming Jim

Crow laws.


Citizenship for Native American Veterans

•  During World War I, about 9,000 American Indians served in the armed services. They fought and died in defense of a nation that still denied most of them the right to participate in the political process. Congress, as a result, enacted legislation on November 6, 1919, granting citizenship to Indian veterans of World War I who were not yet citizens.

•  The 1919 American Indian Citizenship Act did not grant automatic citizenship to American Indian veterans who received an honorable discharge. The Act merely authorized those American Indian veterans who wanted to become American citizens to apply for and be granted citizenship. Few Indians actually followed through on the process, but it was another step towards citizenship.




Theme 3 Economic and Social Change

Foreign Policy of Business

•  In what ways did the foreign policies of Presidents Taft and Wilson differ from those of President Roosevelt?


Foreign Policy After Roosevelt

William Howard Taft •  Elected President in 1908 •  Taft believed in maintaining

influence through American investments, not military might.

•  This policy was called dollar diplomacy.

•  The United States reached new heights of international power under Roosevelt and Taft.

•  However, the policies of both Presidents also created enemies in Latin America and a growing international resentment of U.S. intervention.

Woodrow Wilson •  Under Wilson, the United States applied more

moral and legalistic standards to foreign policy decisions.

•  The United States intervened in Nicaragua and Santo Domingo to continue to protect business interests.

•  In Mexico, Wilson refused to recognize a general who had seized power illegally. In the end, Wilson sent troops to Mexico after changes in the government and attacks on U.S. citizens and interests. After a constitutional government was established, U.S. troops were withdrawn.

•  Wilson’s “moral diplomacy” did not work well in Mexico. Many lives were lost, and U.S. financial interests lost ground.



United States Interventions, 1898-1934

Foreign Policy of Business-Assessment

The “dollar” in the phrase “dollar diplomacy” referred to: (A) bribing foreign diplomats. (B) American investments in other countries. (C) being conservative about buying goods from other countries. (D) spending campaign dollars to influence public opinion.

Which theme was common to the diplomatic policies of presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson?

(A) they protected U.S. business interests. (B) they only supported countries with democratic governments. (C) they would not use U.S. troops. (D) they refused to back foreign loans.


Foreign Policy of Business-Assessment

The “dollar” in the phrase “dollar diplomacy” referred to: (A) bribing foreign diplomats. (B) American investments in other countries. (C) being conservative about buying goods from other countries. (D) spending campaign dollars to influence public opinion.

Which theme was common to the diplomatic policies of presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson?

(A) they protected U.S. business interests. (B) they only supported countries with democratic governments. (C) they would not use U.S. troops. (D) they refused to back foreign loans.




Theme 4 The U.S.A. and the World

America: Pathways to the Present

Sub-Section 1: The Road to War

Sub-Section 2: The United States Declares War

Sub-Section 3: Americans on the European Front

Sub-Section 4: Americans on the Home Front

The World War I Era (1914–1920) The First World War is not specified separately in the curriculum content. Only Material Dealing with the American Front will be Tested!

Sub-Section 5: Global Peacemaker


The Road to War

•  How did Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, and Alliances cause WWI?

•  How did the conflict expand to draw in much of Europe?

•  In what ways did the United States respond to the war in Europe?


Causes of World War I

•  The immediate cause of the Great War, later to be known as World War I, was the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28, 1914. However, the main causes of the war existed long before 1914.

•  At the time of his assassination, Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, had been visiting Bosnia, a new Austro-Hungarian province. He was shot by Gavrilo Princip, a 19-year-old Bosnian nationalist who believed that Austria-Hungary had no right to rule Bosnia.


Causes of World War I

Competition for colonial lands in Africa and elsewhere led to conflict among the major European powers.

Imperialism

Main Causes of World War I

By the early 1900s, powerful nations in Europe had adopted policies of militarism, or aggressively building up armed forces and giving the military more authority over government and foreign policy.

Militarism

One type of nationalism inspired the great powers of Europe to act in their own interests. Another emerged as ethnic minorities within larger nations sought self-government.

Nationalism

In a complicated system of alliances, different groups of European nations had pledged to come to one another’s aid in the event of attack.

Alliances


The Conflict Expands

•  Convinced that Serbia was behind the Archduke’s assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914.

•  Russia, as Serbia’s protector, began mobilization, or the readying of troops for war.

•  France, Russia’s ally, and Germany, Austria-Hungary’s ally, also began mobilization.

•  Germany, located between France and Russia, wanted to conquer France quickly to avoid the need to fight on two fronts. To get to France, German forces had to pass through neutral Belgium; the invasion of Belgium brought Britain into the conflict as well.

•  One week after the war started, all the great powers of Europe had been drawn into it. Germany and Austria-Hungary formed the Central Powers, while Russia, France, Serbia, and Great Britain were called the Allies.


The War in Europe, 1914–1918

When Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, the complex alliance system in Europe drew much of the continent into the conflict.


Stalemate and Modern Warfare

Stalemate •  By September 1914, the war had

reached a stalemate, a situation in which neither side is able to gain an advantage.

•  When a French and British force stopped a German advance near Paris, both sides holed up in trenches separated by an empty “no man’s land.” Small gains in land resulted in huge numbers of human casualties.

•  Both sides continued to add new allies, hoping to gain an advantage.

Modern Warfare •  Neither soldiers nor officers were

prepared for the new, highly efficient killing machines used in World War I.

•  Machine guns, hand grenades, artillery shells, and poison gas killed thousands of soldiers who left their trenches to attack the enemy.

•  As morale fell, the lines between soldiers and civilians began to blur. The armies began to burn fields, kill livestock, and poison wells.


The American Response

•  Because many Americans were European immigrants or the children of European immigrants, many felt personally involved in the escalating war. Although some had sympathies for the Central Powers, most Americans supported the Allies.

•  Support for the Allies was partially caused by Germany’s rule by an autocrat, a ruler with unlimited power. In addition, anti-German propaganda, or information intended to sway public opinion, turned many Americans against the Central Powers.

•  To protect American investments overseas , President Wilson officially proclaimed the United States a neutral country on August 4, 1914.


The Preparedness and Peace Movements

The Preparedness Movement •  Americans with business ties

to Great Britain wanted their country to be prepared to come to Britain’s aid if necessary.

•  In an effort to promote “preparedness,” the movement’s leaders persuaded the government to set up military training camps and increase funding for the armed forces.

The Peace Movement •  Other Americans, including

women, former Populists, Midwest progressives, and social reformers, advocated peace.

•  Peace activists in Congress insisted on paying for preparedness by increasing taxes. Although they had hoped that a tax increase would decrease support for preparedness, the movement remained strong.


The Road to War—Assessment

Which of the following was a cause of World War I? (A) Rising nationalism in European nations (B) Decrease in militarism among European powers (C) Pro-German propaganda in Britain (D) United States support of the Central Powers

Why did the United States proclaim its neutrality in August 1914? (A) To please supporters of both sides (B) To protect its overseas investments (C) To allow time for preparedness (D) To aid Great Britain


The Road to War—Assessment

Which of the following was a cause of World War I? (A) Rising nationalism in European nations (B) Decrease in militarism among European powers (C) Pro-German propaganda in Britain (D) United States support of the Central Powers

Why did the United States proclaim its neutrality in August 1914? (A) To please supporters of both sides (B) To protect its overseas investments (C) To allow time for preparedness (D) To aid Great Britain


The United States Declares War

•  How did Germany’s use of submarines affect the war? •  What moves did the United States take toward war in

early 1917?


German Submarine Warfare

•  To break a stalemate at sea, Germany began to employ U-boats, short for Unterseeboot, the German word for submarine. U-boats, traveling under water, could sink British supply ships with no warning.

•  When the British cut the transatlantic cable, which connected Germany and the United States, only news with a pro-Allied bias was able to reach America. American public opinion was therefore swayed against Germany’s U-boat tactics.


The Lusitania and the Sussex Pledge

The Sinking of the Lusitania •  On May 7,1915, a German

U-boat sank the British passenger liner Lusitania, which had been carrying both passengers and weapons for the Allies.

•  Since 128 American passengers had been on board, the sinking of the Lusitania brought the United States closer to involvement in the war.

The Sussex Pledge •  More Americans were

killed when Germany sank the Sussex, a French passenger steamship, on March 24,1916.

•  In what came to be known as the Sussex pledge, the German government promised that U-boats would warn ships before attacking, a promise it had made and broken before.


Moving Toward War

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare •  On January 31, 1917,

Germany announced its intent to end the Sussex pledge and return to unrestricted submarine warfare.

•  This action caused the United States to break off diplomatic relations with Germany.

•  Despite this announcement, the German navy did not attack any American ships in February, causing the United States to continue to hope for peace.

The Zimmermann Note •  During this time, Britain

revealed an intercepted telegram to the government of Mexico from Germany’s foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann.

•  In this telegram, known as the Zimmermann note, Germany offered to return American lands to Mexico if Mexico declared war on the United States.

•  Neither Mexico nor President Wilson took the Zimmermann note seriously, but it brought America closer to entering the war.


The War Resolution

•  When the Russian Revolution replaced Russia’s autocratic czar with a republican government in March 1917, the United States no longer needed to be concerned about allying itself with an autocratic nation. This removed one more stumbling block to an American declaration of war.

•  As Germany continued to sink American ships in March, President Wilson’s patience for neutrality wore out. On April 6, 1917, the President signed Congress’s war resolution, officially bringing the United States into the war.


The United States Declares War—Assessment

What was the significance of the Lusitania? (A) Its sinking brought America closer to entering the war. (B) The weapons it carried helped Britain gain an advantage. (C) Its crew delivered the Zimmermann note. (D) It inspired the Sussex pledge.

Why did the Russian Revolution help bring America into the war? (A) It helped the German navy sink British ships. (B) It caused the deaths of many Americans. (C) It set up a republican government in Russia, an Allied nation. (D) It promised American lands to Mexico in exchange for an invasion.


The United States Declares War—Assessment

What was the significance of the Lusitania? (A) Its sinking brought America closer to entering the war. (B) The weapons it carried helped Britain gain an advantage. (C) Its crew delivered the Zimmermann note. (D) It inspired the Sussex pledge.

Why did the Russian Revolution help bring America into the war? (A) It helped the German navy sink British ships. (B) It caused the deaths of many Americans. (C) It set up a republican government in Russia, an Allied nation. (D) It promised American lands to Mexico in exchange for an invasion.


Americans on the European Front

•  How did the United States prepare to fight in World War I?

•  In what ways did American troops help turn the tide of war?

•  What were conditions like in Europe and in the United States at the end of the war?


Moving Toward War

Building an Army •  Despite the preparedness

movement, the United States lacked a large and available military force. Congress therefore passed a Selective Service Act in May 1917, drafting many young men into the military.

•  Draftees, volunteers, and National Guardsmen made up what was called the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), led by General John J. Pershing.

Training for War •  New recruits were trained in

the weapons and tactics of the war by American and British lecturers at new and expanded training camps around the country.

•  Ideally, the military planned to give new soldiers several months of training. However, the need to send forces to Europe quickly sometimes cut training time short.


The Convoy System and Americans in Europe

The Convoy System •  To transport troops across

the Atlantic, the United States employed convoys, or groups of unarmed ships surrounded by armed naval vessels equipped to track and destroy submarines.

•  Due to the convoy system, German submarines did not sink a single ship carrying American troops.

American Soldiers in Europe •  By 1918, European nations

had begun to run out of men to recruit. Energetic American soldiers, nicknamed doughboys, helped replace the tired fighters of Europe.

•  Many African Americans volunteered or were drafted for service. However, these men served in segregated units and were often relegated to noncombat roles.


Turning the Tide of War

•  New methods of military transportation, including tanks, airplanes, and German zeppelins, or floating airships, influenced the manner in which the war was fought.

•  In the spring of 1918, Germany provided safe passage for Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Russian Bolsheviks, from Switzerland to Russia. The Bolsheviks successfully overthrew the Russian republican government and made peace with Germany.

•  The resulting truce ceded valuable Russian land to Germany and also meant that the German military could concentrate exclusively on the Western front. Before the arrival of American troops, Germany was able to gain ground in France, coming within 50 miles of Paris.

•  General Pershing’s troops, however, pushed back the Germans in a series of attacks. Finally, the German army was driven to full retreat in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive begun on September 26, 1918.


Ending the War

•  In the face of Allied attacks and domestic revolutions, the Central Powers collapsed one by one. Austria-Hungary splintered into smaller nations of ethnic groups, and German soldiers mutinied, feeling that defeat was inevitable.

•  When the Kaiser of Germany fled to Holland, a civilian representative of the new German republic signed an armistice, or cease-fire, in a French railroad car at 5am on November 11, 1918.

•  Although guns fell silent six hours later, many more deaths were to follow. The influenza epidemic of 1918 killed more people, both in the United States and Europe, than all of the wartime battles.


The estimated death toll of World War I was 8 million soldiers and civilians, including tens of thousands of Americans. Many more had lost limbs or been blinded by poison gas. However, the efforts of the Red Cross and other agencies had helped save many lives.

Dead and Wounded

Some Results of World War I

Many sensed that the war had destroyed an entire generation of young men and grieved for the loss of their talents and abilities.

Loss of Young Men

In an act of genocide, or organized killing of an entire people, the Ottoman Empire had murdered hundreds of thousands of Armenians suspected of disloyalty to the government.

Genocide

Results of the War Chapter 19, Section 3

Americans on the European Front—Assessment

What was the convoy system? (A) A pattern of tank and airplane use (B) A method of transporting American troops across the Atlantic (C) A strategy for German advancement into France (D) A means of training new soldiers

Which of the following proved to be a turning point in the war? (A) The enactment of a Selective Service Act (B) The breakup of Austria-Hungary (C) The work of Red Cross volunteers in saving lives (D) The actions of General Pershing’s troops


Americans on the European Front—Assessment

What was the convoy system? (A) A pattern of tank and airplane use (B) A method of transporting American troops across the Atlantic (C) A strategy for German advancement into France (D) A means of training new soldiers

Which of the following proved to be a turning point in the war? (A) The enactment of a Selective Service Act (B) The breakup of Austria-Hungary (C) The work of Red Cross volunteers in saving lives (D) The actions of General Pershing’s troops


Americans on the Home Front

•  What steps did the government take to finance the war and manage the economy?

•  How did the government enforce loyalty to the war effort?

•  How did the war change the lives of Americans on the home front?


Financing the War

•  Modern warfare required huge amounts of money and personnel.

•  Many sacrifices within the United States were needed to meet these demands.

•  The government raised money for the war in part by selling Liberty Bonds, special war bonds to support the Allied cause.

•  Like all bonds, these could be redeemed later for their original value plus interest.

•  Many patriotic Americans bought liberty bonds, raising more than $20 billion for the war effort.


Managing the Economy

•  United States entry into the war caused many industries to switch from commercial to military production. A newly created War Industries Board oversaw this production. New labor-related agencies helped ensure that labor disputes did not disrupt the war effort.

•  Using the slogan, “Food will win the war,” Herbert Hoover, head of the Food Administration and future President, began to manage how much food people bought.

•  Although he had the power to impose price controls, a system of pricing determined by the government, and rationing, or distributing goods to customers in a fixed amount, Hoover preferred to rely on voluntary restraint and increased efficiency.

•  Daylight savings time was created to save on fuel use and increase the number of daylight hours available for work. This involved turning clocks back one hour for the summer, creating one more hour of daylight.


Enforcing American Loyalty During World War I Fear of espionage, or spying, was widespread; restrictions on immigration were called for and achieved.

Fear of Foreigners

The war spurred a general hostility toward Germans, often referred to as Huns in reference to European invaders of the fourth and fifth centuries. German music, literature, language, and cuisine became banned or unpopular.

“Hate the Hun”

Despite Wilson’s claim that the United States fought for liberty and democracy, freedom of speech was reduced during the war. Sedition, or any speech or action that encourages rebellion, became a crime.

Repression of Civil Liberties

Socialists, who argued that workers had no stake in the war, won popular support in some states. The radical labor organization Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) tried to interfere with war production; vigilantes took the law into their own hands.

Political Radicals

Enforcing Loyalty Chapter 19, Section 4

Enforcing Loyalty

•  Espionage Act enacted on June 15, 1917; •  The Espionage Act dealt with many uncontroversial issues such as punishing

acts of spying and sabotage and protecting shipping, the act, as amended by the Sedition Act, was extremely controversial for many immigrants who were opposed to war, the military draft, and violations of their free speech rights. Specifically, the Espionage Act made it a crime willfully to interfere with U.S. war efforts by conveying false information about the war, obstructing U.S. recruitment or enlistment efforts, or inciting insubordination, disloyalty, or mutiny.

•  Sedition Act enacted on May 16, 1918 •  The Sedition Act made the language of the Espionage Act more specific by

making it illegal to use disloyal, profane, or abusive language to criticize the U.S. Constitution, the government, the military, the flag, or the uniform. The government had the authority to punish a wide range of speech and activities such as obstructing the sale of U.S. bonds, displaying a German flag, or giving a speech that supported the enemy’s cause. Persons convicted of violating these laws could be fined amounts of up to ten thousand dollars and also be sentenced to prison for as long as twenty years.


Changing People’s Lives

African Americans and Other Minorities •  With much of the work

force in the military, factory owners and managers who had once discriminated against minorities began actively recruiting them.

•  The flood of African Americans leaving the South to work in northern factories became known as the Great Migration.

New Roles for Women •  The diminished male work

force also created new opportunities for women.

•  Many women joined the work force for the first time during the war. Some found work on farms with the Woman’s Land Army; others took jobs traditionally reserved for men.


Americans on the Home Front—Assessment

Which of the following best describes Hoover’s strategy for food conservation?

(A) Creation of new government agencies (B) Price controls and rationing (C) Sale of Liberty Bonds (D) Voluntary restraint and increased efficiency

Why did the war provide new opportunities for women and minorities? (A) Many white men were away fighting the war. (B) Women proved to be better farm workers than men. (C) African Americans were less likely to be guilty of sedition. (D) Radical labor organizers gained popularity.


Americans on the Home Front—Assessment

Which of the following best describes Hoover’s strategy for food conservation?

(A) Creation of new government agencies (B) Price controls and rationing (C) Sale of Liberty Bonds (D) Voluntary restraint and increased efficiency

Why did the war provide new opportunities for women and minorities? (A) Many white men were away fighting the war. (B) Women proved to be better farm workers than men. (C) African Americans were less likely to be guilty of sedition. (D) Radical labor organizers gained popularity.


Global Peacemaker

•  What expectations did Wilson and the Allies bring to the Paris Peace Conference?

•  What were the important provisions of the peace treaty?

•  How did the federal government and ordinary Americans react to the end of war?


President Wilson’s Proposals

•  As the war neared an end, President Wilson developed a program for peace around the world known as the Fourteen Points, named for the number of provisions it contained.

•  One of Wilson’s Fourteen Points called for an end to entangling alliances; another involved a reduction of military forces. Another dealt with the right of Austria-Hungary’s ethnic groups to self-determination, or the power to make decisions about their own future.

•  Although both Wilson and the German government assumed that the Fourteen Points would form the basis of peace negotiations, the Allies disagreed. During peace negotiations, Wilson’s Fourteen Points were discarded one by one.


The Paris Peace Conference

Wilson Forced to Compromise •  Although Wilson claimed that

he was not interested in the spoils, or rewards, of war, his Allied colleagues were interested in making the Central Powers pay for war damages.

•  Wilson was forced to compromise on his views, especially concerning self-determination for former German colonies.

The League of Nations •  One of Wilson’s ideas, the

formation of a League of Nations, was agreed upon at the Paris Peace Conference. The League of Nations was designed to bring the nations of the world together to ensure peace and security.

•  Republicans in Congress, however, were concerned about Article 10 of the League’s charter, which contained a provision that they claimed might draw the United States into unpopular foreign wars.


The Peace Treaty

•  The treaty which was negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference redrew the map of Europe to the Allies’ advantage.

•  Nine new nations were created from territory taken from Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany. Although most borders were drawn with the division of ethnic minorities in mind, the redivisions created new ethnic minorities in several countries.

•  France insisted that Germany be humiliated and financially crippled. The peace treaty required Germany to pay billions of dollars in reparations, or payment for economic injury suffered during the war. Wilson, however, opposed this plan, claiming that these demands would lead to future wars.

•  On June 28, 1919, the peace treaty, which came to be known as the Versailles Treaty, was signed at Versailles, outside of Paris.


Redrawing the Map of Europe

•  At the Paris Peace Conference, Britain, France, and the United States redrew the map of Europe.


Reactions at Home

Congress and the Treaty of Versailles •  Despite Wilson’s intensive

campaign in favor of the Versailles Treaty, Congress voted against ratifying it in November 1919.

•  The United States declared the war officially over on May 20, 1920. It ratified separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary. However, the United States did not join the newly formed League of Nations.

Difficult Postwar Adjustments •  The war had given a large

boost to the American economy, making the United States the world’s largest creditor nation.

•  Soldiers returned home to a hero’s welcome but found that jobs were scarce.

•  African American soldiers, despite their service to their country, returned to find continued discrimination.

•  Many American artists entered the postwar years with a sense of gloom and disillusionment.


Global Peacemaker—Assessment

What was the League of Nations? (A) The reassignment of lands in Europe (B) A demand to Germany to pay war reparations (C) A global organization to maintain peace and security (D) A new secret alliance system

Why did Wilson oppose French demands for German war reparations? (A) He thought that Germany should be forced to pay more. (B) He felt that these demands would lead to future wars. (C) He did not think that France needed the money. (D) He wanted other nations to pay reparations instead.


Global Peacemaker—Assessment

What was the League of Nations? (A) The reassignment of lands in Europe (B) A demand to Germany to pay war reparations (C) A global organization to maintain peace and security (D) A new secret alliance system

Why did Wilson oppose French demands for German war reparations? (A) He thought that Germany should be forced to pay more. (B) He felt that these demands would lead to future wars. (C) He did not think that France needed the money. (D) He wanted other nations to pay reparations instead.


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