1975 Wright Etal (Early Fourth Millennium Developments in SW Iran)

8/2/2019 1975 Wright Etal (Early Fourth Millennium Developments in SW Iran)

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EARLY FOURTH MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENTS INSOUTHWESTERN IRAN

By H. T. Wright, J. A. Neely, G. A. Johnson and John SpethThat urban society and states arose in Mesopotamia during the Uruk period is widely accepted.

The end of the 'Ubaid period and the beginning of the Uruk period have been the object of much work.In fact, though individual workers have attributed particular manifestations to such a transitionalperiod, there is noadequate taxonomic or chronological framework for this period, much less an understanding of its fundamental changes. In this paper such a framework is outlined in the hope that itwill facilitate future efforts toward such an understanding.

Our geographical focus is what is now south-western Iran, including both the valleys of the centralZagros and the broad upper Khuzistan plains (Fig. 1).1 Within this area four important stratigraphies,all of whic!I are at present published in preliminary form at best, span the period of interest. Those atTall-i Ghazir2, Susa3 and Farukhabad4 are in the plains. That at Godin Tepe5 is in the highlands.

IIIIIo-=-=aso, '

e Site.

Gulf

Fig. I. South-west Iran in the early Fourth Millennium B.C.: I, Kunji Cave; 2, Baba Jan Tepe; 3, Kuh-i Dasht; 4, Sargarab;5, KS-269; 6, Tall-i Ghazir.

1 Speth's work at Kunji Cave was supported by NationalScience Foundatio n Grant GS-2402. Neely's at Sargarab wassupported by GS-2194; and Johnson's at KS-269 was supported by GS-3147, both from the same source. Wright wasable to visit the first two projects with support from GrantFRR-835 of the University of Michigan Horace RackhamSchool of Graduate Studies. None of these projects would havesucceeded without the full cooperation of the Iran Archaeological Service, and the encouragement of the staff of theBritish Institute of Persian Studies an d the American Instituteof Iranian Studies.

2 J. R. Caldwell, "Tall-i Ghazir ", Reallexikon der As.ryriologie undVorderasiatischen Archeologie II I (Berlin, rg68), pp. 349-55.3 Robert H. Dyson, Excavations on the Acropolis at Susa and theProblems of Susa A, B, and C, (Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University,1966); Alain Le Brun, "Recherches Stratigraphiques aL'Acropole de Suse (xg6g-7x) ", Cahiers de la DelegationArcheologique Franfaise en Iran I (1972).4 Henry T. Wright," Farukhabad ",Iran VII (rg69), pp. 172-3.5 T. Cuyler Young, Jr., "Excavations at Godin Tepe: FirstProgress Report", Occasional Paper No. 17 qf the Royal OntarioMuseum (Toronto, rg6g).

129


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130 JOURNAL OF PERSIAN STUDIESWe owe a fundamental debt to the excavators of these stratified sites and to Dr. Frank Hole and Dr.Clare Goff whose surveys in the Pish-i Kuh region of the central Zagros, made available as we werewiting this paper, clarified our thinking on many problems. However, the ceramics which are illustrated here derive primarily from soundings and surface collections from a number of other small sitesin south-western Iran, none of them previously published. Before turning to these data, let us brieflysummarize what is known of settlement organization and ceramic crafts in the Late 'Ubaid period andthe Middle-to-Late Uruk periods in south-western Iran.By Late 'Ubaid times human settlement ha d spread to every part of greater Mesopotamia. Everylowland river bank and every highland valley contained small villages or hamlets, and most largertracts of easily cultivable land had one or more small centres covering up to ten hectares. Th e occupantsof both the centres and the villages were herding sheep, goats, and cattle, and cultivating wheat,barley, and other crops. Ceramics an d stone tools were certainly produced in both villages and centres,although the production of goods with special social functions ma y have been restricted to the centres.Differences in residential architecture in both types of settlement and differentation in burials suggestthe presence of social ranking. The relative size and elaboration of the centres probably indicates theywere the seats of the richer and politically more influential kin groups.Craftsmen of Late 'Ubaid times probably used some type of potter's wheel to produce many of theirvessels. This is suggested by the symmetry of the bowl forms and the structure of the clay body, as mostvessels were subsequently scraped and smoothed until all trace of surface wheel scoring was obliterated.Many vessel forms were individually slipped, or painted in bold geometric and naturalistic motifs, orboth. The end product of this individualized approach to vessel production was a series of simplebasins, bowls, an d high-necked jars with a wide variety of designs.By Middle to Late Uruk times, the inhabitants of Greater Mesopotamia lived in a different manner.Communities were less evenly distributed and more differentiated. In several areas of the lowlands,there were settled enclaves centred around large towns of 20-50 hectares. In south-western Iran themain enclave was centred around Susa and Chagha Mish on the Susiana plain. There were severaltypes of smaller settlements including smaller towns, centres involved in administration, villagesinvolved in specific crafts like stone-working, and villages probably involved solely in food production.Portions of the towns were devoted to large buildings in and near which there is clear evidence ofrecord-keeping and other administrative activities, but not of direct involvement in agricultural workor even in food preparation. Most types of ceramics were made solely in the towns and were distributedthrough smaller towns to the villages. Craftsmen of the Middle and Late Uruk periods used both thepotter's wheel an d rough press moulds. Vessels were seldom subsequently finished or embellished.Th e end product was a variety ofstandardized bowl and jar shapes with little decoration in comparisonwith earlier 'Ubaid assemblages. Without question Middle a,nd Late Uruk societies were highlydifferentiated an d were coordinated by some kind of bureaucracy. 6 In contrast, the smaller lowlandplains and the nearby highland valleys of lower Luristan contained little Uruk settlement. Onlyisolated small villages, perhaps important as herding centres or as transfer points in the nascent tradenetwork,7 occurred.

There are several series of Carbon-14 datings on later 'Ubaid assemblages in south-western Iran, for instance on the earlier Late 'Ubaid Bayat phase of the Deh Luran plain, 8 an d on the Susa A phaseof the Susiana plain. It is now possible to determine absolute ages from such datings. 9 Taken together,these suggest that the 'Ubaid period ended c. 4000 B.c. rather than somewhat later as ha d been thought.There is no such series of dates on any phase of the U ruk period; however one can extrapolate from the

6 Gregory A. Johnson, "Local Exchange and Early StateDevelopment in S o u t h ~ w e s t e r n Iran", Anthropological PaperNo. 5r , University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology (AnnArbor, 1973).7 Henry T. Wright, "A Consideration of I n t e r ~ r e g i o n a l E x ~

change in Greater Mesopotamia 4000-3000 B.c." in EdwinWilmsen, " Social Exchange an d Interactions ", AnthropologicalPaper No. 4:6, University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology

(Ann Arbor, 1972).8 Frank Hole, Kent Flannery, James Neely, an d Hans Helbaek,

"Prehistory and Human Ecology of the De h Luran Plain",Memoir No. I of the University of Michigan Museum of Anthro-pology (Ann Arbor, r96g).9 Ingrid U. Olsen, Radiocarbon Variation and Absolute Chronology(Nobel Symposium No. 12 , New York, 1970).


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E A RL Y FO U RT H MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTHWESTERN IRAN 131better dated Early Dynastic period. Such extrapolation an d the few available Uruk determinationssuggest that the Middle Uruk period began about 3400 B.c. Thus, what has been called the EarlyUruk covered the surprisingly long span of 6oo years. This can be subdivided into two portions. Thelater is the Early Uruk period proper, in which such forms as the bevel rim bowl and the straightspouted ja r appear throughout the lowlands in quantity. We consider the ceramics from Warka EannaXIII to be the type assemblage.l 0 The earlier subdivision, which may be called the Terminal 'Ubaidperiod, is one of considerable diversity and it is impossible to speak of a type assemblage. It is on thisTerminal 'Ubaid period that we wish to focus for the rest of this paper, though we shall refer to EarlyUruk developments when relevant.The Transition from 'Ubaid to Uruk in Highland Luristan

We focus here on the valleys of Khorramabad, Kuh-i Dasht, Rumishgan, and Tarhan. The smallrockshelter ofKunji Cave faces west across the Khorramabad Valley. The valley floor is about 1200 m.above sea level, while the cave is about 100m. higher at the top of a steep talus and near the base of alimestone cliff. The cave measures about 4 m. in height, 18m. in width and 28m. in depth. Becauseof a large rockfall during the Pleistocene period, only the front half of the cave was occupied during theLate and Post-Pleistocene periods. Excavations have been conducted at the cave by Frank Hole ofRice University in 1963 and by John Speth, of City University, New York, in rg6g. Fortunately, theoccupational layers in which we are interested were relatively undisturbed by the animal burrowswhich elsewhere in the cave destroyed important features.

During the transitional period after the end of the 'Ubaid, a series of at least four small circulararrangements of stone along the edge of the rock fall were built. From these constructions the floorsloped downward towards the south side of the entrance. A thin layer of yellow clay which containedalmost no artifacts was deposited in front of these stone arrangements. A low terrace or wall of roughstones marked the front of this relatively clean area. Below this wall was a thicker deposit of yellow claywhich contained a number of broken ceramic vessels, described below. The wall or terrace latercollapsed down the slope on top of the clay layer, sealing the ceramics from _later disturbance. Therewere few artifacts other than ceramics in this sealed layer. Similar ceramics were also found in disturbedlayers in other portions. of the cave. The activities carried out in the circular stone arrangements arenot at present known, although they may have served as animal pens, or shelters for small groups ofpeople, or both.

Th e clay body of the ceramics from the sealed layer was tempered with crushed straw. Minorinclusions of crushed limestone and sand could have been accidental. Most vessels are probably wheelturned. The surface colours are very light brown to gray. Th e larger examples have a coarser paste an dscraped or smoothed surfaces. The smaller examples have a fine paste and are often slipped and burnished. It is not yet possible to say which bases match which upper bodies. In the following descriptions the number in parentheses preceding each statement refers to a unified numbering system usedfor forms from all the sites.Th e following bowl rims occur in the sealed layer.

( r) Simple Round Lip Bowls (Fig. 6a, b). The upper body of these open forms is conical. Th e rim is bentslightly outward. Th e form is often burnished.(5) Simple Beaded Lip Bowls (Fig. 6n, o). These shallow open vessels have a heavy thickening on theoutside of the rim. Few examples are burnished. Th e second example is atypical.(7) Small Incurved Bowls (Fig. 6m). This shallow form has a mar kedly closed rim with rounded lip.

Th e sides are relatively thick. Few are burnished.(g) Small Incurved Beaded Lip Bowls (Fig. 6i, j). These have a globular body with a slight closing of therim. Th e lip is thickened on the exterior. Th e form is usually burnished.lo A. von Haller, " Vierter Vorlaufiger Bericht iiber die

von der Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft inUruk Unternommen Ausgrabungen ", Abhandlungen der

Preussischen Akademie Der Wissenschaft: Philosophisch-HistorischeKlasse 6 (1932), pp. 38-42.


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132 JOUR NAL OF PERSIAN STUDIESTh e following ja r rims are present in the sealed layer:

(r) Fine Jars (Fig. 6c-h). The lower body of this form is probably globular; the upper body is concavewith a slightly flared rim. It is often burnished. Several sherds of this vessel form, unfortunatelyfrom _disturbed contexts, have black or dark brown painted designs. Some (Fig. 6g, h) have twohorizontal bands, one near the rim and one near the point of maximum body diameter. Variousvertical elements are placed between the two bands. One rim (Fig. 6f) has a chevron design reminiscent of Siyalk III11 and Godin VI.12(4) Flared Neck, Round Lip Jars (Fig. 6k, 1). These also have a globular body, bu t the sides are thicker.On this body a high, narrow, constricted neck is added, as can be clearly seen in the second example.Few of these are burnished. Several body sherds suggest a smaller low necked ja r form, bu t rim sherdsof such jars have not been found in the sealed layer.

A variety of base forms occurs.(I) Flat Bases (Fig. 6p, q). Some are scraped and some are wheel finished.(2) Ring Bases (Fig. 6r, s). These are clearly wheel finished.(3) Pedestal Ring Bases (Fig. 6t). This base flares downward. It has a distinctive flattened vertical lip.Preliminary counts of the total sample of 446 rims from the disturbed parts of the excavations bySpeth, taken as a whole, revealed that 56 pe r cent were of the six categories defined above on thebasis of the sample from the sealed layer. Counts of the rim sherds from both the sealed yellow clay

layer and from the total sample are presented in the following table.CERAMICS FROM KUNJI CAVE

Sealed Layer Total Sample(r) Round Lip Bowls 21 57(5) Simple Beaded Lip Bowls 2 20(7) Small Incurved Bowls 2 34(g) Small Incurved Beaded Lip Bowls 13 44(1) Fine Jars 13 ss(4) Flared Neck Jars 9 soTotal Counts 6o 251

In summary, the ware from Kunji Cave can be divided into two types, a thin burnished type,used for small to medium sized bowls an d jars, an d a thicker unburnished type, used for medium tolarge sized bowls an d jars. A ceramic assemblage similar to that from Kunji Cave has been reportedby Goff13 from the Central Mound of Baba Jan, 70 km. to the north-west of Khorramabad. Fourbowls from Baba Jan also occur at Kunji Cave, (I) Simple Bowls with Round Lip,14 (5) Large SimpleBowls with a Beaded Lip/5 (7) Incurved Bowls with a Round Lip,16 and (g) Small Incurved Bowls witha Beaded Lip.17 In addition, there are (8) Large Incurved Bowls with Rounded Lip an d ImpressedStrip or cordon round the vessel below the rim,18 (Io) Incurved Bowls with a Heavy Beaded Lip,19 and(II) Incurved Bowls with a Beaded Lip, sometimes slightly flattened, an d an impressed strip.20 Thelatter example could be categorized as a neckless jar. Among the jars from Baba Jan are ( r) Fine Jars,some examples of which are painted in a fashion similar to the painted examples from Kunji, 21 and(4) Flared Neck Round Lip Jars. 22 In addition, there are (2) Neckless Jars with Beaded Lips.23 Astraight spout, presumably from a jar,24 an d ring or disc bases25 complete the illustrated assemblage.n Roman Ghirshman, Fouilles de Sialk I (Paris, I938), pl. 6g:s 1695 .12 T. Cuyler Young, Jr., op. cit., fig. 7: I .1s Clare Goff, " Luristan Before the Iron Age ", Iran IX (I 97 I) ,

PP 313-51.14 Ibid., fig. 7: x.15 Ibid., fig. 7:25-7.15 Ibid., fig. 7:2-6.17 Ibid., fig. 7: I I .

18 Ibid., fig. 7: I7-I8.19 Ibid., fig. 7: I2 .2o Ibid., fig. 7: g-20.21 Ibid., fig. 7= I4-I6. 23.22 Ibid., fig. 7: 7-8.23 Ibid., fig. 7: 24.24 Ibid., fig. 7: go.25 Ibid., fig. 7: 7-8.


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EARLY FOURTH MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTHWESTERN IRAN 133In summary, all Kunji vessel shapes are represented at Baba Jan. However, at Baba Jan a number ofother vessel shapes are reported including some larger or heavier forms with supporting impressedstrips. Most of these are made with a straw-tempered clay body similar to that from Kunji, bu t thereare a few examples of other wares including heavy grit and mica tempered wares. This greater diversityis probably a result of the more diverse activities carried out on a village or town site as opposed to asmall special function site like Kunji Cave.Goff26 has defined the broad outlines of Terminal 'Ubaid and Early Uruk settlement patterns in thehighland valleys of Luristan. Each larger valley contains one or more larger centres covering 3-rohectares and most valleys contain one or more smaller village sites covering about I hectare. Thesesizes suggest that valleys would have had only a few thousand settled inhabitants. However, the existenceof a site like Kunji may indicate the existence of a fully transhumant population even at this early date.Goffhas suggested that there are geographical variants in ceramic style within Luristan at this time. 27If so, this suggests that the inhabitants of the different parts of Luristan interacted relatively infrequently, and that there was little overall political integration.Period VI at Godin Tepe provides some evidence of the development of this ceramic complex.Young28 notes a decline of the finer painted ceramics during the course of this period. The ceramicsfrom Kunji Cave at Baba Jan are most similar to those from Godin, operation B, Layers 20 and 21,late in Period VI. The parallels have been noted by Goff. However, most of the forms have antecedents in the earlier portion of Period VI, though these are often painted. Additional data from Godinshould elucidate this development. In any event there does seem to be a highland antecedent for theceramic complex found at Kunji and Baba Jan.The Transition from ' Ubaid to Uruk on the Deh Luran Plain

This small lowland plain in the foothills of the Kabir Kuh, the last massive ridge of the Zagros, ha da long and complex settlement history during the 'Ubaid period. Its closest affinities during the laterstages of this history were with the larger Susiana plain of c.entral Khuzistan. 29 Deh Luran is aboutgo km. south of Kuh-i Dasht, and r ro km. north.;west of the Susiana plain. An unprecedented settlement density on the plain was reached in the Bayat phase equivalent to Late Susiana c on the Susianaplain. In the succeeding Farukh phase, equivalent to Susiana d, there was a slight drop in settlementdensity (Fig. 2). Ceramics perhaps equivalent to the succeeding Susa A have been found only on aportion of Tepe Musiyan and on a few sites to the east of this large centre. Th e formerly denselyoccupied west portion of the plain was abandoned.

16 Ibid., fig. 4, page 14527 Ibid., fig. 4, page 14312

Terminal 'Ubaid Set t l emen Io Susa A Related S&ttlement

N

De h LuranSurvey

1969

Site Number \ Edge of Present Flood Plein\Fig. 2 : Susa A and Sargarab sites on the Deh Luran Plain.

28 T. Cuyler Young, Jr., op. cit., p. 6, Table III.29 Clare Goff., op. cit., p. I45


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134 J OUR NAL OF PERSIAN STUDIESFor the succeeding Terminal 'Ubaid period, intensive survey by Neely has revealed only two sites.

One former settlement, Sargarab, is located high on the piedmont slopes of the plain close to the mountain wall. This is one of the few known settlements on the piedmont proper before to Sasanian times.The other settlement, Chakali, is about 5 km. downstream from the first at the juncture of the plainand the piedmont.Sargarab, numbered DL r6g in Neely's rg6g survey, stretches for rgo m. along a narrow ridgedefined by two dry gulleys immediately east of the present Ab-i Garm or Sargarab stream (Fig. 3) .The ridge averages 35m. in width and 15m. in height above the present level of the stream. The sitecovers about o 7 hectares. A short distance above the site, the Ab-i Garm issues from a series ofsulphurous hot springs. Though the vapours are noxious and even native-born Deh Luranis dislike thetaste of the water, the springs are among the few year-round water supplies on the plain and are stillfrequented by Luri transhumants. Two k m ~ to the north is the mouth of a gorge which is a commonlyused route up into the higher pastures of Dinar Kuh, Ab Danan, and Kabir Kuh. Approximately3 5 kn1. to the north-west is the beginning of a Sasanian or Early Islamic roadway still used today.Chakali, numbered DL-rg, is c. r6o X 250m. with a maximum height of c. 3 5 m. It covers about4 o hectares. It is about 500 m. east of the present bed of the Ab-i Garm at a point where the water haslost much of its noxious gas and where it can be easily used to irrigate the plain. There has been settlement at this location in almost every period since the aceramic period.30

The stotJ.e foundations ofSargarab have been revealed by erosion (Fig. 3). The sides of he piedmontspur on which it sits were terraced with rough stone walls. The accessible north-east upper end of thespur was protected by a rough stone wall with a narrow stepped entrance flanked by standing roughslabs. Within this space were a succession of four or more open spaces bounded by stone-footed rooms.Additional rooms are situated on the terrace walls below these courts. In the erosion gulleys flankingthe architecturally terraced site are traces of dams and canals. Those to the east of the site are probablycontemporary with the Terminal 'Ubaid occupation at Sargarab. One of the springs may have flowedthrough the gulley when the site was occupied, and rain fed agriculture is also possible.

The ceramic assemblage from this site is similar to those previously discussed from the highlands.Most of the vessels have a clay body tempered with straw and some crushed calcareous rock: a fewspecial types have only straw, and a few large vessels have mostly rock. Th e inte rior surfaces and rimareas usually exhibit wheel-scoring, bu t the lower exteriors of some forms have been scraped. Slippingis common bu t burnishing an d painting are both rare. The firing is sometimes poorly controlled andpartially oxidized dark or red cores are common while surfaces are usually very light brown or green.Th e bowl forms attested at Sargarab are as follows:

(1) Simple Round Lip Bowls (Fig. 7a). One is slipped.(2) Simple Fine Bowls (Fig. 7b). Some of these have lower body scraping, some are slipped, an d someare lightly burnished. Note the distinctive recurved tapered rims.(3) Simple Flat Lip Bowls (Fig 7c). This may be an extreme variant of the beaded rim bowls notedbelow.(4) Simple Flat Lip Bowl with Impressed Str ip (Fig. 7e). This unique vessel was lightly tempered withstraw and sand, its surface was carefully smoothed and it was thoroughly oxidized in firing. In thesetechnical features it approaches Terminal Susa A vessels discussed subsequently.

(5) Simple Beaded Lip Bowls (Fig. 7f). Many exhibit lower body scraping an d some are slipped. Mostbeading is on the exterior of the rim, bu t some is oblique to the rim and might better be termedBevelled Lip (Fig. 7g).(6) Simple Beaded Lip Bowls with Impressed Strips (Fig. 7h).(7) Incurved Round Lip Bowls.(8) Incurved Round Lip Bowls with Impressed Strips (Figs. 7i).(g) Small Incurved Beaded Lip Bowls (Fig. 7d). This small vessel is slipped.(10) Incurved Beaded Lip Bowl (Fig. 7j).ao Hole, Flannery, Neely, and Helbaek, op. cit.


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EARLY FOURTH MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTHWESTERN IRAN 135


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136 JOURNAL OF PERSIAN STUDIES(1 I) Incurved Beaded Lip Bowls with Impressed Strips (Fig. 8a). These are very large and exhibit bodyscraping. The impressions on the strips tend to be circular rather than oval, possibly an earliercharacteristic.31

The following jar forms are attested at Sargarab.(I) Fine Jars (Fig. 8b). These are smoothed but not burnished. One example has simple painted bandson the rim (Fig. 8c).(!2) NecklessJar with Beaded Lip (Fig. 8e). Some approach the neckless ledge rim forms common in thesubsequent Uruk manifestations in Central Khuzistan.32 The illustrated example has painted blackbands on a red slip. .(3) Straight Neck Jar (Fig. 8d). All have rounded lips except for one which is slightly flattened. Oneja r has an attached oval nose lug.(4) Flared Neck Ja r with Rounded Lip (Fig. 8f, g).(5) Flared Neck Jar with Expanded Rim and Convex Lip (Fig. 8i,j). This common form is often slipped.It occurs in small, medium, and large varieties. Some large examples are tempered predominantlywith calcareous material. Two medium sized examples exhibit a burnished red slip with paintedblack bands (Fig. 8h) and two, a cream slip with similar bands.(6) Flared Neck Ja r with Expanded Rim and Concave Lip. Other jar parts include additional oval noselugs and a fragment of a straight spout.

Specialized forms of interest include a shallow tray with slightly incurved sides and inwardly bevelledlip (Fig. 81) and fragments of perforated strainers. The ceramic assemblage as a whole has few resem-blances to the earlier Susiana assemblages from the Deh Luran plain. Almost every feature is paralleledin the central Luristan ceramics previously discussed. The distribution of ceramic types in samplesfrom three portions of the site of Sargarab are given in the following table.

CERAMICS FROM SARGARABSimple Bowls S o u t h ~ west Centre }forth-east Total(I) Round Lip Bowls 2 2(2) Fine Bowls I6 3 I9(3) Flat Lip Bowls 5 2 2 9(4) Same with Impressed Strip I(s) Beaded Lip Bowls 24 IO 33 67(sa) Bevelled Lip Bowls I3 I3(6) Beaded Lip Bowl with Impressed Strip 2 3Incurved Bowls(7) Incurved Round Lip Bowl I(8) Same with Impressed Strip 2 3(IO) Incurved Beaded Lip Bowl 3 2 5(II) Same with Impressed Strip 7 8 I6Jars(I) Fine Jars I 4 !6(2) Neckless Jars with Beaded Lip 2 3(3) Straight Neck Jars 3 4(s) Flared Neck, Expanded Rim, with Convex Lip 25 IO 22 57(6) Same with Concave LipNose Lugs 2 4 6Trays 5 4 9Strainers II I Is1 Frank Hole, ed., Preliminary Reports qf the Rice University Project 82 G. A. Johnson, op. cit., pp. 54, 181-2, pl. II I L.in Iran 1968-g (Houston, 1g6g).


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E A RL Y FOURTH MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENTS IN SO U T H W E ST E RN IRA N 137The only evidence that Sargarab was occupied after the Terminal 'Ubaid period is the presence offour fine sand-tempered Ledge Rim Jar rims in the north-east area of the site (Fig. 8k), which couldbe of Early Uruk manufacture. If so, they represent only a brief utilization of the site, as other diagnostic Uruk forms are not present.One other artifact from Sargarab requires comment. From a terrace near the north-east corner ofthe site came a stamp seal made of a granular green stone (Fig. 4). The back of this rectangular sealis stepped up to a central ridge. Th e front portrays two dogs, recognizable from their curved tails,apparently pursuing two caprids, probably wild goats, recognizable by their curved horns. This fairlycomplex design has parallels in Gawra XP 3 and Susa.34

! > ~ ... ~ - ~ -. -. . . .. . .~ ~ ~ Fig. 4 Sealfrom Sargarab.

In the succeeding Early Uruk period proper on the Deh Luran plain ceramics continue in the tradition established at Sargarab, bu t new features are added. Straw and limestone tempered clay bodies arepredominant, bu t sand tempered vessels occur. Some of the former bowl and ja r forms continue, bu tsome become more common such as the incurved bowl form and the jar with flared neck, expandedrim, an d concave or grooved lip. Among new forms are the flat or bevelled lip bowls, oftencarinated, small globular jars with strap handles, ledge rim jars, and bevel rim bowls. Stylistic elementssuch as impressed strips and red on black painted motifs continue. However, among the former thereis a shift from predominantly round impressions to predominant ly oval oblique impressions. Thisceramic complex has been recovered in the excavations at Tepe Farukhabad from levels below thosecontaining typical Middle and Late Uruk assemblages, and its characteristics will be discussed atlength in the forthcoming final report on the excavations at Tepe Farukhabad.

In this early Uruk period, settlement pattern changed markedly. Sargarab was abandoned. Asmall town of about 5 hectares grew up along the Mehmeh River on the west edge of the plain. Fivesmall villages were scattered across the west half of the plain. Tepe Musiyan itself and the east half ofthe plain were apparently unoccupied, the reverse of the situation at the end of the Late 'Ubaid period.

In summary, communities producing Susiana ceramics declined or moved eastward. In the Ter-minal 'Ubaid period two communities using ceramics of highland affinity are established in a limitedarea of the plain: one is a well defended settlement near routes into the mountains; the other is a villagesuited for small scale irrigation. These communities grow, divide, and relocate during the Early Urukperiod, and settlement spreads throughout the west half of the Deh Luran plain.

The Transition from 'Ubaid to Uruk on the Susiana PlainThe Susiana plain (Fig. 5) reached its greatest 'Ubaid settlement density in the Susiana d period,

and the Susa A popula tion was somewhat less. Susaitselfwith its centra l platform covered with largebuildings and with an area no less than I o hectares was one of the largest centres in Greater Mesopotamia. The precipitous decline evidenced in the Terminal 'Ubaid period is at present completelyunexplained.33 A.]. Tobler, Tepe Gawra II (Philadelphia, 1950), Nos. 158,163.

34 Pierre Amiet, La Glyptique Mesopotamienne (Paris, 1961),pl. 5, Nr. 109.


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138 JO U RN A L OF PERSIAN STUDIES

KEYs; Site NumberC Small Center.o Village

... ' Edge of Present FloodPlain":;::: Highlands

Fig. 5 Terminal Susa A sites on the Susiana Plain.We present as an example of what we call" Terminal Susa A" the ceramics collected by Johnson

an d Wright in I 972 from KS-26g, a small unnamed site r 3 5 km. south-east of Susa, first reported tous by Frank Hole in rg6g. The clay body of these ceramics with th e few exceptions noted below isuntempered or tempered only with a fine sand. The vessels were wheel-made,judging from the internalstructure of the clay body, but most surface traces of wheel-turning have been eliminated. Th e firingis well controlled an d the vessels ar e completely oxidized. There are two distinct types of ware, as inSusa A itself: a buff ware often greenish in colour an d a red ware often with a light buff slip.The following bowl forms are attested at KS-26g.

(r) Simple Round Lip Bowls (Fig. ga). Th e only example has incisions on its rim.(2) Simple Fine Bowls (Fig. gb). These are somewhat thicker than those noted previously. The exteriorsseem to have been shaved down while the clay was leather hard , leaving a fluted surface. One exampleis slipped.(3) Simple Flat Lip Bowls (Fig. ge-e). These medium to large vessels, termed basins by Hole, Flannery,an d Neely, are often oval in plan. Lower body scraping is common. The lip is often grooved. Thisform had been made with little change for centuries.35(4) Simple Flat Lip Bowls with Impressed Strips (Fig. gf-i). This stylistic variant of (3) is the hallmarkof Terminal Susa A. It differs from the above only in that it is often slipped and that it has an appliedstrip or cordon with roughly circular impressions below the rim. Note the resemblance to the examplefrom Sargarab (Fig. 8e).

A number of jar forms occur at KS-26g.(r) Fine Jar (Fig. gj). This is one of the few straw and limestone tempered vessels from the site. The fewexamples of this vessel shape found at other Terminal Susa A sites on the Susiana plain were similarly .tempered. The surface was smoothed bu t not slipped or burnished as were highland examples.(3) Straight Neck Jar. The example has a rounded lip. The shoulder has bands and panels painted in a

dark paint (Johnson, rg73: Pl. 8d).(4) Flared Neck Ja r with Rounded Lip (Fig. gik). Some of these well-made vessels are of a red-bodiedware, well known froni Susa A sites. 36(7) Heavily Flared Neck with Rounded Lip (Fig. gn).(8) Heavily Flared Neck with Concave Lip (Fig. go). These two new rim forms probably occur on largejars. They are at present known only from the Terminal Susa A phase on the Susiana plain. 3735 Hole, Flannery, Neely, and Helbaek, op. cit., p. 127.36 G. Dollfus, "Les Fouilles a Djaffarabad de rg6g a I97I ",

Cahiers de la Delegation ArcMologique Fran;aise en Iran I Paris,1971).37 M. J. Steve and H. Gasche, "L'Acropole de Suse: NouvellesFouilles", MDAIXLVI (Paris, 1971), Pl. 34:10.


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EARLY F O U RT H MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTHWESTERN IRAN 139Other ceramics made with the Susiana clay body are a rough conical spout, also shaved like theFine Bowls, an oval nose lug, and some animal figurine fragments. The following table presents rimcounts.

CERAMICS FROM KS-26gas(I) Simple Round Lip Bowls(2) Simple Fine Bowls(3) Simple Flat Lip Bowls(4) Simple Flat Lip Bowls with Impressed Strips(r) FineJars(3) Stra ight Neck Jar with Round Lip(4) Flared Neck Ja r with Round Lip(7) Heavily Flared Neck with Round Lip(8) Heavi ly Flared Neck with Concave Lip

3I I13

I833

There are several items on other clay bodies. There are three straw tempered bevel rim bowlfragments, two ledge rim jars (Fig. gm, p), and a small neckless flat lip ja r (Fig. gq), also strawtempered, and a sand tempered clay sickle fragment. All of these are probably later than the TerminalSusa A period. This ceramic assemblage contrasts strongly with those previously discussed. Th erecently reported excavations on the Acropole of Susa39 indicate that it is a development out of Susa A.

The diagnostic bowl shapes are rare in contemporary highland assemblages, though the method ofdecoration is somewhat similar. That such a development ou t of lowland tradition is not merely alocal development is demonstrated by Caldwell's report of a similar assemblage of unpainted SusaA forms from Tall-i Ghazir on the Ram Hormuz plain go km. south-east of the Susiana plain. 40Johnson's 1970-7I survey of the Susiana plain revealed only twenty-two Terminal Susa A sitescovering a total of 33 hectares, indicating about 6ooo people. In contrast, Susa A occurred on aboutforty-one sites covering about 59 hectares. These Terminal Susa A sites are divided into at least threediscrete clusters (Fig. 5), two of which are dominated by small towns of about 5 hectares in area. Th eperiod was thus one of decentralization as well as one of declining settled population.

Th e succeeding Early Uruk period is not well represented either by excavated samples or surface-samples from single occupation sites. Hopefully this deficit will soon be eliminated by the work of theFrench Mission on the Acropole of Susa. In the interim we can note that the statistical studies under-taken by Johnson indicate the following to have been characteristic of the ceramic assemblage of theperiod. Sand is increasingly used as a tempering material and straw is used primarily for specializedshapes. The bevel rim bowl, primarily the tapered rim variety known as the" proto-bevel-rim bowl"was commonly used. Neckless Ledge Rim Jars, Flared Neck Expanded Rim Jars with concave orgrooved lip, Flared Neck Jars with High Expanded Band Rim, and Jars with long Straight Spouts areall common.Population increases greatly during this period. There are fifty sites covering 97 hectares. Perhaps2o,ooo people were settled on the plain. Susa emerged as a large centre once again, and there is avariety of evidence indicating that it is the centre of a small state. 41 This state was probably far morepowerful than any of the contemporary polities of the highland valleys or the marginal lowland valleys.Conclusion

This paper has focussed on what we have called the Terminal 'Ubaid Period in south;.western Iran.Between c. 4000-3700 B.c. highland communities used pottery with a crushed rock or straw temper andlowland communities used pottery either untempered or with fine sand tempers. However, there are38 These counts differ somewhat from those in Johnson 1972,

Table 35, because we have subdivided '' round rim bowls "into categories (2) and (3), an d "flared rim jars " intocategories (4) and (7).

39 Ibid., Alain Le Brun, op. cit.40 J. R. Caldwell, op. cit.41 Gregory A. Johnson, op. cit., p. IO I .


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140 JOURNAL OF PERSIAN STUDIES

certain broad similarities in ceramic complexes. First, the potter's wheel is in general use. Second,functionally similar series of large basins, bowls, and jars are used everywhere, perhaps as a result ofsimilar domestic tasks and organizations. Third, similar stylistic embellishments, such as impressedstrip applique and red slip, are widely used. Though each valley and plain seems to have a localpottery tradition, sites of the period can be easily recognized everywhere.The available data on site size and spacing indicate that the collapse of the lowland groups coupledwith the growth of highland centres left lowland and highland enclaves closely matched in terms ofpopulation. A few communities with highland technologies appear on a marginal lowland plain.If these represent actual immigration, then the possibility of inter-regional conflict must be considered.Is there evidence for such phenomena elsewhere in Greater Mesopotamia? In southern Iraq there

is little evidence of the Terminal 'Ubaid period of any kind. Though it was here that Woolley firstrecognized a Terminal 'Ubaid assemblage in what he termed the Ur-'Ubaid III Graves, 42 the assemblage has not been widely recognized in either excavation or survey, perhaps because the period wasone oflow populat ion densities. Th e best evidence appears to be that from a survey of the Nippur areaby Robert MeC. Adams. Here a channel of the Euphrates was first occupied at the end of the 'Ubaidand was completely abandoned in the Late or Middle Uruk period. 43 Th e decline of this settlementenclave might have resulted from a river channel shift.

In northern Iraq little survey data of any sort is available. However, the excavations at TepeGawra reveal evidence of unsettled conditions during the transition from 'Ubaid to Uruk. 44 Late'Ubaid Gawra XII suffered from raiding in spite of its defensible position and protecting blockhouses.Succeeding Gawra XIA was dominated by a massive central redoubt. It is interesting to note that theceramics of Gawra XII are of Northern 'Ubaid fabric, form, and design, with clear lowland affinities,while the ceramics of Gawra XIA are burnished brown and grey wares with few local antecedents.Though the technical and stylistic proto-types of these wares have yet to be demonstrated, the situationis reminiscent of that on the Deh Luran plain.

In the highlands there are two widely separated manifestations which may be Terminal 'Ubaid inage. To the south-west on the lv.farv Dasht of Central Fars, the Lapui Red Wares,45 first recognizedfrom Layer V of Tall-i Bakun A, 46 share many forms with the Terminal 'Ubaid Ceramics previouslydiscussed, though the ware itself is distinct. However, the relative chronological placement of theLapui communities is unknown, making both external comparisons an d the assessment of local demographic trends difficult. To the far north-west, on the Upper Euphrates near Elaztg in south-centralAnatolia, the Late Chalcolithic ceramics from Fatmah-Kalecik47 and other yet unreported sites show asurprising similarity to the Terminal 'Ubaid materials of Luristan. The clay preparation, firing, andvessel forms are like those from Kunji Cr.ve and Baba Jan. Th e relative chronological placement ofthese ceramics and the demographic trends during their period of use are unavailable at present. Th edistance between this area and Luristan, or even the Mosul Plain is sobering. However little is known ofsouth-western Anatolia, and future work may document a broad zone with similar ceramic techniquesfrom the Central Zagros to the Anti-Taurus during the Terminal 'Ubaid Period.These broader problems aside, this briefsurvey suggests that the root of south-west Iranian state andurban development lies in a period of contrac ting lowland settlement, leading to equally small highlandan d lowland societies. There are widespread suggestions of conflict. To go beyond these simple propositions requires additional background work on the absolute chronology, on a better technical understanding of ceramics, and on surveys involving closer examination of the terrain to estimate population.Several small excavation programmes would be useful. All the Uruk phases in Luristan require bet terdefinition. Elsewhere the Terminal 'Ubaid and Early Uruk proper require better definition. Such42 Sir Leonard Woolley, Ur: The Early Periods, U.E. IV (Phila-delphia, 1956).43 Robert McCormick Adams, personal communication.44 A. J. Tobler, op. cit.45 William Sumner, Cultural Development in the Kur River Basin(Ph.D. thesis, Philadelphia, 1972)".

46 Alexander Langsdorf and D. E. McCown Tall-i Bakun A,OIP LIV (Chicago, 1942).47 Robert Whallon an d Hemy T. Wright, " rg68 FatmahKalecik Excavations: Preliminary Report " in " r 968

Cahsmalan " Middle East Technical University Keban ProjectPublications r, Publication No. I (Ankara, 1970).


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E A RL Y FO U RT H MILLENNIUM D E V E L O PME N T S IN SOUTHWESTERN IRAN 141

local excavations would produce faunal remains useful in the elucidation of the impact of new transportanimals such as the ass and the onager as well as of new herding techniques. Some means must bedevised to recover the material remains of unsettled nomadic groups, who may have first begun toplay an independent political role in this period. Only when some of this work has been undertakencan we answer the intriguing questions of social and political process.


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142 JOURNAL OF PERSIAN STUDIESCATALOGUE

Fig. 6: Ceramics from KunJi Cave(a) Round lip bowl (L-r/6) :48 straw temper, paste 5 YR 6/6, burnished.(b) Round lip bowl (L-I/3): straw and limestone temper, paste 75 YR 6/4, burnished.(c) Fine ja r (N-r /2): straw temper, paste 5 YR 7/6, burnished.(d) Fine jar (L-r/-): straw and limestone temper, paste 10 YR 7/3, burnished.(e) Fine ja r (F-6/I): no visible inclusions, paste 5 Y 7/2, slight burnish.(f) Fine ja r (H-5/1): no visible inclusions, paste IO YR 8/4, slight burnish, paint 10 YR 3/2.(g) Fine ja r sherd (N-r/2): straw and limestone temper, paste 75 YR 6/4, burnished, paint 10 YR 4/1.(h) Fine ja r sherd (L-5/5): straw and limestone temper, paste 75 YR 7/4 paint 2.5 YR 4/2.(i) Small incurved beaded lip bowl (L-I/6): straw temper, paste 75 YR 7/5, burnished.(j) Small incurved beaded lip bowl (L-I/4): straw temper, paste 5 YR 7/6, burnished.(k) Flared neck ja r with round lip (N-r/6): straw temper, paste 75 YR 7/4(1) Flared neck ja r with round lip (L-I/6): straw and limestone temper, paste 75 YR 7/4(m) Small incurved bowl (L-I/4): straw temper, paste 10 YR 8j4.(n) Simple beaded lip bowl (L-I/4): straw temper, 10 YR 5/4(o) A typical beaded lip bowl (L-I/6): straw temper, paste 10 YR 6j4, burnished.(p) Flat base (N-rj2): straw temper, paste 5 YR 5/3(q) Flat base (L-I/4): straw and limestone temper, paste 2.5 YR 6/4, burnished.(r) Ring base (L-I/4): straw and limestone temper, paste 10 YR 8/3, burnished.(s) Ring base (N-I/2): straw and limestone temper, paste 2.5 Y 8/3(t) Pedestal ring base (L-I/3): straw and limestone temper, paste 5 YR 7/6 burnished.

Fig. 7: Ceramics from Sargarab(a) Round lip bowl (191) :49 straw and limestone temper, reduced core, paste 2.5 YR 6j2, surface 5 Y 7/35,slip 2.5 Y 8j2.(b) Fine bowl (155): st raw and limestone temper, reduced core, paste 2.5 YR 3/I, surface 5 Y 8/I.(c) Flat lip bowl (213): straw and limestone temper, paste 5 YR 6/5, surface 2.5 YR 7/4, slip 10 YR 8/3(d) Incurved beaded lip bowl (gg): straw and limestone temper, paste 10 R 45/4 surface 2.5 YR 6/4, slip

IO R 7/3(e) Flat lip bowl (141): rare straw and sand inclusions, paste 2.5 Y 7/5, surface IO YR 7/4(f) Beaded lip bowl (92): straw and limestone temper, reduced core, paste 2.5 YR 6/2, surface 5 YR 6fs,burnished white slip 2.5 YR 8/4(g) Bevelled lip bowl (214): straw and limestone t e m p ~ r , reduced core, paste 5 YR 6/5, surface 5 YR 6/4,slip 10 YR 7/3(h) Beaded lip bowl (398): straw and limestone temper, reduced core paste IO R 5/2, surface 2.5 YR 6j2,

slip IO R 7/2.(i) Incurved round lip bowl (454): straw and limestone temper, reduced core, paste 2.5 YR 6/4, surfaceIO R 6/3, white slip 2.5 Y 8/3

(j) Incurved beaded lip bowl (1): straw and limestone temper, reduced core, paste ro R 5/5, surface 10 R5/6 to 6J8.' 8 Th e numbers in parentheses are marked on the sherds. Th e

letter number combination preceding the slash designates agrid square: the number following the slash designates a locus

in that square.49 Th e number in parenthesis is Neely's serial catalogue number.


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E A RL Y FOURTH MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENTS IN SO U T H W E ST E RN IRA N 143Fig. 8: Ceramics from Sargarab(a) Incurved beaded lip bowl (124): straw and limestone temper, paste 5 Y 6j2, surface 5 Y 75/2.(b) Fine ja r (473): straw and limestone temper, paste 5 Y 7/2, surface 5 Y 8/2 to 6/3(c) Fine ja r (8o): straw and limestone temper, paste 5 Y 6/2, surface 5 Y 8j2.(d) Straight neckjar with round lip (381): straw and limestone temper, paste 5 YR 5/3, surface 5 YR 5/4(e) Neckless ja r (394): limestone and straw temper, paste 10 YR 7/3, surface 10 YR 6/3, paint 2.5 YR 4/3,

red slip.(f) Flared neck ja r with rounded lip (356): straw and limestone temper, reduced core, paste 5 YR 4/I,surface 75 YR 6/3(g) Flared neck ja r with rounded lip (rg): straw and limestone temper, paste 10 YR 7/3, surface 2.5 YR 7/6,slip 10 YR 8/3 .(h) Flared neck ja r with expanded rim and convex lip (8r): limestone and straw temper, paste 10 YR 4/3,surface 5 YR 6/4, burnished red slip 10 R 5/4, black paint.(i) Flared neck ja r with same (389): straw and limestone temper, paste 5 YR 5/5, surface 2/5 YR 5/5,white slip 5 Y 8/I.(j ) Flared neck ja r with same ( 16): straw and limestone temper, paste 2.5 YR 6/6, white slip 5 Y 8/4(k) Ledge rim ja r (366): sand temper, paste 10 YR 7/3, surface 2.5 Y 7/2.(1) Tray (353): straw temper, reduced core, paste 2.5 YR 3/1 to 5/6, surface 2.5 YR 6/6, slip 5 YR 7/2 to 8/3

Fig. 9: Ceramics from KS 269(a) Round lip bowl: no visible inclusions, paste 75 YR 6.5/5, surface 10 YR 8/3(b) Fine bowl: rare limestone and sand inclusions, paste 75 YR 7/5, surface ro YR 8/3, light slip.(c) Flat lip bowl: rare sand and limestone inclusions, paste ro YR 8/5, surface 2.5 Y 8j2.(d) Flat lip bowl: no visible inclusions, paste 2.5 Y 8/3, surface 2.5 Y 8j2, D. c. 40 em.(e) Flat lip bowl: no visible inclusions, paste ro YR 8/3, surface IO YR 8/4, D. c. 58 em.(f) Flat lip bowl: no visible inclusions, paste 2.5 Y 7/3, surface 10 YR 7/3, vessel oval in plan, average D.

c. 55 em.(g) Flat lip bowl: no visible inclusions, paste ro YR 75/4, surface 2.5 Y 8/3, light slip. D. c. 6o em.(h) Flat lip bowl: no visible inclusions, paste 75 YR 7/5, surface 10 YR 8/3, D. c. 38 em.(i) Flat lip bowl: no visible inclusions, paste 75 YR 8/s, surface ro YR 8/4, D. c. 52 em.(j ) Fine jar: rare straw and limestone inclusions, paste 10 YR 8/4, surface 10 YR 8/35(k) Flared neck ja r with round lip: no visible inclusions, paste 2.5 YR 6f6, surface 2.5 Y 8j1, red slip.(1) Flared neck ja r with round lip: no visible inclusions, paste 75 YR 7/4, surface 2.5 YR 8/2, possible slip.(m) Ledge rim jar: no visible inclusions, paste 5 YR 8/4, surface 10 YR 8/4, light slip.(n) Heavily flared neck with round lip: no visible inclusions, paste 2.5 Y 7/3, surface 2.5 Y 75/3(o) Heavily flared neck with concave lip: no visible inclusions; paste 5 YR 7/6, surface I o YR 8/4, sand grainsimpressed into interior surface.(p) Necklessjar: straw temper, paste 75 YR 8/5, surface ro YR 8/3(q) Ledge rim jar: no visible inclusions: paste 10 YR 7/4, surface 10 YR 8/4


16/19

144\ -j. : (' . ,.

a

d

. .. .. . . .. ... ...

[ _ ~ .. ~ . w : IJYq

JOURNAL OF PERSIAN STUDIES7 \ ' ~ > ~ l I. - . .. . . . ._- . . ~ . ........ . ~ : .b

e

k

m

n

r

Fig. 6. Ceramics from Kunji Cave.

.....-:-/./ ', _.:..:...... . / !......___

. . .',/_-; .-: : ///" .c

5


17/19

EARLY FOURTH MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTHWESTERN IRAN 145 : ~ . , .; .:./''- .----

a. b\ ~ " ' . , - ~ . 'c'c;': :l"' ~ .. .. . -- .-:. ... :. .:. . ..._ .. ..., : ,._n;'7J:d I- .. . ..c

..... ,;.

e\:-. .~ : ' - ~ ~ ~ - : . : ~ : :::;g:-: ,f

__._. .. . _ . -.. ~ - - - - - = - - ~ ~ . . . . : . . : . ~ : : - ~ : 0 ; .: -: - ~

g ;--or..,. .

h

jFig. 7 Ceramics from Sargarab.


18/19

146 JOURNAL OF PERSIAN STUDIES- ~ . :

~ ' ~ ' 1 c i l i r ~ - ~ " :Y"' ~ . , . , i ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u ( ' j "J . ~ c..l . ;) - t ' ~ . , _, -"'),- ... . . _ ? : . , - . ~ .... .? ! ' . : : ~ ~ . V - - ~ ~ , ~ ~ j _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ? : ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ :

a

. \ 0 .. .

b c

. ....-..... ' . , ~ .... . _ . . ~ . - ~ : ~ ... / ...

d

.... ,.:l ' l.- - . ., I

. - - = - ~ ~ . . : . : : . . , . . , . , - _ : _ ...

f).-::l ..J

g

- .. : .. ::>

--;:" - _..,...._ .. ; .k

Fig. 8. Ceramics from Sargarab.


19/19

EARLY FOURTH MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENTS IN S OUTHW ES TER N IRAN 147\(w ~ . ! ~ . ~ t 7- ,. . .. : - = ~ ~ / - . . ... ': ,___.:__:. :__

.. . 0 .............. a. .....---. -

.

.

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7 7--,h i

"'-..:---..... -.;:-..._ ~ - , , - . - - , . . , . . . ,

~ - S ~ " . _ : - " ' ~ - ~ . - ~ ~ ~ :

- ....-------------

...... :: :: .

j

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m

.. .I . . . . . *' ....;.... ; :.-.... .. :p

Fig. 9 Ceramics from KS 269.

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1975 Wright Etal (Early Fourth Millennium Developments in SW Iran)

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