ED 200 123 AUTHOR TITLE INSTITUTION fEPORT NO PUB DATE, NOTE AVAILABLE FROM EDRS PRICE 'DESCRIPTORS' DOCUMENT RESUME . HE 013 607 Scopino,'JOhn A. Employment Attributes of-Recent Science and Engineering Graduates. Special Report. 'National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. NSF-80-325 Oct 80 Statistical tables may notreproduce well. National Science Foundation, Washington, DZ. MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. *Bachelors Degrees; *College Graduates; Cmputer Science; Educations Work Relationship; Empl7;yment Level; *Employment Patterns; *Engineering; ;7:ngineers: Females; Graduate Surveys; Higher Education: labor Market; Males; *Masters Degrees; Occupational Surveys'; Salaries: *Sciences: Scientists; Sex Differences; Social Sciences: Vocational Followup ABSTRACT information on the 1979 employment activities of 1977 graduates with bachelor's and master's degrees in science and engineering (S/E) fields is presented. Trends in cohort size are analyzed to provide a historical perspective for the survey findings. Factors causing employment levels to be lower than the cohort size as S/E graduates made the transition from school to work are suarmarized, and the employment patterns of S/E graduates who are employed in. S/E jobs and the implications of these patterns are examined. Among the r-inding*;afe,the-folloWing:- employment in S/E jobs was oktained-bq abcdt 'one4half of 'the bachelor's degree-holders and about three - fourth's of the master's degree-holders: employment in part-time and non-S/E jabs occurs among only. about one-sixth of the degree-holders in the labor force; while about 9 out of 10 of, the engineering and-computer science graduates were working'in.S/E jobs, only about 1 in 5 of the social science degree - holders were so employed: employment opportunities for'recent S/E graduates have shifted toward jobs in industry and with the federal government: in general, the S/E utilization rates for men were higher than those for ,women at both the bachelor's and master's level; most of the differences in utilization'rates can be attributed to concentrations cf men-or women in particular fields (men predominate in engineering and women in the social sciences): R&D activities continue to be the primary work cf about one-third Of scientists and engineers with recently acquired bachelor's and master's degrees. Salary information -is also analyzed. (SW) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ****************45******************************************************
ABSTRACTinformation on the 1979 employment activities of 1977
graduates with bachelor's and master's degrees in science andengineering (S/E) fields is presented. Trends in cohort size areanalyzed to provide a historical perspective for the survey findings.
Factors causing employment levels to be lower than the cohort size asS/E graduates made the transition from school to work are suarmarized,and the employment patterns of S/E graduates who are employed in. S/Ejobs and the implications of these patterns are examined. Among ther-inding*;afe,the-folloWing:- employment in S/E jobs was oktained-bqabcdt 'one4half of 'the bachelor's degree-holders and aboutthree - fourth's of the master's degree-holders: employment in part-timeand non-S/E jabs occurs among only. about one-sixth of thedegree-holders in the labor force; while about 9 out of 10 of, theengineering and-computer science graduates were working'in.S/E jobs,
only about 1 in 5 of the social science degree - holders were soemployed: employment opportunities for'recent S/E graduates haveshifted toward jobs in industry and with the federal government: ingeneral, the S/E utilization rates for men were higher than those for
,women at both the bachelor's and master's level; most of thedifferences in utilization'rates can be attributed to concentrationscf men-or women in particular fields (men predominate in engineeringand women in the social sciences): R&D activities continue to be theprimary work cf about one-third Of scientists and engineers withrecently acquired bachelor's and master's degrees. Salary information-is also analyzed. (SW)
***********************************************************************Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made
from the original document.****************45******************************************************
employmentattributes of recentscience andengineeringgraduates
(\ri
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U S DEPARTMENTOF HEALTH.
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special reportNSF 80-325
"lb
foreword
This report presents findings on the employment patterns of recent scienceand engineering (SIE) graduates who gained employment in SiE jobs. Theseemployment patterns provide early and dramatic indicators of labor marketchanges for scientists and engineers. The extent to which young SiE graduatesseek and are able to find employment provides a measure of the robustness of
the economy: the degree to which they are employed in SiE jobs and the attrib-utes of that employment generally reflect the level of activity of the Nation'sscientific and technological enterprise. This type of information can be ofvalue to scien e policymakers, potential employers of scientists and engineers,and studentht educational counselors.
Two earlier reports on recent SiE graduates have been issued. The first in-vestigated the extent to which SiE graduates entered the labor force and foundemployment, and the relationship of that employment to the field of study.The second report investigated the effects of the acquisition of skill over timeand of changes in the economic environment on labor market performance.
Information contained in this report is based on a 1979 survey of bachelor's-and master's -degre recipients in SiE fields. Surveys in this series provide oneof the mai:. data bases used by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to es-timate the characteristics and activities of the total U.S. S/E population.
October 1980
Charles E. FalkDirector, Division of Science
Resources StudiesNational Science Foundation
iii
iv
acknowledgments
This report was developed by John A. Scopino. Program Analyst. Demo-graphic Studies Group. Supervision, review, and guidance were provided by J.James Brown, Study Director, Demographic Studies Group; Michael F. Crow-ley. Senior Staff Associate for Methods and Analysis, Scientific and TechnicalPersonnel Studies Section; Alan Fechter, Head, Scientific and Technical Per-sonnel Studies Section; and Charles E. Falk. Director, Division of Science Re-sources Studies.
*-1
Contents
Page
Highlights1
Introduction2
Employment in S/E Jobs 4
Employment in Field of Degree 6
Adequacy of Recent S/E Degree Production 8
Sector of Employment 9
Primary Work Activity 11
Salaries 12
Appendix:Detailed Statistical Tables 14
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highlights.
The S/E utilization rate, i.e., the proportion of 1977S/E graduates in the labor force employed in S/E jobsin 1979, indicates a limited potential for S/E employ-ment among recent graduates at the bachelor's- andmaster's-degrze levels. Employment in S/E jobs wasobtained by about one-half of the bachelor's degree-holders and about three-fourths of the master'sdegree-holders. Between 1978 and 1979, the S/Eutilization rate showed a modest increase at both de-
gree levels.The observed low S/E utilization rates are not neces-sarily indicators of underemployment since underem-ployment in the form of involuntary employment inpart-time and non-S/E jobs occurs among only aboutone-sixth of the recent S/E baccalaureate and mas-ter's degree-holders in the labor force.
The S/E utilization rate of the recent S/E degree re-cipients varied substantially by field of degree. Whileabout 9 out of 10 of the engineering and computerscience graduates were working in S/E jobs, only
about 1 in 5 of the social science degree-holders were
so employed.
There was an excess demand for computer scientists,approximate supply/demand balance in chemistry andengineering, and an excess supply in other scientificfields. This excess supply in most fields was observed
at both the bachelor's- and master's-degree levels.The imbalances, however, were smaller for recentmaster's-degree recipients.Employment opportunities for recent S/E gradUateshave shifted toward jobs in industry and with the Fed-eral Government. Between 1976 and 1979, the in-
crease in the number of recent S/E graduates hiredin these two sectors were 20 percent and 15 percent,respectively. Other sectors showed absolute &clines.The growth in industrial employment correlates with
recovery from the 1974-75 economic recession whilethe increase in Federal employment appears relatedto the increased emphasis on environmental andenergy programs, areas where S/E-skills are sought.
In general, the S/E utilization rates for men werehigher than those for women at both the bachelor's-and master's-degree level. Much of the difference inutilization rates can be attributed to concentrations of
men or women in particular fields. Men predominate inengineering and women are concentrated in the socialsciences. When these field effects are taken into con-sideration, the S/E utilization rates actually invert infavor of women at the bachelor's-degree level and thedifferential narrows from 21 per 100 to 8 per 100 for
master's degree-holders.
R&D activities continue to be the primary work ofabout one-third of scientists and engineers with re-cently acquired bachelor's and master's degrees. Thislevel of involvement, however, is substantially lower
than that of Ph.D.'s where almost one-half are primar-
ily engaged in R&D activities.
Recent S/E graduates in S/E jobs enjoyed highersalaries than their peers in non-S/E jobs. Averageearnir.is of the S/E-employed group were aboutone-third higher. Bachelor's degree-holders in en-gineering and the life and social sciences, however,reported compavable salaries for S/E and non-S/E
employment.
introduction
This study focuses on, the 1979 employment activities ofa subset o' recent graduates with bachelor's and master'sdegrees in science and engineering (S/E) fieldsthe 1977graduating cohorts. A brief analysis of trends in cohort sizeis first.offered to provide historical perspective for currentfindings. Then follows a summary of the factors causingemployment leve!s to be lower than the cohort size as S/Egraduates make the transition from school to work. The re-mainder of this report examines the employment patterns ofS/E graduates who are employed in S/E jobs and the impli-cations of these patterns. The report concentrates on in-volvement in science and engineering because it is a goodindex of the demand for these graduates within the Nation'sscientific and technical enterprise.
There have been divergent trends, betweem 1974 and1976, in the number of degree recipients in S/E fields.' Atthe bachelor's-degree level, the number declined; at themaster's-degree level the number increased slightly (chart1). These divergent trends reflect a combination of demo-graphic effects and other factors such as the perceived at-tractiveness of S/E careers.
'Pepariment or Health. Education, and Welfare, National Center for EducationStatistics. Fornitil Degrees Conferred, annual series.
2
When the 1977 graduating cohorts were surveyed in1979, not all were employed and only part were employedin S/E jobs (chart 2). Some stayed in school full time forfurther training; others (about 3 percent) opted to ri_mainoutside of the labor force; i.e., choosing neither to work norto seek work. An equally small number were unemployed(i.e., they were not employed, but sought work); and a sub-stantial number were working in non-S/E jobs (about one-half of the employed S/E bachelor's-degree recipients andabout one-quarter of the employed S/E master's-degree re-cipients).
The movement of 1977 graduates to SIE jobs amountedto about 104,000 baccalaureate recipients and 33,000master's degree-holders. These employment levels repre-sented a modest absolute gain since 1976 for bac-calaureate recipients (up from 99,000) but no significant in-crease for master's degree-holders. The observed move-ment away from S/E employment does not necessarily indi-cate underutilization of these highly trained people. Much ofthe leakage described above (i.e., full-time enrollment in
graduate school, decisions to remain outside the laborforce, and decisions to work in non-S/E jobs) can be attrib-uted to voluntary actions. For example, decisions to remainin school represent voluntary decisions to forego current in-come and to incur some costs to derive future benefits inthe form of enhanced career opportunities.
An aspect of underutilization in 1979, however, can beinferred from the number who were unemployed or in-voluntarly employed part time or in non-S/E jobs. The 1979unemployment rate for these cohorts ranged around 2 and3 percent, down from the 4 to 8 percent levels that prevailedin 1976 reflecting improved economic conditions during thelater period. While these cohorts fared well in terms of un-employment, there appeared to be a significant amount ofinvoluntary employmentin part-time and non-S/E jobsparticularly for recent S/E graduates with a bachelor's de-gree. Involuntary part-time employment rates were about 2percent for master's- and bachelor's-degree recipients inthe labor force. The analogous rates of involuntary non-S/Eemployment (full time) were 9 percent and 2 percent for
bachelor's and master's degree-holders, respectively.Thus, the data indicate that almost all of those who
sought jobs found them, but many of these jobs were in
non-S/E occupations. Since employment in S/E jobs pro-vides the clearest indication of demand for these graduatesin scientific and technological activity, the remainder of thisanalysis focuses on the subset of recent graduates who re-ported that they were so employed.
Chart 2. Transition of 1977 science/engineering bachelor's-and master's-degree recipients from school to work: 1979
Full-timepost-mister's
graduate students11 000 Master's
Science/engineeringgraduates not enrolled
full -time ingraduate studies
222,000
Full-timegraduatestudents77,000
1
In labor force214,000
Science/engineeringgraduates not enrolled
full-time inpast master's
graduate studies45,000'
,--Outside thelabor force
Employed
208,000
Employed in Employed innonscience/ science/engineering engineering
jobs jobs103,000 104,000
SOURCE: National Science Foundation
8,000 1.000
In labor force44,000
Unemployed
7,000 1,009.
Employed43,000
Employed riscience/
engineering jobs33,000
Employed Innonscience/
engineering jobs10,000
3
employmentin S/E jobs
The "S :E utilization rate"thenumber of recent S/E graduates em-ployed in S/E jobs per 100 recent S/EGraduates in the labor force2is anindication of relative demand. Theserates were substantially below thefull utilization of SiE graduates in S/Ejobs in 1979 (chart 3). About one-halfof the relevant 1977 S/E bachelor's-degree recipients and about three-quarters of the correspondingmaster's-degree recipients were em-ployed in S/E jobs.
The S/E utilization rates varied byfield as well as by level of degree.Examination of recent trends(1976-79) in these rates shows an in-creased demand for life sciencedegree-holders at the bachelor'slevel, and for physical sciencedegree-holders at the master's level.Engineering degree-holders showedincreasing demand at both degreelevels (chart 4).
The field variability in the 1979 S/Eutilization rates of baccalaureate re-cipients reflects the supply/demandbalance of the S/E labor market forindividuals at this degree level. Ingeneral, the data indicate a relativelygreater demand for individuals withdegrees in engineering than forscience-degree recipients and, withinthe scientific specialties, a greaterdemand for computer specialists.3
Throughout the remainder of this report. theanalysis of labor market performance involves onlythose who were not full-time graduate students atthe time of the survey.' bate for detailed fields are included in table A.
4
While more than 9 out of 10engineering and computer sciencegraduates in the labor force wereworking in S/E jobs, less than 1 in 5of the social science degree-holderswere so employed. Similar findingsare noted for recent S/E graduateswith master's degrees, with a smaller
of the difference in utilization r :s be-tween engineers and social scientists(9 out of 10 versus 1 out of 2). Thesedata are consistent with the recog-nized fact that, in many fields, thebaccalaureate does not accord profes-sional standing in S/E occupations.
Utilization rates for recent S/Emaster's-degree recipients in themathematical sciences (which in-clude computer sciences) and en-gineering were comparable to thoseof bachelor's degree-holders. Rateswere considerably higher, however,among master's degree-holders in thephysical, life, and social sciences,especially among the latter fields.
In general, men reported higherutilization rates than women, givenfield and level of degree. The SiEutilization rate of male baccalaure-ate-holders across all fields was 55percent as compared with 37 percentfor women. Among master's-degreerecipients the rates for men andwomen were 79 percent and 58 per-cent, respectively. These differentialsare largely the result of concentra-tions of men or women in certain SiE
fields. Men predominate in en-gineering . whereas women are con-centrated in the social sciences.
When the sex differences in fielddistribution are accounted for, assummarized below, the differences inS/E utilization rates invert in favor ofwomen for bachelor's degree-holdersand narrow from 21 per 100 to 8 per100 for master's degree-holders. Theremaining unexplained differencemay reflect employer hiring prefer-ences in S/E jobs.{
''f he effects of the greater relative supplies of re-cent female graduates are more difficult to assessbut can he estimated. ff. other things being thesame. the number of female .eraduares had notgrown relative to male graduates since 1970, theestimated S b utilization rates for females wouldhave been 45 per DM and 75 per 1(1(1 for bachelor'sand master's degrees. respectively, Thus, thegreater relative supple is estimated to have con-tributed 44 percent and 90 percent of the observed
differentials at the bachelor's- and master's-degreelevels. respectively.
Effects of sex differences in fielddistribution on S E utilization rates
Bachelor's Master's
Male Female.(Percent(
Mali! ',Female
Actual S;17:utilization
rate 55 37 79 58
Modified I S/E j
utilizationrate '34 I 37 '66 58
' Derived by giving men thc, field characteristics ofwomen and then computing the average utilizationrate from the male field-specific rates.
5
employment infield of degree
Data regarding the extent to which1977 S'E graduates were employedwithin their field of degree in 1979are presented in chart 5.5 Except forengineering and the mathematicalsciences, less than one-half of thebaccalaureate recipients in S/E fieldswere employed within their field ofstudy. As before, the field employ-ment rate in computer sciences, asubfield of the mathematical sci-ences, was about as large as theanalogous rate for engineers. About 6out of 7 bachelor's-degree recipientsin engineering and computer sci-ences were employed within theirdegree fields, The employment ratesin other degree fields were substan-tially lower, especially among socialscience degree-holders of whomabout 1 in 10 were working in socialscience occupations.
The proportion of women em-ployed in the field of their degreewas lower than that .of men; i.e., 29percent as compared with 46 percentamong male baccalaureate recipients.Once again, however, this sizableoverall differential appears to be theresult 'of different field patterns ofmen and women, since the rates forwomen baccalaureates are equal to,or exceed. those of men in each of thebroad fields examined (chart 5).
s For purposes of this study. an individual whosedegree and employment fall within the same hruadfield category is considered to he working in his orher field
The overall field employment ratesof master's-degree recipients weresignificantly higher, both for menand women. Among men, as before.this higher rate was especially evi-dent in all fields but mathematicalscienceshand engineering, wherefield employment rates of master's
were no higher than those of bach-elor's degree-holders.
A similar pattern emerges with re-spect to women except that field ern-.ploYment rates in the matematicalsciences and in engineering werelower than at the baccalaureate level.
Because of the relatively -large sam-pling errors associated with the em-ployment characteristics of women atthe master's level, these differencesmust be interpreted with caution.Nevertheless, the data indicate thatthe acquisition of a master's degreein these fields by women results in agreater level of field switching thanwas the ease at the baccalaureatelevel.
This anomaly may be related to thechange in the pattern of employmentaffiliation of women upon attainmentof tl.e master's degree in these fields.For example, among mathematicalscience degree-holders at the bac-calaureate level, about two-thirds ofboth men and women were employedby business 'and industry. At themaster's-degree level about .48 per-cent of men N.vere industrially em-
ployed while the corresponding ratefor women mathematicians ,was only35 percent. At the same time, aca-demic employment rates for men andwomen (in all educational institu-tions) holding the master's degreewere 20 percent and 50 percent, re-spectively. Thus, the data suggestthat women holding the master's de-gree in the mathematical sciencescontinue to he oriented to the teach-ing occupations.
7
adequacy of recentSlE degree production
Cip
8
The adequacy of recent SiE degreeproduction in terms of employmentdemand can be indexed by the ratioof employment (classified by field ofemployment) to labor force (clas-sified by field of degree.) A ratio ofless than one indicates a relative ex-cess supply, of recent graduates inthat field: a ratio greater than one in-dicates a relative excess demand.
Based on this index, one can con-clude that supply exceeds demand inmost fields at both the bachelor's-and the master's-degree levels, al-though in 1979 relative imbalanceswere somewhat smaller at themaster's-degree level (chart 6). Theindex shiws conditions of substan-tial excess supply in the 'ife and so-
/ cial sciences, approximate supply-demand balance for chemistry andengineering, and excess demand forcomputer scientists.
Since the transition of recent SiEdegree recipients from school towork entails a shift from degree fieldto employment field, the latter clas-sification will be used in the re-maining sections of this report unlessotherwise noted.
sector ofemployment
Employment data for recentgraduates for the years 1976 and 1979reveal an annual growth rate of lessthan 2 percent per year for S/E jobsand a relative shift of employmentopportunities to jobs in industry andthe Federal Government (chart 7).These findings hold at both thebachelor's- and master's-degreelevels. Overall employment in SIEactivities grew by 5.5 percent for re-cent S/E bachelor's-degree recipientsand '2.8 percent for master's-degreerecipients between 1976 and 1979.This modest overall growth in em-ployment. however. consisted of in-creases in excess of 20 percent forbusiness and industry and 15 percentfor the Federal Government. and ab-solute employment declines in theother sectors combined. The aca-demic sector showed no growthduring the period: a small increase inemployment for recent S/E bache-lor's-degree recipients was more thanoffset by a decline in employment forSIE master's recipients.
The differentials in growth ratesobserved between 1976 and 1979 canpartially be explained by the recov-ery from the 1974-75 recession(which contributes to the strong em-
7 ,Y-4-
ployment trend observed in businessand industry.) The uncertain finan-cial situation in academiabroughtabout largely by expected declines inenrollmentsmay explain the lev-eling off of employment in academia.At the same time, the growth of em-ployment in the Federal Governmentmay reflect increased emphasis onenvironmental and energy issues.areas where S/E skills are essential.
Thus, business and industry re-mains the principal sector of em-ployment for recent S/E graduates in19-79, especially for bachelor's-degreerecipients (chart 8). This finding isnot surprising, considering the fol-lowing: (1) 86 percent of all eco-nomic activity took place in the pri-vate sector in 19796 and (2) 62 per-cent of all scientists and engineers(both experienced and recentgraduates) were employed in busi-ness and industry in 1978.'7
"Based on the gross national product. Council ofEconomic Advisers. Economic Report of the Presi-dent. !Washington. D.C.: Supt. of Documents. U.S.Government Printing Office. 19801'tiational Science Foundation, U.S. Scientists andEngineers, 1978 (Detailed Statistical Tables) (NSF
80-3114) /Washington, D.C.. 19811.1
9
The differences by degree level insectoal employment distributionsmay be the result of diffefences infield distribution by degree level.The numbers of recent S/E grad' ;esat the bachelor's-degree level work-ing in ST. jobs are greatest in thefields of engineering, computer sci-ence (included with the mathemati-cal sciences), and chemistry (in-cluded with the physical sciences).
10
These fields have traditionally en-joyed relatively strong employmentaffiliations with the private sector(chart 8).
Examination of S!E employmentrates by sector shows that businessand industry and the Federal Gov-ernment employed a larger sha're ofrecent S!E graduate hires in SJE jobsthan did other sectors of the econ-omy, regardless of sex or level of de-
ze,
gree (chart 9). Within sectors, thisemployment share was larger formaster's-degree recipients than forbachelor's degree-holders and waslarger for men than for women. Thedegree-level differential is in part at-tributable to the fact that the master'sdegree is a prerequisite for -S/E workin many fields. The sex differential isdue in part to the sex distributionwithin fields.
Total
Men
Women
I_ I
primary work activi
Research and development con-tinues to be the dominant we rk ac-tivity for recent graduates in SIEjobss (chart 10). Over one-third of therecent graduates were primarily en-gaged in R&D activities in 1979. Thisdegree of R&D involvement is notablylower than comparable involvementby Ph.D.'s in SIE jobs: almost one-halfof these Ph.D.'s reported some R&Dactivity as their primary work in1979.4 Involvement in research anddevelopment varied among recent SIEgraduates by level of SIE degree andsex. Among recent graduates withmaster's degrees. men were morelikely to be involved in R&D ac-tivities as their primary work.Women tended to be concentrated inthe social and mathematical sciencefields where teaching and reportgenerating or computational work arethe primary activities.
The degree effect may, be due todifferences in distributions by fieldand employment sector or to the rel-ative complexity of R&D work. Therewere disproportionate numbers ofengineers and computer specialists atthe bachelor's-degree level. Gradu-ates employed in these fields weremore likely to be primarily engagedin iroduction- related activities (e.g.
tNlore detailed direct comparisons with earlierperiods are not possible because of changes thathave been made in the primary work activityiIxonotny.
National Science Foundation, Characteristics ofDoctoral Scientists and Engineers in .he UnitedStates. Mt 'Detailed Statistical TableN) (NSF Flo-34:3) (Washington. D (:
engineers) or in report generating orcomputational activities (e.g., com-pititer specialists). Similarly,bachelor's-degree recipients weremore likely to be employed in the in-dustrial sector, where R&D activity is
Totalmen
women
less often the primary work than inthe academic sector. Finally. the rel-ative complexity of R&D activity maycause employers to prefer using re-cent graduates with advanced de-grees in the-Se'types of activity.
11
salaries
Recent S/E graduates employed inS/E jobs generally enjoyed highersalaries than comparable graduates innon-S/E jobs (chart 11). The excep-tions were the fields of engineering,life sciences, and social sciences atthe bachelor's- degree level. On aver-age, those employed in S1E jobsearned about one-third more thanthose in non-S/E jobs.
The differentials between S/E andnon-S/E salaries were not substantialamong degree-holders in engineeringand the life and social sciences,especially at the baccalaureate level.The salary premium for SiE employ-ment was most evident amongmathematical science degree-holders.
Lim
12
S/ENon-S/E
appendix
detailed statistical tables
appendix
detailedstatisticaltables
PageA. Selected employment characteristics of 1977 bachelor's-degree recipients
in science and engineering by field and sex: 1979 15
B. Selected employment characteristics of 1977 master's-degree recipientsin science and engineering by field and sex: 1979. 16
C. Distribution of 1977 science/engineering bachelor's-degree recipientsemployed in SiE jobs by field, sector of employment, and primary workactivity: 1979 17,
D. Distribution of 1977 science/engineering master's-degree recipients em-ployed in S/E jobs by field, sector of employment, and primary work activ-ity: 1979 17
E. Median annual salaries of 1977 science /engineering, baccalaureate recip-ients by field of degree and S/E employment status: 1979 18
F. Median annual salaries of 1977 science/engineering master's-degree re-cipients by field of study and S/E emloyment status: 1979 19
14
Table A. Selected employment characteristics of 1977 bachelor's-degree recipients' inscience and engineering by field and sex: 1979
'Excludes those enrolled lull-time on graduate school.2 Less than 50
NOTE Detail may not to totals because of rounding Statistics generated from these data may be slightly different from those presented in the text since the
tatter were based on absolute numbersSOURCE- National Science Foundation
9 ;15
Table B. Selected employment characteristics of 1977 master's-degree recipients' inscience and engineering by field and sex: 1979
Field of study
Total
Total Men t Women
Employed .nLabor force Total employed science/engineering
Total Men omen I Total? Mend Women Total -1 Men t Women
' Excludes those enrollee dime In graduate schoolLess than 50 '"
NOTE Detail may not add to totals because of roundmg _Statistics generated from these data may be slightly different from those presented in the text since thelatter were based on absolute numbers.
SOURCE National Science Foundation.
16 ti
Table C. Distribution of 1977 science/engineering bachelors'-degree recipients" employed in S/E jobs by
field, sector of employment, and primary work activity: 1979
S ctor of empl...yment Primary work activity
Field ofemployment
Totalnumber
employed
71 -1 II Non I ;
Bus., I Educ. ; profit Fed. ;
, Ind. ! instits. 1 orgs. Govt. I
I
State; I I ;
local I 1 Mgt., Prod.: 1
govts. I Other ! R&D I admin 'Teaching inspec. ;
Rep.stat., I
comp. :
advs. !
Sales,prof.
servs. Other
TotalPhysical sciencesMathematical
sciencesEngineeringLife sciencesSocial sciences 1
104.50010.500
17.90046.80019,6009.700
69.800:4_ 7.600 1
t;" 7.600 1 800 1:
13.000 ; 1,30039.600 I 1.1008.500 3,800 I
, 1,200 600 1
2.900200
800200500
1,200
8.200 j!1,000 !
1 000 I
1 2,800 !
2.500 ,
I 900 !
9.500'700 !
900 ,
1,8002.2003,800 ,
6.603 1 34.400 :
300 4.500 ",
900 13,400 I
1,300 I 19.000 I
2.200 :6.100 I
1,900 : 1.400 i
10,000900
.
6003,900;2,700!1.900,
5.500700'
4001.2001
700:2,500,
24,0002.500
700 ;14.2006.100 I
500
21,3001.300 1
1
11,800 I
5.5001,5001.200
6.300400
2001,9002.1001,800
2.800200
9001,000
400300
' Excluding those enrolled full time in graduate school. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding
Less than 50 cases.SOURCE National Science Foundation
Table D. Distribution of 1977 science/engineering master's-degree recipients' employed in SIE jobs by field,sector of employment, and primary work activity: 1979
' Excluding those enrolled full time in graduate school NOTE Detail may not add to totals because of rounding
Less than 50 cases SOURCE Nauonal te ce Foundation
9.t)17
Table E. Median annual salaries of 1977 science/engineering baccalaureaterecipients' by field of degree and S/E employment status: 1979
Field ofdegree Total
Total employed
Men Women
Science/engineeringemployed
Total Men Women
Non-science,engineering employed
Total Men Women
Total .*7Physical sciences
ChemistryPhysics/
astronomyEnviromental
sciencesOther physical
sciencesMathematical
sciencesMathematicsComputer sciences
EngineeringLife sciences
BiologyAgricultural
sciencesSocial sciencessciences
PsychologyEconomicsSociology/
anthropologyOther social
sciences
14.10014,20014,100
15,100
13.600
(2)
16.00014,60018,10018,90012,00011,600
12,20.012.00011,60015,000
11,000
12,900
i
:
..._
i
15.30014,30014,200
15.100
14,100
( 2)
16.30015,00018,60018,90012.20012.100
12.80013..000
.12,20015,300
12,000
13,000
...11,500
.
13,60013,700
(2)
12,100
(2)
15.10014,400
(7)19.20011:20011,400
10,20010,50011,100
(2)
10,100
11.200
.
4
'
-
16.30014.7C014,500
15,500 l
14,500
( 2)
17,10016,40016,6001E.90012,00011,200
12.40012,00010,400
(2)
11,200
(2)
17 10014,70014,500
15.400
14,600
( 2)
17.20016,80018:90018.90012:410000
12 90011,300.10,100
(2)
(2)
(2)
!
'
13,20014,50014,500
(2)
(2)
(2)
16,50016,200
(2)19,30011,10011,100
10,6001t,10011,100
(2)
(2)
(2)
12.10012.10011,600
(2)
12,200
(2)
11.30011.100
( 2)
18.90012,10012,100
12.20012,00012,00014,800
10,800
13,000
13.10012.20012,100
(2)
12,900
(2)
12,10011.600
(2)k '
18,90012,50012.200
12.60013,30013,20015,100
12,100
13,400
:.
'
10,500
(2)
( 2)
10.200
( 2)
10,70010,700
(2)(2)
11,60011,700
9,10010,30011,000
(2)
10,100
9,400
' Excludes individuals enrolled full-pre in graduate NOTE: Median annual salaries computed only forschool. full -time employed civilians.2 No median computed for groups with less than 20 SOURCE: National Science Foundation
respondents.
9
18
Table F. Median annual salaries of 1977 science/engineering masters'- degree recipients' by field of studyand S/E employment status: 1979
Field of study Total
Total employed
Men Women
Science, engineeringemployed
Total Men Wom( 1
Non-science/engineeringemployed
Total Men Women
TotalPhysical sciences
ChemistryPhysics/
astronomyEnvironmental
sciencesOther\physical
sciencesMathematiCal
sciencesMathematicsComputer sciences
EngineeringLife sciences
BiologyAgricultural
sciencesSocial sciences
PsychologyEconomicsSociology,'
anthropologyOther social
sciences
18,90019,00016,900
19,100
19,100
(2. )
19.30016,90024,20022,30014,80014,800
14.80016,00014,40018.800
16,000
-17,300
19,500, 19,300
19.500
i 19,400
! 19,300
(2)i__. . "
-20.21V018,10024,20022.30014,9001'5,000
14.80017.20015,20018,900
18,000
17.500
1
7
:
t.
14,90016,200
(2)
(2)
16,400
(.2)
16.90016,200
(2)20,30013.30013,400
(2)
13.60013.500
(2)
(2)
-(2)
19,400. _ .
19,30019,100
19,200
19,900
(2)
20,30018,60024.10022,20015.20015,500
14,90016.20014,10019.100
(2)
(2)
7
20,100.,,..,,,'19.50019,600
19,200
20,300
(2)
20.40019,20024.10022.20015.50016,200
15.00017,00015,00019,100
(2)
(2)
i--
15.30016.800
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
17,400(2)(2)
19.80013.300.13.600
(2)
13.00012,600
(2)
(2)
(.2)
l
!
15.00016,100
(2)
(2).
(2)
(2)
.16,00014,300
(2)'
(2)13,30012,200
14,40015.10014,900
(2)
13,600
17,400
,.
1,000 .
16.900(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
16,10014,800
(2)(2)
13,30012,200
14.400. .
16,500--16.200
(2)
(2)
(2)
14,200(2)
(
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)(2)(2)
(2)(2)(2)
(2)
14,30014,400
(2)
(2)
(')
' Excludes individuals enrolled full time in graduateschool
No median computed for groups with less than 20respondents
NOTE Median salaries computed only for full timeemployed civilians.SOURCE National Science Foundation
19
other science resourcespublications
NSF No. Price
Science Resources Studies Highlights
R&D Funds'Federal R&D Obligations Will Show RealGrowth in 1981 Mostly From DOD Pro-grams- 80-322
'March Cutback in Federal Budget LeavesStrong Defense R&D Growth in 1981Other Areas Lag 80-319
'Greatest Increase in 1978 Industrial R&DExpenditures Provided by 14 Rise inCompanies Own Funds' 80-300
StE Personnel"Employment of Scientists and EngineersIncreased Between 1976 and 1978 But De-dined in Some Science Fields 80-305
Detailed Statistical Tables
R&D FundsAcademic Science R&D Funds. Fiscal Year
1979 81-
Federal Funds ter Research and Develop-ment, Fiscal Years1979, 1980. and1981, Volume XXIX 80-318
Research and Development in Industry.1978. Funds. 1978: Scientists and En-gineers. January 1979 80-307
Research and Development in State andLocal Governments, Fisca' Year 1977 79-327
SIE PersonnelScientists and Erigineers from Abroad
1976-78 . 80-324
Characteristics of Doctoral Scientists andEngineers in the United States. 1979....
Academic Science: Graduate Enrollmentand Support. Fall 1979
Employment of Scientists. Engineers. andTechnicians in Manufacturing Industries1977
U.S Scientists and Engineers. 1976 ,Academic Science: Scientists and En-
gineers, January 1979
Reports
R&D FundsFederal Support to Universities, Colleges,
and Selected Nonprofit Institutions, Fis-cal Year 1978
SIE PersonnelEmployment Attributes of Recent Science
and Engineering Graduates
Scientists, Engineers, and Technicians inPrivate Industry. 1978-80
Occupational Mobility of Scientists and En-gineers
CompositeEmployment Patterns of Academic Scien-
tists and Engineers, 1973-78
Academic Science, 1972-77: R&D Funds.Scientists and Engineers. and GraduateEnrollment and Support
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