1914-Present ReviewBy: Marisa Tome
With Mr. Geoffrion as Supervising Editor
The Big Picture: Connections Causation, and Concepts
• How do nationalism and self-determination impact on global events?
• Are world cultures converging? How• How do increasing globalization, population
growth and resource use change the environment?
Setting the Stage: The WWI Era
• Most of the world was either colonized by Europe, or was once colonized by Europe
• Industrial Revolution = more potential for destruction
• Rise of nationalism => militarism• Unifications of Germany (1871) and Italy
(1870)
Shifting Alliances
• Up to WWI, European powers tried to keep balance of power (by forming alliances)
• Triple Alliance– Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy– Created by Otto von Bismarck [1880s]
• Franco-Russian alliance [1890s]• Schlieffen Plan [1905]– German attack on France through Belgium
• Triple Entente– Britain, Russia, and France [1905]
Trouble in the Balkans
• Ottoman empire kept loosing territories– Greece [1829]– Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro
• Serbia wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina (under Austria-Hungary)– Russia allied with Serbia
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria-Hungary) and wife assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavarilo Princip
•Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
•Russia, allied with Serbia, declares war on Austria-Hungary
•Britain, France, and Russia side (Allies)
•Ottoman Empire sides with Germany and Austria-Hungary (Central Powers)
•Italy declares itself neutral World War I: The Great War
U.S. Joins War• Declared neutrality
– Preferred isolationism • German submarine sinks British passenger The Lusitania
[1915]– 100+ Americans killed
• German ships attacked U.S. merchant ships en route to Britain
• Zimmermann telegram- intercepted by U.S.– Sent to Mexico by Germany to convince them to join forces with
Germany to regain territory lost in Mexican- American War• April 2, 1917, America sides with Allies
WWI Over
• November 11, 1918 end of war• Impacts– Government took over industrial production, price
controls, and rationing of products– Women moved into factories to help out– Women’s suffrage movement advancements
The Treaty of Versailles
• [1919] brought official end to World War I• Departed from President Wilson’s Fourteen Points• Punitive against Germany (blamed Germany for
war)– Pay war reparations– Release territory– Cut down military– Weakened Germany’s economy– Bred resentment
The League of Nations
• President Wilson called for League of Nations• Leaders of Versailles agreed and created
organization to preserve peace • Many nations (including the United States) did
not join it.
The Russian Revolution
• February [1917] Czar Nicholas forced out• Alexander Kerensky established government– Shared power with local councils (soviets)– Wanted to stay in The Great War
• [1918] working class Russians (represented by soviets) rallied behind Bolsheviks
The Russian Revolution
• Vladimir Lenin: April Theses– Peace, land for peasants, power to soviets
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk– Gave piece of western Russia to Germany– Dropped out of World War I
• Established the Soviet Union
The Red Army
• [1918-1921]• Leon Trotsky• Against counterrevolutionary revolts• Effects– Increased distrust between Soviet Union and the
west– Established a powerful army
The Sick Man of Europe is Put Out of His Misery
• Ottoman Empire joined Central Powers of WWI– Lost most of remaining land
• Greeks attacked Ottoman Empire• Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) “the Father of Turks”
led military against Greeks– Overthrew Ottoman sultan– [1923] first president of modern day Turkey– Secularized government against much opposition
Soviet Union
• [1920s] New Economic Policy (NEP) – Successful in agriculture
• Joseph Stalin – Totalitarianism: absolute control by the state or a
governing branch of a highly centralized institution.– Five Year Plans• Collectivization: take over private farms and combine
them into state-owned enterprise• Nationalized factories
“The Great Purge”
• Period of terror in USSR [1936-1938]• Under totalitarianism, Stalin used terror tactics
to get nation to comply– Gov. killed enemies– Secret police force– False trials– Assassinations – Labor camps– Famines
The Great Depression
• After WWI, the United States becomes a creditor nation– Americans lent Europeans money, especially
France and Germany• The Great Depression– U.S. Stock market crashed [October 29, 1929]– Stopped extending credit
Fascism Gains Momentum
• Main Idea: destroy the will of the individual in favor of “the people”
• Wanted a unified society• Extreme nationalism
Communist Totalitarianism vs. Fascist Totalitarianism
-Extreme Right Wing
-Rely on Traditional Institutions and Class Distinctions
Extremely Nationalistic
Nationalism Often Based on Racism
-Extreme Left Wing
-Destroy Traditional Institutions and Class Distinctions
-Seek to Control Every Aspect of Life
-Power Rests in Hands of a Single Militaristic Leader
Fascism in Italy
• National Fascist Party [1919] Benito Mussolini– Blackshirts: fight socialist and communist
organizations– Mussolini named prime minister
• [1926] Italy turned into totalitarian fascist regime
Spain
• General Franco takes control of large parts of Spain [1936]
• [1939] capture Madrid and install dictatorship in Spain
The Rise of Hitler
• Weimar Republic after WWI– Reichstag: the republic’s elected body
• National Socialist Part rose to power [1920s]– Adolf Hitler: leader, guide or fuhrer– Nazism: extreme nationalism; Aryan race most highly
evolved• [1932] Nazis dominated German government• [1933] Hitler chancellor (leader) or Reichstag• Third Reich
Nationalism in Europe vs Nationalism in its Colonies
-Nationalism = Self Determination
-National Pride = National Sovereignty
-Often Fueled Extreme Racism
-National Pride = National Expansion
-Often Willing to Engage in Violence to Achieve this End
Germany takes over
• [1933] Hitler started to rebuild German military– Against Treaty of Versailles
• Withdrew from League of Nations• [1935] took back the Rhineland• [1937] Germany makes alliance with Japan• [1938] annexed Austria and Sudetenland
Munich Conference
• [1938]• Hitler, Mussolini, Prime Minister Neville
Chamberlain (England)• Germany gets Sudetenland for the promise to
cease expansion• “Appeasement”
Pacts
• March [1939] Nonaggression pact with France, Greece, Turkey, Romania, and Poland– If any one attacked, all go to war
• Nazi-Soviet Pact [August 1939]– Germany would not invade Soviet Union if Soviets
stayed out of military affairs; secret plan to divide Poland
Japan
• Success of WWI leads to thriving economy• Aggression towards China• [1931] invaded Manchuria & renamed it
Manchukuo• Withdrew from League of Nations• Anti-Comintern Pact [1936]– Against communism
• [1937] Rape of Nanjing
WWII
• Germany invades Poland*Start of WWII
• German tactic: blitzkrieg “lightening war”– Gained Holland, Belgium, France– Went for Britain
• Battle of Britain [1940]• Britain effectively utilizes radar
• Italy and Germany go for Greece– Balkans belonged to Soviet Union; voided Nazi-Soviet
Pact
Back to Japan
• Tripartite Pact with Rome and Berlin• Invaded Indochina and other islands• U. S. tried to stay neutral – Froze Japanese assets in the U.S.– Japan threatened U.S. to lift sanctions; U.S.
refused
Pearl Harbor
• [Dec. 7, 1941] Japanese bombed U.S. naval station in Hawaii at Pearl Harbor
• U.S. declared war on Japan• Germany declared war on United States
The Allies on the Offensive
• Manhattan Project- secret in the United States to develop an atomic bomb
• [June 6, 1944] D-Day– Allies land on beaches of Normandy and battle across
France• [1942] Red Army (Soviets) defeat Germany at
Stalingrad & advance west• [May 1945] Allies approach Hitler’s troops from east
and west– Hitler commits suicide – War is over!
War in the Pacific
• Americans “island hopping” to take back islands from Japan
• President Truman ordered dropping of atomic bombs on Japan– Hiroshima: [August 6, 1945]– Nagasaki: [August 9, 1945]
• Japan surrendered; end of war
The Holocaust Revealed
• “The Final Solution”• Jews blamed for societal problems• ~6 million Jews killed• ~6 million Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals,
disabled people, and political dissidents killed
The Peace Settlement
• United States and Soviet Union become superpowers
• Germany occupied by Allies• Prosecution and sentencing of Nazi officials• Japan forced to demilitarize & establish
democracy
Europe Torn to Shreds
• Infrastructure and communities in Europe devastated
• [1947] Marshall Plan instituted by U.S.– $$$ available to all European countries– Economies of Western Europe recovered
Women
• Women started working outside of home to compensate for men in the military
• After war:– Women kept jobs– Sought higher education
International Organizations
• United Nations [1945]– Replaced League of Nations– Goal to mediate and intervene (if necessary) in
international disputes between nations• The World Bank• International Monetary Fund• General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs – Changed name to World Trade Organization (WTO)
The Cold War
• [1945-1990s]• U.S. and Soviet Union vied for global
domination • U.S.: capitalism and democracy• Soviet Union: communism (totalitarianism)
“Spheres of Influence”
• Drawn up by the Allies at conferences at Yalta and Potsdam
• Germany divided into four regions under either France, Britain, U.S., or the Soviet Union
• Soviet Union wanted Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria to be under influence
• U.S. wanted countries to have free elections
Divided Germany
• [1948] French, Britain, and U.S. regions merged into one: West Germany
• Soviet Union’s region became East Germany• Berlin in East Germany, but ½ owned by West
Germany
Berlin
• Soviet Union wanted Berlin as sole part of East Germany
• Set up Berlin Blockade– Blocked land access from the west
• Berlin Airlift– West Germany sent aircraft carriers with food and
fuel• [1961] Wall between east and west Berlin
East vs. West
Soviet Bloc “Soviet satellites”
• East Germany• Poland• Czechoslovakia• Romania• Hungary
• Formed the Warsaw Pact
Western Bloc• Britain • France• Italy• Belgium• Netherlands• Norway• West Germany• Greece • Turkey
• Formed NATOIron Curtin: line between east and west dubbed by Winston Churchill. Western influence not permitted east, Easterners not permitted to go west.
The Truman Doctrine
• [1947] the United States explicitly stated that it would aid countries threatened by communist takeovers
• containment• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)– Military alliance of western bloc
China
• Fall of Manchu Dynasty [1911]• Chinese Revolution of [1911]– Sun Yat-sen– Three Principles of the People- nationalism,
socialism, democracy
China (cont)
• Kuomindang (KMT)– Political party made by Sun Yat-sen– made the ruling party of China by Chiang Kai-shek
• Japanese Empire invaded Manchuria and took over all of China [1930s]…Civil War on Hold
• U.S. pumped money into KMT’s effort against Japan, Soviets not as active
Mao Zedong
• [1949] communists pushed Kuomindang out and into Taiwan (established the Republic of China there)
• China becomes the People’s Republic of China; largest communist nation in the world
• Focus on steel and agriculture • [1950s] Great Leap Forward: communes created – “Great Stumble Backward” local governments couldn’t
produce high agricultural quotas. They lied and starvation led to ~30 million deaths
Mao Zedong• Soviet Union withdrew support because China didn’t want
to be under Soviet Union• Focus switched back to military• The Cultural Revolution: discourage anything approaching a
privileged ruling class– Instituted reforms to erase western influence– Universities shut down– Elites sent to work on farms “cultural retraining”– When universities reopened, curriculum had only communist
studies• Little Red Book: collection of Mao Zedong’s teachings on
communism
Deng Xiaoping
• [1970s] China opened up to western ideas• [1976] new leadership under Deng Xiaoping
changed education policy • Entered joint ventures with foreign companies
(profits and decisions shared)• Limited business and property ownership
China
• Economy expanding rapidly, however still communist political sense
• Resisted government and social reforms• [1989] Tiananmen Square massacre– One million demonstrators converged,
government troops opened fire and killed hundreds of people
Korea
• Korea invaded by Japanese• After Japanese lost WWII, Korea was supposed
to be re-established as an Empire• Occupied by Soviet Union (north of 38
parallel) and the United States (south)
The Koreas
• [1949] both superpowers withdrew troops• [1950]North Korea attacks South Korea to
united nations under communist government• UN forces join the South Korean effort• China jumps in on the communist side• [1953] armistice suspending the war
The Koreas “now”
• U.S. has large military presence in South Korea• North Korea• [2006] North Korea determine nuclear weapons test a
success• Six Party Talks– U.S., N. Korea, S. Korea, China, Russia, Japan– [July 2007] North Korea shuts down rector for extensive
fuel aid– [2009] N. Korea pulls out of Six Party Talks and continues
nuclear program• Kim Jong-il dies [December 2011]
Vietnam
• France tries to hold Indochina after WWII• Vietminh fight back– Guerilla warfare– [1954] accord signed in Geneva splits the nation– Communists: Ho Chi Minh (north of 17th parallel)– Democratic south: Ngo Dihn Diem (south of 17th)
Vietnam
• North Vietnam wanted to unify Vietnam under communism– Communist guerrillas in the south– War broke out
• U.S. and France aid South Vietnam• U.S. withdraw in [1975]• North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong fighters take
control of South Vietnam• Reunification of Vietnam as communist state under Ho
Chi Minh
The Cuban Revolution
• [1898] Platt Amendment: U.S. remained in Cuban affairs
• [1939-1959] Batista Dictatorship• [1956] peasants revolt under Fidel Castro• U.S. withdraws support for Batista• Batista flees [1959]• “Success against a dictator”
Fidel Castro
• Suspends democratic plans and established a communist government.
• [1961] seized industries, nationalized them, executed enemies
• Ties to Soviet Union• Bay of Pigs Invasion– Group of anti-Castro Cuban exiles trained and sent to
Cuba to start a revolt– Captured after they landed
Cuban Missile Crises
• [1962] U.S. spy planes detect installations of Soviet missiles in Cuba
• Kennedy issues naval blockade around Cuba, not allowing any more shipments from Soviet Union
• U.S. declared retaliation against Soviet Union if missiles fired
• [October 28] Soviets removed missiles, U.S. said they would not invade Cuba
Cuba now
• Soviet Union collapsed in 1990s• Cuba lost billions of dollars of aid• [2006-2009] Fidel Castro transferred powers
slowly to his brother, Raul
Latin America
• Radical political parties– Single party rule (Mexico’s PRI)– Militaristic leaders (Argentina’s Juan Peron)– Socialist democracies (Nicaragua & Guatemala)
• Export economy: reliance on exports results in weak domestic economies and debt
The Iron Curtin
• After Cold War, Europe split into Eastern Europe & Western Europe
• People in the east started to revolt when they noticed quality of life in west was better
• Eastern bloc wanted democratic and economic reform
Poland
• [1980] Solidarity movement under Lech Walesa– Workers strike for reform of communist economic
system• [1988] Rakowski became the Premier of Poland– Solidarity legalized
• [1989] Tadeusz Mazowiecki became Prime Minister
• [1990] Communist party fell in Poland
Poland “now”
• Lech Walesa elected president [1990]• Market based reforms improved economy• New democratic constitution• Joined NATO [1999]• Joined European Union [2004]
German Reunification
• Decline of communism in Soviet bloc• East Germany cut ties with Soviet Union• [1989] Berlin Wall torn down• Corporate structures, equipment, and machinery
outdated in the east• Reconstruction program for modernization of
former East Germany and establishing nationwide communication and transportation lines
Berlin Wall
Germany “now”
• Continues reconstruction• Emerged as a leading economy in Europe• Modern, capitalist-leaning, democratic nation
The Soviet Union collapses
• [1985] Mikahail Gorbachev comes to power– Glasnot: openness– Perestroika: restructuring of Soviet economy
• Within six years, Poland and other former Soviet Union satellites declared separation from USSR
• Russia became its own country again, break up of Soviet Union into independent nations
The Balkans
• Nationalistic movements in Yugoslavia– “ethnic cleansing” Bosnian and Albainian Muslims
raped and slaughtered by Christian Serbians– UN involvement [1990s]
“Soviet Union” “now”
• USSR Russia and other independent nations (Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia)
• Eastern Europe: constitutional democracies with economic systems based off of capitalism
Russia “now”
• [1993] Constitution Russian Federation– Three branches, check and balances, independent court– Reality: 10 yr period of corruption, unemployment,
deep poverty• President Boris Yeltsin resigned [1999]• Vladimir Putin took over [2000-2008]– Made into Prime Minister in 2008
• Dmitry Medvedev new president [2008-2012 ]• Putin Returns [2012-?]
India and self-rule
• [1885] Indian National Congress: Mostly Hindu political party; increase rights of Indians under colonial rule
• [1906] Muslim League: advance Islamic Indi• [1919] Amristar massacre: British General Dyer
opens fire on unarmed protestors in a park• Mohandas Ghandi [1920s] voice of self-rule– Passive resistance (civil disobedience)– Boycotts, strikes
Hindus vs. Muslims
• Worked peacefully against British• Radicals could not tolerate each other• Muslims wanted their own nation (Pakistan)– Idea of Muhammed Ali Jinnah
• After WWII, Britain withdrew from India• [1947] British separated country into thirds– India- mostly Hindu– Pakistan-Muslim– East Pakistan (Bangladesh)- Muslim
• Migrations of people due to religious violence• Ghandi assassinated • Nations fighting for Kashmir
Africa
• Nations north of the Sahara first to win independence – Islamic ties
• [1950s] Gamal Nasser, general in Egyptian army, overthrew king and established republic– Inspired nations along Mediterranean to seek
freedom
South of Sahara
• Independence movements harder– Countries lacking resources– Little investment in human beings– Majority of people uneducated– Boundary lines shaped by Europeans; Africans in
the same colony could speak different native languages with different customs and loyalties
Rwanda
• Ethnic strife, genocide, human rights violations• Tutsi vs Huto• [1962] independence• [1973] Juvenal Habyarimana– Established one-party republic [1981]
• Huto revolted against Tutsi leadership– 800,000 Tutsi killed– 2 million Hutu refuges sent or fled to Rawanda
Decolonization in Africa
• [1954-1962] Algerians: war against France• [1960s] Nigeria and Ghana negotiated freedom in
Parliamentary governing style– Now have presidential systems
• Kenya negotiated constitution with great Britain– Under leadership of Jomo Kenyatta
• Angola and Belgian Congo overthrew the government
• [1980] Zimbabwe: African majority rule
Africa “now”
• African Union– 53 out of 54 African nations – Political and economic confederation– Replace the Organization of African Unity (OAU)
• Many nations still undergoing civil war• Economically rich in natural resources– Rubber and palm oil
Africa (cont)
• Union of South Africa– South Africa Act [1909]– Combined British colonies with Dutch Boer republics
• [1923] residential segregation• [1931] S Africa gets independence from Britain • [1948] Apartheid: separation of races• [1950s] Africans in “homelands”; white
population in cities
Anti-apartheid• [1950] African National Congress
– Leader: Nelson Mandela– Abolish apartheid– First peaceful protest
• [1960] Sharpville massacre– Change to guerilla warfare
• [1964] Mandela charged with life in prison for role in anti-apartheid violence
• [1990] Mandela released from prison• [1994] apartheid abolished• [1990] Mandela elected president (first free, open election)
Israel
• Jews occupied lands in Palestine• Palestine became well-established in Islam• WWI: Zionists in Britain convinced Arthur
Balfour (Britain’s foreign secretary) to declare Jewish homeland in Palestine– Balfour Declaration Act [1917]
• Palestine occupied by a large number of both Jews and Muslims
Palestine split
• [1948] UN made two Palestines• David Ben-Durion: prime minister of Israel– Jewish homeland [May 14, 1948]
• [1948] Arab-Israeli War– Israelis attacked by six Arab countries– Israelis quick organization and military– Controlled most of the Palestines
Muslims and Jews continue to fight
• [1967] Six Day’s war– Victory for Israelis– Took control of West Bank from Jordan, Gaza Strip
from England, and Golan Heights from Syria• [1977] Prime Minister Begin and Egyptian
President Sadat sign Camp David Accords– Recognize Israel's right to exist– Sadat assassinated
Palestine
• Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)– Wants to reclaim land and establish Palestinian
state– Unsuccessful in negotiations so far
• Intifada (uprising): on again, off again movement that sometimes uses terrorism to destroy or force Israel to withdrawal from territories
“Peace” attempts
• Israel prime minister Ariel Sharon approved wall to be built between the West Bank and Israel
• “Roadmap to Pease”• [2004]Palestinian president Yassir Arafat dies• [2005] New president Mahmoud Abbas signs
cease fire with Israel to end intifada
The Iranian Revolution
• Reza Shah Pahlavi [1925] • Westernization– Increased after World War II, land reform, education
reform, increased rights of women– Women get right to vote, higher education/ careers,
and adopted Western dress• Islamic fundamentalists upset because they
wanted the Qu’ran to be law of the land• Other critics thought reform wasn’t enough
Iranian Revolution
• [1979] shah ousted from power• Iran back to theocracy led by Ayatollah
Khomeini• Westernization progress reversed, women
required to wear traditional Islamic clothes and return to Islamic dress, Qu’ran basis of legal system
Iran-Iraq War
• [1980] Iraq invades Iran– Border disputes– U.S. quietly supported Iraq– 8 year war– Cease-fire signed [1988]
Iran “now”
• Power struggle between Islamic fundamentalists and reform minded minority
• Experimentation with nuclear technology• [2005] Mahmoud Ahmadinejad elected
president
Oil
• Industrial Revolution bonanza for Middle East because oil used as fuel
• Middle eastern governments started making billions of dollars annually for drilling and production rights
• [1960] Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries– Oil cartel– Members cut supply, increasing cost of oil and increasing
profits– Money used for improving infrastructure and agriculture
The Persian Gulf War
• [1990] Iraq, under Saddam Hussein invades Kuwait for oil reserves– Would have given Iraq 20% of the worlds oil and a good
chance to invade Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (50+% of the worlds oil)
• [1991] the United Nations sent troops to drive Iraqis out of Kuwait– Liberation of Kuwait– Iraq subjected to UN monitoring, limitations on military
activities, and economic sanctions
Iraq
• Hussein remained in power– Brutal dictatorship– Ignored peace treaty
• [April 2003] United States and Great Britain invade Iraq to oust Saddam from power
• [December 2003] Saddam captured
New Government
• [May 2005] New democratically elected government formed– New constitution [October 2005]
• New government according to “proportional representation” women, Sunni Muslims, Kurdish Iraqis, and Shia in government
• President- Jalal Talabani (Kurdish)• Prime Minister- (Nouri al-Maliki (Shia)
Afghanistan
• [1980s] Soviet Union sends troops to Afghanistan – Resistors = Mujahidin or “holy warriors”– Weapons from Western powers (US)– Guerilla attacks against Soviet Union– Declining communism removed Soviet threat
Afghanistan and Al Qaeda
• Afghanistan taken over by the Taliban: Islamic fundamentalist regime, captured Kabul in [1996]
• Afghanistan used as safe haven for Osama bin Laden, Saudi leader of Al Qaeda
• Al Qaeda doesn’t like U.S.– U.s. supports Israel– U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia– Globalization infecting Islamic culture
War on Terrorism
• [September 11, 2001] Al Qaeda takes control of four American passenger jets– Fly 2 into the World Trade Center– 1 into the Pentagon– 1 into field in Pennsylvania
• U.S. declares war on terrorism• Taliban removed from government• Al Qaeda still survived• Suicide bombings and terrorist attacks continue
High-Tech Warfare vs. Guerilla Warfare
-Stealthy and Low Tech
-Small Teams fight site to site
Each attack is generally less deadly, but flexible, random, and hard to predict
-Sophisticated and effective, but also costly
-Can take months to organize
-Once implemented, devastatingly efficient
-Seek the destruction of another state, or organization.
-Result in many casualties, not just combatants, but civilians as well
World Trade
• [1990s] North American Free Trade Agreement
• European Union– Establish euro– Give U.S. economic competition
• Goods and ideas transported easily
China & India
• Deng Xiaoping: “To Be Rich is Glorious” “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”
• Industrial and economic increases• [1980s] special economic zones • Increase in consumer goods, toys, and apparel
India
• World’s largest democracy• [1991] India in crisis– No money, contender for Prime Minister assassinated,
poor economy and industries• Technology and computer chip industries in U.S.
encouraged opportunities in India– Indian entrepreneurs brought ideas back to Indian
companies– Built on technology and global demand for software and
support
New Organizations
• [1945] International Monetary Fund (IMF) & the World Bank– Protect and stabilize world economic relationships,
loan financial assistance
• The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)– Reduce barriers to international trade– Becomes WTO [1994]
New Organizations
• [1975]Group of Six (G6)– Forum for major industrialized democracies: U.S., Great
Britain, West Germany, Italy, Japan, Poland– G8: joined by Canada and Russia– Discuss global concern
• G20 – Group of 20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank
Governors– Represents key industrialized & developing countries
Environmental Change
• [1950s-1960s] “Green Revolution”– Increased agriculture by using chemical fertilizers
and pesticides, biologically engineered foods, more efficient means of harvesting, more land
– Inexpensive and plentiful food– Destroyed land (rainforests), reduced species
diversity, brought social conflicts
Environmental Concerns
• [1980s] environmental focus: pollution or waste management
• Water• Oil• Global Warming– [1992] First Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro– [1197] Kyoto Protocol: make global agreement on
ways to reduce environmental damage
Global Health Crises
• The WHO: World Health Organization– Non profit– Lower infant mortality– Combat diseases that cause epidemics– Change social norms and behaviors of at risk
populations• AIDS
The Age of the Computer• [1970s] Compaq and IBM create new hardware
to allow computers to shrink (using silicon chip to store data)– PC, personal computer
• [1980s] early version of World Wide Web• [1990s] More homes get computers, America
Online introduces internet to American pop.• Internet Censorship in some countries, (India
and China)
Changes and Continuities in Women
• Integration and global connectedness made access to education and political reforms
• Politically, gained right to vote in many parts of the world by beginning of 20th century– Only fundamentalist Middle Eastern countries that
women still do not have the right to vote– Asian and African countries: female access to
political power limited
Changes and Continuities in Women
• Communism allows “equality” – women played a part in Russia, Chinese, and Cuban revolutions
• However, almost all key positions in communist parties held by men
• Sate-sponsored sterilization and “one child policy” puts restrictions on freedom for women
Changes and Continuities in Women
• Industrialized areas: birth rates dropped, birth control available, marriage rates declined, divorce and second marriage more common
• 20th Century- women’s presence in workforce more acceptable
• [Mid-1980s] education in Westernized and industrialized countries gave women right to participate fully in work force
• Women’s pay still not equal to male counterparts
The Rise of NGOs
• Non Governmental Organizations• Private/often non-profit• Provide relief/services/advocacy– The Red Cross– Doctors without Borders– Amnesty International– ACLU
• Why After World War II?
Globalization
• Faster and penetrating “hidden” parts of the globe– Aided by transportation, communication, and
imperialism• Does not necessarily mean convergence, but
that everything is spread around the globe