1974 National Incinerator Conference 28

7/27/2019 1974 National Incinerator Conference 28

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Desgn Asects of

Lo Esson To-Stge Incneto

J GLH (formely of

Ecological Science orpoation

Miami. Florda)

ABSTRACT

Tis ae is intene to esent a ational an actical esign oceue fo a low emission, twostage, staveai incineato, base bot on te teoy ofcombustionan incineation an on te esults ofexeimentalstuies.

INTROCTION

GENERAL BAKGROUND

Te twostage, staveai incineato was conceive inte mi 50's an immeiately sowe omise as aneffective means of incineation. Comact size, low emission levels witout te nee of scubbes o settling cambes, an oveall simlicity ae avantages ineent in teconcet. Because oftese avantages an because ofteinceasng soli waste oblem, tis concet as seennumeous eveloment effots uing te ast ten yeasMost of tis wo as been aime at one o moe of tefollown oblems cicumventing atent igts, eucng emission levels, inceasing caacity, imovng oveallcost effectiveness, an eliminating oeational oblems.

One of te main obstacles in solving te eceeingoblems is te iegulaity of te waste wic must beeliminate Te moe imotant vaiables ae cemicalcomosition, sae, size, eat cntent, an moistue content ile cetain inustial oeations ouce failyunifom an eictable waste oucts, institutions suc

as ositals ouce waste vaying fom gy ammablestyofoam cus to soggy ags an tissue

3

Ecolocal Science Cooation as been involve wittwostage, staveai incineatos since 968 toug itsAmeican subsiiay, Enegy ynamics, Inc., an moeecently toug its Mexican subsiiay, Ecoloa, S.A. eC. In 970 an ongoing ouct eveloment ogamwas initia te

OBETIVES

Ou obective was te geneal oblem of esigning anincineato to coe wit vitually any tye of waste witout any uman intevention. Of couse, low emissions,ig cost effectiveness, an oeational eliability weeaitional constaints. Te esult is not evolutionay butis an evolution of an ol esign toug alication ofte funamental teoy of ui mecanics, temoynamics an combustion. In te ocess of unestaning animovingte ouct, numeous useful elationsiswee necessaily leane an eveloe, an tese ae esente along wit te esign oceue.

ENERA OPERATON

Te basic incile of oeation ofa twostage, staveai incineato is as follows

Raw waste is fe into te fst stage, o imay cambe, wic is a lage efactoy line sell A faction ofte waste, geneally te xe cabon, is oxiize eleaingeat. Tis eat causes te enotemic yolysis of tevolatile faction of te waste, an esults in a ense combustible smoe. e ai ow ate nto te st stage is


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caefuly metee an i le than the toichiometic ateequie fo comlete combution of the watehence thetem "taeai.

The moe ae fom the t tage o the econtage whee aitional ai an ilot fuel ae ae, themixtue i ignite, an the moe i oxiize. The econ

tage can be thought of a a ga bune which ue moea the fuel. The obem in econ tage eign i the ieguaity in both quantity an quality of the moe ouce in the t tage, a a iect conequence of theiegulaity of the wate an ate of loaing

The ignicance of the taeai concet i that, inceonly a faction of the total ai equie fo combution(tyicaly 5%) i ulie une the wate be, the eaction in the imay chambe ae mil, the a teamelocitie ae low, an hence ey itte yah i entaineby the moe. A well eigne econ tage then oxiizeall of the olatile comoun maing u the moe, an

the eult i a itually ollution fee euent If theefuent contain an unaccetabe leel of inet emiion(yah), oo t tage oeation i the caue becauethe yah houl nee hae le the imay chambe. Ifthe oblem i with olatile emiion then incomletecombution ue to oo econ tage eign i to blame

THE FIRST STAGE

DESIGN

The eign concet of the imay chambe i elatielytaightfowa The hae i not citical an can be baeon manufactuing conieation. Any of numeoucheme that wuly the unee ai in a unifommanne will uce. The loaing ot houl be locatewhee the chage of wate will hae a minimum iutieeffect on the wate be. An nally, the efactoy aninulation houl be aequate both mechanicaly, chemically an themoynamically.

Ou t tage i a eale, hoizontal, cylinical teelhel line with inulation an efactoy (ee Fig ) Thechambe eceie wate though a loaing ot, ai though

unee ai tube, an ichage moe to the econtage though an exhaut ot in the ceiling The uneie ai tube hae hole ize to uly the oe amountof ai at the eign eue

Mot unit hae a hyaulic loae with two oo ato coe fo loaing the wate, an a guillotine ooconnectingwith the main chambe Afte the wate bin ioae anthe to coe i cloe, the automatic oaingequence can be initiate the guillotine oo i hyaulicaly oene, the hyaulic am foce the wate into the

3

TC2

0 .-I'I PILOT

JETS

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9

I . I 0

RMARYHAB

RY

E

6: r5

104TC

R[FTOY

SHLL

\ /' 'WT BD

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UN

Wte 7 Secondy A (Entned2 Pimy A (Foced 8 Secondy Air (Entned3 Smoke 9 Elent

4 Pemx A (Foced5 Plot Fel 1O Slementy Fe A-Fel Mxe (Foced6 Plot A (Entned

FIG TO STAGE, STARVE AR NCNERATOR.

imay chambe, the am i extacte an the guillotineoo i cloe. Aie fom maing loaing eaie, themain ignicance ofthe hyaulic loae i that the oubleoo inhibit the ecae of moe fom the ma chambeo the inux of ai which woul uet the aiow ate

into the t tage.

One en of the cyline conit of a full iamete ooThi i ue fo ah emoal an i not nomally oeneuing oeation.

SPEIAON

Fo a gien eign, a gien wate, an a en loa ate,thee ae thee quantitie that mut be ecie imayai uly ate, auxilliay fuel equiement, an chambeolume Let u efine an iealize, onimenional,


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WSE"

VRFR ZN

RRY Ra

HEATllROUHWAL,G

FG2 ONE DMENSONAL SCEMATC OF FRST STAGE

steaystate moel as sown n Fig , an let us secify

te signicant caacteistics of te waste as liste nTable . aste, aving a mass loaing ate ofmw, s intouce at te to. Pimay a, aving a mass ow ateoflpa' is intouce at te bottom, owng uwa in

te ecton oosite to te movement of te waste.Smoe, wt a mass ow ate oflS exts tou teoeningat te to

Te imay cambe as fou zones, eac caacteize by a iffeent enomenon te as be, te ca

be, te yolysis zone, an te ovee zone. Te oousas be is an net egon comose of te inoganc, ncombustible faction of te waste wc accumulates atte bottom of te cambe. Te ca be s te egonwee te ca (o fxe cabon) facton of waste soxize Te yolysis egon is comise of te wasten vaous states of gasscaton; tat is, te egon weete enotemic yolyss of te volatle faction an tevaozation of te moistue faction of te waste occuAn nally, te ovefe zone comises te emainingvolume an s te eon toug wc te gaseous smoemust ass befoe extng.

Une continuous fee conitions, a atcle of wastegaually settles as mass s emovest wate an volates n te yoysis zone, ten cabon n te ca be until it comes to est at te as be nteface.

As te unefe ai ses u toug e imay cambe, it attaces (o oxizes) cabon n te ca be witan incease n temeatue a cs u yocabonsan wate vao in te yoyss zone wit a ecease intemeatue, befoe extng at te to as smoe.

PRIMARY AR SPECIFCATON

Te st citeia fo te unee ai ate is tat itmust be sucent fo steay state oxation of te fxecabon facton, Xc. *

* Fo a daild diton of ha bd bhavio, f [4

W h

A. Ma Beakdon

. More fracon2 Dry fracon

a char frac o

b ah fraconc volae fracon

B Energy Breadon

Toal hea of combuon (dry)2 Hea o pyroly

3. Hea cone of char

C Oher Srface/vome rao o ae, char'2 Dene o ae char, ah

3. Rae of pyroly

4. Specfc hea of voae

33

XXd; 1 -XXc

Xa XdXp


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It is useful ee to intouce te elative cabon satuaton facto wic is ene fo te imay cambe by

moles of e cabon moles of oygen

Wen tee is eactly enoug imay ai fo te ovealeacton

ten Ies = an te ai is oiizng te cabon at temaimum ate Tis eaction eesents te teoeticalminimum imay ai equiement an eeases 4300 Btu/( bm ofcabon but equies a ca be of infnite et

Fo actical uoses moe a is equie an eeience as sown tat wen fres about 07 te cabe is ofa easonabe et n case some of te ca

bon unegoes te oveall eaction

Tis eaction eleases 4400 Btu/( b of cabonn tems of waste an ai inut to te fst stage

wee e' mpa an mw ae te aveage ow ates ofe cabon may ai an aste esectively Wit

known vales ofmw'

X an Xe, an a esgn selectionfo freS we can etemne mpaWe can also eess fres in tems of volumetic gas

factions so tat efomance can be cecke by a gasanalysis

Xeo Xeo!es = X;-;"X,--.'X=-o e02 + 0

Te secon citeia fo imay ai secication isbase on te enegy equie to yolyze te volatile facton Xp an to vaoze te moistue faction X . Teoveall elationsi in te may cambe is

wee

Qpe = Qloss Qa Qp Qvap

Qpe is te eotemc eat ofte combustion

occuing in te imay cambe

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Qloss s te eat loss toug te cambe wallsQ is te convective eat loss imay ai out of

te cambep is te enotemic eat of yoysis anQap is te eat of vaozation of te mostue

Te last two tems also constitute convective losses of

te stack Te tems on te gt an se of te equaton can be etemine as follows

Qloss = A(he+h,)(Tsk -To)

wee A is te etena aea of te imay cambe Tsks te eteio skn temeatue To is te ambient temeatue an te quantity (he hr) s te tota eat tansfe coefcient wic an be obtaine fom a basc eattansfe boo [2) An estmate of te skn temeatue sequie ee but wit a well insulate cambe te eatoss is small an ts is geneally te east ignicant tem

wee Ts is te smoke eit temeatue an Hp is tecombine latent eat an yoytic eat of eaction ofte volatile yocabons an (Cp)p is te aveage secic eat of all ases of te yocabons Tis equationis aoimate in natue because te values ofHp an(Cp)p ae temeatue eenent an ae not eailyavailable in te liteatue Ts is a esign constant selecteto be about lF above te temeatue at wic yolyss occus at te ese ate

= pa(Cpair)(Ts - To)Qvap - mw(X) [Cp, (22 - To) +H CP2(Ts - 212

wee H is te atent eat of steam Cp is te secceat of wate an CP2 is te secc eat of steam Tesum of te tems on te ght an sie of te oveall e

atonsi gives us te equie value ofQpe

We can calculate te eat elease n te ca be witte elationsi

wee f1 is te faction of te ca be eactingto COan te faction gong to CO

Wen Qe> Qpe, te eat elease n te ca be is

geate tan tat equie fo te yolysis an vaozation in yolysis one. Ts s tyical fo wastes wt gca contents suc as celuosic wastes wit Xe 6 anblack ubbe wit Xe" 36 ite Ts wil be ige tan te esign vaue o we can set Qe Qpe in te above


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equation, solve forI and 2 (remembering thatI 2 1 and that both must be positive) and recalculate the pri-mary air ow rate.

When Qe< Qpe and all ofthe carbon is being com-

pletely oxidzed to CO2 (the theoretical state requiringan innite bed depth and where Ie

.5,I

2 1

then there is not enough heat release in the char bed forthe reactions in the pyrolysis zone This is typical forwastes with a low char content such as polyetheyleneand polypropylene or which Xc In this case inaddition to the char content of the waste some of thehydrocarbons must be oxidized in the rst stage to produce the required heat so that

Qe Qe = Qpe

We must then determine the additional primary air to

produce

Qe Here we can use the approximate relatio-

ship that for hydrocarbons 1scIof air yields OOBtu's ofenergy (accurate to within +5% Therefore the primaryair rate required in addition to what is needed for thechar is in

.,Ve

Q(in Btu's/hr)6000

AUXLARY UE REQUREMENTS

When the moisture content exceeds 25% it is oftennecessary to supply auxiliary fuel to the primary chamber or at least have the capacity to add extra fuel Ifthe total heat content of the waste is less than Qvap it isof course essential, and we have

(Qaux )min Ql Qa Qvap Qp Qt

where Qt is the total heat of combustion of the wasteFor practical purposes the auxiliary burner capacityshould be at least twice this value because poor heat transfer to the waste in the primary chamber can produce lowburner eciencies

PRMARY CHAMBER SZE

For a ven load rate and waste type the theoreticalrequired volume of the primary chamber based on steadystate onedimensional homogeneous conditions cn bewritten as

31 5

where the V; are volumes and the subscripts refer to theregions shown in Fig 2.*

The partial volumes are dened as follows:

where 6s is the period of operation and V represents thevolume of ash accumulated in this time period

8ga IeVe 4ue Pga .05

which represents the volume necessary for the steadystate char reaction and where 8 is the average pore diameter of the char bed k is the coecient of difusivity ueis the surface-tovolume ratio of the char is the porosityofthe char bed d the suscript "gas refers to the ef

uent from the char bed V _P (- Xm)w Xpp p

which represents the steady state volume required for thepyrolysis zone and where X is the temperature dependent rate of pyrolysis [3] and is the average density ofthe materil in the pyroylysis zone This equation ignoresthe volume required for vaporization of moisture andwould have to be modied for wet waste V is the overre region whose shape and size are based on preventionofyash entrainment The velocity of the gasses leaving

the pyrolysis zone into the overre reon should be

U< Uerit

where Uerit is the terminal falling velocity of particles ofthe critical size and mass the entrainment of which wouldcause an emissions problem

In fact the steady state onedimensional homogeneousassumption is far from valid in an actual incinerator and

the values of8 ue X and Uerit are almost impos-sible to estimate with reasonable accuracy The abovefomulation for the calculation of the min chamber vol

me is therefore of little more than academic interestHence we must reate load rate to primary chambervolume by direct experiment This can be done simply byloading a given waste at increasing load rates with appropriate increases in pimary air until the capacity is reachedThere are two possible criteria for establishing maximumcapacity The rst is the inert emissions level (other problems such as high chamber pressure or incomplete combustion of the smoke are due to improper matching of

*Refer to ref. [1) for a detaied development of his rgument


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t scod stg) T scod critri is simply pysiclovrlodig ot primry cmbr tt is t volmcssry or t rctios pprocs t totl cmbrvolm T rst cs is mor likly to b t govrigcritri wit igy combstibl wst t scod witlss combstibl wst Wsts r grlly clssid ito

v typs (s Tbl 2) bsd o t d moistr cott so tt t rslts o tstig c b grlizdT primry cmbr volm rird or giv lod

rt o w wst o kow t d moistr cottc t b stimtd d t propr siz icirtor cb slctd Ht cott moistr cott d mssbrkdow (prximt lysis) r vilbl or wdvrity o wsts so tt rsobl stimts c b mdwitot ctl tstig [4] 5]

SECON STAGE

DESGN PHILOSOPHY

T drlyig cocpt or tis dsig is tt or orm combstibl wsts (typ 0 1 t smok grtdi t rst stg is combstibl d will b t l ort scod stg Additio l will b sd oly s pilot d s sppmt w t smok is ot ricog to ssti combstio

As prvosly mtiod t diclty i scod stgdsig is tt t tity d compositio o t smokvris widly Tis is d to two sprt css ist vritio i t typ o wst T otr is tt toprtio o t rst stg is vr ctlly stdy sttAsid rom t strt-p d brdow priods tr is priodicity ssocitd wit t lodg cycl Plss ovoltils sortly tr lod is crgd c rc s igs 20 o dsig coditios

A rtr complictio is tt typicl smok is ot ig lity l For xmpl i or xprimts wit wst composd o 9 dry corrgtd crdbord d trmidr mixtr o Polystyr PolytylPolyrt d PC (typ 0 wst) t mxmmobsrvd tmprtr ws 2450F (corrctd or trmo

copl rdtio) wit 43% xcss ir tr tsts wtcrd cips [6] v yildd tmprtrs p to 2500FBot o ts tmprtrs occr wit rltivly ig Btwsts d r still low i compriso to t 3600Fm tmprtr obtibl rom ls sc s liidbt From or xprc orml typ I wst willprodc tmprtrs i t 1500F to 2000F rgwit lowr limit o combstio o bot 000F

Bcs o t rltivly low t cott o tsmok d t lowr limit o combstio o bo

36

1000F ccptbl rg o ivlc rtios(ctl ir spplid/stoiciomtric ir) o irsmokmxtr wold b rom 0 cssry or complt combstio to bot 20 t xtictio limit Tis is 2 trdow rtio By cotrst t trdow rtio rirdor icirtor (rom pk lod to piot lod) is bot

70Tror i t smok d ir strms r mixd priorto igitio t ivlc rtio will v to b mitid bt 0 d 20 trogot t oprtigrg itr by cotrollig t ir sppy rt or by ddig l to sppmt t smok To rdc t problmocivig t cssry trdow rtio or scodstg wb bsd o t tory o jt ms [7]

Tis pricipl is most sily illstrtd by t xmpo lmir disio m sc s jt o pr btbrig i ir As t l strm ptrts t ir tir d l mix i t trsvrs p v mir mo\

r disio I t bsc o combstio xismtricl vlop cold b plottd wic wod d src wr t ir d l r i stoiciomtric rtio tjt is igitd sc src still xists d sic rctios r vry rpid tis src ctivly bcoms tdomi i wic oxidtio occrs A trbltjt-mworks o t sm pricipl xcpt tt t mixig isdomitd by trblc rtr t molclr disio

Wt is Sgict bot jt ms is tt ty v trmdos trdow rtio For v t jt tppr lmit c b cosidrd m lito t gsvlocity o svrl drd t pr scod d t lowr

limit is sstilly zro ow Bcs o tis lmost iit trdow rto tis pricipl c b mploydvry ctivly i brig t widly cttig ow osmok tt is grtd by t primry cmbr

OBJECVES

T ollowig gols wr stblisd d civd ort scod stg

A Emissios blow 05 gris/ corrctd to 5xcss

B mok r oprtio or ll oprtig coditiosrom strtp to dsig lod to pk lod, to brdow or ll wst typs rom 03 wit o djstmts rird drig oprtio

C Low l cosmptioA sris o prticlt missios tsts wr codctd

o rly modl icirtor i 1971 i t Uitdtts Typ 0 d wst similr to dprtmt storwst ws brd d missios lvls o grms/wr rotily obtid


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,

The second obective of smokefree oeration for ractically any tye of waste resulted from a secication bythe Mexican ocial ecurity for incinerators to be used inhositas Extensive modications were made to thesecond stage and contros in order to coe with this robem and the resulting design is the one discussed in this

text. The Mexican government is not resently enforcingany standards regarding articulate emissions levels and asthis develoment work was done in Mexico for the Mexican market no articulate emissions testing has been doneon the new design This unit enoys virtualy smokefreeoeration during the entire oerating cycle however andit is the authors oinion based on extensive observationofthe oeration of both the old and new configurationsthat the emission level of the new unit i lower than thatof the old one

The goa of low fue consumion was also met as willbe discussed later

SECOND SAGE DESGN

The second stage is comrised of a transition sectionand the lower ortion of the stack (see Fig. The bulkof the secondary combustion actually takes lace in thestack with the ame enveloe seated on the to of transition section moke exiting the neck of the transition section encounters air which is entrained through the annular oening around the neck and combustion occurs atthe airsmoke interface as with a turbuent etame

To insure ignition of the smoke a ame holder has

been incororated into the to of the transition neckwhich coincides with the base of the airsmoke interfaceThe ame holder is ringed with ilot ets through whichasses an airfuel mixture from an annular lenum A continuous sark insures ignition ofthe ilotets and thering of ilot ets insure ignition of the smoke

It has been found that a more stable ame results if asmal amount ofair is mixed with the smoke rior toignition Ths remix air is inected through eriheralholes at the entrance of the neck

The design of the transition section was arrived at exerimentally with the benet of a working understnding

of combustion theory and ame hol concets_ Thediameter and minimum height of the stack are based on amomentum analysishe criteria is that the stack mustexhibit a ositive rssure recovery This is neccessary forthe entrainment of sufcient secondary air and the maintainence of a negative rimary chamber ressure whichwill revent smoke leakage

y writing the momentum equation in the verticaldirection for a seent ofthe stack as shown in Fig. 3 andregrouing the terms we have the folowing

3

where P is gage ressure Z is the seent length isdensity, F is the friction factor U is veocity D is stackdiameter is the cross sectional area ofthe stack go is

the gravitational constant subscrits 1 and 2 refer tostations subscrit 0 refers to ambient conditions and abar over a character indicates the average value for thesegment The rst term in the equation is the change inressure the second term is due to buoyancy the third isthe frictional resistance and the fourth is the change inmomentum

The maximum ow for which ( -PI > occurswhen the frictiona and duming losses both of which increase aroximately with the square of the oad rateequa buoyancy which is governed by

uoyancy - load rate

Therefore eak conditions should be used for stack desgn

In order to evaluate the momentum equation the massow rates must rst be established based on the combustion requirements and an estimate must be made of thetemerature roe as a function of vertica osition ZThe temerature at the base of the stack is calculated in

the rimry chamber analysis and the exit temeraturecan be estimated from the overal heat release rate andoveral ow rates

mwHT (mCpair s (mCpdws

- + m [22Cp -H -CPt (22 -s)

where subscrit "e refers to stack exit subscrit airrefers to total air subscrit dw refers to dry waste andthe others are the same as bofore. The curve for temerature can then be estimated between these oints with thebenet of some oerating exerience (see Fig 3) Reasonable accuracy can be obtained by using one element for

the entire stack and average vaues based on thes twotemeratures The availabeP for entrainment of secondary air can then be calculated For a stack with entrainment at two different stations as in Fig two elementsshould be used

OPERATION AN CONTROS

This design does not require control of air flow rates(the only excetion is the air for the auxiliary burner


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e-

meffluent

I

I STACK

- - 1

_ -

TC

I

\m.e air

mpr_mll a -

RNSONSECON

m

FG.3 SCOND STAG SCMATC & TEMPRATUEPROFL

which goes on and off with the burner). Nominal air owrates, relative to the design stoichiometric rates, havebeen determined as follows:

- Total air, excluding auxilliary burner, 220% Premix air, 20% Lower entrained air, 55% Upper entrained air, te difference

These rates are typical for type waste and my be modied sightly if some oter waste type is predominantyencountered

Nomina fuel rates have also been determined, relativeto the design heat release of the waste

(pilot) = 026 mwMT (supplementary) = 1OmwMtThe supplementary fue fed into te premix air, is re

quired only for low ow conditions wen the maximumtemperature in te second stage fals beow the extincionpoint The critical temperature varies with eat and mosture content of the waste but is generally about 000

38

Referring to Fig. 3, ne Hi t the maximum temperatureshifs up and down te stack according to the level ofcombustibles in the smoke

Curve #1 represents conditions 2 minutes afer a loadofwaste is charged wen pyrolysis is occuring at a peakrate Curve #2 is minutes ater loading, curve #3 is 8minutes ater, and curve # is 2 minutes after Curve

# illustrates conditions after almost a of the volatileshave been pyrolyzed, and, therefore, the products in teeuent from te primary chamer are due predominantlyto char bed reactions Note, that, when te rate of pyrolysis is high, the exit temperature from the primary chamber drops because of the endothermic reaction in tepyrolysis zone

Termocouple #, which controls the supplementaryfuel vave, is located up the stack from the intersection ofcurves # and so that te suppementary fuel will nobe supplied during periods of high pyrolysis when theexit temperature from te primary camber is ow. The

cutin temperature can be determined experimentally withthe prevention ofsmoke or haze as the criteria. Sincethermocouple # is not necessarily located at te hottestpoint in the stack at the instant of extinction, te cutintemperature reading may be ower than the extinctiontemperature of the smoke

Since the supplementary fuel only needs to heat up theefuent from the rst stage and te premix air, a reatively small ow rate is reuired Over ve times as muchfuel would be required if all the air to the second stagewere supplied prior to the piot. Futhermore, iffuturedevelopments can reduce or eliminate te premix air, tesupplementary fuel requirements can also e reduced.This is an additional advantage of te turbulent jetameconcept.

AUXIAR BURNER

The auxiliary burner is reuired when waste with aigh moisture content and low heat content must be incinerated In some cases it is only required to speed upreactions, in other cases it is necessary for any reaction

whatsoever. A charge of low combustibility waste willcause a drop in primary chamber temperature as detectedby thermocouple # Highly volatile wastes wil asocause a drop in this temperature, however, so the auxiliaryburner control must also be linked to thermocouple #.The auxiliary burner turns on only when both thermocouple # and thermocouple # read low simultaneouslyAgain, te critical temperature for control are determinedexperimentally.


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2 W

WasteType

o

Descr ipio

Dry pape, cartons, up to1 plasics

Paper cartons p to2 garbage, o plastic

3

4

5

SUMMARY

An average mixtre oftypes and 3

Garbage: anima andvegetable wastes

athoogcal wastes

W hav acquid an undstanding of incinatoincils and combustion thoy which nabls us toiminat most of th ximntal wok ncssay todsign and scify an incinato. Onc th ximntavidnc has bn obtaind fo a givn incinato w canscify units of diffnt sizs by aying th lationshis sntd hn

W hav also dvlod a scond stag which has xclnt oational vsatility nglibl missions andlow ful consumtion. Th oation ofth scond stagis analogous to that ofa tubulnt jtam

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Th autho woud lik to xss his thanks to LockBogat and D. Robt Essnhigh M Bogat wokdclosly with th autho ay in th ogam was sons

ibl fo th ximntal wok don in th Unitd Statsand ovidd xtnsiv citiqu of this a D Essn

319

MoiureCotent

0"

25%

5

7

85%

HetCoe

(Btu/1bm)

8500

6500

4300

2500

1000

high gav th autho his st lssons in incinato oation and has ovidd much insight along th way

REFERENCES

[) Kuwata, M, Kuo, T J., and Essenhig, R H, "BuningRaes and Opeational Limis in a Solid-Fuel Bed, Proceedings of

the 1970 National Incinerator Conference, ASME, New York:1970, pp. 272-287.

(2 McAdams, W .Heat ansmission McGrawHil, New

Yok, 1954

[3 Hemsah, Klaus H. and Blanchard, Thomas A, x

peimenal Invesigaion o Liquid and Solid Wase ncineaion

amees, oceedings of the Conference on Natural Gas

Research and Technolo Chicago, ll 1971.

(4 Kaiser, lme R. Chemcal Analyses o Reuse Compo

nens, oceedings of the Winter Annual Meeting 1965, ASME,

New York: 1965

(5 Kaise, . R and Fiedman, S. B, The Pyolysis oReuse Components, Combustion May 1968.

(6 Biswas, B K., T. J. Kuo, and R H. ssenhigh, Studieson Combusion Behavio and xincion Limis o Smoke Flames,

oceedings of the 190 National Incinerator Conference ASME,New York: 1970, pp. 304313

7 Lwis, Benard and von be, Guenher, Combustion

Fames and Explosions of Gases 2nd edition, Academic Pess Inc.,New Yok and London, 1961

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1974 National Incinerator Conference 28

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