1991 Coals, source rocks and hydrocarbons in the South ...

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Coals source rocks and hydrocarbons in the SouthPalembang sub-basin south Sumatra IndonesiaRubianto Indrayudha AmierUniversity of Wollongong

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Recommended CitationAmier Rubianto Indrayudha Coals source rocks and hydrocarbons in the South Palembang sub-basin south Sumatra IndonesiaMaster of Science (Hons) thesis Department of Geology University of Wollongong 1991 httprouoweduautheses2828

COALS SOURCE ROCKS AND HYDROCARBONS

IN THE SOUTH PALEMBANG SUB-BASIN SOUTH SUMATRA

INDONESIA

A thesis submitted in (partial) fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

(HONS)

from

THE UNIVERSITY OF

WOLLONGONG

by

RUBIANTO INDRAYUDHA AMIER

(BSc AGP BANDUNG)

Department of Geology 1991

013657

I certify that the substance of this thesis is

original and has not already been submitted for any

degree and is not being currently submitted for any

other degree

Rubianto Indrayudha Amier

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF PLATES

PAGE

CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION

11 AIM OF THE STUDY

12 PREVIOUS STUDIES

13 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SOUTH SUMATRA BASIN

14 LOCATION AND ACCESS

15 MORPHOLOGY

CHAPTER TWO - TERMINOLOGY AND ANALYTICAL METHODS

21 TERMINOLOGY

22 ANALYTICAL METHODS

221 Sampling

222 Sample Preparation

223 Microscopy

2231 Reflected white light microscopy

and determination of vitrinite

reflectance

2232 Fluorescence-mode microscopy

2233 Maceral analysis

1

2

3

4

7

8

10

10

14

14

15

15

15

17

18

CHAPTER THREE - REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND TECTONIC 19

SETTING

31 REGIONAL GEOLOGY 19

32 STRATIGRAPHY 21

321 The pre-Tertiary rocks 22

322 Lahat Formation (LAF) 23

323 Talang Akar Formation (TAF) 24

324 Baturaja Formation (BRF) 26

325 Gumai Formation (GUF) 28

326 Air Benakat Formation (ABF) 29

327 Muara Enim Formation (MEF) 30

328 Kasai Formation (KAF) 32

33 DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF THE TERTIARY SEDIMENTS 33

CHAPTER FOUR - ORGANIC MATTER TYPE OF TERTIARY 38

SEQUENCES

41 INTRODUCTION 38

42 TYPE AND ABUNDANCE 39

421 Lahat Formation 39

422 Talang Akar Formation 41

4221 DOM 41

4222 Coal and shaly coal 42

423 Baturaja Formation 43

424 Gumai Formation 44

425 Air Benakat Formation 45

426 Muara Enim Formation 46

43 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RANK AND MACERAL TEXTURES 5 0

AND FLUORESCENCE INTENSITY

CHAPTER FIVE - ORGANIC MATURATION AND THERMAL HISTORY 54

51 INTRODUCTION 54

52 RANK VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION 55

53 THERMAL HISTORY 61

54 SOURCE ROCKS AND GENERATION HYDROCARBONS 66

541 Source rocks for hydrocarbons 66

542 Hydrocarbon generation 74

5421 Timing of hydrocarbon generation 77

using Lopatin Method

55 POTENTIAL RESERVOIRS 82

CHAPTER SIX - CRUDE OIL AND SOURCE ROCKS GEOCHEMISTRY 85

61 INTRODUCTION 85

62 OIL GEOCHEMISTRY 86

621 Experimental Methods 86

622 Sample fractionation 86

623 Gas chromatography analysis 86

624 Preparation of bc fraction 87

625 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 88

analysis

626 Results 88

6261 Gas chromatography 89

6261 Gas chromatography-mass 92

spectrometry

63 SOURCE ROCK GEOCHEMISTRY

631 Experimental Section 9 5

6311 Sample extraction 96

632 Results 96

CHAPTER SEVEN - COAL POTENTIAL OF SOUTH PALEMBANG 100

SUB-BASIN

71 INTRODUCTION 100

72 COAL DIVISIONS IN THE MUARA ENIM FORMATION 101

73 DISTRIBUTION OF MUARA ENIM COALS 103

731 Enim Prospect Areas 104

732 Pendopo Areas 105

74 COAL QUALITY 106

75 ASH COMPOSITION 108

76 STRUCTURES 109

77 COAL RESERVES HI

78 BUKIT ASAM COAL MINES 112

781 Stratigraphy 113

7811 Quarternary succession 113

7812 Tertiary succession 113

78121- Coal seams 113

78122 Overburden and 114

Intercalations

782 Coal Quality 115

783 Coal Reserves 116

79 BUKIT KENDI COALS 117

710 BUKIT BUNIAN COALS

CHAPTER EIGHT - COAL UTILIZATION 120

81 INTRODUCTION 120

82 COMBUSTION 121

83 GASIFICATION 124

84 CARBONISATION 125

CHAPTER NINE - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 128

91 SUMMARY 128

911 Type 128

912 Rank 131

913 Thermal History 132

914 Source rock and hydrocarbon generation 133

potential

915 Coal potential and utilization 136

92 CONCLUSIONS 137

REFERENCES 143

APPENDIX 1 Short descriptions of lithologies and

organic matter type abundance and

maceral composition from wells studied

APPENDIX 2 Summary of the composition of maceral groups

in the Tertiary sequences from wells studied

ABSTRACT

The South Palembang Sub-basin in the southern part of

the South Sumatra Basin is an important area for coal and

oil production In order to develop the economy of this

region an understanding of the coal and source rock

potential of the Tertiary sequences within the South

Palembang Sub-basin is essential

Collisions between the Indo-Australian and the Eurasian

Plates formed the South Sumatra Basin and particularly

influenced the development of the South Palembang Sub-basin

since the Middle Mesozoic to Plio-Pleistocene

The Tertiary sequences comprise from oldest to youngest

unit the Lahat Talang Akar Baturaja Gumai Air Benakat

Muara Enim and Kasai Formations These sequences were

developed on the pre-Tertiary rocks which consist of a

complex of Mesozoic igneous rocks and of Palaeozoic and

Mesozoic metamorphics and carbonates

Coals occur in the Muara Enim Talang Akar and Lahat

Formations The main workable coal measures are

concentrated in the Muara Enim Formation The Muara Enim

coals are brown coal to sub-bituminous coal in rank while

the Lahat and Talang Akar coals are sub-bituminous to high

volatile bituminous coals in rank From the viewpoint of

economically mineable coal reserves the M2 Subdivision is

locally the most important coal unit Thicknesses of the M2

coals range from 2 to 20 metres The coals can be utilized

for electric power generation gasification but are

generally unsuitable as blends for coke manufacture They

have some potential for the manufacture of activated

carbons

In general coals and DOM of the Tertiary sequences are

dominated by vitrinite with detrovitrinite and telovitrinite

as the main macerals Liptinite is the second most abundant

maceral group of the coals and DOM and comprises mainly

liptodetrinite sporinite and cutinite

The Lahat Talang Akar Air Benakat and Muara Enim

Formations have good to very good hydrocarbon generation

potential The Baturaja and Gumai Formations have less

significant source potential as this unit contains little

organic matter but in some places these formations are

considered to have good potential to generate gas

The vitrinite reflectance data and studies using the

Lopatin model indicate that the onset of oil generation in

the South Palembang Sub-basin occurs below 1500 metres In

general the Gumai Formation lies within the onset of oil

generation zone but in some places the lower part of Air

Benakat and Muara Enim Formations occur within this zone

Crude oil geochemistry shows that the oils are

characterized by high ratios of pristane to phytane

indicating a source from land-derived organic matter The

presence of bicadinane-type resin and oleanane in the oils

is further evidence of a terrestrial source The biomarker

and thermal maturity of the source rocks and coals from the

Talang Akar Formation are similar to those of the oils

studied

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was carried out at the Department of

Geology University of Wollongong under the tenure of a

Colombo Plan funded by the Australian International

Development Assistance Bureau (AIDAB) I am thankful to

Associate Professor AJ Wright the Chairman of the

Department for his support and for allowing me to use the

Department facilities during my study This study was

carried out under the supervision of Professor AC Cook and

Associate Professor BG Jones I would like to thank to

Associate Professor BG Jones for his suggestion and

guidance during the finishing of this thesis I am also

grateful especially to Professor AC Cook for introducing

me to the field of organic petrology and also for his

assistance patience guidance and suggestions throughout

this study I wish to record my deep appreciation to Dr

AC Hutton for his suggestion encouragement help and

general assistance during the finishing of this thesis I

also wish to thank all members of the staff of the Geology

Department University of Wollongong for their help

including Mrs R Varga Mr Aivars Depers and Mrs BR

McGoldrick who gave general assistance and helped in

numerous ways

I thank the Government of Indonesia particularly the

Ministry of Mines and Energy for selecting me to accept the

Colombo Plan Award The author also wishes to specially

thank the management and staff of PERTAMINA particularly Ir

M Anwar Ir L Samuel Ir L Gultom Ir HHatuwe and Ir A

Pribadi for allowing me to collect and to use the samples

and technical data from various wells of the South Palembang

Sub-basin I am also grateful to Ir Busono SE Director of

Directorate of Coal and to his predecessor Drs Johannas for

permitting me to study in the Geology Department University

of Wollongong I would like also to thank the staff of the

Directorate of Coal who helped and supported me in this

study

Special appreciation is given to Dr RE Summons Mrs

JM Hope and P Fletcher from the Bureau of Mineral

Resources in Canberra for carrying out oil analyses and

Rock-Eval pyrolysis of the source rocks samples The

assistance and guidance of Dr RE Summons particularly is

gratefully acknowledged

The author wishes to express his gratitude to the

AIDAB staff particularly to the Training Liaison

Officers such as Mr B Rush Mrs G Ward Dr D Engel and Mr

B OBrien and I would like also to thank Mr K Passmore

Ms N Lim and Ms Lisa Huff for the assistances given

during this study

I am thankful to all my colleagues particularly H

Panggabean SM Tobing N Ningrum T Ratkolo B Daulay

Susilohadi Y Kusumabrata K Sutisna R Heryanto B

Hartoyo Herudiyanto A Sutrisman and A Perwira K for

their help support and suggestions during this study

These contributions of all these people are gratefully

appreciated

Finally I am forever grateful to my wife Ida and

daughters Indri and Emil who gave me endless support love

and encouragement during this study

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 21

Figure 22

Figure 23

Figure 24

Figure 31

Figure 32

Figure 33

Figure 41

Figure 42

Figure 43

South Sumatra coal province and its demonstrated coal resources (after Kendarsi 1984)

Location map of Suraatran back-arc basins

Tectonic elements of South Sumatra Basin (after Purnomo 1984)

Oil well locations and their relationship with major tectonic elements of the South Palembang Sub-basin (after Pulunggono 1983)

Geological features of the Bukit Asam and -surrounding areas and locations of boreholes studied (after Kendarsi 1984)

Flow diagram showing the method for polishing and mounting samples (after Hutton 1984)

Alteration of the macerals during coalification stage (after Smith and Cook 1980)

Diagram showing optical configuration for reflected white light and fluorescence-mode observation used in this study (from AS 2856 1986) Visual aid to assist in the assessment of volumeteric abundance of dispersed organic matter in sediments

Lineaments of subduction zones in western Indonesia (after Katili 1984)

Pre-Tertiary rocks underlying the Tertiary in the South Sumatra Basin (after De Coster 1974)

Distribution of Talang Akar Formation within the South Palembang Sub-basin (after Pulunggono 1983)

Abundance range and average abundance by volume and maceral group composition of DOM shaly coal and coal in the Lahat Formation at five well locations in the South Palembang Sub-basin Abundance range and average abundance by volume and maceral group composition of DON shaly coal and coal in the Talang Akar Formation at ten well locations in the South Palembang Sub-basin Abundance range and average abundance by volume and maceral group composition of DOM in the Baturaja Formation at six well locations in the South Palembang Sub-basin

Figure 44 Abundance range and average abundance by volume and maceral group composition of DOM in the Gumai Formation at ten well locations in the South Palembang Sub-basin

Figure 45 Abundance range and average abundance by volume and maceral group composition of DOM in the Air Benakat Formation at ten well locations in the South Palembang Sub-basin

Figure 46 Abundance range and average abundance by volume and maceral group composition of DOM and coal in the Muara Enim Formation at ten well locations in the South Palembang Sub-basin

Figure 51 Plot of reflectance against depth for samples from the MBU-2 well

Figure 52 Plot of reflectance against depth for samples from the PMN-2 well

Figure 53 Plot of reflectance against depth for samples from the GM-14 well

Figure 54 Plot of reflectance against depth for samples from the KG-10 well

Figure 55 Plot of reflectance against depth for samples from the KD-01 well

Figure 56 Plot of reflectance against depth for samples from the BRG-3 well

Figure 57 Plot of reflectance against depth for samples from the TMT-3 well

Figure 58 Plot of reflectance against depth for samples from the L5A-22 well

Figure 59 Plot of reflectance against depth for samples from the BL-2 well

Figure 510 Plot of reflectance against depth for samples from the BN-10 well

Figure 511 Schematic cross-section A-B through the Muara Enim area showing isoreflectance surfaces

Figure 512 Schematic cross-section C-D through Limau-Pendopo area showing isoreflectance surfaces

Figure 513 Plot of reflectance against depth for samples from South Palembang Sub-basin

Figure 514 Pre-tectonic coalification

Figure 515 Syn-tectonic coalification

Figure 516 Post-tectonic coalification

Figure 517

Figure 518

Figure 519

Figure 520

Figure 521

Figure 522

Figure 523

Figure 524

The relationship between coalification and tectonicsm as proposed by Teichrauller and Teichrauller (1967)

Karweil Diagram showing relationship of time (Ma) temperature ( C) and rank scales (after Bostick 1973) Scale H is used for calculating thermal history of Table 511 and 512 Hydrocarbon generation model for oil and condensate from source rocks containing terrestrial organic matter (after Snowdon and Powell 1982) Pyrolisis data S2OrgC Index which is indicative of the amounts of already generated hydrocarbons show the contribution of inertinites to generation of hydrocarbons The Tmax data showing the maximum decomposition of inertinite-rich kerogens occurs at higher activation energies compared to inertinite-poor kerogens (after Khorasani 1989) The relationship between S1+S2 values and the Score A for samples studied from the Muara Enim Formation and the Talang Akar Formation (after Struckroeyer (1988) Generalized zones of petroleum generation and approximate correlation with maxi mum palaeotemperatures and reflectance of vitrinite exinite and inertinite (from Smith and Cook 1984) Maturation model for the main organic matter groups and sub-groups (from Smith and Cook 1984) Lopatin-type model for the coalification history of the Muara Enim area Assumptions no compaction effect present geothermal gradient assumed to have operated since the Eocene erosion approximately 250 metres Lopatin-type reconstruction of coalification for the Pendopo area Assumptions no compaction effect present geothermal gradient assuramed to have operated since the Eocene erosion approximately 623 metres

Figure 611 N-alkane distribution profile in the saturated fractions in the extracts from the Muara Enim Formation (sample 5383)


Figure 613 N-alkane distribution profile in the saturated fractions in the extracts from the Talang Akar Formation (sample 5385)


Figure 615 The determination of petroleum formation zones by using Tmax (after Espitalie et al 1985)

Figure 616 Modified Van Krevelen diagram using conventional whole-rock pyrolisis data (after Katz et al 1990)

Figure 71 General stratigraphy of the Bukit Asam mining area (after Von Schwartzenberg 1986)

Figure 81 The transportation net of the Bukit Asam coal South Sumatra (after Kendarsi 1984)

Figure 82 Generalized relationship of coke strength and coal rank indicated by vitrinite reflectance and carbon content of vitrinite at constant type (after Edwards and Cook 1972)

LIST OF TABLES

Table 11

Table 21

Table 22

Table 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 31

Table 32

Table 33

Table 51

Table 52

Table 53

Table 54

Table 55

Table 56

Table 57

Table 58

Oil fields in South Sumatra and their cummulative production until 1966 (after Koesoeraadinata 1978)

Generalized classification of coal rank (from Cook 1982)

Summary of the macerals of hard coals (from ICCP Handbook 1963)

Maceral Groups (Stopes-Heerlen system of nomenclature)

Summary of the macerals of brown coals (from ICCP Handbook 1971)

Proposed coal maceral classification system for coals (Smith 1981)

Stratigraphy of South Sumatra Basin according to some authors

Stratigraphy of South Sumatra Basin used in the present study based on Spruyts Nomenclature (1956)

Stratigraphic column of Muara Enim Formation according to Shell Mijnbouw 1978

Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the MBU-2 well

Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the PMN-2 well

Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the GM-14 well

Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the KG-10 well

Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the KD-01 well

Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the BRG-3 well

Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the TMT-3 well

Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the L5A-22 well

Table 59 Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the BL-2 well

Table 510 Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the BN-10 well

Table 510A Vitrinite reflectance values of Muara Enim coals measured from core samples

Table 511 Thermal history data from selected wells in the Muara Enim area

Table 512 Thermal history data from selected wells in the Pendopo-Limau area

Table 513 Summary of petrographic features and their significance in relation to oil generation and migration (from Cook and Struckmeyer 1986)

Table 61 Locations of crude oil and cutting samples

Table 62 The composition of the oils in terras of the polarity classes of saturated aromatic hydrocarbons and combined NSO-asphaltene fraction

Table 62A Peak assignments for triterpanes present in Figure 66

Table 63 The composition of saturated normal hydrocarbons determined by GC analysis The data is presented quantitatively and this is related to the peak of the internal standard 3-raethylheneicosane (anteiso C22) giving quantities in ugmg

Table 64 The composition of isoprenoid and bicadinane hydrocarbons determined by GC analysis The data is also presented quantitatively in relation to the peak of the internal standard 3-methylheneicosane (anteiso C22) giving quantities in ugmg(ppt)

Table 65 The composition of the triterpenoid hydrocarbons determined by GCMS

Table 66 The composition of the steroid hydrocarbons and four of the bicadinanes determined by GCMS

Table 67 The composition of the steroid and triterpenoid hydrocarbons and four of the bicadinanes of whole oil determined by GCMS

Table 68 The total organic carbon (TOO rock eval data and the bulk composition of the South Sumatran shalescoals extract

Table 59

Table 610

Table 611

Table 71

Table 72

Table 73

Table 74

Table 75

Table 76

Table 77

Table 78

Table 79

Table 81

Table 82

The composition of saturated hydrocarbons of South Sumatran shalescoals determined by gas chromatography analysis

South Sumatran coalsshales GC results isoprenoids

South Sumatran coalsshales GC results Isoprenoids ugmg Saturates

Coal qualities of the Enim Area (after KOG 1987)

Coal qualities of the Muara Lakitan Area (after Shell 1978)

Coal qualities of the Langaran Area (after Shell 1978)

Coal qualities of the Sigoyang Benuang Area (after Shell 1978)

Coal qualities of the Air Benakat Area (after Shell 1978)

Coal qualities of the Prabumulih Area (after Shell 1978)

Sodium oxide in Ash from the Muara Enim coals (after KOG 1987)

Summary of coal resources in the Enim area (maximum overburden thickness 100 metres to top of the uppermost mineable seam after KOG 1987) Coal qualities of the Kabau Seam from the Bukit Kendi Area after Shell 1978)

The differences in calorific value among the three main maceral groups for four German coals determined by Kroger et al 1957 (after Bustin et al 1983) Comparison of the chemical composition between Lurgi semi cokes and Bukit Asam semi-anthracite coals (after Tobing 1980)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

In the South Sumatra Basin coal occurs in the Muara

Enim Formation Talang Akar Formation and Lahat Formation

The main workable coal measures are concentrated at two

horizons within the Muara Enim Formation Ziegler (1918)

recognized that the lower horizon comprised (from top to

bottom) the Mangus Suban Petai Merapi and Keladi seams

and the upper horizon comprized a composite set of coal

seams called the Hanging seam The seams are in the range

of some metres to more than 10 metres in thickness

The South Sumatra Basin also plays a role as an

important oil producing area Recently there has been

considerable discussion on the oil generation potential of

coals The Talang Akar Formation has been postulated as a

source rock for oil because of the close association of coal

measures and many of the oil pools in areas such as South

Palembang Sub-basin

Oil production in South Sumatra was established in the

late 19th century from the Air Benakat Formation In 1922

bullhe petroleum company Stanvac established production from

the Talang Akar Formation The South Palembang Sub-basin is

one of the oil and gas producing areas in South Sumatra

In the present study organic petrography was used to

determine the coal type and rank and to define the potenshy

tial of source rocks and maturation level of the organic

2

matter in the Tertiary sequences of the South Palembang

Sub-basin

11 AIM OF THE STUDY

In general the aim of the present study is to assess

the rank and abundance of coal and dispersed organic matter

in the Tertiary sequences of the South Palembang Sub-basin

The study is based on petrological research both on macerals

in the coals and the relatively abundant dispersed organic

matter in the clastic sedimentary sequences The scope of

this study is to

1 describe and interpret coal type and rank trends in

the South Palembang Sub-basin

2 assess the abundance and composition of organic

matter contained in the stratigraphic sequences

3 determine the maturity of the organic matter and to

evaluate the lateral and vertical rank variations

within the South Palembang Sub-basin

4 relate coal rank variation to coalification

histories

5 define hydrocarbon source potential of the various

stratigraphic units and lithologies

6 attempt correlations of potential source rocks with

reservoired hydrocarbons and

7 draw inferences concerning the future economic

potential of coal and hydrocarbons in the South

âlembang 5ub-basin

12 PREVIOUS STUDIES

The geology of the South Sumatra Basin is relatively

well known from numerous publications (Wenneckers 1958

Jackson 1960 Pulunggono 1969 Todd and Pulunggono 1971

De Coster 1974 Harsa 1975 Pulunggono 1983) especially

the general geology of this area primarily in connection

with the search for oil and gas

Many authors have also described the potential of the

coal measures of South Sumatra including Ziegler (1918)

Koesoemadinata (1978) and Kendarsi (1984) Furthermore a

large exploration campaign was run from 1973 to 1979 by

Shell Mijnbouw NV covering an area of 71450 sq km in South

Sumatra (Fig11)

In general the earliest attempts to examine the

organic matter in sedimentary rocks were made by oil

companies to define the maturation level of the source

rocks (Shell 1978a Total Indonesie 1988 Sarjono and

Sardjito 1989 Daulay (1985) in his Masters thesis

studied the petrology of South Sumatra coals especially the

Muara Enim coals from the Bukit Asam coal mines and from

other places surrounding the mine area

In the framework of the execution of REPELITA III (Five

Year Development Plan) 1979-1984 the Lahat Geological

Quadrangle (1012) was mapped by the Geological Research and

Development Center in co-operation with PERTAMINA an

Indonesian state-owned oil company The geological map is

at a scale of 1250000 and covers an area of about 18700

sq km


South Sumatra Basin is one of the most important oil

and coal producing areas on the island of Sumatra South

Sumatras oil production started as early as 1898 from the

regressive sands of the Air Benakat Formation The first

fields were small and shallow and close to surface seeps on

exposed anticlines Surface structure has for many years

guided most of the exploration

In 1922 Stanvac established production from the

transgressive sands of the Talang Akar Formation which have

subsequently been the main exploration objective in South

Sumatra Between 1938-1941 Kuang-1 Ogan-3 and Musi-1

wells were drilled by BPM In these wells gas had been

encountered in the Baturaja Formation Moreover in 1959

BPM completed well Limau-5A144 as the first oil producer

from the Baturaja Limestone reservoir in South Sumatra

In the South Sumatra Basin many oil companies are

operating at the present time under production sharing

agreements with PERTAMINA They include Jarobi Oil Jambi

Shell Trend Sumatra Ltd Caltex British Petroleum Asamera

and Stanvac PERTAMINA also operates in its own right

In general the oil fields are clustered into three

structural sub-basins the Jambi Sub-basin the Central

Palembang Sub-basin and the South Palembang Sub-basin

(Fig13) According to PERTAMINA (1986) there are 57 oil

fields within the South Sumatra Basin

The maximum oil production capacity from the basin was

62200 BOPD and the cumulative production was 1680 MMBO on

1-1-1985 The occurrences of oil and gas in the South

Sumatra Basin largely occur in the Talang Akar Formation

(93) with 3 in the Air Benakat Formation and a few

occurrences in reefs of the Baturaja Formation the Gumai

Formation and from sandstones in the Muara Enim Formation

(Anwar Suseno 1988)

The Talang Akar Formation generally produces a paraffin

based oil ranging from 35 to 37deg API (Koesoemadinata 1978)

but the gravity ranges between 21 and 51deg API The Baturaja

Formation typically produces oil which has an API gravity of

373 Oil is also produced from the Air Benakat Formation

and this is a low to medium paraffin-based oil 45-54 API

However from the same producing formation an

asphaltic-based oil 22-25deg API is produced in Jambi and

these low gravity oils are biodegraded Table 1 shows some

of oil fields in South Sumatra and their cumulative

production until 1966 (Koesoemadinata 1978)

About 6 billion tons of coal reserves have been

demonstrated in the South Sumatra Basin These consist

6

mainly of hard brown coal and are clustered into several

areas Figure 11 also shows the coal potential of South

Sumatra Basin

In Tanjung Enim area coal has been mined since 1919 in

underground as well as open pit mines the underground

workings were abandoned in 1942 These coal mines are

situated in Muaraenim Regency about 180 kilometres west of

Palembang and production comes mainly from the Mangus Suban

and Petai seams of the Muara Enim Formation These coals

are mainly hard brown coals but in the immediate vicinity

of some andesite intrusions the coals reach anthracitic

rank According to Schwartzenberg (1986) the Bukit Asam

Coal Mine has potential reserves of about 112 million tons

which comprise about 1 million tons of anthracite 45

million tons of bituminous coals and 66 million tons of

subbituminous coal

The open pit was restricted to small areas with very

favorable stripping ratios and draglines were used to remove

part of the overburden until the late fifties From 1940 to

1982 the open pit mine was operated by means of power

shovels and trucks and a small belt conveyor system for coal

haulage Development of the Bukit Asam Coal Mine began in

1985 when a modern system of bucket wheel excavator

operations with belt conveyors and spreaders was installed

The mine is operated by the state-owned Indonesian company

PT Persero Batubara Bukit Asam

7


Geologically the study area is located in the South

Palembang Sub-basin which lies in the southern part of the

South Sumatra Basin (Figure 12) This sub-basin is bounded

to the south by the Lampung High and to the north by the

Pendopo High Eastward the South Palembang Sub-basin is

bounded by the Iliran High and to the west by the Barisan

Mountains (Figure 13) The Palembang Sub-basin covers

approximately 125 x 150 kilometres (Pulunggono 1983)

The samples studied were collected from oil exploration

wells and coal exploration boreholes which are situated in

various oil and coal fields within the South Palembang

Sub-basin The oil fields are as follows Prabumenang

Meraksa Kuang Kedatoh Beringin Tanjung Miring

Limau and Belimbing (Figure 14) Mostly the oil

exploration wells were drilled by PERTAMINA but some old

exploration wells were drilled by StanvacBPM

In general the oil exploration wells used in this

study penetrated a high proportion of the Tertiary sequences

and some reached basement The initials depth and year of

drilling of exploration wells drilled by PERTAMINA are as

follows GM-14 1398 m 1969 KG-10 15758 m 1970 PMN-2

19596 m 1972 KD-1 18585 m 1976 BN-10 2565 m 1977

BRG-3 2300 m 1987 MBU-2 2200 m 1988 The three wells

drilled by StanvacBPM are L-5A22 2287 m 1954 ETM-3

1633 m 1959 and BL-2 1675 m 1965

8

Coal core samples were collected from seven

exploration boreholes drilled between 1986-1988 by the

Directorate of Coal in several coal fields such as Suban

Jerigi Banko Tanjung Enim Muara Tiga Arahan and

Kungkilan (Figure 15) The maximum depths reached by these

coal exploration boreholes range from 100 to 200 metres and

all were drilled within the Muara Enim Formation section

These boreholes are annotated as KLB-03 AU-04 AS-12

BT-01 KL-03 MTS-0 6 and SN-04

Administratively the study area falls under Lematang

Ilir Ogan Tengah Regency and Lahat Regency which are

situated in the western part of the South Sumatra Province

The study area includes the Lahat Quadrangle which is

bounded by the longitudes 103deg 30-105deg 00E and latitudes

03deg 00-04deg 00S (Gafoer et al 1986)

The population of this area is sparse with 404

inhabitants per square kilometres (Central Bureau of

Statistics 1978) Principally the population is

concentrated in various towns such as Prabumulih Muaraenim

and Lahat

In general the area is covered by dense vegetation

particularly the hills and swamps Irregular clearings are

also found in some places for agriculture and cash-crop

cultivation such as rubber coffee and pineapples

Wildlife such as tigers bears crocodiles elephants and

monkey roam the jungle in this area but their numbers are

dwindling In order to save these species they are now

9

protected by law

Transport to other areas is by car rail and boat

Pendopo especially can be also reached by air transport

with regular services run by PT Stanvac Indonesia A

railroad connects Palembang with Prabumulih Baturaja

Muaraenim Lahat and Tanjung Enim The roads in this area

are partly unsurfaced and therefore are muddy when wet at

which time they are passable only by four-wheel drive

vehicles

15 MORPHOLOGY

Morphologically this area can be divided into three

units the mountainous area the rolling country and the

plain The mountainous area occupies the western corner of

the Quadrangle with summits such as Bukit Besar (735 m) and

Bukit Serelo (670 m) The slopes in this area are generally

steep the valleys narrow and locally cascades occur in the

rivers Braided streams develop in the foothill areas

The rolling country occupies half of the western

portion of the quadrangle with summits reaching heights of

some 250 metres The slopes are generally gentle The

rivers have wide valleys are meandering and have deeps on

many bends The drainage pattern is dendritic

The low-lying plain area occupies the eastern portion

of the quadrangle and is characterized by meandering streams

and dendritic drainage patterns Elevations on the plain

range from 0 to about 50 meters

10

CHAPTER TWO

TERMINOLOGY AND ANALYTICAL METHODS

21 TERMINOLOGY

According to the International Committee for Coal

Petrology (1963) coal can be defined as a combustible

sedimentary rock formed from plant remains in various stages

of preservation by processes which involved the compaction

of the material buried in the basins initially at moderate

depth These basins are broadly divided into limnic (or

intra-continental) basins and paralic basins which were

open to marine incursions As the underlying strata

subsided progressively and more or less regularly but

sometimes to great depths the vegetable debris was

subjected to the classical factors of general metamorphism

in particular those of temperature and pressure

Based on this definition generally it can be concluded

that there are two basic factors involved in the formation

of coal firstly the type of peat-forming flora and

depositional environment and secondly the degree of

alteration which is a function of time temperature and

pressure In coal petrology these factors determine the

variables termed type and rank

According to Cook (1982) these variables can

essentially be considered as independent because the type of

a coal has no influence upon its rank and the reverse is

11

also true Cook (1982) also considered that in coal

petrography or more broadly in organic petrography the term

type is related to the nature of the organic matter found in

a coal or sedimentary rock

In addition Hutton (1984) stated that type is a

function of both the type of precursor organic matter that

was deposited as peat and the nature and degree of

alteration that peat components underwent during the early

stages of diagenesis which is a response to the first

(biochemical) stage of coalification (Stach 1968 Cook

1982)

Rank generally refers to the stage of coalification

that has been reached by organic matter In coal

particularly rank can be defined as the relative position

of a coal in the coalification series of peat through the

stages of the different brown coals (lignite)

sub-bituminous and bituminous coals to anthracites and

finally meta-anthracites semi-graphite and graphite

The term rank has been accepted as an international

scientific term The International Committee for Coal

Petrology (ICCP) in the second edition of the International

Handbook of Coal Petrography (1963) suggested degree of

coalification as a synonym for rank In coal petrology

the rank of coal is measured by the reflectance of

vitrinite The reflectance of vitrinite increases as the

rank of coal increases (Table 21)

Petrographic variation of coal can be assessed in tei jrms

12

ypound maceral groups (Stopes 1935) microlithotypes (Seyler

1954) or lithotypes (Stopes 1919 Seyler 1954) Macerals

are the microscopically recognizable components of coal and

are predominantly defined by morphology color and

reflectance in reflected light Macerals are analogous with

the minerals of rocks The ICCP (1963) concepts for

macerals are most closely applicable to Carboniferous black

coals because they were based on these coals (Table 22)

However Smith (1981) showed that the basic concepts of

macerals can be also applied to coals of Tertiary age

The term microlithotype was proposed by Seyler (1954)

to describe typical maceral associations as seen under the

microscope (minimum band width 005 mm) Lithotypes are

macroscopically recognizable bands visible within a coal

seam

On the basis of morphology optical properties and

origin macerals can be divided into three main maceral

groups vitrinite inertinite and liptinite The origin

properties and subdivision of these three groups are shown

in Table 23

Brown et al (1964) divided vitrinite into two groups

vitrinite A and vitrinite B Furthermore Hutton (1981) and

Cook et al (1981) proposed additional terms for alginite

within the liptinite group

The International Committee for Coal Petrology in the

International Handbook of Coal Petrography (1971 1975) has

classified macerals of brown coal as shown in Table 24

^3

This classification has been modified by Smith (1981) as

shown in Table 25 He recognized that the huminite maceral

group of the ICCP classification represents the same

material as the vitrinite maceral group but at an earlier

stage of maturation The system proposed by Smith (1981)

has been adapted in its basic form as the system used in the

Australian Standard for Coal-Maceral Analysis (AS

2856-1986)

In addition Cook (1982) also discussed the term

bitumen which was termed eubitumen by Potonie (1950) In

the International Handbook of Coal Petrography (1963 1971)

bitumen is still described as resinite which has a very low

melting point Bitumen can be mainly recognized at the

sub-bituminousbituminous coal boundary (Teichmuller 1982)

Teichmuller (1982) also noted that bitumen develops from

lipid constituents of liptinites and huminites and generally

occurs in vein-form or as fillings of bedding plane joints

but sometimes it fills in empty cell lumens Furthermore

Cook (1982) stated that bitumen is the term applied to all

natural substances of variable color hardness and

volatility which are composed of a mixture of hydrocarbons

substantially free from oxygenated bodies He added that

bitumens are generally formed from the degradation of

natural crudes by processes such as microbial attack

inspissation or water-washing Asphalts natural mineral

waxes asphaltines and petroleum are all considered to be

bitumens Cook (1990 perscoram) also

14

considered that some bitumens (including the maceral

exsudatinite) represent primary generation products

Impsonitic bitumens generally result from the alteration of

reservoired oil probably dominantly but not exclusively

during the process of deasphalting

The coal petrographic terms used in the present study

follow those described by the Australian Standard for Coal

Maceral Analysis (1986)


221 SAMPLING

As mentioned in the previous chapter the core and

cuttings samples studied were cbllected from various coal

fields and oil fields in the South Palembang Subbasin area

(Table 25) Sampling has mainly focused on the Muara Enim

Formation the Talang Akar Formation and the Lahat

Formation

Samples were taken to give as wide a lateral and

vertical coverage of the sequences which are rich in organic

matter (coal-rich or coal) as possible However samples i

were also collected from other formations to examine the

degree of coalification and the origin of organic matter

occurring in these sequences Composite samples which were

taken through the entire thickness of a coal seam have been

obtained from cores from shallow boreholes Cuttings

samples were collected from oil exploration wells over

intervals ranging between 20 to 50 metres for coal-bearing

sequences and 50 to 200 metres for non coal-bearing

sequences Sampling was based on the procedure of the

Standards Association of Australia (1975) In addition

four oil samples were also collected from BRG-3 well (2

samples) and MBU-2 well (2 samples) These samples were

recovered from the Baturaja Formation ( both MBU-2 samples)

Talang Akar Formation and Lahat Formation (BRG-3 samples)

222 SAMPLE PREPARATION

The method of preparation of polished particulate coal

mounts for microscopic analysis is shown in Figure 21 All

samples examined are listed in the University of Wollongong

grain mount catalogue and where blocks are cited in this

study the catalogue numbers are used

223 MICROSCOPY

2231 Reflected white light microscopy and determination

of vitrinite reflectance

Vitrinite reflectance measurements on the samples were

made under normal incident white light using a Leitz

Ortholux microscope fitted with a Leitz MPV-1

microphotometer All measurements were taken using

monochromatic light of 546 nm wavelength in immersion oil

16

(DIN 58884) having a refractive index of 1518 at 23 - ldegc

In order to calibrate the microphotometer synthetic

garnet standards of 0917 and 1726 reflectance and a

synthetic spinel standard of reflectance 0413 were used

The maximum vitrinite reflectance was obtained by rotating

the stage of the microscope to yield a maximum reading and

then the stage was rotated again through approximately 180deg

for the second maximum reading The results of these

measurements were averaged and the mean calculated to give

the mean maximum vitrinite reflectance in oil immersion

(Rvmax)

ICCP (1971 1975) and Stach et al (1982) recommended

that one hundred measurements should be taken to obtain a

precise mean value Determination of R max standard

deviations for a number coals showed that the standard error

of the mean approaches the precision of the measurement

standards where twenty readings have been taken

Therefore in the present study thirty to forty readings

were taken on the coal

Brown et al (1964) also recommended that the most

accurate method of reflectance measurement is achieved by

measuring vitrinite A (Telinite + Telocollinite) However

selective measurement of one vitrinite type is generally not

possible with dispersed organic matter In general

vitrinite macerals give the best measurements in relation to-

rank assessment because they undergo changes

consistenly with rank (Smith and Cook 1980) and show less

17

inherent variability in reflectance according to type (Brown

et al 1964) (Figure 22) compared to liptinite and

inertinite

2232 Fluorescence-mode Microscopy

In order to provide information on organic matter type

liptinite abundance and maturity fluorescence-mode

examination was carried out on all samples by using a Leitz

Orthoplan microscope with a TK40 0 dichroic beam splitting

mirror fitted in an Opak vertical illuminator The

fluorescence-mode filter system comprised BG3 and BG38

excitation filters and a K490 suppression filter Figure

23 shows the optical system for reflected and fluorescence

microscopy used in this study (modified from AS2856 1986)

A Leitz Vario-Orthomat automatic camera system which is

fitted to the Leitz Orthoplan microscope was used to take

photographs of the samples The camera system has a 5 to

125X zoom which provided a wide range of magnification

Kodak Ektachrome 400ASA21DIN reversal film was used for all

color photographs Fluorescence-mode photographs were taken

in oil immersion using the BG3BG38TK400K490 filter

system Photographs were also taken in normal incident

white light with the same type of film used for fluorescence

mode

18

2233 Maceral Analysis

Conventional point count techniques for maceral

analysis in coal and coal-rich block samples were carried

out using an automatic point counter and stage The traverses

were made on the surface of the samples The total surface

area of the block sample traversed was 2 cm x 2 cm and the

yrain density was about 50 Approximately 300 points were

counted for each maceral analysis under reflected white

light and fluorescence mode The volumetric abundance of

various maceral groups was expressed as a percentage of the

total points recorded

Visual approximations of the abundance of dispersed

organic matter in each grain mount sample were also made by

assessing volumetric abundances as illustrated in Figure

24 The total dispersed organic matter (DOM) abundance was

visually estimated in approximately 50 grains from several

traverses across each block This method was first

described by Padmasiri (1984) and later modified by

Struckmeyer (1988) The method used in this study is based

on the Struckmeyer modification (1988) The total dispersed

organic matter abundance is calculated using the equation

2 (y x a)

V = where V = volume of a specific maceral

n occurring as dispersed organic matter

y = number of grains containing the maceral in a given

abundance category n = number of grains counted

bullgtbull n

CHAPTER THREE

REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND TECTONIC SETTING

31 REGIONAL GEOLOGY

South Sumatra Basin is one of the Sumatran back-arc

basins located along the island of Sumatra These basins

came into existence as a consequence of the interaction

between the Sunda Shield as part of the Eurasian plate and

the Indo-Australian plate (Katili 1973 1980 De Coster

1974 Koesoemadinata and Pulunggono 1975 Pulunggono 1976

Hamilton 1979 Pulunggono 1983) Oblique collision and

subduction has occurred along this margin since the Late

Cretaceous (Figure 31)

The South Sumatra Basin is an asymmetric basin bounded

to the west and south by faults and uplifted exposures of

pre-Tertiary rocks along the Barisan Mountains to the north

east by the sedimentary or depositional boundaries of the

Sunda Shelf The south-east boundary is represented by the

Lampung High the northern boundary however is poorly

defined as the South Sumatra Basin is connected to the

Central Sumatra Basin by a series of Tertiary grabens

although the Tiga Puluh Mountains are generally taken to be

the boundary between the two basins (Figure 12) The South

Sumatra Basin occupies an area of roughly 250 by 400 km (De

Coster 1974)

The tectonic features present in the South Sumatra

20

Basin are the result of Middle Mesozoic to Plio-Pleistocene

orogenic activity (Katili 1973 1980 De Coster 1974

Koesoemadinata and Pulunggono 1975 Pulunggono 1976

Hamilton 1979 Pulunggono 1983) These orogenic

activities were primarily related to the collision and

subduction of the Indo-Australian plate underneath the

Sumatra portion of the Eurasian plate

The Middle Mesozoic orogeny was the main cause of the

metamorphism affecting Palaeozoic and Mesozoic strata

These strata were faulted and folded into large structural

blocks and subsequently intruded by granite batholiths with

postulated extensions in the subsurface parts of the basins

Pre-Tertiary features combine to form the basic northwest to

southeast structural grain of Sumatra

In Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary time the second

significant tectonic event occurred when major tensional

structures including grabens and fault blocks were formed

in Sumatra and the adjoining Sunda Basin The general trend

of these faults and grabens is north to south and

north-northwest to south-southeast

The last tectonic phase was the Plio-Pleistocene

orogeny which caused the uplift of the Barisan Mountains and

the development of major right lateral wrenching through the

length of these mountains The most prominent structural

features within this Tertiary sedimentary basin are

northwest trending folds and faults

Structurally the South Sumatra Basin is subdivided

21

into four sub-basins as seen in Fig12

- Jambi Sub-basin

- North Palembang Sub-basin

- Central Palembang Sub-basin and

- South Palembang Sub-basin

32 STRATIGRAPHY

Regional stratigraphic terminologies for the South

Sumatra Basin have been proposed by several authors such as

Musper (1937) Marks (1956) Spruyt (1956) De Coster

(1974) Pulunggono (1983) and Gafoer et al (1986) as shown

in Table 31 The stratigraphic nomenclature used in this

thesis is based primarily on that of Spruyt (1956) because

Spruyts nomenclature has been widely accepted as the basis

for rock stratigraphic subdivisions but alternative

nomenclature has also been developed (Table 32)

All these authors considered that two phases of

sedimentation took place in the South Sumatra Basin they

were the Paleogene and Neogene cycles With the onset of

clastic deposition in the Paleogene basement depressions

and fault grabens became filled Harsa (1975) pointed out

that the whole sequence of basin fill represents one major

transgressive-regressive sedimentary cycle which was

accompanied by periodic volcanic activity and periodic

movement along lines of basement faults

The Tertiary sequences were developed on the

22

pre-Tertiary surface of eroded igneous and metamorphic

rocks The pre-Tertiary rocks are generally considered as

economic basement for the basin in terms of oil exploration

321 THE PRE-TERTIARY ROCKS

Pre-Tertiary rocks crop out extensively both on the

Sunda Shield and in the Barisan Range Minor outcrops also

occur in uplifts within the Tertiary retro-arc basins

These rocks generally consist of a complex of Mesozoic

igneous rocks and of Paleozoic and Mesozoic metamorphic

rocks and carbonates (Adiwidjaja and De Coster 197 3)

Adiwidjaya and De Coster (197 3) have also distinguished

the basement rocks in the South Sumatra Basin as shown in

Figure 32 They mapped the subcrop of the pre-Tertiary

rocks in broad zones termed Zone A B C D and E

Zone A consists of Permo-Carboniferous metamorphic

rocks including phyllites slates argillites quartzites

and gneisses and occasional limestones These rocks were

intruded by diorite and granite batholiths

Zone B consists of Mesozoic metamorphic rocks including

phyllites quartzite slates These rocks are locally

intruded by granite In Bangka Island and other islands

northeast of Sumatra Triassic metamorphic rocks crop out

extensively and they are intruded by granite batholiths of

possible Jurassic age

Zone C consists of Mesozoic metasedimentary rocks and

23

limestones associated with mafic igneous rocks such as

diabase serpentine andesite and tuffs The limestones

have been dated as Early Cretaceous or possibly Late

Jurassic age

Zone D consists of micritic limestone which is

interpreted as possibly Cretaceous age

Zone E consists of a band of irregular width of

granite syenite and diorite

The main structural trends shown in the basement rocks

are NW-SE and NE-SW According to Adiwidjaja and De Coster

(1973) the structural features of the pre-Tertiary roctes

probably formed during the folding of the Palaeozoic and

Mesozoic strata by the Mesozoic orogeny

322 LAHAT FORMATION (LAF)

The name Lahat Series was proposed firstly by Musper

(1937) for a sequence of andesitic tuffs and andesitic

breccias which crop out upstream of Air Kikim The type

locality is situated in the western part of the town of

Lahat about 150 kilometres southwest of Palembang City At

this location the Lahat Formation lies unconformably upon

the pre-Tertiary basement rocks which are indicated as

Cretaceous

Sediments of the Lahat Formation show angular grains of

coarse sand to pebble size mainly comprising volcanic

fragments and unstable minerals In the central part of the

24

basin the Lahat Formation comprises grey-brown to dark grey

shales interbedded with light green-grey to light blue-grey

tuffaceous shales siltstones and some tuffaceous sandstones

and coals Thin limestone and dolomite stringers and

glauconite are occasionally present (De Coster 1974)

Based on the lithology of this formation it is thought

to represent a continental phase of deposition in fresh

water to brackish limnic environments This interpretation

has also been supported by the discovery of fish remains

fresh water molluscs and pyrite from the Kepayang-1 well

(Pulunggono 1983)

The thickness of the Lahat Formation is strongly

controlled by the palaeotopography and fault blocks In the

south part of the basin the thickness of the Lahat

Formation is typically more than 765 metres whereas about

1070 metres was found in the central part of the basin

(Adiwijaya and De Coster 1973) At the type locality the

formation reaches about 800 metres in thickness (Pulunggono

1983)

The age of the Lahat Formation is interpreted to be

Eocene to Early Oligocene based on the spore-pollen analysis

and KAr radiometric dating methods (De Coster 1974)

323 TALANG AKAR FORMATION (TAF)

The Talang Akar Formation represents the second phase

of Tertiary deposition in the South Sumatra Basin and

25

contains a continental fluviatile sequence composed of

thickly bedded very coarse to coarse sandstones

alternating with thin shales and some coals The grit-sand

facies was firstly recognized by Martin (19 52) from the

borehole data of the Limau 5A-3 well and was also named the

Talang Akar Stage

The lower part of the sequence generally consists of

coarse to very coarse-grained sandstone alternating with

thin layers of brown to dark grey shale and coal Fossils

are not found in this lower sequence The upper part is

dominated by alternations of sandstone and non-marine shale

with some coal seams The shales are grey to dark grey in

colour and the sequence becomes more marine upwards as

indicated by the presence of glauconite and carbonate and

the absence of coal layers

Some fossils of molluscs crustaceans fish remains and

Foraminifera are found in the upper part of the sequence

unfortunately they are not diagnostic fossils in terms of

stratigraphic age

Based on these features the Talang Akar Stage was

further divided by Spruyt (1956) into two members the

Gritsand Member (the lower part) and the Transition Member

(the upper part) Jackson (1960) reported that the

Gritsand Member varies considerably in thickness from zero

to at least 610 metres whereas the Transition Member

ranges between 61 to 360 metres Figure 33 shows the

distribution of the Talang Akar Formation in the South

2fi

Palembang Sub-basin in terms of thickness

Lithologys and fauna of the Talang Akar Formation

indicate a fluvio-deltaic environments passing upwards into

paralic then into a marine environments (De Coster 1974

Pulunggono 1983)

On the basis of some palaeontological and palynological

studies and also by stratigraphic position the Talang Akar

Formation has been dated as Late Oligocene to Early Miocene

(De Coster 1974) Pulunggono (1983) reported that the age

of the Talang Akar Formation can be dated using the

Planktonic Foraminiferal Zones of Blow (1969) as N3 to lower

N5 (Late Oligocene to lower part of Early Miocene)

324 BATURAJA FORMATION (BRF)

The Baturaja Formation was formerly known as Baturaja

Stage This term was introduced by Van Bemmelen (1932) to

distinguish the carbonate facies of the lower part of Telisa

Layer as proposed by Tobler (1912) He recognized firstly

the Baturaja sequence at Air Ogan near Baturaja town about

180 kilometres south of Palembang City

In most areas of the basin the Baturaja Formation lies

conformably upon the Talang Akar Formation In general the

Baturaja Formation is a platform carbonate including some

coral reefs which were developed on palaeo-highs especially

at the edge of the basin Towards the basin margins the

limestones grade into calcareous clays and fine to medium

sands

According to Simbolon (1974) in Air Ogan the Baturaja

Formation can be subdivided into two divisions a lower

bedded and an upper massive unit separated by calcareous

shales The bedded unit consists of lime mudstones and lime

wackestones intercalated with marls while the massive unit

consists of mudstones wackestonespackstones and

boundstones with abundant large Foraminifera in the upper

part

The Baturaja Formation occurs only on the broad shelf

and platform areas of the basin In some areas this

formation was not deposited In structural high areas the

Baturaja Formation was deposited directly upon the

pre-Tertiary basement rocks

The thickness of the Baturaja Formation is strongly

variable depending on the palaeotopography from about 60

to as much as 200 metres thick In the Limau Anticlinorium

area the Baturaja Formation reaches 60 to 75 metres in

thickness while well data from Benuang Raja Pagardewa and

Prabumenang show the maximum thickness reached is about 200

metres (Pulunggono 1983)

Based on the presence of Spiroclypeus especially

Spiroclypeus orbitoideus and Spiroclypeus tidoenganensis

the lower part of the Baturaja Formation is dated as

Aquitanian (lower part of Early Miocene) while the upper

part is dated as Burdigalian (middle to upper part of the

Early Miocene) to Lower Langhian (lower part of Middle

Miocene) on the basis of the presence of Eulepidina and the

28

absence of Spiroclypeus fauna (Adiwidjaya and De Coster

1973) Pulunggono (1983) inferred that on the basis of the

Planktonic Foraminiferal Zonation (Blow 1969) the age of

the Baturaja Formation is probably N5-N8 (lower part of

Early Miocene-lower part of Middle Miocene)

325 GUMAI FORMATION (GUF)

The most widespread rock sequence occurring in the

Tertiary is the Gumai Formation which was deposited during

the maximum phase of the marine transgression Formerly

this formation was named by Tobler (1906) as Gumai Schiefer

for the shale sequence which crops out at Gumai Mountain

near Lahat town During the fifties oil companies termed

this sequence the Upper Telisa but then the name was

changed to Gumai Formation

In general the Gumai Formation is characterized by

fossiliferous typically globigerinal marine shale

including minor intercalations of limestones and sandstones

(De Coster 1974) At the type locality it comprises

tuffaceous marl layers alternating with some marly limestone

layers (Pulunggono 1983) In Limau area a dark grey

shale bituminous and containing thin layers of marl and

marly sandstone from the Gumai Formation was penetrated by

some boreholes

Faunas such Bolivina and Uvigerina are common in the

Gumai Formation De Coster (1974) believed the Gumai

29

Formation was deposited in warm neritic conditions which

were indicated by the presence of these faunas combined

with the widespread occurrence of glauconitic foraminiferal

limestone

The thickness of the Gumai Formation varies greatly

with basin position In the Palembang Sub-basin the

thickness of the Gumai Formation varies from about 15 0 to

500 metres but in the Lematang Depression it reaches about

2500 metres (Pulunggono 1983)

The age of the Gumai Formation can be dated by using

the Planktonic Foraminiferal Zonation from Blow (1969) as -N9

to N12 ( lower part of Middle Miocene to middle part of

Middle Miocene Pulunggono 1983)

326 AIR BENAKAT FORMATION (ABF)

The Air Benakat Formation corresponds with the onset of

the regional regressive phase In general this formation

comprises- shale with glauconitic sandstones and some

limestones deposited in a neritic to shallow marine

environment

Formerly the Air Benakat Formation was named by Tobler

(1906) as the Onder Palembang but this name was changed by

Spruyt (1956) to the Air Benakat Formation The upper part

of this formation is dominated by tuffaceous sandstones

alternating with marl or glauconitic sandstones Tuffaceous

claystones and sandstones are dominant in the middle part

3n

while the lower part consists mostly of claystone

According to Pulunggono (1983) the thickness of Air

Benakat Formation ranges from 100 to 1100 metres In the

Limau area about 600 metres of Air Benakat Formation was

penetrated by Limau 5A-156 well (Pulunggono 1983)

The age of the Air Benakat Formation can be interpreted

using the Planktonic Foraminiferal Zonation from Blow as

Nll12 to N16 (middle part of Middle Miocene to lower part

of Late Miocene Pulunggono 1983) In most reports it has

been interpreted to be mostly Late Miocene in age (De

Coster 1974)

327 MUARA ENIM FORMATION (MEF)

The Muara Enim Formation was first described as the

Midden Palembang Series by Tobler in 1906 at the type

locality Kampung Minyak near Muara Enim town At this type

locality the formation comprises three lithological

sequences coal units claystone units and sandstone units

This formation lies conformably upon the Air Benakat

Formation Haan (1976) further divided the Muara Enim

Formation into two members Member A and Member B During

the Shell Mijnbouw Coal exploration program in 1978 the

stratigraphic column of the Muara Enim Formation was further

modified and the members have been divided into four

divisions

- M4 comprises an upper coal division corresponding to

31

the Hanging Coals

- M3 comprises the middle clay sand and coal division

- M2 comprises the middle coal division corresponding

to the MangusPangadang coals

- Ml comprises the lower clastic and coal division

Table 33 shows the stratigraphic column of the Muara

Enim Formation These divisions can be recognized

throughout most of the South Sumatra Basin with apparent

wedging out of the upper and middle coal divisions on the

basin margins Shell Mijnbouw (197 8) reported that the coal

seams of the middle and lower divisions are more widespread

and thinner than the seams of the upper division due to a

shallow marine influence during sedimentation

The lower boundary of the Muara Enim Formation was

first defined by Tobler(1906) at the base of the lowest coal

band in the South Palembang area (the Kladi coal) but this

definition could not be applied to the North Palembang and

Jambi areas where the coals are less well developed

Another criterion used by oil industry geologists to define

the boundary is the top of the continuous marine beds or the

base of the first non-marine beds the base of the

non-marine beds can be recognized by the presence of

arenaceous units displaying coal lenses and a lack of

glauconite

The Mangus seams of the M2 division have good marker

features especially a clay marker horizon which can be

recognized over a wide area This clay marker contains

32

discoloured biotite which was deposited over a wide area

during a short interval of volcanic activity and it can be

used to correlate the coal seams over most of the South

Sumatra Basin

Fossils are rare in the Muara Enim Formation

Therefore the determination of the Muara Enim Formation age

is mainly based on its regional stratigraphic position

rather than palaeontological data Baumann et al (197 3)

determined the age of the formation as Late Miocene to

Pliocene on the evidence of its regional stratigraphic

position and the palaeontological data admittedly rather

poor of lamellibranchs and arenaceous Foraminifera On the

basis of Planktonic Foraminiferal Zonation from Blow

Pulunggono (1983) determined the age of the formation as

N16-N17 (lower part of Late Miocene - upper part of Late

Miocene)

The thickness of this formation is about 45 0 to 750

metres (De Coster 1974)

328 KASAI FORMATION (KAF)

Conformably overlying the Muara Enim Formation is the

Kasai Formation This formation is often marked by a

distinct pumice or lapilli horizon containing rounded pumice

fragments of about 1 cm diameter Light coloured poorly

bedded tuffaceous sands and gravels often containing clear

grains of crystalline quartz are interlayered with light

33

bullolo-red or bluish-green clays (Shell Mijnbouw 1978)

Rare thin coal seams are also present

The Kasai Formation is interpreted to be

Plio-Pleistocene in age based on its association with the

orogeny and associated vulcanicity of that age

33 DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF THE TERTIARY SEDIMENTS

In general deposition of the Tertiary sediments in the

South Sumatra Basin occurred during a period of relative

tectonic quiescence which happened between the periods of

tectonic upheaval in the Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary and

the Plio-Pleistocene (De Coster 1974) De Coster (1974)

stated that the tectonic quiescence probably resulted from a

reduction in the rate of sea-floor spreading activity during

that time Consequently sedimentation of the Tertiary

sequences was mainly controlled by basin subsidence

differential erosion of the source areas and eustatic

sea-level changes

The initial deposition of Tertiary sediments in the

basin occurred in the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene in a

continental environment These deposits are represented by

the Lahat Formation filling a terrain of substantial

topographic relief which developed as a result of the

orogenic activity during the mid-Mesozoic the faulting of

the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary and differential

erosion of the exposed pre-Tertiary basement rocks The

3 4

Lahat Formation formed as a set of alluvial fan braided

stream valley fill and piedmont deposits and is

characterized by a feldspathic basal unit Probably this

unit is an erosional product of nearby granitic hills

The tuffs occurring in the Lahat Formation were derived

from the intermittent vulcanism and probably from erosion of

earlier-deposited tuffs Indications of local swamp

conditions can be recognized from the presence of thin coal

layers In the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene a fresh water to

brackish lacustrine environment developed in parts of the

South Sumatra Basin and a shale sequence was deposited in

this environment During this time the lakes may have had

intermittent connections with the adjacent seas giving rise

to some limestone dolomite and glauconite-rich beds

According to De Coster (1974) probably in the Middle

Oligocene sedimentation of the Lahat Formation was

interrupted by regional uplift which occurred in the late

Early and Middle Oligocene This interruption is

represented by the unconformable contact between the Lahat

Formation and the Talang Akar Formation

Deposition of the Talang Akar Formation began in the

Late Oligocene in the form of alluvial fan and braided

stream environments filling topographic lows and

depressions Therefore the Talang Akar Formation locally

occurs overlying the pre-Tertiary rocks This sedimentation

continued in Early Miocene in a fluviatile deltaic and

marginal-shallow marine environment During this time the

connection to open

3 5

marine conditions became more significant and the sea

gradually encroached into the basin Topographic relief

became less pronounced as sedimentation continued

Subsequently delta plain sediments developed over broad

areas consisting primarily of point bar and braided stream

deposits These graded into delta front and marginal marine

sands which in turn graded into prodelta shales laid down in

the more distal parts of the basin As the progradation

continued delta plain facies such as channel

crevasse-splay flood-plain or marsh deposits were formed

The Talang Akar Formation has its type area in the

South Sumatra Basin but the term is also used for similar

sequences in the Sunda Basin and Northwest Java Basin as far

east as Cirebon in Java The Talang Akar sequence is also

recognized in the Bengkulu Trough a fore-arc basin to the

southwest of the South Sumatra Basin

As the sea level rose in the Early Miocene the sea

started to encroach upon the basement highs and the sediment

input declined leading to deposition of the Baturaja

platform carbonates in reef back-reef and intertidal

environments In the early stages the Baturaja Formation

was deposited on shelfal and platform portions of the basin

as platform or bank limestone deposits In the later

stages further buildups of detrital reefal and bank

36

limestones were formed on top of these banks in restricted

localities In the central part of the basin the Baturaja

Formation grades laterally into argillaceous limestones or

marl and vertically into shales of the Gumai Formation

Deep marine conditions became more widespread in the

early part of the Middle Miocene as basin subsidence

exceeded sedimentation and the deposition of Gumai shale

continued In some areas the deposition of Gumai Formation

was directly after the Talang Akar Formation During this

time the basin experienced the maximum marine incursion and

the most widespread phase of deposition According to De

Coster (1974) the South Sumatra Basin was probably

connected with the Sunda Basin when sea covered most of the

remaining topographic highs in the basin

In the Middle Miocene the sea became shallower and

environments of deposition gradually changed from neritic to

continental This event may be related to the regional

uplift accompanied by vulcanism and by intrusion of diapiric

masses and batholiths (De Coster 1974) The Air Benakat

and Muara Enim Formations were deposited during this time in

shallow-inner neritic to paludal-delta plain environments

During the deposition of the Muara Enim Formation

widespread areas of swampland and marsh were present

throughout the basin and extensive thick coals were formed

at this time

The last of the major tectonic events in the South

17

Sumatra Basin was the Plio-Pleistocene orogeny This

orogeny was probably the direct result of renewed collision

betwween the Indo-Australian Plate against the Sumatra

part of the Eurasian plate Sedimentation occurred in the

basin during that time resulting in deposition of the Kasai

Formation The Kasai Formation consists mostly of erosional

products derived from the uplifted Barisan and Tigapuluh

Mountains and from the uplifted folds being formed in the

basin during the orogeny

33

CHAPTER FOUR

ORGANIC MATTER IN THE TERTIARY SEQUENCES

41 INTRODUCTION

Cuttings samples from ten oil exploration wells drilled

in the South Palembang Sub-basin were studied with an

emphasis on the organic petrology and maturation level of

the organic material Selection of well sections to be

examined was determined by availability of sample material

and drilling data as well as preferences given by

PERTAMINA The samples were taken from the PERTAMINA core

shed at Plaju Palembang and were examined for maceral

content at the University of Wollongong The results of the

analyses are expressed on a 100 maceral basis Cuttings

samples were selected by the author for study on the basis

of their content of coal and carbonaceous or dark shale

particles All samples are from Tertiary sedimentary

sequences

Because of poor initial sample collection methods at

the well site some of the cuttings samples from the older

oil exploration wells (L5A-22 TMT-3 BL-2 BN-10) contain

vitrinite having oxidation rims (frypanned rims)

The well locations are given in Figure 14 Some coal

samples from the Muara Enim Formation were also collected

from shallow boreholes located around the Bukit Asam coal

mine as shown in Figure 15 Table 41 shows wells sampled

39

and the total number of samples from each formation Bar

diagrams and pie diagrams of organic matter type abundance

and maceral composition are shown in Figures 41 to 46

Short descriptions of lithologies and organic matter type

abundance and maceral composition from each well are

presented in Appendix 1

42 TYPE

421 LAHAT FORMATION

The Lahat Formation is largely confined to the deeper

parts of oil well sections studied such as in the BRG-3

GM-14 BN-10 MBU-2 L5A-22 and PMN-2 wells The Lahat

Formation consists mainly of sandstone shale siltstone and

thin coal but in the MBU-2 well it consists of volcanic

breccia

Organic matter is predominantly terrestrial in origin

DOM content in the samples ranges from 009-1699 (average

= 85) by volume DOM on mineral matter free basis

comprises 21 to 99 (average = 84) vitrinite trace to 9

(average = 2) inertinite and trace to 55 (average = 14)

liptinite

Several thin coal seams occur in the Lahat Formation

The coal content of the samples from this formation ranges

from 2 to 34 (average = 18) by volume The coal

comprises (mmf basis) 73-99 (average = 86) vitrinite

40

014-7 (average = 4) inertinite and 03-20 (average =

10) liptinite (Figure 41)

Vitrinite is the dominant maceral present in this

formation both in DOM and coal It occurs as well

preserved stringers laminae lenses and disseminated

particles Detrovitrinite and telovitrinite occur in

approximately equal amounts Vitrinite is commonly

associated with sporinite cutinite resinite and

liptodetrinite

Sporinite and liptodetrinite are common in this

formation In general the macerals of the liptinite group

have a weak to very weak fluorescence intensity and

fluorescence colours are dark orange to brown In some

samples it is very difficult to detect liptinite occurrences

in fluorescence mode

Inertinite is rare in the samples and occurs mainly as

inertodetrinite Semifusinite and sclerotinite occur in the

samples from GM-14 and BRG-3 but are present only in minor

amounts Fusinite occurs as thin layers and rarely as

isolated lenses in a detrovitrinite matrix Inertodetrinite

is present in most of the samples but as a minor component

Bitumens occur associated with quartz or clay grains

and they are characterized by yellowish green fluorescence

Oil cuts and haze are also present in the samples from the

L5A-22 well typically where oil is seen to be expelled

during examination in fluorescence-mode from fractures in

telovitrinite Some oil stains were also found in

41

detrovitrinite and telovitrinite as shown in Plate 1

Pyrite commonly occurs throughout the samples and is

typically framboidal in form

422 TALANG AKAR FORMATION

The Talang Akar Formation was penetrated by all of the

petroleum exploration wells used in the present study

Samples collected from this formation are mainly cuttings

samples but some core samples were also obtained Organic

matter abundance of the Talang Akar Formation was determined

from forty eight cutting samples Sandstone siltstone and

shale are the dominant lithologies of the Talang Akar

Formation Coal layers are commonly present in this

formation varying in thickness from thin stringers to 2

metre seams

4221 DOM

DOM content of siltstones sandstones and shales by

volume of the samples taken from the formation varies

between 182 to 3791 (average = 1363) The highest

proportion of DOM occurs in coaly shales Vitrinite is the

dominant maceral in DOM (mmf basis) ranging from 41-99

of the DOM (average = 90) Liptinite ranges (mmf basis)

from sparse to 55 (average = 7) Inertinite occurs only

in minor amounts ranging (mmf basis) from rare to 19

(average = 3) Vitrinite occurs in all lithologies as

12

fragments laminae lenses and thin stringers (Plate 2)

Vitrinite layers commonly contain inclusions of liptinite

macerals such as sporinite resinite and liptodetrinite

Sporinite is the most common liptinite maceral in this

formation In general liptinite has a weak to very weak

fluorescence intensity and is dark orange to brown in

colour Sporinite occurs mostly as miospores and pollen

grains and is disseminated throughout the coals and shales

Oil drops also occur in the samples and have yellow

fluorescence Framboidal pyrite is commonly present in this

formation (Plate 3) 4 1

4222 Coal and Shaly Coal

In general Talang Akar coals are well developed in the

Pendopo-Limau area The samples from the Talang Akar

Formation comprise 24-82 (average = 3947) coal and

12-30 (average = 2314) shaly coal by volume (Figure

42) The coals (mmf basis) comprise 48-99 (average =

87) vitrinite 01-19 (average = 3) inertinite and

053-49 (average = 10) liptinite These coals vary from

sub-bituminous to high-volatile bituminous in rank and are

characterized by a high vitrinite and a moderate liptinite

content Shaly coals comprise (mmf basis) 48-97

(average = 84) vitrinite trace to 22 (average = 4)

inertinite and 2-30 (average = 12) liptinite

The microlithotypes present in these coals are vitrite

with lesser amounts of clarite Vitrite layers consist of

i

43

celovitrinite and detrovitrinite and are associated with

sporinite and minor resinite Oil staining of polished

surfaces of vitrinite is commonly present Sporinite is the

dominant liptinite maceral It is dark orange in

fluorescence mode

Bitumens are common in the Talang Akar Formation and

show yellow to orange fluorescence as shown in Plates 4 to

9 and 12 to 13 They occur mainly in coals and are

associated with oil cuts Some exsudatinite occurs in the

coals and is yellow to dark orange in fluorescence mode

(Plates 8 to 11) Sclerotinite is also present and occurs

as teleutospores In some samples sclerotinite was filled

by bitumen as shown in Plates 10 and 11 During examination

using fluorescence mode oil was expelled from sclerotinite

(Plates 14 and 15) and telovitrinite (Plates 16 and 17) in

some samples

423 BATURAJA FORMATION

The Baturaja Formation consists of platform carbonate

deposits which comprise limestones grading to calcareous

clays and fine to medium grained sandstones A thick

section of this formation was intersected by KD-01 well from

1363 metres to 1572 metres In general DOM in the samples

from the Baturaja Formation is rare to abundant (lt01 to

295 with average = 087 by volume) DOM (mmf basis)

in this formation comprises rare to 99 (average = 97)

vitrinite barren to 1 (average = 02) inertinite and 0

44

to 8 (average = 28) liptinite (Figure 44)

Vitrinite is mainly present as detrovitrinite

Inertinite is rare and occurs as inertodetrinite Minor

sporinite also occur in the samples and has orange

fluorescence Fluorinite is present in the samples from

BN-10 well and has a yellow flourescence Pyrite is

commonly present throughout the lithologies

424 GUMAI FORMATION

The Gumai Formation consists of deep water marine

shales and limestones DOM content of the samples from this

unit ranges from 005-733 (average = 187) by volume and


2-37 (average = 22) inertinite and 0-57 (average = 15)

liptinite

Vitrinite is common in the lithologies and occurs as

detrovitrinite Inertinite is commonly present and occurs

as inertodetrinite and micrinite but sclerotinite and

semifusinite are commonly present in the samples from the

KG-10 well Liptinite is represented by cutinite

sporinite liptodetrinite fluorinite and resinite

Sporinite is common and has orange to dark orange

fluorescence Cutinite is orange to dark orange in

fluorescence mode and is thin-walled

Bitumens are sparse in the samples from the Gumai

Formation except those from the KG-10 well where they are

45

common to abundant with greenish yellow fluorescence Oil

drops are also present and show a yellow colour in

fluorescence mode Some phytoplankton are also present in

the samples and occur as very small tests which in some

cases are very difficult to recognize from the matrix They

have a green fluorescence colour Euhedral pyrite is

commonly present in the lithologies

425 AIR BENAKAT FORMATION

The Air Benakat Formation consists of neritic to

shallow marine deposits in which DOM ranges from 015 to

154 (average = 366) by volume High proportions occur

in carbonaceous shale or claystone whereas low proportions

occur in limestone and marine sandstone

On a mineral matter free basis DOM comprises 54 to

91 (average = 78) vitrinite rare to 7 (average = 3)

inertinite and 7 to 39 (average = 19) liptinite Figure

45 shows the abundance of DOM in the Air Benakat Formation

Vitrinite is the most common organic matter in all

lithologies with detrovitrinite the main maceral This

maceral is assocciated with the liptinite macerals

suberinite cutinite resinite sporinite and

liptodetrinite

Liptodetrinite sporinite and cutinite are commonly

present in the Air Benakat Formation They are orange in

fluorescence mode Minor greenish yellow fluorescing

46

fluorinite and orange fluorescing resinite are also present

Inertinite is rare and occurs as sclerotinite and

inertodetrinite

In general bitumens are abundant in the samples and

they occur commonly in sandstone siltstone and claystone

They have a yellowish-green to green colour in fluorescence

mode Desiccation cracks in the bitumens are commonly

present and some of bitumens have a cauliflower shape Oil

drops are common in the samples from KG-10 well and show a

yellowish-green colour in fluorescence mode Framboidal

pyrite is more common than euhedral pyrite

426 MUARA ENIM FORMATION

The Muara Enim Formation includes the main workable

coal measures of the South Sumatra Basin and contains the

large brown coal (lignite) resources of the South Sumatra

region The Muara Enim Formation comprises three

lithological sequences they are coal units claystone units

and sandstone units as shown in Table 33 The coal beds in

the basin range from a few centimetres to about 40 metres in

thickness The coals vary from brown coal to sub-bituminous

in rank but locally reach anthracitic rank in zones of

contact alteration

Organic matter in this coal-bearing sequence occurs as

dispersed organic matter and as discrete coal seams

According to Cook and Struckmeyer (1986) DOM associated

47

with coals is generally similar in its origin maceral

composition and chemical properties to the organic matter in

the coals but can also show some systematic differences

The Muara Enim Formation occurs in nine oil wells

studied and fifty seven cutting samples were taken from this

formation Twenty eight coal samples were also collected

from seven cored coal exploration boreholes In addition

maceral analysis data of the Muara Enim coals are also

available from Daulay (1985) who studied the petrology of

the Muara Enim coals

In the cuttings samples studied coal occurs as layers

lenses or streaks and contributes between 356 to 100

(average = 66) by volume Based on the results of maceral

analyses of these samples on a mineral matter free basis

the Muara Enim coals comprise 74 to 88 (average = 81)

vitrinite 3 to 12 (average = 6) inertinite and 8 to

17 (average = 13) liptinite (Fig46)

The core samples (mmf basis) have 75 to 97

(average = 86) vitrinite 175 to 8 (average = 5)

inertinite and 225 to 16 (average = 9) liptinite

(Fig46) Within the limits of sampling precision the

results for coals from cores and from cuttings are very

similar

DOM contents of the Muara Enim Formation range from

187 to 798 (average = 437) by volume High

proportions of DOM occur in coaly claystone or carbonaceous

mudstone but in sandstone and siltstone the DOM content is

48

low In the samples studied DOM (mmf basis) comprises

39 to 96 (average = 65 ) vitrinite 02 to 7 (average =

3) inertinite and 12 to 57 (average = 32) liptinite

Telovitrinite is the main vitrinite maceral and occurs

both in DOM and coal Telovitrinite is commonly present in

the coal as thin layers or small lenses which occur in the

detrovitrinite matrix Some of the telovitrinite cell

lumens are infilled by fluorinite or resinite (Plates 18 to

21) In some cases they are filled by clay Corpovitrinite

and porigelinite (gelovitrinite) are scattered throughout

the coals f

In general inertinite is rarely present in the Muara

Enim coals Semifusinite fusinite and sclerotinite are the

main types of inertinite Semifusinite and fusinite occur

as layers or lenses as shown in Plates 22 and 23 Cell

walls of the fusinite and semifusinite vary in thickness and

degree of preservation Scelerotinite includes

teleutospores and scelerotia (Plate 24) Some cell lumens

in sclerotinite are filled by resinite and mineral matter

In some samples well preserved of mycorrhyzomes can also be

found (Plates 25 to 27)

The liptinite in the coal mainly comprises resinite

cutinite liptodetrinite sporinite suberinite with minor

fluorinite and exsudatinite Liptodetrinite is a

significant component of Muara Enim coals and comprises fine

degradation products of other liptinite macerals It has

bright yellow to orange fluorescence Resinite has yellow

49

to orange fluorescence (Plates 21 and 28 to 31) Cutinite

is commonly present as tenuicutinite and has yellowish

orange fluorescence but some crassicutinites can be also

found as shown in Plates 32 and 33 Sporinite is also

commonly present in the coals and is yellow to dark orange

in fluorescence-mode (Plates 34 to 37) It occurs mostly as

miospores and pollen grains and is disseminated throughout

the coals Suberinite shows orange to dark orange

fluorescence and it is also commonly present in the coals

(Plates 38 to 41) Exsudatinite occurs in few samples and

has a very bright yellow to orange fluorescence (Plates 40

to 43)

In general the Muara Enim coals are rich in bitumens

hence an attempt has been made to estimate the abundance of

bitumen by using the point counting method Bitumen content

of the coals (mmf basis) varies from 075 to 55

(average = 31) Bitumens occur mostly as medium to

large discrete bodies which are commonly globular in shape

(Plates 44 to 47) Flow structures occur and oil cuts are

common from bitumens and indicate that the bitumens have

been soft and mobile when entering the open spaces or during

the development of fracture porosity (Cook 1987)

Teichmuller (1982) noted that this stage represents the very

beginning of bituminization and can be related to the

genesis of fluid petroleum During this stage bitumen

fills the cavities bedding planes and joints Cook (1985)

added that the abundance of bitumen may be related more to

50

the migration characteristics of fluids from the organic

matter system than to any sharp threshold in the rate of

generation of soluble bitumens The occurrence of bitumens

in veins may be due to fissuring caused by hydrocarbon

generation pressures rather than to passive emplacement

into pre-existing cavities (Cook 19 87) An interesting

feature of the bitumen under microscope is the presence of

desiccation cracks (Plates 48 to 51) In some samples

bitumens also appear as cauliflower-shaped aggregates The

bitumens have bright green to greenish yellow fluorescence

but commonly they show dark yellow fluorescence in their

centre and gradually change to bright yellow fluorescence

toward the outer margins

Mineral matter is commonly present in the Muara Enim

coals and is represented by clay occurring as pods and

infilling cell lumens Framboidal pyrite is also commonly

found infilling cell lumens Quartz and siderite occur

sparsely in the coals

The main microlithotypes of the Muara Enim coals are

vitrite and clarite

43 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RANK AND MACERAL TEXTURES AND

FLUORESCENCE INTENSITY

Parallel with the increasing level of coalification

some physical and chemical properties of coal will be

gradually or progressively changed Peat and soft brown

51

coals have high bulk porosities and high water contents

With progressive coalification moisture content decreases

and calorific value and carbon content increase

Furthermore the pore volume of vitrinite also decreases

during the coalification process Stach et al (1982)

reported that the pore volume of vitrinite varies with rank

from 005 cm3g for vitrinite with 71 carbon content to

003 cm3g for vitrinite with 94 carbon content apparently 3

passing through a minimum of 0025 cm g at a carbon content

of about 89 Because of increasing carbon content and

aromacity the three maceral groups liptinite inertinite

and vitrinite become more highly reflecting and

increasingly opaque

Cell structures and plant tissues readily discernible

in low rank coals become increasingly difficult to

recognize at higher rank Texture becomes more compact with

coalification In comparison with other macerals vitrinite

textures are sensitive to increasing temperature and

pressure but they alter in a uniform manner during

coalification Telovitrinite textures are more sensitive to

increasing rank than those of detrovitrinite (Smith 1981)

Smith (1981) further reported that in the Gippsland Basin

telovitrinite shows remnants of open cell lumens and cell

walls and cell contents aligned parallel to bedding to about

1250 metres depth where Fornax is 030 He also indicated

that with bull increased depth the major process of

telovitrinite metamorphism appears to be conversion of

52

textinite and well preserved texto-ulminite into

eu-ulminite At 1742 metres (R max 050) almost all cell

lumens of telovitrinite are completely closed

In the samples studied Muara Enim coals occur at

present depths between 40 metres to 1200 metres Vitrinite

textures of the coals from the BT-01 well taken at depths of

46 to 54 metres R max 036 still show cellular structures

derived from vegetable material (Plates 52 and 53) Some of

the telovitrinite cell lumens are infilled with fluorinite

or resinite but in some samples they are filled by clay At

this rank the vitrinite is texturally immature retaining

well preserved botanical structures and voids as shown in

Plate 54 In other wells telovitrinite becomes dense and

compact and all cell lumens become closed with increasing

depth The telovitrinite is texturally mature (ie it has

been through a gelification state which has largely obscured

botanical features) These features can be seen in samples

from BRG-3 which were taken from a depth of 1200 metres with

R max of 050 (Plates 16 17 and 55) The cell lumens are

completely closed in samples with a vitrinite reflectance of

080 or greater This occurs at depths of more than 2000

metres in the Talang Akar Formation in the MBU-2 well

Under ultra-violet light excitation liptinite shows a

progressive increase in the maximum of spectral fluorescence

wavelengths with increasing maturation and the total

fluorescence intensity progressively decreases At low

rank the liptinite macerals typically yield up to 80

53

volatile matter and contain more than 9 hydrogen (Cook

1982) With increased rank the liptinite group macerals

suffer a major loss of volatile matter and of hydrogen

content Associated with these chemical changes the

fluorescence colours of liptinite change from

greenish-yellow in the peat stage to orange-brown in high

volatile A bituminous coals (Bustin et al 1983) The

fluorescence intensities and fluorescence colours are

related to presence of hydrogen in unsaturated bonds (Cook

1980)

Most liptinite macerals from the Muara Enim coals

(Fornax 030 to 050) have fluorescence colours ranging

from yellow to orange and greenish yellow in the bitumens

(Plates 46 to 50) The fluorescence colours of the

liptinite parallel increasing rank and become dark orange or

brown which are shown in the Talang Akar coals Bitumens

also become orange in this latter formation (Plates 56 to

61)

54

CHAPTER FIVE

ORGANIC MATURATION AND THERMAL HISTORY

51 INTRODUCTION

The maturity of organic matter is an expression of the

level of coalification reached The level of coalification

of organic matter can be also defined as the transformation

of organic matter from peat through the stages of different

brown coals sub-bituminous and bituminous coals to

anthracites and meta-anthracites (Stach 1982)

The metamorphism of organic matter is a product of two

variables time and temperature (Teichmuller and

Teichmuller 1982 Murchison et al 1985 Waples 1980

1985) Cook (1982) and Kantsler (1985) added a third

suggesting that at least three variables (pressure heat due

to burial of sedimentary sequences and the geological age of

the sequences) are involved in the coalification process

The role of pressure is only involved in the early stage of

biochemical coalification resulting in compaction and

expulsion of water (Bustin et al 1983) Pressure is

thought to have only a minor negative effect upon rank

increase (Teichmuller and Teichmuller 1968 Lopatin and

Bostick 1973) Huck and Patteisky (1964) claimed that high

static pressure can have retarding effects on coalification

However Bustin et al (1983) pointed out that high tectonic

pressure can lead to abnormal increases in vitrinite

55

reflectance

In most stratigraphic sequences increased temperatures

accompany burial and thus more deeply buried coals are

exposed to higher temperatures for longer time and are

generally of higher rank This relationship was first

documented by Hilt (1873) who observed a progressive

decrease in volatile matter in coals with depth (Hilts

Law) The level of coalification or rank of organic matter

can be assessed by using a variety of chemical and physical

methods Some of the more commonly used of these indices

are volatile matter yield carbon content moisture content

and calorific value Unfortunately these properties do not

change uniformly with rank and consequently are not always

suitable indicators Vitrinite reflectance is one of the

most commonly used methods for evaluation of the organic

maturation The optical properties of vitrinite macerals

alter more uniformly during metamorphism than those of other

macerals (Smith and Cook 1980) Additionally vitrinite is

present in many types of sedimentary rocks

In the present study measurements of maximum

reflectance of vitrinite were made to determine the rank of

coals from the South Palembang Sub-basin and also to assess

the maturation level of the dispersed organic matter in the

associated non-coal rock types The assessment of organic

maturation is an important parameter for evaluation of the

coal quality and the hydrocarbon source potential of the

sedimentary sequence Measurements of maximum reflectance

56

of vitrinite were made on coal and DOM from cuttings

samples The results for cuttings samples may include some

values for caved materials from overlying sequences but

these can generally be recognized from their lithological

characteristics In addition unpublished reflectance data

particularly of the Muara Enim coals are available from

Daulay (1985)

The maturation profile for a sedimentary sequence at a

given location is obtained by plotting vitrinite reflectance

against depth for each sample from a well section By

comparing these maturation data with those at other

locations in the basin the pattern of maturity distribution

within the basin can be used for locating hydrocarbon source

rocks lying within the zone of oil generation

Vitrinite reflectance values from ten oil wells are

given in Tables 51 to 510 The reflectance gradients of

these wells range from Rvmax 020 to 035 per kilometre

The vitrinite reflectance profiles with depth are presented

in Figures 51 to 510 Isoreflectance surfaces have been

constructed along section lines A-B and C-D (Figure 14) and

these are presented in Figure 511 and Figure 512 The six

oil wells illustrated in Figure 511 are located in the

Muara Enim area whereas the four oil wells in Figure 512

are situated in the Limau-Pendopo area In addition

vitrinite reflectance values from seven coal exploration

boreholes are given in Table 510A

57

52 RANK VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION

The mean maximum vitrinite reflectances obtained from

samples examined for this study are plotted against depth in

Figure 513 The most obvious trend shown in this figure is

the increase in vitrinite reflectances with depth and this

is more marked from a depth of below about 1500 metres

(Rvmax generally about 05) to 2500 metres (Rmax generally

about 09) Some reflectance values plot below the trend

These values may relate to the presence of cavings but

generally values from the Baturaja Formation plot below the

trend whereas those from the Lahat Formation plot on or

above trend

Several reasons have been given for suppressed

vitrinite reflectance Hutton and Cook (1980) found lower

reflectance values where Botryococcus-derived alginite is

present Titheridge (1989) found lowered reflectance where

sulphur content is high and it has been reported that

reflectance is lower in some specific lithologies

The Baturaja Formation is a marine unit (containing

limestone) Many marine oil shales have lower than expected

reflectance values (Hutton pers comm 1991) and the

lowered reflectance for the Baturaja Formation is possibly

attributable to its marine origin

In the Muara Enim area the increase in vitrinite

reflectance with depth is associated with a high temperature

gradient as well as being due to depth of burial (Figure

58

511) High temperature gradients in the Muara Enim area

may relate to the effects of thermal metamorphism or

volcanic intrusions adjacent to the Bukit Barisan Mountains

KG-10 well is an exception in that samples from it show low

reflectance values (R max 044 and 048) at depths of 1524

metres and 1546 metres However these low reflectance

values probably correlate with the presence of cavings

(Figure 511) Figure 512 suggests that the increases in

vitrinite reflectance are probably related primarily to

depth of burial in the Limau-Pendopo area In this area

the thickness of the Tertiary particularly of Talang Akar

and Lahat Formations is greater than in the Muara Enim

area The highest vitrinite reflectance values (R max

095) occur in the Lahat Formation in the BN-10 well at a

depth of 2542 metres BN-10 is the deepest well used in

this study and is situated in the Limau-Pendopo area

Relationship between coalification and tectonism has

long been known (Patteisky and Teichmuller I9 60

Teichmuller 1962 Teichmuller and Teichmuller 1966

Hacquebard and Donaldson 1970 Diessel 1975) Most

authors suggest that the relationship between timing of

coalification and that of tectonic deformation in a

particular area may be investigated in two ways based on

coal rank data Firstly by comparison of the shape of the

iso-rank surfaces and structural contours and secondly by

comparison of the rate of rank increase with depth in a

particular seam compared with the rate within a vertical

59

profile such as a borehole

Teichmuller and Teichmuller (1966) divided the

relationships between coalification and tectonism into three

types pre-tectonic coalification post-tectonic

coalification and syn-tectonic coalification In

pre-tectonic coalification coalification is completed

before tectonic deformation Iso-rank surfaces would

parallel structural surfaces (Figure 514) Complete

post-tectonic coalification applies to an area in which

little or no coalification took place during initial

subsidence or during tectonic movements Early and rapid

deposition and folding under low geothermal gradients are

commonly associated with post-tectonic coalification

Teichmuller and Teichmuller (1966) suggested that

exclusively post-tectonic coalification is probably never

realized in real systems With post-tectonic coalification

iso-rank contours are horizontal regardless of the degree of

deformation (Figure 515) Syn-tectonic coalification

patterns are produced in areas where coalification and

tectonic movements occur contemporaneously In areas where

syn-tectonic coalification occurs the iso-rank surfaces are

oblique to the structural contours (Figure 516)

In the area studied the iso-reflectance line of Rvmax

03 is generally semi-parallel with the orientation of the

Muara Enim Formation This pattern is consistent with major

pre-tectonic coalification but minor syn-tectonic

coalification also may be present (Teichmuller and

60

Teichmuller 1966) In the Muara Enim area (Figure 511)

the iso-reflectance lines R max 04 to 09 generally

intersect the formation boundaries at low angles However

the iso-reflectance lines are more regular and parallel with

the orientation of the formation boundaries in the

Limau-Pendopo area where partial syn-tectonic coalification

patterns are evident (Figure 512) According to

Teichmuller and Teichmuller (19 66) this situation may

arise in younger strata of a coal basin where folding

movements are active during or very shortly after deposition

and prior to maximum burial

The Talang Akar and Lahat Formations are intersected by

the 05 to 09 R max surfaces In terms of coal rank the

coals from these formations can be classified as high

volatile bituminous coals

In general vitrinite reflectances in the Muara Enim

coals range from 030 to 050 R max with an average of

037 The coals therefore range from brown coal to

almost sub-bituminous coal in rank The M2 coals

particularly the Mangus Suban and Petai seams are mined at

the Bukit Asam coal mines Vitrinite reflectance of

dispersed organic matter of the Muara Enim Formation shows

similar patterns to those of coals not affected by

intrusions In general it ranges from 03 to 04 R max

Daulay (1985) divided the M2 coals in the Bukit Asam

area into two categories related to the effects of thermal

alteration by an andesite intrusion coal not affected by

61

contact thermal alteration and thermally altered coals

Vitrinite reflectance of coal not affected by thermal

alteration ranges from 030 to 059 Rvmax and from 069

to 260 for thermally altered coals Furthermore Daulay

noted that reflectances between 040 to 050 are dominant

at Bukit Asam By contrast vitrinite reflectance decreases

gradually from 035 to 040 towards the north (Banko

Area) and west of Bukit Asam

Coals from the boreholes BT-01 (South of Banko) and

SN-04 (West Suban Jerigi) have vitrinite reflectances

ranging from 031 to 041 In the Kl-03 and KLB boreholes

(Kungkilan area southwest of Bukit Asam) vitrinite

reflectance is relatively constant being in the range 041

to 044 Vitrinite reflectance decreases again at the

AU-04 and AS-12 boreholes (North Arahan and South Arahan

farther west of the Kungkilan area) ranging from 035 to

037 The differences in vitrinite reflectance between

coals from the Bukit Asam area and other areas are probably

due to heating effects from igneous intrusions beneath the

Bukit Asam and adjacent areas Thus it appears that even

the coals referred by Daulay to the not affected by thermal

alteration category show some evidence of localized

heating

53 THERMAL HISTORY

Thermal history of the basin can be estimated by

62

comparing data on sediment age and the level of

coalification (Kantsler et al 1978) The current thermal

regime can be ascertained by reference to present downhole

temperature data estimated from borehole logs The

relationship between maximum palaeotemperature and vitrinite

reflectance has long been studied and documented by authors

(such as Teichmuller 1971 Dow 1977 Bostick 1973 1979

Kantsler et al 1978 Kantsler and Cook 1979 Cook and

Kantsler 1980 Smith and Cook 1980 1984) Models for the

prediction of palaeotemperatures organic maturity and the

timing of hydrocarbon generation have been developed by a

number of authors

The first attempt to define mathematically the relation

of time temperature and rank was introduced by Huck and

Karweil (1955) Later Karweil (1956) developed a nomogram

for the three variables and it is known as the Karweil

nomogram The Karweil model is based on first-order

reaction rates and appears to assume that a formation has

been exposed to present downhole temperatures for all its

subsidence history Some modifications have been made by

Bostick (1973) with the addition of an empirically derived

reflectance relationship The Bostick version of the

Karweil nomogram is shown in Figure 517 Further

developments on the prediction of palaeotemperature and

thermal history from the Karweil nomogram were made by

Kantsler et al (1978)

j 3

In the present study estimations of palaeotemperature

and thermal history in the South Palembang Sub-basin were

made using the Karweil diagram as suggested by Kantsler et

al (1978) The palaeothermal history of the basin has been

assessed using the age data for the sedimentary units the

corresponding Rvmax data and the time (t) temperature (T)

and vitrinite reflectance (RQmax) nomogram of Karweil as

modified by Bostick (1973) In the modification used

temperatures derived directly from the Karweil nomogram were

named Isothermal Model Temperatures (Tiso) The isothermal

model (Tiso) assumes that temperatures have remained

constant since burial whilst the gradthermal model (Tgrad)

assumes a history of constantly rising temperatures

(Kantsler et al 1978a Smith 1981 Smith and Cook 1984)

From these comparisons an assessment can be made of whether

present day temperature (Tpres) is higher the same or lower

than the maximum palaeotemperature

The present geothermal gradient was obtained by using

the formula

T = To + TX (Smith 1981)

where T is borehole temperature To the surface temperature

X is depth and T = dTdX the geothermal gradient

The surface temperature of the Muara Enim-PendopoLimau

area (onshore) used in the calculations is assumed to be

26 C The borehole temperature data were obtained from the

geophysical well logs of the oil wells studied The results

of the calculations show that the present geothermal

64

gradient in these areas varies from 37degCkm to 40degCkm

(average = 39 Ckm) in the Muara Enim area and 36degCkm to

40degCkm (average = 38degCkm) in the Pendopo-Limau area

These geothermal gradients are lower than those reported by

Thamrin et al (1979) According to those authors the

average gradient geothermal gradient and heat flow in South

Palembang Sub-basin are 525degCkm and 255 HFU (Heat Flow

Units) Furthermore Thamrin et al (1979) reported that in

the Beringin field (Muara Enim area) the geothermal

gradient and the heat flow are 565degCkm and 266 HFU while

the values from the Tanjung Miring Timur field (Pendopo

area) are 55 km and 266 HFU respectively The Benuang

field (Pendopo area) also has a high reported geothermal

gradient having a value of 55 Ckm Based on these data the

top of the oil window can be expected to be encountered at

shallow depths of approximately 1300 metres This position

for the top the oil window is also suggested by the

reflectance data which show that the 05 reflectance values

lie at approximately 1300 metres depth

Thamrin et al (1980 1982 1984) stated that the high

geothermal gradients occurring in the Sumatran basinal areas

are influenced by high palaeoheat flows which accompanied

Tertiary tectonism Further they concluded that the high

geothermal gradients in these areas reflect rapid burial

followed by uplift and erosion The high heat flow in the

basin results from magmatic intrusions and associated mantle

waters penetrating the shallow pre-Tertiary basement to

65

within a few kilometres of the surface exposing the

Tertiary sedimentary cover to high temperatures (Eubank and

Makki 1981)

Tectonically the Sumatran basinal areas are situated

between an inner (volcanic) arc and the stable Sunda Shelf

The volcanic inner arc is represented in Sumatra by the

Bukit Barisan Range which is mainly composed of folded

pre-Tertiary rocks Eubank and Makki (1981) suggested that

in a continental back-arc basin where the sialic crust is

thinned but rifting is not complete the crust is not an

effective thermal blanket Where the crust is thin and

highly fractured simatic heat will be rapidly conducted

upward by magmatic diapirism and convective circulation of

water in the fractures In a continental setting sediments

quickly fill the incipient rifts and are subjected to high

heat flow

Scale H of Karweils diagram was used in the present

study to calculate isothermal model temperatures Cook

(1982a) suggested that Tgrad can be obtained from Tiso

values by multiplying with a conversion factor of 16

Smith and Cook (1984) suggested testing isothermal and

gradthermal models against present temperatures to establish

the relative palaeothermal history of a formation

According to Smith (1981) and Smith and Cook (1984) a

quantitative estimate can be obtained by defining the

following ratio

Grad Iso = (Tpres - Tiso) (Tgrad - Tiso)

ee

If the ratio is lower than 1 the present geothermal

gradients are probably lower than in the past and the

formation history approaches the isothermal model If the

ratio is close to one the formation history approaches the

gradthermal model If the ratio is greater than one

present temperatures are greater than the effective

coalification temperature

Thermal history data from selected wells in the South

Palembang Sub-basin are listed in Table 511 and Table 512

From data given in these tables it can be seen that in

general the present temperatures are lower than isothermal

temperatures These indicate that the palaeotemperatures

were higher than the present temperature Probably the

sediments of the South Palembang Sub-basin underwent a

period of rapid burial prior to a period of uplift and

erosion Pulunggono (1983) stated that a tensional movement

during PaleoceneEocene to Early Miocene times enhanced

block faulting with consequent subsidence of faulted block

areas along existing faults (NE-SW and NW-SE) Maximum

rates of subsidence of the faulted blocks were indicated

inferred in uppermost Oligocene to earliest Miocene times

During this phase the rate of sedimentation began to exceed

the rate of subsidence and the faulted blocks were rapidly

infilled

67

54 SOURCE ROCKS AND GENERATION HYDROCARBONS

541 SOURCE ROCKS FOR HYDROCARBONS

Potential hydrocarbon source rocks are rocks containing

preserved organic matter which includes the remains of

marine and fresh water animals and plants and terrestrial

plants For many years marine rocks were regarded as the

only prolific source for oil (eg Tissot and Welte 1978)

but over the past 30 years it has become clear that

terrestrial and fresh water organic matter can also generate

commercial quantities of petroleum A number of authors

have recently suggested that coal has played a significant

role in sourcing hydrocarbons in important oilfields such as

in Australia (Gippsland Basin) and in Indonesia (Mahakam

Delta) Oils derived from terrestrial organic matter are

generaly waxy in character as identified by Hedberg (1968)

and Powell and McKirdy (1975) and are believed to be

associated with coals or terrestrial organic material which

is particularly rich in liptinite

Authors (such as Smith and Cook (1980) Smyth (1983)

Tissot and Welte (1984) Cook (1987) have agreed that the

liptinite group is considered to be most significant

producer of hydrocarbons per unit volume organic matter

Vitrinite-rich source rocks are thought to be producers of

both gas and some oil (Cook 1982 Smyth 1983) Cook

(1987) pointed out that the difference in specific

generation capacity between liptinite and inertinite are

68

for most coals balanced by the much greater abundance of

vitrinite The generative potential of vitrinite is put at

one tenth of that of liptinite (Smyth et al 1984 Cook et

al 1985) Moreover Tissot (1984) concluded that the

source potential of Type III kerogen is three or four times

less than that of Type I or II kerogen According to

Snowdon and Powell (1982) the maceral vitrinite is

generally associated with the generation of methane during

catagenesis In addition Khorasani (1987) demonstrated

that vitrinites formed under dysaerobic conditions can

become perhydrous and partially oil prone These vitrinites

are considerably more hydrogen rich than the classical

orthohydrous vitrinites

Inertinite may have some generative potential (Smith

and Cook 1980 Smyth 1983) According to Struckmeyer

(1988) the generating potential of inertinite is considered

to be approximately one twentieth that of liptinite

Khorasani (1989) however stated that inertinite has

virtually no genetic potential for generating liquid

hydrocarbons Her statement has been supported by pyrolysis

the data index (S2OrgC) which is indicative of the

amounts of hydrocarbon already generated (Figure 518)

These data show that the contribution of inertinite to

generation of hydrocarbons prior and within the oil window

as defined by Khorasani (1989) is negligible Moreover

the Tmax data (Figure 518) suggest that maximum

decomposition of inertinite-rich kerogens occurs at higher

69

activation energies compared to inertinite-poor kerogen

However Smith and Cook (1980) suggested that inertinite

maturation may occur at much lower levels of rank than

assumed by Khorasani

According to Rigby et al (1986) and Kim and Cook

(1986) extracts from liptinite-rich coals are dominated by

branched and cyclic alkanes In comparison vitrinite yields

a high proportion of long chain n-alknes At a vitrinite

reflectance of 03-04 vitrinite-rich coals can yield

significant amounts of n-alkanes (Rigby et al 1986)

Marked n-alkane generation occurs over the range 04 to 08

vitrinite reflectance

A model for the generation of oil and condensate from

terrestrial organic matter has been made by Snowdon and

Powell (1982) as shown in Figure 519 They recognized that

the proportions of organic matter type in terrestrial source

rocks strongly controls both the level of thermal alteration

necessary for the section to function as an effective

source rock and the ultimate product (gas oil or

condensate) which will be generated

In the South Palembang Sub-basin coal measures

sequences occur within the Muara Enim Talang Akar and the

Lahat Formations As described in Chapter Four in general

these coals are rich in vitrinite contain significant

amounts of liptinite and generally contain sparse

inertinite Detrovitrinite and telovitrinite mainly occur

in approximately equal amounts in these coal measures

70

Detrovitrinite generally has a higher specific generation

capacity which may be significant in relation to oil

generation (Cook 1987) Gore (1983) suggested that

detrovitrinite may be markedly perhydrous and incorporate

sub-microscopic or finely comminuted liptinite algae

resins and the remains of a prolific animal and microbial

life including bacteria rotifers rhizopods nematodes

worms insects molluscs copepods larvae sponges fish

vertebrates zooplankton and phytoplankton Telovitrinite

however tends to be orthohydrous and may incorporate lipids

including fatty acids and proteins derived from the cell

contents secondary cell walls suberinized cell walls

bacteria resin ducts cuticles and spores (Shortland 1963

Benson 1966)

Liptinite macerals occurring in the Lahat and Talang

Akar Formations are mainly represented by sporinite and

liptodetrinite while the liptinite macerals in the Muara

Enim coals occur mainly as resinite sporinite cutinite and

liptodetrinite with significant amounts of suberinite also

present Cook (1987) suggested that the high percentage of

resinite and suberinite in some coals may be a significant

factor in relation to the timing of oil generation He also

added that most Indonesian crude oils appear to have a low

naphthenic content suggesting that the contribution from

resinite is typically low

A study of liquid hydrocarbon potential of resinite

taken from M2 coals of the Muara Enim Formation was

71

undertaken by Teerman et al (1987) using hydrous pyrolysis

methods From this study Teerman et al (1987) indicated

that a large percentage of resinite can be converted into

hydrocarbons Oil-pyrolysates are light non-paraffinic

products consisting predominantly of cyclic isoprenoids and

their aromatic derivatives The composition of these

hydrocarbons however are very distinct and different from

the composition of naturally occuring oils Teerman et al

(1987) concluded that resinite is probably not a significant

source for liquid hydrocarbons due to the lack of similarity

between these light non-paraffinic pyrolysates and naturally

occuring oils Lewan and Williams (1987) also suggested

that resinites have not been a significant source for

petroleum

In the Muara Enim Formation bitumens and oil cuts

generally are more abundant than in other Tertiary rock

sequences from the South Palembang Sub-basin The secondary

liptinite maceral exsudatinite is present in all of the coal

measures sequences and commonly occurs within vitrinites

having a reflectance between 04 and 08 It is directly

related to the formation of hydrocarbons (Cook and

Struckmeyer 1986) Fluorinite is abundant in the Muara

Enim coals which have vitrinite reflectances between 035

and 050 Teichmuller (1974) regarded fluorinite to be

primarily derived from essential plant oils but some

fluorinite may be high pour-point crude oil trapped within

the coals Small amounts of fluorinite have also been found

71

within the Talang Akar coals Oil droplets and oil hazes

occur mainly in the Talang Akar Formation and some in the

Lahat Formation Oil hazes are mainly associated with

telovitrinite where the oil comes from cracks or veins in

the telovitrinite and flows out during fluorescence

examination mode Most of the features described above are

related to oil generation Cook and Struckmeyer (1986)

summarized the occurrence of petrographic features related

to oil generation as shown in Table 513

Assessment of the hydrocarbon generating potential of

source rocks in the South Palembang Sub-basin was made by

calculating the volume of liptinite to vitrinite in DOM and

coal This calculation was introduced by Smyth et al

(1984) and later modified by Struckmeyer (1988)

Score A = Liptinite +03 Vitrinite +005 Inertinite

(all values in volume of sample)

Score A is based on the volume and composition of organic

matter in a sample An example for this calculation is

shown below

Sample A contains approximately 6 (by volume)

organic matter consisting of 3 vitrinite 2

inertinite and 1 liptinite Based on the

calculation above sample A has a score of 2

For quantification of Score A the data set is compared

to values of S1+S2 from Rock-Eval pyrolysis (Struckmeyer

73

1988) According to Cook and Ranasinghe (1989) SI is

considered to represent free bitumen-like compounds within

the rock and is taken as a measure of the amount of oil

generated whereas S2 represents the main phase of loss of

hydrocarbons due to destructive distillation S1+S2 is

measured in kilograms of hydrocarbons per tonne of rock A

classification for source rock quality based on values of

S1+S2 was introduced by Tissot and Welte (1984) as shown

below

lt 2kgtonne poor oil source potential

2 to 6kgtonne moderate source potential

gt 6kgtonne good source potential

gt lOOkgtonne excellent source potential

Figure 520 shows a plot of S1+S2 values and Score A

for four samples from the Muara Enim and Talang Akar

Formations of the South Palembang Sub-basin SI and S2

values have been produced by Rock-Eval analysis (Chapter

Six) Scores of hydrocarbon generation potential of 59 and

192 have been calculated from two Muara Enim samples (5383

and 5384) and correspond to values of 52 and 1269 for

S1+S2 The highest score and S1+S2 value occur in a coal

sample (5384) These figures indicate that the samples have

good to very good source potential Also score A values for

the Muara Enim Formation have been calculated from thirty

samples collected from wells studied The results of these

calculations indicate that the Muara Enim Formation has very

good source rock potential with an average value about 232

1

[see Table 515)

Similar values were also obtained for the Talang Akar

samples (5385 and 5386) Hydrocarbon generation scores for

the samples range from 82 to 165 and correspond to S1+S2

values of 55 and 786 The data indicate that the samples

can be classified as good to very good source rocks Again

these figures are supported by data calculated for forty

five samples collected from the Talang Akar Formation

showing very good hydrocarbon generation potential

Score A values for samples from other formations have

also been calculated The Lahat Formation is categorized as

having a good source rock potential with a score of 896

Reports from several sources such as Shell (1978) Purnomo

(1984) Suseno (1988) and Total Indonesie (1988) also

suggested that the Lahat can be considered as potential

source rocks in the South Palembang Sub-basin Lacustrine

shale deposits of the Lahat Formation are expected to be

good quality source rocks and equivalent sequences are known

as a good source in the Central Sumatra Basin having high

TOC values Good source rocks are also present in the Air

Benakat Formation which has a score of 696 The highest

scores for the Air Benakat samples occur within the upper

part of the Air Benakat Formation although results may be

slightly affected by cavings from the Muara Enim Formation

Poor score values were found for the samples from the

Baturaja and Gumai Formations The scores range from 02 to

07

75

542 HYDROCARBON GENERATION

The principal zone of significant oil generation is

generally considered to occur between vitrinite reflectances

of 050 and 135 (Heroux et al 1979 Cook 1982 Smith

and Cook 1984 Cook 1986) Initial napthenic oil

generation from some resinite-rich source rocks may occur

however at maturation levels as low as a vitrinite

reflectance of 04 (Snowdon and Powell 1982)

Cook (1982 1987) considered that oil generation from

coals occurs at a much lower level of coal rank and is

largely complete by 075 R max Gordon (1985) suggested a

threshold for oil generation from coals from the Ardjuna

Sub-basin of about 045 vitrinite reflectance

Humic organic matter becomes post-mature for oil

generation between vitrinite reflectances of 12 and 14

at which time the source rocks become mature for gas

generation (Kantsler et al 1983) Oil is generated from

organic matter at temperatures ranging from 60degC to 140 C

At higher temperatures the humic organic matter becomes

post-mature for oil generation but mature for gas generation

as shown in Figure 521 and 522 (Kantsler and Cook 1979)

Organic matter type strongly influences the range of

maturity over which organic matter generates oil (Tissot and

7 6

Welte 1978 Hunt 1979 and Cook 1982) Smith and Cook

(1980) suggested that the effect of organic matter type

variation on oil generation is complex because different

types of organic matter undergo breakdown over different

temperature ranges and yield a variety of hydrocarbon

compositions According to Leythauser et al (1980) oil

generation occurs firstly from Type I Kerogen (alginite)

then from Type II Kerogen and finally from Type III Kerogen

(vitrinite) In contrast Smith and Cook (1980 1984)

reported that this order is reversed and the inertinite is

the first to generate hydrocarbons during burial

metamorphism then vitrinite with liptinite being the least

responsive maceral group at low temperature

Based on the isoreflectance surfaces (shown in Figure

511) in the Muara Enim area the lower parts of Muara Enim

and Air Benakat Formations are early mature in the BRG-3 and

KD-01 wells while the middle part of the Gumai Formation is

mature in the KG-10 and MBU-2 wells The upper part and

lower part of the Talang Akar Formation are also mature in

the PMN-2 and GM-14 wells

In the Pendopo area the Gumai Formation is generally

mature in almost all wells studied except in BN-10 where the

lower part of the Air Benakat Formation entered the mature

stage as shown in Figure 512

It can be concluded that the Gumai Formation is in the

mature stage throughout the well sections studied

Furthermore with an exception for the BRG-3 well the Muara

77

Enim Formation is immature for oil generation throughout the

well sections in the South Palembang Sub-basin However

some indications of oil generation are present within this

formation

The Talang Akar and Lahat Formations are relatively

mature to late mature for oil generation Locally these

formations occur within the peak zone of oil generation

(R max 075) If coal is accepted as a source for oil

(Durand and Paratte 1983 Kim and Cook 1986 Cook and

Struckmeyer 1986) thermal maturation has probably already

generated hydrocarbons from the organic matter of these

formations This conclusion is supported by the presence of

abundant oil drops oil cuts exudatinites and bitumens in

the samples from the Talang Akar and Lahat Formations

5421 Timing of Hydrocarbon Generation using Lopatin

Method

In order to asses the timing of hydrocarbon generation

the method of Lopatin (1971) as modified by Waples (1980

1985) has been used in the present study Lopatin (1971)

assumed that the rate of organic maturation increases by a

factor r for every 10degC increase in reaction temperature

The factor r was taken to be close to a value of 2 For any

given 10 C temperature interval the temperature factor (x)

is given by

x = 2 where n is an index value Lopatin

73

assigned to each temperature interval

The Lopatin model is based on an assumption that the

dependence of coalification on time is linear (ie doubling

the reaction time at a constant temperature doubles the

rank) The sum of the time factors (dtn) which describe

the length of time (in Ma) spent by each layer in each

temperature interval and the appropriate x-factors was

defined by Lopatin as the Time-Temperature-Index (TTI)

nmax

TTI = s (dtn) (x)

nmin

where n bdquo and n are the values for n of the highest and max m m 3

lowest temperature intervals encountered

Lopatin (1971) suggested that specific TTI values

correspond to various values of vitrinite reflectance

Waples (1980) has modified Lopatins (1971) original

calibration but Katz et al (1982) showed that Waples

correlations are likely to be incorrect for reflectance

values higher than approximately 13 Furthermore Waples

(1985) reported that the threshold for oil generation at an

R max value of 065 which was proposed in his previous

work was almost certainly too high He further stated that

different kerogen types have different oil-generation

thresholds Therefore a new correlation between TTI and

oil generation was proposed by Waples (1985) In this

79

correlation the onset of oil generation is shown to vary

from about TTI = 1 for resinite to TTI = 3 for high-sulphur

kerogens to TTI = 10 for other Type II kerogens to TTI = 15

for Type III kerogens

In the present study subsidence curves for selected

well sequences were constructed employing simple

backstripping methods and assuming no compaction effects

and the TTIs were calculated assuming constant geothermal

gradients The subsidence plots are based on

time-stratigraphic data in well completion reports and by

correlating between wells in the studied area

The amount of sediment cover removed from the sequence

was estimated using the method suggested by Dow (1977) The

loss of cover was estimated from linear extrapolation of the

reflectance profile plotted on a semilog scale to the

020 reflectance intercept The result indicates that the

average thickness of cover lost in the Muara Enim area was

about 250 metres whereas in the Pendopo area approximately

625 metres of cover lost was lost

The maturation modelling and burial history for these

areas are given in Figure 523 and Figure 524 Top of the

oil window has been plotted at TTI=3 while bottom of the oil

window has been plotted at TTI=180

For the Muara Enim area the subsidence curve shows

that burial during Early-Middle Eocene was probably slow to

moderate and mostly continuous During the Early Oligocene

the rate of sedimentation began to exceed the rate of

sn

subsidence and the palaeotopography was rapidly filled in

During this period the sea level began to rise as the major

Tertiary transgressive-regressive cycle commenced

The peak of the transgressive phase occurred in about

the Early Miocene when the Gumai Formation was

accummulating In the Middle Miocene the rate of

subsidence progressively increased resulting in the

deposition of the Air Benakat and Muara Enim Formations

During this phase of subsidence oil source rocks of the

Lahat and Talang Akar Formations entered the generative

window at about 7-8 Ma BP Probably during Late Miocene

these formations would have been generating oil and some

gas The sediments were uplifted by a Plio-Pleistocene

orogeny probably in Late Pliocene

Total Indonesie (1988) also reported that the onset of

oil generation in the Muara Enim area probably occurred 5 to

8 Ma BP which corresponds to the end of the Miocene

or beginning of the Pliocene Based on the Lopatin model

in the Muara Enim area the oil window zone can be expected

at about 1300 metres depth Average reflectance values of

054 occurred at this depth

In general sedimentation history of the Pendopo-Limau

area is similar to that in the Muara Enim area The

thickness of section suggests that the Pendopo area was the

depocentre of the basin An exception is the Baturaja

Formation which is thickest along margins of the basin and

- 1

Ji

on palaeotopographic highs Therefore the Baturaja

Formation is relatively thinner in the Muara Enim area

The significant accumulation of sediments has played an

important role in the maturation of the oil source rocks

(the Lahat and Talang Akar Formationss) In the Pendopo

area oil generation from the Talang Akar and Lahat

Formations probably started earlier (11-9 Ma BP) than in the

Muara Enim area Shell (1978) suggested that Middle Miocene

can be considered as the timing for generation of oil in the

Pendopo area

The initiation of the oil window is at 1200 metres

depth corresponding with a vitrinite reflectance value of

053 However Shell (1978) reported that the South Sumatra

crudes indicate that their generation and expulsion

commenced at an equivalent vitrinite reflectance value of

068 and a vitrinite reflectance value of 120 is

considered to be the onset of the gas expulsion

Following the Plio-Pleistocene orogeny the structural

features of the South Palembang Sub-basin were affected

The Tertiary sediments were folded and the faults were also

rejuveneted by this orogeny As discussed above in the

Pendopo area the onset of oil generation probably started

in the Middle Miocene while in the Muara Enim area the

generation of oil may have started at the end of the

Miocene-beginning of Pliocene and prior to the final pulse

of the Barisan orogeny

32

Tn relation to this event trapping can be expected in

older structures in the Pendopo area In the Muara Enim

area however the picture become more chaotic In this

areas the zones which are modelled in the oil window would

be faulted down into the gas window or they would be

faulted up above the oil window Another possibility is the

zones which are modelled above the oil window would be

pulled down into the oil window or the gas window

55 POTENTIAL RESERVOIRS

In the South Palembang Sub-basin a number of potential-

reservoir rocks occur within two main parts of the

stratigraphic sequence firstly within the regressive and

secondly within the transgressive sequence The regressive

sequence is represented by the Muara Enim and Air Benakat

Formations whereas the transgressive sequence is

represented by Baturaja and Talang Akar Formations

The Muara Enim Formation is a major reservoir in the

Muara Enim Anticlinorium It has been reported that minor

oil production was obtained from the Muara Enim Formation in

the Muara Enim field The sandstones of this formation are

medium- to coarse-grained moderately rounded and have fair

to medium porosity (37 to 395 porosity Pertamina 1988)

The sandstones of the Air Benakat Formation are fine-

to medium-grained and have a fair to medium porosity

33

Hydrocarbon accumulations in the Air Benakat Formation have

been found in the Muara Enim Anticlinorium According to

Purnomo (1984) about 20 m3 oil per day have been produced

in this area and after twenty eight years the production

rate declined to about 5 m3 The oil is of paraffinic type

with 35 to 45deg API

In 1959 oil was produced by the L5A-144 well for the

first time from the Baturaja Formation of the transgressive

sequence In general the contribution of the Baturaja

Formation as a reservoir for oil in the studied area is

minor Kalan et al (1984) reported that three major

depositional facies have been recognized in the Baturaja

Formation basal argillaceous bank carbonates main reefal

build-up carbonate and transgressive marine clastic rocks

Within these facies good porosity is restricted to the main

reefal build-up carbonate facies This porosity is

secondary and developed as a result of fresh water influx

leaching the reefal carbonate and producing chalky moldic

and vugular porosity According to the drill completion

reports of the KG-10 and MBU-2 wells porosity of Baturaja

reefal facies varies between 76 and 254 in the MBU-2 well

to 59 to 89 in the KG-10 well

The most important reservoir rocks within the South

Palembang Sub-basin are sands from the Gritsand Member of

the transgressive Talang Akar sequence The reservoirs are

multiple and the seals intraformational Sandstones of the

Talang Akar Formation are commonly coarse-grained to

34

conglomeratic and fairly clean as the result of high energy

during their deposition The porosity ranges from 15 to 25

(Hutapea 1981 Purnomo 1984) API gravity of the oil

ranges from 15 to 402

In the South Palembang Sub-basin the majority of the

oil is trapped in anticlinal traps but some oils are found

in traps related to basement features such as drapes and

stratigraphic traps The most common setting for an oil

trap is a faulted basement high with onlappingwedging-out

Talang Akar sandstones on the flanks and Baturaja Formation

on the crest as the reservoirs

35

CHAPTER SIX

CRUDE OIL AND SOURCE ROCK GEOCHEMISTRY

61 INTRODUCTION

In the present study four crude oils and four rock

samples recovered from Tertiary sequences in the study area

were analysed The details of the sample locations are given

in Table 61 The analyses included Gas Chromatography (GC)

analysis and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectometry (GC-MS)

analysis In addition four rock samples were crushed and

analysed for TOC content and also for their pyrolysis yield

The analyses were carried out by RE Summons and JM Hope

at the Bureau of Mineral Resources Canberra

The results of the oil analyses show that the oils have

hydrocarbon distributions derived from proportionally

different contributions from plant waxes plant resins and

bacterial biomass The oils were characterized by high

concentrations of cadinane and bicadinane hydrocarbons In

general the oils are mature

The four rock samples contained 37 to 512 wt TOC

(Table 68) thus the samples can be classified as ranging

from shale to coal Based on the Rock-Eval Tmax values

three samples were categorized as immature and one sample

recovered from the deepest part of the BRG-3 well was

approaching the mature stage The GC traces show bimodal

distributions of n-alkanes and PrPh ratios in the

86

intermediate range of 4 to 5 Two samples contained high

concentrations of bicadinanes and oleanane

62 OIL GEOCHEMISTRY

621 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

622 SAMPLE FRACTIONATION

From four oil samples approximately 100 mg of each

whole oil was placed on a 12 g silica gel column Three

fractions (ie saturates aromatics and polars) were

collected (in 100 ml round bottom flask) by eluting the

column with 40 ml petroleum spirit 50 ml petroleum

spiritdichloromethane (11) and 40 ml chloroformmethanol

(11) Each fraction was reduced in volume on a rotary

evaporator to approximately 1 ml and then transferred to a

preweighed vial with dichloromethane (05 ml) The solvent

was carefully removed by gentle exposure to a stream of dry

nitrogen Each fraction was weighed and labelled Percent

compositions were calculated on the basis of the original

weights

623 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY ANALYSIS

A Varian 3400 GC equipped with a fused silica capillary

87

column (25m x 02mm) coated with cross-linked

methylsilicone (HP Ultra-1) was used for GC analysis The

GC analysis was carried out on the saturated hydrocarbon

fractions The samples in hexane were injected on column

at 60degC and held isothermal for 2 minutes The oven was

programmed to 300 C at 4 Cmin with a hold period of 30

minutes The carrier gas was hydrogen at a linear flow of

30 cmsec Data were collected integrated and manipulated

using DAPA GC software An internal standard

3-methylheneicosane (anteiso-C22) was added at the rate of

25ug per mg of saturates to enable absolute quantitation of

the major peaks

624 PREPARATION OF BC FRACTION

The full saturated hydrocarbon fraction proved to be

unsuitable for GC-MS owing to generally high proportions of

waxy n-alkanes An aliquot of each of the saturated

fractions was converted to a BC fraction by filtration

through a column of silicate The sample (lOmg) in pentane

(2ml) was filtered through the silicate and the column

washed with a further 5ml pentane The non-adduct (BC

fraction) was recovered by evaporation of the solvent and

the n-alkanes by dissolution of the silicate in 20 HF and

extraction of the residue with hexane This method has the

advantage of being rapid and clean but a small proportion of

the low MW n-alkanes remains in the BC fraction

88

625 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTOMETRY ANALYSIS

GC-MS analysis was carried out using a VG 70E

instrument fitted with an HP 5790 GC and controlled by a VG

11-25 0 data system The GC was equipped with an HP Ultra-1

capillary column (50m x 02mm) and a retention gap of

uncoated fused silica (10m x 03 3mm) The samples in

hexane were injected on-column (SGE OCI-3 injector) at 50 C

and the oven programmed to 150degC at 10degCminute then to

300degC at 3degCminute with a hold period of 30 minutes The

carrier gas was hydrogen at a linear flow of 30cmsec The

mass spectrometer was operated with a source temperature of

240 C ionisation energy of 7 0eV and interface line and

re-entrant at 310degC In the full scan mode the mass

spectrometer was scanned from mz 650 to mz 50 at 18

secdecade and interscan delay of 02 sec In the multiple

reaction monitoring (MRM) mode the magnet current and ESA

voltage were switched to sequentially sample 26 selected

parent-daughter pairs including one pair (mz 404mdashgt 221)

for the deuterated sterane internal standard The sampling

time was 40ms per reaction with 10ms delay giving a total

cycle time of 13s Peaks were integrated manually and

annotated to the chromatograms

626 RESULTS

The general nature of the crude oils from reservoirs in

^q

the MBU-2 and BRG-3 wells is summarized in Table 62 in

terms of the polarity classes of saturated hydrocarbons

aromatic hydrocarbons and combined NSO-asphalthene fraction

The oils are generally dominated by saturated hydrocarbons

ranging from 637 to 774 Therefore the oils can be

classified as paraffinic (naphthenic) oils

Aromatic hydrocarbon content of the oils ranges from

207 to 27 The 540 and 541 oils are relatively higher in

aromatic hydrocarbon content (256 and 27) respectively

than those from the 542 and 543 oils (24 and 207) The

saturated and aromatic ratios from the oil samples range

from 21 to 33

The amount of polar compounds of the oils is below 10

(18 to 93) The highest amount of this compound (93)

occurs in the oil 541 while the lowest (18) occurs in the

oil 543 Figure 61 shows the bulk composition of the crude

oils

6261 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

The GC profiles shown in Figures 62 to 65 have been

annotated to provide peak identification The carbon number

of the n-alkanes are identified by numbers Isoprenoids are

denoted i whereas the cyclohexanes are denoted C with

the carbon number The alkane distribution profiles of the

total saturated fration of the crude oils examined are given

in Figures 62 to 65 The abundances of n-alkane

isoprenoids and bicadinanes are listed in Tables 63 and

90

54

The GC analysis of saturated hydrocarbon fractions

(C12+) of the oils revealed bimodal patterns of n-alkane

distributions in all oil samples These compounds are

probably derived from contributions of bacteria (low MW) and

terrestrial vascular plant waxes (high MW) The waxy

n-alkanes with a slight odd over even predominance were

present in all oil samples and were most abundant in oil

sample 540 from the BRG-3 well Low molecular weight

alkanes predominated in oil samples 541 542 and 543

Snowdon and Powell (1982) pointed out that the waxy oils are

believed to be associated with coals or terrestrial organic

material which is particularly rich in dispersed liptinite

such as spores and cuticles

Isoprenoid alkanes were generally abundant relative to

the n-alkanes Oil samples 540 and 541 have higher Prn-C17

ratios (208 and 277) respectively than those of the oil

samples 542 and 543 which have ratios of 07 and 09 (see

Table 64) Phn-C18 ratios of the whole oil samples range

from 025 to 047 The highest Phn-C18 ratio (047) and

Prn-Cl7 ratio (277) occur in the oil 541 which also

contains relatively high waxes The highest wax content

occurs in oil 540 and this sample also has a relatively high

Prn-C17 ratio (2=08) but the lowest Phn-C18 ratio (025)

According to Palacas et al (1984) and Waples (1985)

oils which are derived from land plant sources have a

relatively high ratio of pristane to n-C17 (gt1) and a low

91

ratio of phytane to n-C18 (lt1) These two properties are

characteristics of predominantly land-derived source organic

matter deposited under moderately oxidizing conditions

On the basis of the Prn-C17 and PrPh ratios two

groups of oil can be distinguished Group 1 and Group 2

Group 1 includes oils from the BRG-3 well (540 and 541)

whereas Group 2 contains oils 542 and 543 from the MBU-2

well High Prn-C17 and PrPh ratios present in the oils of

Group 1 clearly show that these oils were derived from

terrestrial plant matter The Group 2 however shows lower

Prn-C17 and PrPh ratios This suggests the Group 2 oils

may have originated from a different non-marine source

compared with the Group 1 oils or may have an additional

contribution from a marine source

Pristane to phytane ratios of the oils are relatively

high ranging from 211 to 80 The highest ratios are for

the oils 540 and 541 (with 65 and 80) whereas the oils

542 and 543 have a lower ratio (with 211 and 342)

High pristane to phytane ratios (greater than 30)

characterize high wax crude oils which primarily originated

in fluviatile and deltaic environment containing a

significant amount of terrestrial organic matter (Brook et

al 1969 Powel and Mc Kirdy 1975 Connan 1974 Didyk et

al 1978 Connan and Cassou 1980) Padmasiri (1984)

pointed out that a high pristane to phytane ratio is

probably due to the presence of less reducing conditions

during early diagenesis where phytanic acid was mainly

92

converted into pristane through decarboxylation rather than

direct reduction to phytane

Pristane and phytane were accompanied by high

abundances of 1-14 1-15 1-16 1-18 and 1-21 Higher

isoprenoids such as 1-25 and 1-30 (squalane) were in very

low abundance or undetected (Figures 62 to 65)

The other series of compounds evident in the GC traces

were a series of triterpenoids This series occurs as extra

peaks in the low molecular weight end of the GC traces (see

Figures 62 to 65) According to Summons and Janet Hope

(pers comm 1990) these are monomeric (sesquiterpene)

analogues of the bicadinanes and constitute the building

blocks for the polycadinane resin compounds These

bicadinanes were assigned as W T and R1 with the addition

of another compound eluting after T and denoted T

6262 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY

Metastable reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatograms for

mz 191 reaction of the oils studied (Figure 66) show the

series of C27 C29+ pentacyclic triterpanes Tissot and

Welte (1984) noted that these series are considered to have

originated from the membranes of bacteria and cyanobacteria

The stereoisometric ratios of 22S22S+22R for C32 and C31

r hopanes (Ja[3a+a(3 for C30 hopane and 20S20S+20R for C29

norhopane can be used as maturity parameters The

22S22S+22R ratios of the oil studied are considered to be

high ranging from 51 to 61 (Table 65) They are

93

close to the end-point value of 60 which occurs once oils

are generated from mid-mature source rocks (Seifert and

Moldowan 1978 Mckenzie et al 1980) The maturity of the

oils is also indicated by a high ratio for 20S20S+20R with

C29 norhopane ranging from 40 to 56 Furthermore the

BaBa+afl ratios for C30 hopane are generally lt 01 evidence

of a mature signature of the oils

From Figure 66 it can be seen that the most abundant

class of compounds detected were the bicadinanes They were

present in high concentration in many traces The strongest

response of the bicadinanes are shown in the mz 191

reaction trace (Figure 67) In other oils they also

co-eluted with or eluted very close to the trisnohopanes (Ts

and Tm) as shown in the mz 217 responses (Figure 68)

The occurrence of bicadinanes has been reported in

oils from Indonesia Brunei Sabah and Bangladesh by

authors such as Grantham et al (1983) Van Aarsen and de

Leeuw (1989) Alam and Pearson (1990) and Van Aarsen et

al (1990) Van Aarsen et al (1990) pointed out that

bicadinanes are cyclisation products of dimeric cadinanes

released during maturation of polycadinane a component of

damar tropical tree resin of the Dipterocarpaceae family

Many species of Dipterocarpaceae grow at the present

time in most of the South Sumatra forest areas The present

and previously reported occurrences of bicadinanes show

strong links to terrigenous organic input Table 66 shows

the composition of four of the bicadinanes and the steroid

94

hydrocarbons determined by GC MS

All samples contain C27-C29 steranes In some cases

the relative abundance of C27-C29 steranes can be used as

indicators of the nature of the photosynthetic biota both

terrestrial and aquatic while triterpanes are usually

indicators of depositional and diagenetic conditions (Huang

and Meinschein 1979) Land plant inputs are usually

inferred from a dominance of the C29 steranes However

algae also possess a wide range of desmethyl sterols

(C26-C29) and may produce an oil with a major C29 component

The distribution of steranes and methyl steranes from the

samples is shown in Figure 68 and listed in Table 65 and

Table 66

In the present study organic facies of the oil samples

were identified using a triangular diagram which shows

C27-C29 sterane distribution (Figure 69) This triangular

diagram was adapted from Waples and Machihara (1990) This

diagram shows that the origin of most of oil samples may be

higher plants which have a strong predominance of the C29

sterane The distribution of hopanes steranes and

bicadinanes from all the samples is shown in Table 67

Biodegradation of a crude oil can be indicated by the

removal of n-alkanes isoprenoids and other branched

alkanes and even some cyclic alkanes (Bailey et al 1973

Goodwin et al 1983 Cook and Ranasinghe 1989) In the

early stages of biodegradation low molecular weight

n-alkanes are removed whereas the isoprenoids are

95

residualized Therefore degraded oils contain fewer normal

paraffins or waxes than non-degraded ones In extensively

biodegraded oils all C14-C16 bicyclic alkanes are removed

followed by steranes In very heavily biodegraded oils up

to 50 of the 50a(H)14a(H)17a(H)20R isomers from the

C27-C29 steranes are removed and finally regular steranes

are also removed and changed into diasterane (Cook and

Ranasinghe 1989) Therefore in severely biodegraded oils

a high concentration of diasteranes is present

Figures 62 to 65 show that for the oils studied

abundant n-alkanes (C9 to C34) are present Volkman et al

(1983) noted that non-degraded oils show low values for the

pristanen-C17 and phytanen-C18 ratios


631 EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

Four rock samples comprising shales and coals were

collected from different rock formations that is the Muara

Enim and Talang Akar Formations In general the samples

were treated by similar methods using GC analysis

preparation of BC fractions and GC-MS analysis Because

the samples were rock sample extraction was carried out as

described below

96

6311 SAMPLE EXTRACTION

The samples were crushed and analysed for TOC content

using a Leco carbon analyser The samples were also

analysed for their pyrolysis yield using a Girdel Rock-Eval

II instrument The crushed sediments were extracted using

pre-washed soxhlets and thimbles using 8713 CHCL3MeOH as

solvent and continuing the process for 48 hours The

extracts were filtered using micrometre filters and then

evaporated to near dryness These extracts were then

treated as oil and separated into the different polarity

fractions by column chromatography

632 RESULTS

The results of the total organic carbon (TOC)

Rock-Eval data and the composition of the extracts in terms

of the polarity classes of saturated hydrocarbons aromatic

hydrocarbons and combined SO-asphaltene fraction are shown

in Table 68 and Figure 610 Linear alkane distribution

profiles of the saturated fractions of the extracts are

given in Figures 611 to 614 Table 69 shows the

composition of saturated hydrocarbons determined by GC

analysis of this fraction Pristane and phytane ratios are

given in Table 611

Table 68 shows that all the samples exceed the minimum

critical limit accepted for hydrocarbon generation from

37

clastic rocks (05 wt TOC) as mentioned by Welte (1965) and

Phillipi (1969) The two shale samples contained a lower

percentage TOC (37 and 41 wt) than the two coal samples

which contained 269 and 512 wt TOC although only one

sample can be classified as true coal The two coal samples

also had relatively high HI values of 230 and both could

possibly represent source rock intervals although only the

deepest sample which has Rymax 083 is considered to be

mature

A source rock potential study of the Tertiary sequences

from the South Palembang Sub-basin has also been carried out

by Sarjono and Sardjito (1989) as summarized below

Formation Total Organic Carbon Tmax

Lahat

Talang Akar

Baturaja

Gumai

Air Benakat

Muara Enim

17

03

02

05

05

05

to

to

to

to

to

to

85

80

15

115

17

527

436-441

425-450

425-450

400-440

gt430

gt430

In the present study the Rock-Eval Tmax data show that

the samples from Talang Akar Formation were approaching the

appropriate maturity of 433 to 446degC Espitalie et al

(1985) suggested that the beginning of the oil-formation

zone is at Tmax of 430 to 435degC whereas the beginning of

the gas zone starts with Tmax of 465 to 470degC for Type III

98

and 450 to 455degC for Type II kerogen (Figure 615) However

Tmax is infuenced by organic matter type with liptinites

generally giving higher Tmax values compared with vitrinite

(Cook and Ranasinghe 1990)

The production index (PI) of the samples varies from

006 to 020 Espitalie et al (1985) also noted that the

PI can be used as another criterion of maturity They

suggested the oil-formation zone begins at PI values between

005 and 010 The maximum oil formation is reached at Pis

of 030 to 040 Beyond this the PI values tend to remain

stationary or even decrease (gas formed)

A plot of the hydrogen index (HI) and oxygen index (01)

is given in Figure 616 It is clearly seen that the samples

are categorized as Type III kerogen which would be largely

derived from the woody portions of higher plants

The GC traces of the four samples all show bimodal

distribution of n-alkanes and PrPh ratios in the

intermediate range of 4 to 5 The coal sample from the

Muara Enim Formation (5384) shows a predominance of odd

carbon number waxy n-alkanes which implies a high

terrestrial plant input (Figure 612) Shale sample (5385)

which was taken from the Talang Akar Formation shows a

predominance of low carbon number n-alkanes without

significant oddeven predominance (Figure 613) The

shallow (5383) and deep (5386) samples both show about equal

abundances of short and long-chain n-alkanes but

additionally sample 5386 has only a weak oddeven

99

predominance (Figures 611 and 614)

Based on the distribution of C31 aB hopanes (22Rgtgt22S)

it is clearly shown that the shallow samples (5383 and 5384)

are very immature (Rvmax 041 and 047) The Talang Akar

samples (5385 and 5386) having reflectance values of 071

and 083 however show some mixed characteristics with an

immature distribution of C31 aB hopanes (22Rgtgt22S) an

immature C29 sterane 20S20R pattern a mature aB

(hopane)Ba (moretane) ratio and a mature C27 sterane

distribution The 20S20R ratio of C28 sterane is

intermediate Based on these characteristics it may be

concluded that the deepest sample (5386) is only just

approaching oil generation maturity but the sterane 20R20S

ratio of the oil sample 541 was similar to the sample 5386

A high concentration of bicadinanes and oleanane was

also shown in the Talang Akar samples (5385 and 5386)

These characteristics are also found in the two oil samples

which were taken from the same well However due to the

limitations of the data these similarities could not be

used to determine whether the Talang Akar samples represent

a source rock for the oils The biomarker signature and

thermal maturity of the deepest sample (5386) shows similar

patterns with those from the oil sample (541)

100

CHAPTER SEVEN

COAL POTENTIAL OF SOUTH PALEMBANG SUBBASIN

71 INTRODUCTION

The regional stratigraphy of the South Sumatra Basin

shows that coal seams occur more or less continuously over a

number of the Tertiary formations such as the Lahat Talang

Akar and Muara Enim Formations The coals with economic

potential are largely within the Muara Enim Formation

An assessment of coal potential in the South Sumatra

Basin was made by Shell Mijnbouw during a major coal

exploration program from 1974 to 1978 The area for coal

exploration included the South Palembang Sub-basin In the

South Palembang Sub-basin several government institutions

such as the Directorate of Mineral Resources (DMR) the

Mineral Technology Development Centre (MTDC) and the

Directorate of Coal (DOC) have also been involved in

exploration for and development of the Muara Enim coals

The volume of coal available in the South Palembang

Sub-basin was assessed by Shell Mijnbouw (1978) at

approximately 2590 million cubic metres to a depth of 100

metres below the ground surface These reserves are

clustered into two areas the Enim and Pendopo areas

Two thirds of the volume of the coal is found in the seams

of the M4 unit but the coals are low in rank

101

72 COAL DIVISIONS IN THE MUARA ENIM FORMATION

As mentioned in Chapter Three the Muara Enim Formation

can be divided into four subdivisions (from top to bottom)

M4 M3 M2 Ml subdivisions (See Table 33)

The oldest unit the Ml subdivision consists of two

coal seams the irregularly developed Merapi seam and the

5-10 metres thick Kladi seam at the base of the unit

Neither of these seams generally offer a resource potential

within the range of economic surface mining The interseam

sequence between the Kladi and Merapi seams is characterized

by brown and grey sandstone siltstone and claystone with

minor glauconitic sandstone

The M2 subdivision comprises three coal units (from top

to bottom) Mangus Suban and Petai Haan (1976) recognized

that most of these units locally split into two seams which

are designated as follows

Mangus unit Al and A2 seams

Suban unit BI and B2 seams

Petai Unit CI and C2 seams

These seams can be found in the area around Bukit Asam

From the viewpoint of economically mineable coal reserves

the M2 subdivision is locally the most important coal unit

particularly in the Enim area The coals are mainly hard

brown coal in rank but high rank anthracitic coals can be

also found in the immediate vicinity of some andesite

intrusions

102

The interseam rocks in the M2 subdivision are limnic

(perhaps in places lagoonalbrackish) and mainly consist of

brown to grey claystone and brown-grey fine-grained to

medium-grained sandstone and some green-grey sandstones

The coal seams of the M2 subdivision have several good

marker features which can be used to identify the seams

convincingly A clay marker horizon within the Mangus seam

is used to correlate the interval over most of the area A

well known tuffaceous horizon that separates the Al and A2

seams of the Mangus unit also can be used as a marker bed

This horizon was probably deposited over a wide area during

a short interval of volcanic activity

The M3 subdivision contains two main coal layers the

Burung in the lower part and the Benuang in the upper part

both of which are only of minor economic significance

These coal layers have several characteristic sandstone

horizons and they can be recognized in most areas The

thickness of the M3 division varies from 40 to 120 metres

The uppermost and stratigraphically youngest part of

the Muara Enim Formation is the M4 subdivision (120-200

metres thick) The M4 subdivision contains the Kebon Enim

Jelawatan and Niru seams The coals of this subdivision

were formerly called the Hanging layers in the Bukit Asam

area Jelawatan and Enim seams contain coal of a lower

rank with a lower calorific value and higher moisture

content than those of the M2 Subdivision In some areas the

M4 seams offer an interesting resource potential

103

The predominant rocks of the M4 Subdivision are

blue-green tuffaceous claystone and sandy claystone some

dark brown coaly claystone some white and grey fine-grained

to coarse-grained sandstone with sparse glauconite

indicating marine-deltaic to fluvial conditions

73 DISTRIBUTION OF MUARA ENIM COALS

In the South Palembang Sub-basin the Muara Enim coals

are clustered in two areas Enim and Pendopo area During

the major coal exploration program from 1974-1978 Shell

Mijnbouw divided the Enim area into two prospect areas West

Enim area (includes Arahan-Air Serelo-Air Lawai area) and

East Enim area (includes Banko-Suban Jerigi area) In these

areas a detailed coal exploration program was also

undertaken by DMR (1983-1985) and DOC (1985-1988) Data

from these institutions and from Shell Mijnbouw (197 8) have

been used in the present study The Pendopo area is divided

into three prospect areas Muara Lakitan-Talang Langaran

Talang Akar-Sigoyang Benuang and Prabumulih areas In

addition one particular aspect of the Muara Enim coals is

the presence of anthracitic quality coals caused by thermal

effects of andesitic intrusions These coals can be found

near the intrusive bodies of Bukit Asam Bukit Bunian and

Bukit Kendi They will be discussed separately

104

731 ENIM PROSPECT AREAS

The Enim Prospect areas can be divided into two areas

West Enim areas including Arahan Muara Tiga Banjarsari and

Kungkilan area and East Enim areas including Banko and

Suban Jerigi area The Bukit Asam coal mines actually are

included in the West Enim area but because it has already

been mined since 1919 its coal resources will be discussed

in a separate section (Section 78)

The oldest coal seam of M2 subdivision Kladi seam has

been reported to occur in the Air Serelo area The Kladi

seam offers a good prospect in terms of quality and is up to

9 metres in thickness The coal is relatively clean and

high in rank

In the Enim area the Petai seam (C) of the M2

subdivision is developed throughout the areas as a 5-9

metres seam Locally this seam splits into two layers (CI

and C2) which have been recognized at the southern part of

West Banko and also at Central Banko (Kinhill Otto Gold

1987) The combined thickness of these seams commonly

exceeds 12 metres

In general the most uniformly developed seam in these

areas is the Suban seam (B) of the M2 Subdivision This

seam has a thickness varying from 15 to 20 metres and is

characterized by up to six claystone bands It has been

reported that the Suban seam splits into a thicker (10-15

metres) upper (BI) and a thinner (2-5 metres) lower (B2)

105

seam in East Banjarsari West Banko and Central Banko

(Kinhill Otto Gold 1987)

The Mangus seam (A) of the M2 Subdivision occurs as two

leaves Al and A2 in most areas except in Arahan South

Muara Tiga and West Banko In these latter areas the

Mangus seam is split into numerous thin streaks and

interbeds by thick fluvial intersections The A2 seam is

fairly uniformly thick (8-12 metres) in most areas except

Central Banko where it tends to split The Al seam is

generally 8-10 metres thick but it splits into numerous

thin seams in the areas mentioned above

A 9 to 12 metres thick development of the Enim seam

occurs over large areas and it is generally free from dirt

bands The thickness of this seam reaches approximately 27

metres at Banjarsari and North Suban Jerigi area

Another interesting seam is the Jelawatan seam which

has a thickness between 6 to 15 metres at Banjarsari and

Suban Jerigi area

7312 PENDOPO AREA

During the Shell Mijnbouw Coal Exploration Program the

studied areas near Pendopo included Muara Lakitan and Talang

Langaran Talang Akar and Sigoyang Benuang West Benakat and

Prabumulih areas Coals from the M2 M3 and M4 subdivisions

are found in these areas

Seams present in the M2 subdivision include the Petai

106

Suban and Mangus seams The Petai seam occurs in the

Sigoyang Benuang Prabumulih and West Benakat area The

thickness of this seam varies from 5 to 8 metres The Suban

seam is found at Sigoyang Benuang and West Benakat The

Suban seam has a thickness between 9 to 13 metres The most

widely distributed seam in the M2 subdivision is the Mangus

seam It occurs over all of the Pendopo areas The

thickness of the seam varies from 6 to 13 metres The

thickest development of the Mangus seam is found in the West

Benakat area but unfortunately the dips of the seam are

relatively steep around 15

The M3 subdivision is represented by the occurrence of

the Benuang (Burung) seam which has a thickness of about 5

to 9 metres This seam can be found in the Talang Langaran

Sigoyang Benuang and West Benakat areas

Coals of the M4 subdivision are found in the whole

Pendopo area These coals are the Niru Jelawatan Kebon

Enim and Niru seams The Enim seam offers an attractive

mining target in terms of thickness as it ranges from 9 to

24 metres The thickness of the Niru seam varies from 6 to

11 metres The Jelawatan seam reaches 15 metres in

thickness in the Talang Akar area while a 5 metre thick

development of the Kebon seam is found in the Muara Lakitan

area

107

74 COAL QUALITY

On the basis of the potential use for brown coal as a

thermal energy source (calorific value and moisture content

being the main determinants of suitability) the quality of

South Sumatra coals was summarized by Shell Mijnbouw (197 8)

According to Shell Mijnbouw (197 8) the older coals of the

Ml and M2 subdivisions contain about 30-50 moisture while

the moisture content of coals of M3 and M4 subdivisions

ranges between 40-65 The dry ash-free gross calorific

value of Ml and M2 coals ranges between 6500 and 7500

kcalkg and it varies between 6100 and 7000 kcalkg for the

M3 and M4 coals The inherent ash content of coals is

usually less than 6 (dry basis) Sulphur content of the

coals is generally less than 1 (dry basis) but locally it

increases to 4 (dry basis) in some areas

Kinhill Otto Gold (19 87) has also determined the

quality of coals from specific areas such as the Enim area

According to the Kinhill Otto Gold results the rank of

coals in the Enim areas varies between sub-bituminous A

(ASTM)brown coals Class 1 (ISO)Glanzbraunkohle (German

classification) and Lignite Bbrown coals Class

5Weichbraunkohle (Kinhill Otto Gold 1987) Quality values

for the coals typically range between

Total Moisture 23-54

Ash (dry basis) 3-12

Sulphur (dry basis) 02-17

10 8

CV net (in-situ) 10-20 MJkg

Sodium in ash 18-8

Grindability 37-56 HGI

Further details of the coal qualities of the Pendopo

and Enim areas are given in Table 71-76 where the

parameters of thickness total moisture (TM) ash sulphur

volatiles and calorific values are listed Values are

averages for each seam and for each area or sub-area

75 ASH COMPOSITION

The ash composition data were obtained from Kinhill

Otto Gold (1987) According to this report the major

mineral components in Sumatran coals are quartz (detrital)

and kaolinite Small amounts of pyrite (marcasite)

volcanic feldspar Ca and Ca-Mg-Fe carbonates and sulphates

and phosphates are also present Volcanic tuff bands which

are commonly present in the coals contain mainly kaolinized

volcanic glass

A study of sodium content in the coal ash was also done

by Kinhill-Otto Gold (1987) particularly for coals in the

Enim area This study is important in relation to use of

these coals in thermal power station The Na~0 values above

3-4 are indicative of undesirable fouling and slagging

characteristics in industrial boilers and strongly lower the

ash fusion temperatures Substantial impact on boiler

operation is expected above 6-8 Na~0 The results

109

of sodium-in-ash analyses are listed in Table 77 The

analyses were performed on coal samples following the

procedures of ISO

According to Kinhill-Otto Gold (1987) the upper seam

group (M4) with the Enim and Jelawatan seams has moderate

sodium content (below 25) and peak values rarely reach

50 The lower group of seams (M2) including the Al A2

BBl and CC1-C2 seams has a moderately high to high Na20

content

76 STRUCTURES

In general the tectonic style of the area under study

is characterized by fold and fault structures Pulunggono

(1986) recognized that these structures run parallel with a

WNW-ESE trend He also concluded that the Plio-Pleistocene

orogeny was responsible for these WNW-ESE trending folded

structures with accompanying faults

Within the Pendopo areas the general trends of folds

is NW-SE This trend can be observed at Muara Lakitan area

and Talang Langaran area The NW-SE folds at Muara Lakitan

have gently to moderately dipping flanks less than 20deg

The average inclination of coal seams in the Muara Lakitan

area is about 8deg while that in the Talang Langaran area is

steeper (15 ) than that in the Muara Lakitan Low seam dips

(about 6 ) are found in the areas of Talang Akar and

Sigoyang Benuang but they become steeper (20deg) in the

110

vicinity of N-S and NE-SW faults Numerous small faults

trending N-S and NE-SW occur in the West Benakat area

Steep dips of the coal seam (around 15deg) cause difficulties

from the mining point of view In the Prabumulih area dips

of coal seams are generally low (6-10deg)

In general the strike direction of the fold axes in

the Enim area occurs at approximately E-W (80-100deg see

Figure 15) This direction turns towards WNW-ESE

(100-130deg) in the northwestern part of the Bukit Asam area

In the Northwest Banko area directions of 130-160deg are

predominant The structural features of the Banko-Suban

Jerigi area are more complicated than those in other areas

Numerous folds and faults are present in these areas A

NW-SE anticlinal axis is closely related to numerous

displacements along NNE-SSW NNW-SSE NE-SW and WNW-ESE

directions Dip angles range from 5 to 2

In the Arahan area particularly in the northern part

of this area dips of coal seams are relatively low (around

7deg) but they become higher (9-10 ) in the southern area

Relatively steep (around 14-19 ) dips of coal seams are

present in the Air Lawai areas Although the coal seams of

this area offer good prospects in term of thickness (9-20

metres) the dips of the seams are too steep for surface

mining As discussed above the geological structures of

the Banko-Suban Jerigi area are complicated due to intensive

faulting Therefore the mineable areas are restricted to

some of the relatively larger blocks bounded by fault

Ill

planes Dip angles of coal seams vary between 5 to 20

77 COAL RESERVES

As mentioned previously Shell Mijnbouw (1978) divided

the Pendopo area into four subareas the Muara Lakitan and

Talang Langaran area Talang Akar and Sigoyang Benuang area

West Benakat area and Prabumulih area Coal reserves for

each of these areas were also estimated

An in-situ coal volume of approximately 300 million

cubic metres can be expected in the Muara Lakitan and Talang

Langaran areas combined with a maximum overburden thickness

of 50 metres a minimum coal seam thickness of 5 metres and

a maximum 15 dip of the seam (Shell Mijnbouw 1978) The

Talang Akar and Sigoyang Benuang areas have about 1330

million cubic metres in-situ coal volume The coal

resources of the West Benakat area however were not

calculated because the coal seams are either too steep or

too thin In the Prabumulih area surface-mineable coal

reserves for seams of more than 5 metres in thickness and

less than 15 dip amount to 400 million cubic metres down to

50 metres depth

Although coal reserves in the Enim area had already

been estimated by Shell Mijnbouw the reserve estimates were

also made by Kinhill otto Gold (1987) and the latter are

used in the present study The classification of the

geological reserves used by Kinhill Otto Gold follows the US

112

Geological Survey system A summary of coal resources of

the Enim area is given in Table 78

78 THE BUKIT ASAM COAL MINES

Coals occurring in the Bukit Asam Mines area are known

as the Air Laya Coal Deposit because one of the mines

operating is in the Air Laya area These coals have been

mined since 1919 in underground workings but the mines were

abandoned in 1942 Since then coal mines have been

operated by surface mining systems Another coal mine is

located in the Suban area where anthracitic coals are mined

The mines are operated by the state-owned Indonesian

company PT Tambang Batubara Bukit Asam (Persero)

The geology of the Air Laya Coal Deposit was studied in

detail by Mannhardt (1921) Haan (1976) Frank (1978)

Matasak and Kendarsi (1980) and Schwartzenberg (1986)

The Air Laya Coal Deposit is characterized by the close

proximity of sedimentary and plutonic petrofacies The

thermal and kinematic impacts of the plutonic intrusions

have decisively influenced the structure and the coal

quality Mannhardt (1921) assummed that the plutonic

intrusions are probably laccoliths

The coal seams exposed in the Bukit Asam Mines belong

to the M2 Subdivision of the Muara Enim Formation (Figure

71)

113

781 STRATIGRAPHY

7811 QUATERNARY SUCCESSION

This unit consists mainly of river gravel and sands

from the ancient Enim River and overlies soft clay deposits

which are interbedded with bentonite layers of former ash

tuffs and occasional large volcanic bombs (Schwartzenberg

1986) The thickness of this unit is about 20 metres

7812 TERTIARY SUCCESSION

In the Bukit Asam Coal Mines the Tertiary succession

can be divided into two subunits coal seams overburden and

intercalations

78121 Coal seams

Three coal units of the M2 Subdivision occur in the

Bukit Asam area they are the Mangus Suban and Petai

seams The Mangus seam is split into two layers (Al and A2

seam) by a 4 to 5 metres thick unit of tuffaceous claystones

and sandstones The thickness of the Al seam is about 25

to 98 metres whereas that of the A2 seam is around 42 to

129 metres thick

The Suban seam also splits into two layers (BI and B2

seam) The BI seam is usually the best developed of the

114

sequence with an average thickness of 11 metres The B2

seam is about 2 to 5 metres in thickness

The lowest coal seam in the Bukit Asam area is the

Petai seam It varies in thickness between 42 to 108

metres

78122 Overburden and Intercalations

The overlying strata consist of claystones and

siltstones which are interbedded with up to three bentonitic

clay layers (each only a few metres in thickness) The

claystones are blue-green to grey in colour and are usually

massive but sometimes they are finely banded Clay

ironstone nodules are abundant in this unit They vary in

size from small pebbles to large cobbles

Tuffaceous claystone and sandstone occur as the

intercalation layers between the A (Mangus) seams This

unit is continuously graded from the base where quartz and

lithic fragments are enclosed in a clay matrix to the top

where the rock is fine-grained and clayey The thickness of

this unit is about 4 to 5 metres

The interseam strata between Al-Bl and B1-B2 coal seams

are characterized by similar rock types to those of the

overlying strata but plant remains occur more frequently in

the interseam strata A thin coal intercalation of 02-04

metres in thickness occurs within the A2-B1 interval This

coal is known as the Suban Coal Marker The thickness of

115

the A2-B1 interval is around 18 to 23 metres whereas that

of B1-B2 interval is up to 5 metres In the western part of

the Bukit Asam area the intercalation between B1-B2

disappears and the B1-B2 seams merge together

A sequence of some 33-40 metres of siltstone and silty

sandstone occurs between the B2 seam and C (Petai) seam

This sequence consists of glauconitic sandstone alternating

with thin lenticular and ripple-bedded siltstone layers

These sedimentary structures suggest sedimentation within

tidal zones (Schwartzenberg 1986) In the Suban mine an

andesite sill is intruded into the B2-C intercalation and

increased its thickness from about 35 to 60 metres

782 COAL QUALITY

The Bukit Asam coals are characterized by a wide range

of quality due to the intrusion of a number of andesitic

plutons during the Early Quarternary The heating has

increased the extent of coalification and advanced the rank

of coals In terms of coal rank three classes of coals are

found in the Bukit Asam area They are semianthracite to

anthracite bituminous and sub-bituminous coals Kendarsi

(1984) and Schwartzenberg (1986) described the quality of

the Air Laya coal deposit According to them the total

moisture of the Air Laya coals varies between 4 and 26

The ash content of the coals ranges between 6-7 and reaches

maximum values of around 10 in the areas of greater

116

coalification (Schwartzenberg 1986) Volatile matter of

the coals is about 321 (as received) while fixed carbon

content is around 403 (as received) Heat value of the

coals ranges between 5425 to above 6000 kcalkg (as

received) The sulphur content of the coals varies between

each seam The Al seam contains 05 A2 and BI seams

contain 03 B2 seam contains 09 and C seam contains

11 From these figures it can be concluded that the

lower part of the M2 Subdivision was more influenced by

marine conditions

Kendarsi (1984) reported the quality of coals from the

Suban mine on an air dried basis as described below

Gross CV 7900-8200 Kcalkg

Inherent moisture 17-23


Volatile matter 82-168

Fixed Carbon 750-844

Ash 16-58

Total sulphur 07-12

783 COAL RESERVES

Schwartzenberg (1986) estimated and described the

reserves of the Muara Enim coals in the Air Laya mine based

on the ASTM-Standards (D 388-77) as described below

117

Class Group Approximate Tonnages

Anthracite 3Semianthracite 1000000

Bituminous

Sub-bituminous

lLow Volatile

2Medium Volatile

3High Volatile A 4High Volatile B 5High Volatile C

lSub-bituminous A

2Sub-bituminous B

15000000

30000000

66000000

T o t a l 112000000 tones

The reserves of anthracitic coals at the Suban mine

have been reported by Kendarsi (19 84) to be approximately

54 million tonnes

79 BUKIT KENDI COALS

Bukit Kendi is located about 10 kilometres southwest of

Bukit Asam Ziegler (1921) described the coals of this area

and identified the coal sequences as (from young to old)

the Hanging seams the Gambir seams the Kendi seam and the

Kabau seam The Hanging seam comprises 2 to 8 seams which

total 15 metres in thickness This seam probably belongs to

M3-M4 subdivision (Shell 1978) The Gambir seams consists

118

of 1 to 3 layers having a thickness between 2 and 10 metres

This seam probably belongs to the M3 subdivision The Kendi

seam is 8-30 metres in total thickness in the Bukit Kendi

area The Kendi seam comprises 2 to 3 layers and can be

correlated with the Mangus-Suban-Petai sequence of the M2

subdivision The Kabau seam is split into two layers with 2

to 6 metres total thickness This seam is believed to be

equivalent with the Kladi seam of the Ml subdivision

The rank of Kendi coals has been upgraded by an

andesitic intrusion from brown coal to high volatile

bituminous coal Unfortunately this coal is distributed

only in limited small areas due to the structural

complications in this region Naturally coked coals have

also been found in this area and they probably belong to

the Kabau seam The quality of the Kabau seam is described

in Table 79

Shell Mijnbouw (197 8) estimated the in-situ resources

of the Kabau seam about 05 million tonnes down to 100

metres depth


Bukit Bunian is located 10 kilometres south of Bukit

Kendi In this area two coal groups occur which were

designated by Hartmann (1921) as the Tahis and Bilau seams

The Tahis seam can be correlated with the Kladi seam of the

Ml subdivision (Shell Mijnbouw 1978) whereas the Bilau

119

seams are believed to be equivalent with the Mangus Suban

and Petai seams The Tahis seam is split into two layers

and has a total thickness up to 4 metres The Bilau seams

can be divided into three Bilau 1 2 and 3 The Bilau 1

is a poorly developed seam consisting of 2 or 3 thin layers

and often contains carbonaceous clay The thickness of this

seam varies from 05 to 15 metres The best developed coal

seam is Bilau 2 about 10-15 metres in thickness whereas

the thickness of Bilau 3 seam varies from 15 to 8 metres

The quality of the Bunian coals was reported by Shell

Mijbouw (197 8) According to this report the reflectance

values of the Bukit Bunian coals are about 06 to 08 and

the coals have gross calorific values of about 7100-7900

kcalkg (dried air free) Inherent moisture of the coals

varies between 10 to 18 Volatile matter contents of the

coals range from 40 to 55 (dry) The coals contain less

than 5 ash and contain less than 1 to 26 sulphur on a

dry basis In the area closer to the intrusive body gross

calorific values of the coals increase to about 8300-8500

kcalkg (dried air free) and volatile matter content

decreases to about 4 Inherent moisture content of the

thermally upgraded coals drops to 1

The resources of coal have been reported to be more

than 35 million tonnes but these resources would be

difficult to mine by either open-pit or subsurface methods

due to very steep dips (20-55deg) and the complicated

structural setting

120

CHAPTER EIGHT

COAL UTILIZATION

81 INTRODUCTION

In Indonesia the utilization of coal for domestic

purposes can be divided into two categories firstly as

direct fuel for example in power plants lime brick tile

burning and cement plants and secondly as an indirect fuel

or as a feedstock for chemical industries In this last

case a major use is coke as a reductant in ore smelting and

foundries

The utilization of coal cannot be separated from the

application of coal petrographic studies because the

behavior of coal properties such as type and rank will

influence the utilization of coal Petrographic methods are

generally the most suited for determining the genetic

characteristics of coal the rank of coal and can be also

used to predict the behavior of coal in any technological

process of interest

At the present time the South Sumatra coals

particularly from the M2 subdivision of the Muara Enim are

mainly used for steam generation This energy is used

directly and indirectly in industrial processes and by

utilities for electric power generation Semi-anthracite

coals from the Suban mine are used mainly as reductant in

the Bangka tin smelter

121

The coals are transported by train from the Bukit Asam

mines to supply the cement manufacturing plant at Baturaja

town the electric power plants at Bukit Asam itself or at

Suralaya (West Java) and to supply the Bangka tin smelter

on Bangka Island (see Figure 81)

82 COMBUSTION

Mackowsky (1982) and Bustin et al (1983) noted that

the generation of energy or heat from coal by combustion is

the result of reactions between the combustible matter of

the coal and oxygen Four coal characteristics related to

rank and petrographic composition influence combustion

(Neavel 1981 Mackowsky 1982) calorific value

grindability swelling and ignition behavior and ash

properties

The relationship between calorific value and maceral

groups has been discussed by Kroger (1957) as shown in Table

81 From these data it can be concluded that macerals

which have a high hydrogen content would have markedly

higher calorific value Liptinite macerals of low rank

coals contain relatively high hydrogen Therefore the

calorific value of this maceral is also high In contrast

the inertinite macerals have low calorific values which are

partially caused by their low hydrogen content Mackowsky

(1982) recognized that the calorific value of the three

maceral groups are almost the same for coals of low volatile

bituminous rank

122

The use of coal for combustion at present is dominated

by its use as pulverized fuel for electric power generation

Baker (1979) considered that moisture content of coal is the

most important factor to be considered in fuel pulverized

plant design because variable and excessive moisture can

cause serious problems in the operation of pulverizers

Therefore coal must be dry before entering the pulverized

fuel plant

In most power station boilers coal must be pulverized

to a particle size mainly below 7 5 microns (Ward 1984)

Therefore grindability of a coal is an important

characteristic because of the additional energy required to

grind a hard tough coal Based on the ASTM Standard D-409

this property of coal is known as the Hardgrove Grindability

Index (HGI) the higher the HGI values the easier coals are

to pulverize In terms of energy required the higher HGI

values mean less energy is required for grinding than for

lower HGI values The grindability of the Muara Enim coals

ranges between 37-56 HGI

The HGI is related to rank and type of a coal This

relationship has been studied by Neavel (1981) He noted

that the HGI increases with increases in rank to about 140

vitrinite reflectance (about 23 volatile matter and 90 C)

and decreases at ranks greater than 140 vitrinite

reflectance Low-volatile bituminous coals are generally

much easier to pulverize than high-volatile coals Coals

rich in liptinite and inertinite are much more difficult to

123

grind than vitrinite-rich coal The Muara Enim coals are

rich in vitrinite but are easy to grind and commonly

accumulate in the finer fractions being enriched in the

small size range In addition mineral content of coal is

also related to the HGI values In low rank coals the HGI

values increase with increases in mineral matter content

Neavel (1981) reported that increases in the amounts of

liptinite vitrinite and pyrite can be correlated with an

increase in the explosive tendencies of dust Furthermore

he added that the tendency for spontaneous combustion in

stockpiles is mainly related to the presence of coals rich

in fusinite or pyrite The Muara Enim coals have a low

content of fusinite (less than 1) but the tendency for

spontaneous combustion is still high due to their low rank

and in some cases high pyrite content

The behavior of the individual coal macerals during the

combustion process has been observed by Ramsden and Shibaoka

(1979) using optical microscopy They indicated that

vitrinite-rich particles from bituminous and sub-bituminous

coals expand forming cellular structures However

fusinite-rich particles show little or no expansion

Expansion is greatest for medium volatile coals where it is

mainly influenced by the rate of heating They also noted

that the burn-off rate is influenced by the maceral content

Vitrinite-rich particles have a higher burn-off rate than

fusinite-rich particles

Reid (1981) noted that the ash properties are related

124

to mineral composition in the coals Mineral matter affects

the development of deposits and corrosion Variations in

type of mineral matter also can affect ash fusion

properties Coals that have low ash fusion temperatures are

likely to cause slag deposits to form on the boiler

surfaces Boilers can become coated or corroded by slag

deposits

The major elements of the ash in the Muara Enim

coals that is Fe Mn Ca Mg Na and K are bonded to the

coal These elements are present in minerals such as

quartz kaolinite pyrite detrital volcanic feldsphar Ca

and Ca-Mg-Fe carbonates sulphates and phosphates Sulphur

is a major contributor to corrosion by flue gases Sulphur

content of Muara Enim coals varies between 02 to 17

83 GASIFICATION

Gasification of coal is another possibility for using

Muara Enim coals Through gasification the coal is

converted into gas by using oxygen andor steam as the

gasification agent The gas yielded can be used as an

alternative to natural gas Gasification testing of the

coals from the Bukit Asam mines has been done by using the

Koppers-Totzek process (Gapp 1980) According to tests

the coals produced good results for gasification

In South Sumatra a large nitrogen fertilizer industry

is based on natural gas This industry is located near

125

Palembang City Continued future operation of this facility

depends on an assured supply of natural gas as its

feedstock Reserves of mineral oil and natural gas are

limited whereas abundant coal is available By using coal

gasification technology synthetic gas can be produced

economically for ammonia and methanol production Hartarto

and Hidayat (1980) estimated that one coal gasification

plant would consume about 700000 tonnes of coal per year to

produce 1000 tonnes ammonia per day He added that from

these figures about 7000-8000 tones of sulphur can be

produced a year as a useful by product Most of Indonesias

sulphur requirement is still imported because there are no

large sulphur deposits within the country Therefore

sulphur from coals could replace this import

84 CARBONISATION

In the area of coal carbonization or coke making the

application of coal petrology plays an important role

Maceral and reflectance analysis can be used to predict the

behavior of coals used for coke In general coals in the

bituminous rank range (from about 075 to 17 vitrinite

reflectance) will produce cokes when heated but the best

quality cokes are produced from coals in the range vitrinite

reflectances from 11 to 16 (Cook pers coram 1991)

However not all bituminous coals can produce coke

Carbonisation or coke making is a process of destructive

126

distillation of organic substances in the absence of air

(Crelling 1980 Neavel 1981 Cook 1982 Makowsky 1982)

In this process coal is heated in the absence of air and

turns into a hard sponge-like mass of nearly pure carbon

Coke is mainly used in iron making blast furnaces In the

furnace the coke has three functions to burn and to

produce heat to act as a reductant and to support

physically the weight of ore coke and fluxing agents in

the upper part of the shaft (Cook 1982)

In order to improve coking properties of Muara Enim

coals a Lurgi low temperature carbonization pilot plant was

built in the Bukit Asam area (Tobing 1980) The result of

the tests indicated that metallurgical coke of sufficient

strength and porosity could not be made on an economical

basis Tobing (1980) described the chemical characteristic

of the semi cokes which were produced from the Lurgi plant

and they were similar to the Bukit Asam semi-anthracitic

coals as shown in Table 82 The Bukit Asam

semi-anthracitic coal is used by the tin ore smelting in

Bangka and ferro-nickel smelting at Pomalaa (Sulawesi)

Edwards and Cook (1972) studied the relationship between

coke strength and coal rank which is indicated by vitrinite

reflectance and carbon content of vitrinite (Figure 82)

They suggested that coal containing between 86 and 89

total carbon in vitrinite can form cokes without blending

with other coals Coal which has a vitrinite content

between 45 to 55 and an inertinite content of close to

127

40 is very suitable for coking coal These target

specifications are not met by the coals from the South

Sumatra Basin

128

CHAPTER NINE

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

91 SUMMARY

911 TYPE

The composition of maceral groups in the Tertiary

sequences are summarized in Table 91 and Appendix 2 The

results of the present petrographic study show that the

Muara Enim Talang Akar and Lahat Formations contain

lithologies rich in DOM and a number of coal seams In

general vitrinite is the dominant maceral group within the

Tertiary sequences The second most abundant maceral group

is liptinite In the Gumai Formation however inertinite

appears to be the second most abundant maceral to vitrinite

Table 91

No Formation Range R max ()V

C o a l V I L

()

(mm f )

D O M V I L

()

(mm f)

1 Lahat 054-092 2 Talang Akar 050-087 3 Baturaja 053-072 4 Gumai 036-067 5 Air Benakat 031-058 6 Muara Enim 030-050

86 87

81

4 3

10 10

13

84 2 90 3 97 tr 63 22 78 3 65 3

14 7 3 15 19 32

In the South Palembang Sub-basin on a mineral matter

free basis the vitrinite content of the DOM from Tertiary

sequences ranges from 65 to 97 (average = 81) whereas in

the coals it ranges from 81 to 87 (average = 84) Both

129

in the coals and DOM detrovitrinite is the main vitrinite

maceral group and predominantly occurs as a detrital

groundmass interbedded with thin bands of telovitrinite In

some cases where the coals are affected by thermal effects

from intrusions telovitrinite is the main type of vitrinite

as reported by Daulay (1985)

Vitrinite from the youngest coal seams (Muara Enim

coals) still shows cellular structures derived from plant

material Some of the telovitrinite cell lumens are

infilled by fluorinite or resinite Gelovitrinite mainly

corpovitrinite and porigelinite are scattered throughout the

coals With increasing depth and age telovitrinite becomes

dense and compact and the cell lumens are completely

closed This occurs in the coals from the Lahat and Talang

Akar Formations For the thermally affected coals

vitrinite is mostly structureless massive and contains few

pores (Daulay 1985) The dominance of vitrinite in these

coals is indicative of forest type vegetation in the humid

tropical zone without significant dry events throughout the

period of accumulation Cook (197 5) noted that coals which

have a high vitrinite content were probably deposited in

areas of rapid subsidence In some cases vitrinite-rich

coals have a high mineral matter content

Inertinite is generally rare in the South Palembang

Sub-basin On a mineral matter free basis it ranges from

sparse to 22 (average = 5) in the DOM while in the coals

it ranges from 3 to 6 (average = 5) The highest

130

inertinite content occurs in the Gumai Formation In the

Tertiary sequences inertinite mainly occurs as

inertodetrinite but semifusinite fusinite and sclerotinite

can also be found in the coals from the Muara Enim and

Talang Akar Formations Some well-preserved mycorrhyzomes

occur in the Muara Enim coals Micrinite also occurs in

some coals and DOM and it is present generally as small

irregularly-shaped grains

Liptinite content of DOM ranges on a mineral matter

free basis from 3 to 32 (average = 15) whereas it

ranges from 10 to 13 (average = 11) in the coals

Cutinite sporinite and liptodetrinite are the dominant

liptinite macerals in the Tertiary sequences

In general the liptinite macerals from the youngest

sequences can be easily recognized by their strong

fluorescence colours compared with liptinite in the oldest

sequences Suberinite has strong green to yellow

fluorescence and mostly occurs in the Muara Enim coals

Fluorinite is also common in the Muara Enim coals It has

green fluorescence and commonly infills cell lumens or

occurs as discrete small bodies In some cases fluorinite

also occurs in the Air Benakat and Gumai Formations but in

minor amounts In the Muara Enim coals cutinite and

sporinite have a yellow to yellowish orange fluorescence

However they give weak fluorescence colours ranging from

orange to brown in the Talang Akar and Lahat coals

Exsudatinite occurs mostly in the Muara Enim and Talang Akar

131

coals but it also occurs in some of the Lahat coals It

has bright yellow fluorescence in the Muara Enim coals and

yellow to orange fluorescence in the Talang Akar coals

Bitumens and other oil related substances such as oil

drops oil cuts and dead oils occur either associated with

DOM or coal throughout the Tertiary sequences In general

bitumen and oil cuts are mostly present in the Muara Enim

coals and have a greenish yellow to bright yellow

fluorescence In the Talang Akar coals bitumen has yellow

to orange fluorescence Bitumen occurs mostly within

vitrinite largely in cleat fractures of telovitrinite but

also some in detrovitrinite Based on the petrographical

observations bitumen is probably derived from the liptinite

macerals where these macerals have a higher HC ratios

vitrinite macerals also provide some contribution

912 RANK

Mean maximum vitrinite reflectance of coal samples from

shallow drilling and oil well samples from the South

Palembang Sub-basin was plotted against depth as shown in

Figure 521 The vitrinite reflectance gradients of the

basin range from 020 to 035 per kilometre A marked

increase in vitrinite reflectance with depth is shown from a

depth of below about 1500 metres (R max 05) to 2500 metres

(R max 09) The Talang Akar and Lahat Formations are

intersected by the 05 to 09 R max surfaces and are

-oo

thermally mature for oil generation Therefore coals from

these formations can be classified as high volatile

bituminous coal The Muara Enim Formation has vitrinite

reflectance values ranging from 03 to 05 and is

thermally immature to marginally mature for oil generation

Consequently the coals from this formation are brown coal

to sub-bituminous in rank Chemical parameters such as

carbon content calorific value and moisture content from

the Muara Enim coals (see Table 71 in Chapter 7) also

support that classification In some places the Muara Enim

coals affected by intrusions have high vitrinite

reflectances ranging from 069 up to 260 and they can be

classified as semi-anthracitic to anthracitic coals The

Baturaja and Gumai Formations are thermally mature while the

Air Benakat Formation is immature to marginally mature for

oil generation

Relationships between coalification and tectonism can

be defined by comparing the shape of the iso-rank surfaces

and structural contours In general the iso-reflectance

lines in the South Palembang Sub-basin are semi-parallel

with the orientation of the formation boundaries

Therefore a major pre-tectonic coalification event is

present in this area but partial syn-tectonic coalification

patterns are also evident in the Limau-Pendopo area

913 THERMAL HISTORY

The present geothermal gradient in the South Palembang

133

Sub-basin ranges from 36degC to 40degCkilometre with an

average of 38degCkilometre However Thamrin et al (1979)

reported that the average geothermal gradient in the South

Palembang Sub-basin is 525degC per kilometre The high

geothermal gradient may result from rapid burial during

sedimentation which followed Tertiary tectonisra At least

three major tectonic events occurred in the South Sumatra

Basin that is the mid-Mesozoic Late Cretaceous to Early

Tertiary and the Pio-Pleistocene orogenic activities These

orogenic activities were mainly related to the collision and

subduction of the Indo-Australian plate against the Eurasian

plate

The gradthermal model and palaeothermal calculations

suggest that the present temperatures are lower than in the

past These also indicate that the sediments of the South

Palembang Sub-basin underwent a period of rapid burial prior

to a period of uplift and erosion

914 SOURCE ROCK AND HYDROCARBON GENERATION POTENTIAL

Organic petrology data show that the Lahat Talang

Akar Air Benakat and Muara Enim Formations have better

source potential for liquid hydrocarbons than the Baturaja

and Gumai Formations According to Sarjono and Sardjito

(1989) however the Baturaja and Gumai Formations have good

to excellent source potential based on the TOC and Rock-Eval

pyrolysis data The differing results are probably caused

134

by the limitation of samples from these formations used in

the present study

From petrographic studies the Lahat Talang Akar and

Muara Enim Formations are considered to have good source

potential for gas and liquid hydrocarbons but based on the

Tmax data only the Lahat and Talang Akar Formations are

considered to be early mature to mature with Tmax values

ranging from 430degC to 441degC This is supported

microscopically by the presence of bitumens and other oil

related substances within the coal and shaly coal samples

The Muara Enim Formation is immature to early mature with

Tmax values of less than 420degC although coals from this

formation contain significant amounts of bitumen and oil

related substances The Muara Enim and Air Benakat

Formations are considered to be gas prone but in some places

they may also generate oil The organic matter in the Gumai

and Baturaja Formations comprises mainly vitrinite and they

probably generate dominantly gas

Vitrinite reflectance data show that the oil generation

zone is generally reached below 1500 metres depth in the

Muara Enim area but it is reached below 1200 metres depth

in the Pendopo area In the Muara Enim area the top of the

oil window generally occurs in the top of the Gumai

Formation but in some wells it occurs in the lower part of

the Muara Enim Air Benakat or Talang Akar Formations In

the Pendopo-Limau area the upper and middle parts of the

Gumai Formation occur within the top of the oil generation

135

zone

The Lopatin model indicates that the onset of oil

generation occurs at 1300 metres depth in the Muara Enim

area while in the Pendopo-Limau area it occurs at 1200

metres depth In the Muara Enim area oil may have been

generated since the Late Miocene (8-7 Ma BP) while it

occurred in the Middle Miocene (11-9 Ma BP) in the Pendopo

area

Gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass

spectrometry analyses indicate that the oils in the South

Palembang Sub-basin were derived from terrestrial higher

plant material These oils are characterized by high ratios

of pristane to phytane and by the high concentrations of

bicadinanes and oleanane

In the present study geochemical data from the source

rocks and coals particularly from the Talang Akar

Formation reveal that these samples are just approaching

oil generation maturity and their biomarker signatures are

almost similar with those in the oil sample studied

A number of potential reservoir rocks in the South

Palembang Sub-basin occur within the regressive and

transgressive sequences The Muara Enim and Air Benakat

Formations from the regressive sequences have good potential

as reservoirs The transgressive sequences are represented

by the Talang Akar and Baturaja Formations The most

important reservoir rocks in the South Palembang Sub-basin

are sandstones from the Gritsand Member of the Talang Akar

136

Formation

In the South Palembang Sub-basin oil is mainly trapped

in anticlinal traps but some oils are also found in traps

related to basement features such as drapes and stratigrapic

traps

915 COAL POTENTIAL AND UTILIZATION

In the South Palembang Sub-basin coal seams occur

within a number of the Tertiary formations such as the

Lahat Talang Akar and Muara Enim Formations The coals

with economic potential are largely within the Muara Enim

Formation In the Muara Enim Formation the most important

coals in terms of quality and thickness occur in the M2

Subdivision The M2 coals are sub-bituminous in rank and

locally increase to semi-anthracitic in the area influenced

by andesitic intrusion Although the coals from the M4

Subdivision comprise two thirds of the volume of the coal in

the South Palembang Sub-basin they are low in rank (brown

coals) The thickness of the coal seams varies from 2 to 20

metres

The moisture content of the M2 coals is about 30 to

60 calorific value of the coals is about 6500 to 7 500

kcalkg (dried air free) The inherent ash content of the

coals is less than 6 (dry basis) and sulphur content is

generally less than 1

The volumes of coal available in the South Palembang

137

Sub-basin are approximately 2590 million cubic metres to a

depth of 100 metres below the ground surface These

reserves are clustered in the Muara Enim and Pendopo areas

The coals from the South Palembang Sub-basin are mainly

used for steam power generation Semi-anthracitic coals are

used as reductants in the tin smelter Another possibility

for using the South Palembang coals is gasification where

the gas yielded can be used as an alternative to natural

gas The South Palembang coals do not have coking

properties and even where blended with other coals which

have vitrinite contents between 45 to 5 5 and inertinite

contents of close to 40 they are unlikely to give

satisfactory blends The Lurgi low temperature

carbonization pilot plant may allow more diversified coal

use

92 CONCLUSIONS

The Tertiary South Palembang Sub-basin is the southern

part of the back-arc South Sumatra Basin which was formed as

a result of the collision between the Indo-Australian and

Eurasian plates Tectonic activity in the region continued

to influence the development of the basin during the Middle

Mesozoic to the Plio-Pleistocene

The Tertiary sequence comprises seven formations

deposited in marine deltaic and fluvial environments which

are underlain by a complex of pre-Tertiary igneous

138

metamorphic and carbonate rocks

Economically the South Sumatra Basin is an important

region in Indonesia because it is a major petroleum

producing area and the coals are suitable for exploitation

as a steaming coal One large mine is presently operated by

the Indonesian government through the Bukit Asam Company

with the coal available for both internal and export

markets With regard to petroleum few petrographic studies

have been carried out to characterise the organic matter in

the source rocks or to elucidate the geothermal history of

the basin

This study was undertaken to further knowledge of the

coal and source rocks in the South Palembang Sub-basin a

sub-basin in which many studies have been carried out on the

petroleum but few on the coal and its resources Evaluation

of the organic matter in representative coal carbonaceous

shale and clastic rock samples from the seven formations was

based on maceral type and abundance studies using reflected

white light and fluorescence mode microscopy The maturity

of the rocks was assessed using vitrinite reflectance data

which was then used to determine the geothermal history as

described in the Lopatin model In addition Rock Eval

geochemistry of selected samples1 was undertaken

Four oils from the Talang Akar Lahat and Baturaja i

Formations were characterised using gas chromatography and

gas chromatograph-mass spectroscopy techniques

In general petroleum potential of the seven formations

139

in the South Palembang Sub-basin ranges from poor to good to

very good Specific conclusions arrived at during this

study are listed below

In the South Palembang Sub-basin coals occur in the

Lahat Talang Akar and Muara Enim Formations but the main

workable coal measures are concentrated in the Muara Enim

Formation The coals occur as stringers ranging from

centimetres in thickness to seams up to 20 metres thick

The Muara Enim coals are widely distributed over the entire

South Sumatra Basin Coal in the Talang Akar and Lahat

Formation is similar in occurrence to the coal in the Muara

Enim Formation

From the viewpoint of economically mineable coal

reserves coals from the M2 Subdivision are the most

important coal units in South Sumatra The coals can be

utilized for electric power generation and gasification but

are unlikely to be satisfactory as blend coals in

carbonisation processes

The clastic units contain dispersed organic matter (DOM)

which constitutes up to 16 of the bulk rock with some

carbonaceous shales associated with the coals containing up

to 40 organic matter

Many of the samples examined contain bitumens oil

drops oil cuts and oil haze when examined in fluorescence

mode These components together with the presence of

exsudatinite are accepted as evidence for oil generation in

140

some of the units especially the Muara Enim and Talang Akar

Formations

Based on the reflectance data the Muara Enim coals are

classified as brown to sub-bituminous coals in rank Some

anthracitic coals are also found in the area near andesitic

intrusions The Talang Akar and Lahat coals can be

classified as sub-bituminous to high volatile bituminous

coals in rank

The Gumai Baturaja Talang Akar and Lahat Formations

are typically oil mature but in some places the lower part

of the Muara Enim and Air Benakat Formations are also

mature The reflectance profiles of the Palembang Sub-basin

increase at 020 to 035 per kilometre and based on the

reflectance data the oil generation zone is generally

reached below 1500 metres depth

The average geothermal gradient in the South Palembang

Sub-basin is relatively high at more than 40 Ckm

therefore oil may be found at shallow depths Based on the

gradthermal model and palaeothermal calculations the

present temperatures are lower than in the past

Using the Lopatin model and taking the top of oil window

at TTI = 3 oil generation can be expected to commence at

depths of 1200 to 1300 metres which fits well with the top

of the oil window as predicted from reflectance data Oil

generation in the Talang Akar and Lahat Formations is

predicted to have started approximately 9-11 Ma BP

Coals and DOM in the Tertiary sequences are dominated by

141

vitrinite with detrovitrinite and telovitrinite as the main

macerals Liptinite occurs in significant amounts and

comprises mainly liptodetrinite sporinite and cutinite In

general inertinite is rarely present in the sequences

Bitumens are mainly found in the Muara Enim coals but they

are also found in the Talang Akar and Lahat coals The

coals and DOM are mostly derived from terrestrial higher

plants

Coals and DOM from the Lahat Talang Akar Air Benakat

and Muara Enim Formations can be considered as having good

to very good source potential for gas and liquid

hydrocarbons In some places the DOM from the Baturaja and

Gumai Formations may also generate gas Assessment of the

source rock potential of the various units was carried out

using the Score A method which is based on the volume and

composition of macerals Score A values of up to 16-19 were

obtained for some samples from the Muara Enim and Talang

Akar Formations indicating very good source rock potential

The same samples gave high SI + S2 Rock Eval values also

indicating very good source potential

The crude oil geochemistry indicates that the oils are

derived from terrestrial land plant sources a factor that

is supported by the petrographic data The oils are

dominated by saturated hydrocarbons (up to 77 of the total

oil) and can be classed as paraffinic oils Aromatic

hydrocarbons constitute up to 27 and polar compounds

comprise up to 9 of the oil

142

The saturated fraction is characterized by a bimodal

n-alkane pattern with isoprenoid alkanes relatively

abundant Prn-17 Phn-18 ratios and pristanephytane

ratios indicate that the oils were derived from terrestrial

organic matter

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the

oils contained a series of C27 C29+ pentacyclic

triterpanes bicadinanes hopanes and C27-C29 steranes

The Gritsand Member of the Talang Akar Formation is the

most important reservoir in the South Palembang Sub-basin

but sandstones from the Muara Enim and Air Benakat

Formations also have good reservoir potential

A review of the data shows that within the South

Palembang Sub-basin the Pendopo-Limau area in the northeast

part of the sub-basin has the greatest potential for

hydrocarbon generation and therefore is the most

prospective region

142(a)

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FIGURES TO CHAPTER ONE

AREAS

NORTHERN PROSPECTS

BN BENTAYAN TG TAMIANG BA BABAT

KLKLUANG PENDOPO PROSPECT

ML MUARA LAKITAN TL TALANG LANGARAN--

TK TALANG AKAR

SB SIGOYANG BENUANG--WE WEST BENAKAT

PR PRABUMULIH ENIM AREA

ARARAHAN AL AIRLAWAI-- --

SJ SUBAN JERIGI --BO BANKO

SOUTH EAST PROSPECTS GM GUNUNG MERAKSA KE KEPAYANG MU MUNCAKABAU--VJ AIR MESUJI

TOTAL

I | 330 jgt BROWN COAL MOISTURE CONTENT i 6 0

400

I 120 mdash (WEST-ENIM J

~Jgt 450mdash (EAST- ENIM) MOISTURE CONTENT 28-36

I 10

I 50

250

5135 EQUIVALENT OF 6162 x IC6 TON (50 METER DEPTH)

Figure 11 South Sumatra coal province and its demonstrated coal resources (after Kendarsi 1984)

mdash 10degN

GULF OF THAILAND

SOUTH CHINA SEA

SINGAPORE

KALIMANTAN

INDIAN OCEAN

DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT

STUDY AREA

LOCATION MAP SCALE

200 10Oraquoi

10degS

Figure 12 Location map of Sumatran back-arc basins

Figure 13 Tectonic elements of South Sumatra Basin (after Purnomo 1984)

400

3 30

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FIGURES TO CHAPTER TWO

IMPREGNATION

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Figure 21

MOUNTING ON PLASTICSNE

EXAMINATION


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raquo raquoj =laquo 3 C laquo mdash laquo

dego- ~ =

K

tgt

0 19

u 0 C m

gtlaquo O

0 c

0 ~

2 =bull

bulllaquo

e

o 2 0 u -

c pound ~ D gt

M

0

laquo 3 0

i^^7___

~ ~

K lt ^ gt

o 0 d u lt lt J do

laquobull bullgt 5 c ~ laquo 3

= r deg 0 u lt- 5-

(1 p - ^^

S|f 0

E deg raquo deg 0 1 - w

lt

0 5^ _l

mdash ^ z ^

bull 2 eJ o a c a bull 5pound 3 U

01

c 0 V

(0 bull ~

fc -gt ^ bullpound y

1 gt

S

_

_re a OJ 01

ro ~

UJ

0 lt r-V)

CJ

ro CJ

mdash u

m 5 ltu 0

-c S 01 Ol

a = 0 _ a bullO _z 5 T3 c S mdash flj

= c E c cu mdash mdash 0 in m pound-laquobull 10

H a C w O mdash i) m w ro

0 2 mdash 2 ta -a 5 mdash 0 0 c c E 2 -2 ro cu 0 _= _o - 0 0 0 lt (J CO

D un 0 CO

O M Li 0 0 g bull W 1 W

0 lt c u 0 c s bullH Q) 0 XJ U Li IS CI3N Li 0 mdash 3 Li 0 0 gt bullH 3 0 W H S C gtw JJ 0 CQ 0 T3

C CO H (0 -H (0 rC U XJ u bullH J3 XJ 0) C Q J H H

0 H

amp 0 0 C m-i W bullH H S l-S 0 s c X 0 10 laquo0 H

0 XJ E u in

r3 u gt bull r l U M ^ 0raquoH 0 VO ro gtM co co bullH 0i3 W Q Ll 0 rH

bull D C

0 U

3 W a lt o

E n

C c E _ B 13

s laquo

B rs

Ll 3 CT bullH LU

01

a

u 0 in

ro gt gt ro cu

gt irt

a 0

c 0 ai ~

gt

J2 0

Si

0

ta C ta

r - t - laquo gtlt c u

- J w -raquo_ = mdash i ~ ~ mdash f o c - ai U - - a - U O -- ~ 3 - - - O i bull 3

Q

6

I

0- 5

SPARSE

20

ABUNDANT

10

COMMON

10

MAJOR

Figure 24 Visual aid to assist in the assessment of volumeteric abundance of dispersed organic matter in sediments

FIGURES TO CHAPTER THREE

ta O O mm) OOmmmm O

i Agt _

bull m m amp A Cl

A A J L _

LATE CARBONIFEROUS-EARLY PERMIAN 3UB00CTION

PERWIAH-EARLY TRIASSX SUBOUCTrON

LATE TRtASSJC - JORASSC 3UBOUCTION

CRETACEOUS EAlaquoLY TERTIARY 3UB0UCT10H

TERTIARY SUBOUCTrON

PRESENT SUBOUCTrON

PATERWOSTER FAULT

DIRECTION OF SPREADING

Figure 31 Lineaments of subduction zones in western Indonesia (after Katili 1984)

fTTfflzon A

[777 lt bull I Z o n a C mZZtX

Zoo 0

Zona pound

gratilt

Kl L0METRE3

KRAKATAU

Figure 32 Pre-Tertiary rocks underlying the Tertiary in the South Sumatra Basin (after De Coster 1974)

FIGURES TO CHAPTER FOUR

LAHAT FORMATION

N = 15

DOM 009-1699(Av= 850) by vol

COAL 2 - 34 (AV = 18 ) by vol

Vol bull40

COAL

-30

20

COAL

10

DOM

Total Abundance

Average Abundance

Figure 41 Abundance range and average abundance by volume and maceral group composition of DOM shaly coal and coal in the Lahat Formation at five well locations in the South Palembang Sub-basin

TALANG AKAR FORMATION

N = 48

DOM 182^3791 (Av= 1363) by vol

ShCOAL 12-30 (Av= 23) by vol

COAL 24-97(Av= 3947) by vol

Vol

J lt ^r r r

yy bull

y | [ llK XIK bull bull j Ltrade~^J

V

^^ta^ ^ v

V 1

SHALY COAL

Total Abundance

Average Abundance

Inartinite

| bullbullbull LipTinite

Figure 42 Abundance range and average abundance by volume and maceral group composition of DOM shaly coal and coal in the Talang Akar Formation at ten well locations in the South Palembang Sub-basin

BATURAJA FORMATION N = 6

DOM 01-293 (Ava087)by vol

VoL

-a

2

_l

0

OOM

Total Abundance

Average Abundance

i Vltrfntte

Inertinite

Liptinite

Figure 43 Abundance range and average abundance by volume and maceral group composition of DOM in the Baturaja Formation at six well locations in the South Palembang Sub-basin

GUMAI FORMATION

N = 24

DOM 005- 733 (Av=l8 7)by vol

VOl

mdash4

-3

_2

1

0

DOM

DOM

Vitrinite 3 Total Abundance

aftC) HUH j Inertinite

l--y--l Liptinite

Average Atmcullt


AIR BENAKAT FORMATION

N = 24

DOM 015-1544 (Av = 366 ) by vol

voi

15

10

DOM-

-5

3 =3

DOM

[ j Totol Abundance

Average Abundance

j Vi trin ita

Inertini te

Liptinite


MUARA ENIM FORMATION IM = 57

DOM 18 7-798 fAv= 437) by vol

COAL 356-100 (Av = 66) by vol

voi rrA I0O C 0 A L

_ 30

DOM

Total Abundance

Average Abundance

COAL


FIGURES TO CHAPTER FIVE

MBU- 2 TD s 2200 m

01 02 03 04 OJ 06 07 08 09

Vttrfnite Reflectance


PMN-2 TD = 1959 6m

01 02 03 04 03 06 07

Vitrinite Reflectance


r

mdash 500

fi

E

a Q

mdash 1000

GM- 14 TD= 1398 m

N bullmdashi raquo i

u u 2

318

bull84

lt

li

3 O

I0raquo4

nee

iteo

llaquo4laquo_

BRF

TAF

LAF

6M

01 02 03 04 a3 OJS 07

Vitrinite Reflectance oa


KG-10 TD-I575 8 m

167

U lt it

rao

u UJ

2

12TB

1447

1817

U

ltB

lt

6UF

BRF

TAF

i u iii u4 iii iii ii -uy Vo Vitrinite Reflectance


KD- 0|

TD raquo 18585 m

Sloo

pound c

a copy

a

mdash 1000

mdash 1500

LL

468

946

i sea-

1872

ielaquo7

n

u UJ

2

LL 3

BRF

TAF

B M

01 02 05 04 OJ 06 OJ 06

Vftrfnlte Reflectance


BRG-3 TD 2300 m - o

900

1mdash

o E

Q

a

1000

1900

mdash 20O0

Sraquo4

lt

1221

18 81

U

Ik

a lt

2 0 64 20 64

|0 280

u

3

O

JPOE-

TAF

LAF



TMT-3 TD-1633 m

300

c r pound

a o

a 1000

t 1500

310

U UJ

2

laquow-

u

as

lt

Urn 3 laquo9

1164

issA bull i i i i i i i

Oi 3 3 0-5 tt4 UJ 06 CL7 Qd


bull3W


L-5A 22 TD 2237 m

a

rmdash 500

1000

mdash 1500

2000

828

u LU

2

964

U

a

lt

LL

3 (3

1290 1312 3RF_

LL

lt

1900

U lt -I

SM

01 02 03 04 03 06 OJ 03 09



BL-2 TD= 1675 m

500

mdash 1000

bullpound -a o _

a mdash 1300

8(2 bull

03

1323

LSraquo6

U

3

8RF

u lt

01 as as o^ as o6 07 oa 09



L_

E

a a)

a

BN G-IO TD 2565 m -O

MEF tlaquo4

1207

i ess 1667

aa

lt

2 427

I

3

9

DOC

LAF

01 02 03 04 03 06 07 08 09 10 II



I UJ

u (_gt()

0

a id JJ

o pound 0) DlH ^gtM 0 Qgt

M

5 I

o o JJ ta

o flJ rd

m o

Ll 0 DO bullH

Ol

c bullH

sect

M (d

I CQ 10 0 2 O O

lt0 U C bull bullH ltU W JJ P4 QJ rd i o sect 3 ltd

rdM-l bull 3 b O-H 3 xn L3 to

CN

LO

OJ

bullH bull4

S 3 M 1 3 W N Hid3Q

Depth (in metres)

U~

1000-

2000

i rs _

3000 i

bull

0 MEF

0 ABF

+ GUF

bull BRF

bull TAF

bull LAF

00 02

ScQ bull 5e o+ JL

OOOB _

m o+ o +

0 amp + gt o

o o + e+ bull 61 D bullbull bull

bull v bull bull bull

a a

a

i | i |

04 06 08 1

Rvmax ()

0


I

0 c bull m o

c mdash 0 ~ mdash laquo 0 0 0) -H mdash CM 1 -m bullU --I 09 S3 0 0 mm 0

U3 r-t

U5

0) U 3 rao rm

c 0 0 C - 0 lt3 bullu 0

Syn-tec

coalifj

in r-l bull

in

u 3 M Ex

c 0 0 bullH bull laquo-C 4J 0 cS jj 0 0 mdash OJ c-jj bull-

1 mdash C fl U 0 c_ 0

CO rd

fi w 0 bullH

a 0 JJ

o

cu JJ bull

T3 ^3 C cn 03 r-l

a o u bullH ltU JJ H fO H U 3 bullH S

H-H rO 05 0 E- U

0

ltu u 5 ltu JJ H ltU H

JP g

a u bullrraquo -H J3 0 CO EH

a O gti bullH A JJ (0 T3 H ltU O CO M 0 a 0 0

J3 H H 0

in

a

200-

100

0-001

(051 06 06 L5 3 4 5 (6) (7JVRmdash

40

1051 oe

35 30 IS 20 IS 10

i 5 i VVM

07 OJBJ OJ I US i h

(asi 06 071 a s

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10 ts

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25 3 I i S (S) (7| I i i

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20 (6HgtVR

IS 06 071 08 UO US i 20 i2S 3 J JO 35 30 2S 20 15 10 S 4

1 I i 1 I I

49

I (Sb-R

(2- VVM

JS JO 35 30 75 20 15 10 5 I V V M

lime in million years 10 12 20 30 40 50 100

001 002

Z-SCALE

figure 517 Karweil Diagram showing relationship of time (Ma) temperature C) and rank scales (after

Bostick 1973) Scale H is used for calculating thermal history of Table 511 and 512

s I bull e e -

degg

m__Z

v

bullI

r e

it

a E laquo

e _

D X

bull o

e o

fl c v

8

I

o o o M o E

o

o o o 10

o (0

m (D

8 o

o o

o o

8 2 deg 8 8 8 N 10 (Ut) H plusmnltJ 3 a

o o o o

T3 CD J-gt (0

CD

a CD

co 0) bullH

gti

JS-O o (0 bullH CD

CD X EH

ca C 0

0 H

OJ

c H

u

CD gt bullH 4J (0

u bullH

gti fl

CU -H

CO

bull LD

CD to

bullH

0) M ro O v CD CN X W JJ (0 W JJ 0 (0 CO bullH W bullH H O

jJ T3 3 gt O J3 bullH JJ 0 c o u

fl

o bullH

CD JJ

MmdashI 0

c o bullH H JJ CD bullH J3 CO 01 0-H QjJ3

S O JJ U rd CD fQ CO

U S fl

raquo8 bullH 0

s J5 JJ

8 J3 CO

CO

c 0

fO U CD

c CD 0) 0 JJ

CO fl CD

CD 01

O JJ

0 JJ Ll

CD O l C

5 o 0-H CO I

CD (0 JJ

u 0 0

a i CD JJ bullH fl bullH JJ U CD C bullH 0 JJ CD M rO

I CJ CO CD bullH Ol M CD C CD W

(0

CTi 00 lt7l H

CD JJ

0 JJ U U T3 CD gti fl

X-ri

JJ rO d

s

fl 0 bullH JJ rd gt bullH JJ U to

CO C CD Ol O

u CD M

o

10

N

Ho s 1 raquo o c o laquo-0gt So p

c DTK

6 copy L6

gt ID

6

6

A

mdash

-

o

c copy -copy

c o o o c copy

mdash fm JmZ

CX D

c 1

i

o =

1 copy

t mdash 1 J=

1 oraquo

o

lt o

c deg o copy CVO

1 sect

X

CO o

V

c

o amdash

sz ogt

mdash o gtgt X

bull

to

a gts

to

o 9

V

copy

copy

a O

oraquo c

c o 3

3 cn

4

V 5 = -r V X0 deg mdash (E 01 u s a

IlNI

T

TINI

SINI

RINI

or J K gt

u o

d fl rO

bullH

0

M 0 J-i

d

c d

fl 0

a-d fl 2 0

c bullH CO rO JJ fl 0

u CD JJ

CD d

8 fl 0 bullH JJ rO U CD fl CD Ol fl

o JQ

U rO CJ 0 M d

cn i-H

bull raquo

LD

CD H

bullH

CJ iw ro

co bullgtmdash

u 0

M CD JJ JJ

CD fO

KB fl U 0-H Wsect 6 Oi 0 U

U 0 ~ 4-1 CN

H CO CD (0 cn

bullH rH JJ -

CO H O O H T3 VJ CD fl M 3 0 0 0 U JJ 0H

JJ rO co C

VERY GOOD

GOOD

FAIR

POOR

Q O

0 Muara Enim Fat

bull Tata fig Akar RB

I i I I l I 5 0 K gt

| i I l i l l

50 KXgt ISO i

02 i - i i i i

OS 10

A Liptinite bullbullbull 03 Vitrinite +005 Inertinite (Vel of sample)

Figure 520 The relationship between S1+S2 values and the Score A for samples studied from the Muara Enim Formation and the Talang Akar Formation (after Struckmeyer (1988)

Figure 521 Generalized zones of petroleum generation and approximate correlation with maximum palaeotemperatures and reflectance of vitrinite exinite and inertinite (from Smith and Cook 1984)

Figure 522 Maturation model for the main organic matter groups and sub-groups (from Smith and Cook 1984)

tfl fl 0 bullH

0 A JJ

C+JH 0 ftlaquo a) bullH

JJ (0

| CO

o ta bullH rlt m bullH H rd 0 0

CD X 4J M 0 m H 0

s E

bull rd

bull

ta CD

R O M M fl JJ Q)H

5W 0 e

OtjO CD CD LT) amp J J CN cd

ltD -P U M rd

sect a

gt C O H CD ft CD to 0 JJ Q) M a) ftgt

rd

rd

raquoJfl 0 rd JJ M rd 0 0 CD JJ

fl iH Smgtd

0 0 CD A OJ

S JJ I c -H 4J

pound 0

P fl fl 0 tfl bullH ta

JJ JJ rd 0

amp 0 JJ tfl H

JJ=

0 rd JJ ft c g o 0-H Ond

rd 0 u

M ft ft rd

fl 0 bullH

ta 0 M Q)

laquo 0 fl 0 0 0

fl CnM

ro CN

m CD U

g bullH 04

(IW Hidaa

CD 0 JJ U

LU 2 t-

LU 7 LU

O o o -1

o 1

bullH CJ JJ CD

ro w U 4J

fl bullH CO

bullH 4-1 bullH H (0 0 U

4-1 0

fl 0 bullH JJ CJ fl M JJ CO fl

CD T3 CD

fl JJ 0 bullH JJ U rfl ft S 0 u 0

ro IM CD ft 0

9 gt ro

bull CO CD M

X JJ

0 C J

gt bull CO fl 0 bullH

0 JJ

o CD H

CD

S JJ 1 fl bullH JJ rd ft 0 a

i

CN 1

LT)

22 S rn gt0 CN

CD 10 poundj sect 3 CO

gti H CD

ft CO JJ gs 3

rd

CO JJ to lt

$ rO CD U

C CD bullH -d ro u 0)

ro H 0 ft 0

rfl s jtaj CD

bullbullox a JJ 0 Pm

0 CD

rfl poundbull bullH X 0 S-i ft ft (0

c 0 bullH CO 0 M CD

CD

01 C

CD JJ CD A M JJ

S bullH

M 0

CU 4-1

fl

CD U 0

CD W to CD CD U X ft JJ

FIGURES TO CHAPTER SIX

54 0 5 41

N-ALKANES

AROMATIC

POLARS

542 54 3

Figure 61 Bulk composition of the crude oils from South Palembang Sub-basin

g d 0 ltu u JJ 4-1

CO C 0

a

rd

S

bull CD fl

CD gt bullH

rd JJ JJ rd gtiH

bullH Jfl CD CO Cu OS CD

M d rO 0 0 u V

CO CD fl

gti ro

X M d CD JJ laquod u fl JJ rd CO

4-1

H ro i c

CD M

bull bull

X bull bull

1

CO CD C rO fl bullH

CU H T3

bull bull

0) fl rO JJ CO bullH

cd

bull laquofc CO CD fl

rd U bullH CQ

bull laquo

-rO laquo

M Jjd Cw H

bull bull

M

N

rO EH

bullraquo (0 CU T3 3

CO OM

CO poundj (3

id CD ft

M d a CD 0 JJ rd g 0

U

bull U CD o f3 3 fl fl 0

0 pound

M

3 M pound X CJ

gt

M

bullH 0 bull C O CD M u rd ftT-0 CO

fl rd

bullH JJ

w VJ H CD

rO X U JJ

M bullH CD

0

rd fl u CD JJ fl

0 H to o J3 JJ rO raquo JJ CJ if)

CN bull

ltD

o u

s bullH L

CD H

0 JJ

VJ CD 4-1

0) CD ft C g (0 CO

H H 0

bullH -d M

H

bull laquo 0 in

u u fd rH 1

bull bull W H

bull

Sh JJ bullH CO fl CD JJ fl

bullH H

6 T3 bull CD O CD CD gt

C JJ rfl bull CO O) gt i H to C -H X CD CD

o co cu os c O CD rd

to v bullbull c ro xJ bullbull H

u cu H d 0 to DS rfl to CD bulllaquo U

d a CD -H gti rfl fl bull CQ xi rfl w

H JJ CD bullbull TJ rfl co fl -CD I -H rfl PS JJ C to ^ rfl CU H to rfl EH fl CD bullbull JJ to to rfl rfl CU T3 IS co - H

bull o bullraquo 4-1 CQ to C d 0 J CD CD to

rfl JO to rfl w CD E ftd

e ft 3 o c ro fl co ra tod -H JJ Ol CD C H 0 to 0 JJ CD X) to H rfl J5 to CD rd

6 1 fd -fl fl 0 fl U JJ to to 2 O CD X to JJ CJ -H fl

bull CD 0 H CO rH XJ JJ rfl JJ O Ln co

0 to H JJ CD

ro O 4-1 bull bull H Ol CD gti

vo ft fl to JJ 6 -H -H

CD 13 T3 CO to CO to bullbull fl fl O in CD O l H U r-l JJ bullH -H U I fl PL O rfl -H H

o

o LO

o

51 LU

o ro

to d Ol CD 0 to JJ CD

rd

ftd 0 fl

D ri

o rgt

o bullto

CD LO

6-0 bulllaquo cp 0 CD CD gt to JJ fl -H 4-i rd ro JJ fl JJ ra bull to 0) gt i H to fl -H X) CD CD 0 to CU PS C A CD (0 to XJ bullbull fl rd xJ bullbull H U CU H d 0 to PS rd too- V d fl CD -H gti td fl bull- CQ X X rfl w H JJ CD bullbull d ro co c -CD 1 -H rfl PS JJ C M X

^ rd CM H -to fO H fl CD bullbull JJ to to Id ro CM TD S

W -H r_z bull 0

4H to to C 0 pound 0 X 0) 0 to rd JQ to id pound 10 CD g ftTJ 2 | ft 3 o fl _ id fl CQ ro

n m

i mdash i

ri

i mdash i

tod H JJ 0) CD fl CO 0 to 0 JJ O JO to H rd J5 to o id 6 I rox fl 0 fl 0 JJ to tog 0 CD XJ to JJ CJ -H fl

bull CD 0 H to m X JJ rd laquo JJ O in w

0 to H JJ CD

in o laquoH bull bull H 0) CD gti

ltpoundgt ft fl to JJ 6 -H -H

CD (0 T3 CO to to to bullbull fl p o m CD

amp H U rH JJ bullH -H U 1 fl PLI 0 (0 laquoH H

RI

RI

IK

es

cc

48

a

i

IK

68

U

lte

8

C27

370mdashgtI9I

w

Ca i ~ bull J_ - VraquoY- mdashbullbull

C28

384-HraquoI9I

B JAJAJW- JWlU-^Ji V 1 mdash 1 mdash

K

a

raquo

a

i

186

88

C8

lte

laquo

8

C32 440mdashraquoI9I

C33 454mdash7191

IS 16

1314

bull^^JA-JtaÂiU ta^^tataW^taJÂ-^ J^JhAm-r~

17 ie

ltS Tr ltf lte lt R lt laquo

TIME (HOUR)

v^^^K^^^J^^Jiî^

20

w 5 laquo lti I ft K i C 28 1 Ec ltc I 8lt li

Figure 66 Metastable reaction chromatograms of a typical South Palembang oil showing the distribution of hopane Refer to Table 62A for peak identification Each chromatogram is identified by carbon number (eg C27) and specific transition measured (eg 370-gt191) Ri Relative Intensity

o o z LU CL cc UJ p-

cc r-Z o z X

z II

X

-raquo X eS_ CO

-t-

X

GO

LU Z lt z lt LU -1

o (1

_l o

UJ

z lt T

Q lt O

m o w o gt c ta bullgt o m

lt3 II

iS

LU 7 lt 7

O lt o CD

O IO O

ltn c D ta ta-bullgt c o -bull) c c ta r-n

r-

LU Z lt

z 5 u m o to

o II

i-

o

ID

z lt

z o lt

()

m u 2 o X II

cc

LU

z lt

z lt n CD

o o

II

K

bull

LU Z lt 0 o X

cC

II

laquo--laquo

to 0) 0 JJ

rfl

I to XJ

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to 0) 0

bullH JJ JJ U

ro CD

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to to x )

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to 0 CJ CD to

N

c 0 bullH

d CD JJ CJ fl to d JJ CD CO JJ C CJ 0 CD U H CD CD PS tfl

mD

CD to

bullH

CC

ltS8 45 lt8 lt8 88 45 26 58 48 5 88 53 8 54 48 55 88 5) K

TIME (HOUR)

58 48 188 88 1 8 1 I 6 46 184 18

Figure 68 Metastable reaction chromatograms of a typical South Palembang oil showing the distribution of steranes and methylsteranes Each chromatogram is identified by carbon number (eg C27) and specific transition measured (eg 372-gt217) RI Relative Intensity

Notes for the peak assignments for steranes

present in the chroiatograis

1 2

4

6 lt

8 9 10

20S-5c(H)

20R-5o(B)

2QS-5a(B|

20K-5aB)

20S-5a(B) 20S-5a(B)

20R-5a(B)

20S-5a(B)

20R-5a(Bj 20R-5afflj

13B(B

136(1

13B(B

136(B

136(B 14B(B

MB(B

146(6

14B(B 146(B

17a(B|

17a(B)

lTa(H) la(B)

17a(B)

iHolB) 17a(B)

17o(B)

lTa(B) 17a(B)

-diasterampne(C27)

-diasterane(C27| -diiethylsterane(C28) -dnethylsterane|C28)

-diaethylsterane(C29|

-sterane(C27) -sterane(C27)

-sterane(C27)

-sterane(C27)

-diaethylsterane(C29)

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

T= T =

raquo=

E =

20S-5a(B)146(B)lla(B)-iethylsterane(C29)

20R-5a(B)148(B)17a(Bj-iethylsterane(C28]

20S-5a(B)146(B)11a(B)-iethylsterane(C28)

20R-5a(B)146(B)17o(B)-iethylsterane(C28)

20S-5o(B|146(B)no(B)-ethylsterane(C29)

20R-5Q(B))146(B)17a(B)-ethylsterane(C29)

20S-5a(B)148(B)17a(B)-ethylsterane(C29) 20R-5o(B)146(B)17n(B)-ethylsterane(C29)

Cis cis trans C30 bicadinane

Trans trans trans C3D bicadinane

Trans trans trans C30 bicadinane Boiobicadinane C31 C30 bicadinane

C27

Figure 69 Facies interpretation using triangular diagram displaying C27-C29 steranes distribution (after Waples and Tsutomu Machihara 1990)

5383 5384

N-ALKANES

AROMATIC

POLARS

5385 5386

Figure 610 Bulk composition of the extracts from South Palembang Sub-basin in terms of the polarity classes of saturated hydrocarbons aromatics and combined NSO-asphaltene fraction

ro cr cr

E o a CD c CO

CD (0

O

o CD

CO

CD gt LO

Z

o mdash

o CM

ta-r

poundZ LL

^-

^

^ ta mdash2 o- r-

LU

CD

o ro

o CJ

d CD JJ

rd to fl JJ

rfl co CD XJ JJ fl bullH CD H bullH M-l

o to

6 bullH fl W rfl to

ro fl

pound CD XJ JJ to

CO JJ bull

amp u - rfl n to JJ

X CD

fl 0 bullH JJ fl

O bullH to JJ CO bullH

d CD fl rfl M H rfl

CD to fl 0i bullH

co on LO

CD X JJ

c bullH CO

G 0 bullH JJ

CJ ro to UJ

CD H amp

CO

fl 0 bullH JJ

rfl O

-o

ro i (3 cc

o 0) 1

o o

o

CD CD

o Ln

o

LU

i

CD

r cxi

-0 CD JJ rfl to fl JJ rfl co CD

xi JJ

c bullH CD H bullH 4-i 0 to

c o bullH JJ fl mQ bullH to JJ co bullH d CD C rfl M H rfl

g bullH

fl W rfl to rfl fl

pound CD X JJ

I to CO JJ

u bull rfl to JJ

X CD CD XJ JJ

c bullH CO C O bullH JJ CJ rfl to

co ro in CD H

CO

fl 0 bullH JJ rfl 0 Cn

I

CN

CD to fl Ol bullH

Cn CD

E o

ro i

C5

rx CD CM

CM I CD O

j co

i C D

i o C3 _S

__3 r CD LO

CM CM

CM

CO -

CD CM 1

^

1

3

CD

CD

o CM

0

^

^

_ ^ mdash gt ~

_deg mdash

LU

CD m

3 CD Oj

d CD JJ rfl to fl JJ rO co

CD X JJ fl bullH CD H bullH 4-1 0 to

a c 0 bullH JJ O bullH to JJ co bullH CD C rfl M H (fl

to ro

0)

c ro H ro EH

CD X JJ

I to H-l CO JJ bull CJ --rfl m

CO ro Lf)

to JJ

X CD CD XJ JJ fl bullH

CD

CO

C 0 bullH JJ rfl

CO fl 0 bullH JJ CJ rfl to 0 MJ Cn

ro

10

CD to fl Oi bullH Cn

cc

~v L _ a

CM ~

w

CO CM

CM CM

CO

CO mm

E

_w ro CM

cpound CD CM

raquo Sc

o CM

O

m

raquo

P3

gtbullbull T

-gt-gt

0

raquo raquo bull

J 3 - ^ ^ ^

~^

-4 ^

^

3 ^

_pound= -^C

Ml I I _ _ _

=

4 ^ - ^

^

M j -a i

CD

pr -

i

pCD

i

1 i CD

pin

1

i

J s

LL

i 5

1 ^ i CD pro i i prj

__o

n the saturated

the Talang Akar

bullrte CD 0 H to bullH gtW IN 0 CO to JJ bull f Q 0-

rfl vo C to co 0 JJ ro bullH X m JJ CD fl CD -5 8 bullH X a

alkane distr

actions in t

rmation (sam

l to 0 fcM-i Cn

- H

1

VO

CD to

g bullH Cn

-CD

1

mCX

410

420

450

460

470 gt K 480 o E 490 -

1

BOO

940-

920

930

940

990

990

60O

TYPE III

Immature

PI Wilt InWilli ml Mmmsllilllll

Condensate wet gas

dry gas

TYPE II

Immature

1 pi Willi Gas

TYPE

Immature

ffiQiuiiiiii JSasZZZ

Non existence of Tmax

-

-410

420

-430

-bull440

-450

460

_470


DOO

TYPE II

200-TYPE ni

T 1 I I

50 100 150 OXYGEN INDEX

raquo

200 250


FIGURE TO CHAPTER SEVEN

E a laquo CO

cn e a o i a m)

-3

V

CO bullco

CO

2 ltpound ^ltg c 3

coco M to

3 = c c e deg -o

sect_l =cn w

i ^ to i_ ta ta ta mdash

(i raquo laquo D a

deg- deg s- deg

lto a

to a

a v

2

to

bullD

3

1 I I I 2

I X

ro 2

llll 1 2

1 2

CO VO lt CO c JJ laquoH

bullH ^ fl CQ

CD X JJ

4-1 0

Oi to CD

euro CD N JJ to 10

gtS Xi X

a o ro co to 0) c bullH 0 JJ gt (0 to JJ

to CD

CO JJ

H rfl to CD fl CD O

ltH rfl bullmdashlt

rfl CD to (0

JVX

UOjJDLUJCy IDSDgt|

(ltJ d W ) q jaqiua^

(D dW) D jaqoiaj

UOIJDOIJOJ IDOQ LUIU3 OJDn^J

j v a

UOI| DILI JO J IDHOuag jv

d n o j g 6uDqLue|oct

auaoojicj auaaoiid-oiVN

AWVIia3l

auaoojj

CD to fl Ol bullH Cn

FIGURES TO CHAPTER EIGHT

N

PAUEMBANS I

w KlaquorTOpoti

BUKHÂSAM MINE ( SOURCcNF COAL )

^jM

atang $Vmdashrrrrn ProbumuUh

Muaraenim - Km 9 Ton junge nim raquo

S 0U T H

S U M AT E R A

5 pound ^

SURALAYA STEAM (POWER PLANT

(POINT OF DELIVERY)

LEGEND

System Location mdash

imdash Raiiwoy

Waterway

Lmdash Nsw Trade

if bull bullbullbullbullbulllaquo

lOOKm


LU

u in

4-

h-(3 Z LU C 3 to-LU id

o gt-

cr lt LT toshyrn 1-

r

I 15 07 09 11 13 15 17

MEAN MAXIMUM VITRINITE REFLECTANCE

i

80 i

82 i

88 84 86

CARBON IN THE VITRINITE (dmmf)

dmmf sdry mineral matter free

90


TABLES TO ALL CHAPTERS

Table 11 Oil fields in South Sumatra and their cummulative production until 1966 (after Koesoemadinata 1978)

OIL FIELD

Sungai Takai

Suban Jeriji Hangunjaya

Teipino

Bajabang

lenali Asaa

Betung

Carang Ringing

Babat

Kebao

Raja Boh laipung tfinyampk

Iruh Huang

Lilin

TAkar Pendopo

Liiau

Gunung Eeiaia

Air Benakat

Jirak

Tanjung Tiga

ifest THiring

Talang Jiiar

Prabuiulih Vest

Karangan

Abab

Selo Be tan

Deras

YBAR OF DISCOVERY

1963

1905

1934

1931

1923

1931

1923

1903

1902

1941 1940

1962 -

1941

1944

1936

1922

1928 1938

1933

1931 1940

1938

1937

1953

1957

1957

1937

1949

1951

DEPTH OF

RESERVOIRS

(U

40-595

363-763

201-2251

589-824 824-1007

320-1171

110-400

50-366

30-320

360-550

1983

1220 -

1006

700-793 900- 854

1357-1632

1891-1934

439-467

210-290 1342-1403

1284-1537

1098-1281 1446-1720

1341

1830

580 1983

1830

FORHATIOH

Kuara Eoii

Air Benakat

Air Benakat

Air Benakat -

Air Benakat

6 u bull a i Air Benakat

-

Air Benakat -

Air Benakat -

Kuara Enii

Talang Akar

Talang Akar Talang Akar Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar Talang Akar


Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

OIL TYPE

Paraffinic Paraffinic Asphaltic

Paraffinic

Paraffinic Asphaltic

Paraffinic

Paraffinic Paraffinic

Paraffinic

Paraffinic

Paraffinic




Paraffinic

Paraffinic

Paraffinic


Paraffinic

Paraffinic


Parafinic

Paraffinic


0

API

431 437

248

411 447 238

405

405

425

365

557 460

440 -

380 400 -

370 280

380 360

370 280

284

285

325

277

350

350

350

350

CUMULATIVE PRODUCTION

(BARREL)

4281222

8670834 15836554

76343699

37269022

80335861 -

2115716 -

-

-

16851348

140462 -

1474777

27495042 482320

331425405

158945473 16807313

102370655 45509927

35429231 1541100

125546539

7244023 -

2990595

492482

3990595

957050

8 u 4-1

fl (0

(0 0

u 4-1 0 fl 0 bullH 4J (0

u bullH 4-1 bullH CQ CQ

ro H u

Tgt mdash 0) CN N CO bullH ltn H H id u -cu fl 0 CU 0 u u

CN

cu H bullS

gt-r = 2 cc o UJ

o

o

A I 0gt 03

uHia|OA M0|H E o

i - e 2 5 O

llaquooo uraquoojg

OU

o o =f -J gt C3

o c

ltn lt

isoo PJlaquoH

o o O o o IO mdash lto

IO

J

o IO

o o o o

sousscajonu aiqatoaiep O N

-

deg5

gt

D laquoC

o o o

o o o o o o

o o o

cr o o to

o o o

o o o lt0

gt- O o a

O C

lt lt o u

n mdash m o uo

bullis

laquo

2 lt bull lt o

O

q bullraquo

0 0 0 0 O IO in r

1111

O m 7 n 9 ) m 0

1 1 I

gt (V

ci n ci

I I [

bull9 r a

odd

o O

= e a- o

z gt

I 5 E bullo bull =

2 gt a

= E = o o mdash _i gt to

e =

Table 22 Summary of the macerals of hard coals (from ICCP Handbook 1963)

Group Maceral Maceral

Vitrinite Telinite

Collinite

Vitrodetrinite

Liptinite Sporinite

Cutinite Resinite Alginite Liptodetrinite

Inertinite Micrinite Macrinite Semifusinite Fusinite

Sclerotinite

Inertodetrinite

Submaceral- Maceral Variety-

Telinite 1 Telinite 2

Telocollinite Gelocollinite Desmocollinite Corpocollinite

Cordaitotelinite Fungotelinite Xylotelinite Lepidophytotelinite Sigillariotelinite

Tenuisporinite Crassisporinite Microsporinite Macrosporinite

Pyrofusinite Dearadofusinite

Plectenchyminite Corposclerotinite Pseudocorposclerotinite

bull+bull Incomplete can be expanded as required

4-1

o s cu jJ

CQ gt1 CQ

c cu H U ltU

o B I CQ

OJ amp

o bullP

w

w bull

o O 4J

rd H

u fl cu cu

CJ

ro E

e o

cu u c 10

u a to

a CL rO

o bullH

a 0 0 cn 0 u

I Itl

cu M 4J JJ bullH

s

I M 0 3

CO C rH

fO 0 CO gt O

c 0) 0gt M

W bullH U) ro V W Cu 0 CO Q) bull g cn

4J

c rO CU C 3 bull

bullW -laquoH JJ

cu cu cn cn 2 -H C rH

ns n bull raquoa 0 J-J 0) I pound 4J T3 Cn CJ

cu - H cu (X H H

cn c

c bullH Dl bullrH U O

u 0

gti T5 0 0 3 bullO cu bullH HH bullH

X

O 3 cn cn bullH JJ

U bullH CO 0 -M 3 r-t

U

gti u r-i CU rH J= fO JJ U O CU C IH CU 0 tn ltH

J rfl OJ 3 cu 0 G CU

u co cu

tn

c rO U JJ

3 0

CU JJ

u 0) rH CU raquo W J cn cu

c 3 CU rH JJ 0

bull5

c bullH

JJ pound Tashyrn cu bullH 4J rH (0

rH bullu o

cu cn c 0

cu gt gti 0)

cu trgt 1-1

rfl A

a O Q JJ 3 0 rH r- CU

cu u

m c c o u

gt rH

rfl rfl U S JJ CO

4J

m

CO

3 0 c bullH CO 0) 1-1

OJ UJ

x a cn JJ bullw 3 rH rO

tfl CU

c rfl

M rfl O -H

rJ gti CU

s e

c cn cu cu rH -H rH TJ

0 0 Cu X T3 M bull C rfl C (0 tn 0

rM JJ

tn lt x 0) c

1 bullH

c e bulllaquoH CU CU

X s JJ 4J

c ro TJ Z

c rO CU

2 ~ X X -U ro CO

TJ5 4H gt rfl 0 rH CU

c pound cn O CTi C

o J3

w A

u 0

u CO cu

u

c

ltJ rfl 0) u bull4 il

0 c rt CU

gt U

rO U

co raquo 3 ltU CO rfj bullH rH -H JJ 0) UJ

bullW C CO JJ C rfl C ro U D U O

2- CO 0lt

cn cu o C JJ

TJ -H gt C X X rfl cu CM

ro 0 O 0

CO

cn 3 0 u

cu

e 0

cu CO 4H

TJ C rfl

C 0 X U CO rfl CU U r-

rfl CU J3 M CO CU J= H Oi -H CO 0

JJ

X tn c bullH co rH -H

3 bull O tn C rH

ro cu U gti JJ

JH

C 0 bullH

CU CU JJ 3 -H

O1 X rfl 3 0

c (0 CJ

rH 4J

CO JJ

c

m m bullH rfl rH H

U-l

T3 CU TJ JJ CU

u -u aj to rH rH uj 0 CU CO U -H

0 JJ

CU

u bull en

3 CU O rH U rfl 03 OJ

CU JJ bullH

3

CO rfl

VJ

3 U U 0

CU

CU rH

rfl IJ

CU gt JC rH JJ

rfl U bullH

E 0) JG CJ

0 bullH CQ

e CU JJ

0 sz ro U g

CO tn 1

cu u lt- 0

3 JH rH 0 UJ

cu o u Z

CO

bull c cn cu u s cu 3 gt1 rH

rO I cu cu cu gt CJ 0 bullH C CO c CU tfl CU u rfl O i CO

e 0 cu

(0 rfl CJ -H bullH H

CU

C rfl -4 rfl bull CU rfl

CU N 0 gtbull 3 -H CJ T3 W T3 JJ 0 CO -H rfl 3 JJ O U

on

CN

CU H

EH

CM

3 0 JJ

CU JJ bullH

c bullH rJ JJ bullH

gt

JJ

JJ rJ CU

c

Table 24 Summary of the macerals of brown coals (from ICCP Handbook 1971)

Group Maceral

Huminite

Liptinite

Inertinite

+ Incomplete can

Maceral Subgroup Maceral

Textinite Humotelinite

Ulminite

Attrinite Humodetrinite

Densinite

Gelinite

Humocollinite

Corpohuminite

Sporinite

Cutinite

Resinite

Suberinite

Alginite

Liptodetrinite

Chlorophyllinite

Fusinite

Semifusinite

Macrinite

Sclerotinite

Inertodetrinite

be expanded as desired

Submaceral+

Texto-Ulminite Eu-Ulminite

Porigelinite Levigelinite

Phlobaphinite Pseudophlobaphinite

bull

Table 25 Proposed coal maceral classification system for coals (Smith 1981)

Maceral Group

EXINITE

VITRINITE

INERTINITE

Maceral Sub-Group

TELOVITRINITE

DETROVITRINITE bull

GELOVITRINITE

Maceral

Liptodetrinite Sporinite Cutinite Suberinite Resinite Fluorinite Exsudatinite Bituminite Alginite

Textinite Texto-ulminite Eu-ulminite Telocollinite

Attrinite Densinite Desmocollinite

Corpovitrinite Porigelinite Eugelinite

Sclerotinite Semifusinite Fusinite Macrinite Micrinite Inertodetrinite

Gelovitrinite is only recognized when 10 microns diameter and when not part of telovitrinite

0 +-gt

Di

a bullH

M 0 u u ns c bullH tfl rO

e re M rC

e -i

pound o w CM

0 gti w

a o rO X U 4-J

bullH 4J rd

W

m tu H 3 tH

fO 01 w

re LU

a CO D i

Table 32 Stratigraphy of South Sumatra Basin used in the present study based on Spruyts Nomenclature (1956)

a o bullH 4J (0

e U

o mU

E o o CM I

o CM

gtlaquo o z bulllt= o pound mdash

deg J c

laquo 5 I pound 2 c 5 bull o co c

o o tT mdash _ O _ o c

bdquo gtbull laquo E 3 a o O o U o

3 O

c

3

C oraquo a bull c

CO sect o

laquo c

o

$2

deg - o

3 b bull a mdash o gt mdash ca bull o

a

c

E o CD CM

I O

o

raquo- 3 CM -3 O

- 1 c 2

bull u

X C

o t $bull

deg 6

gt deg s = Ho g o w to -q JB

3 O J3

a

to deg

bull cl in

laquobull - a c bull il o

5 -bull= J=

W 3

lt

SI o

o 8 mdash O mdash O

IE o O

E o ltJ

I o

o bull deg u 3 w

i c] a

o E 0

pound ^ o E - =

bull 2 2 ^ o O 1 1 c laquo

i -= gt bull gtraquo

laquobull O rgt raquo-mdash O = c

s o o 2 - - w Q IH n

E o IO CM I

o o

o

13 C

c o

o o M a

3 gtbull o e) mdash gt- O o bullo bull-

c o o c

c i

I pound cn gt

a _a cu c

LU

Dl C

c a o = XI c

CT c 3 imdash

3 CD

vraquo tn 23 c D cn a C C j a a 3 2 1 to

mdash a laquoj

Q

I I I sect I I I rn

JUL CVJ

21

a imdash

OJ

2

bulla

a

dV^ ( q d w ) q jsqiuaw

(deg dW) D JBqiUBW

dlaquoV

U014DUJJO-J (DSDgt UOIjDlUJO-j |DOQ LUIU3 DJDn^ U0I4DLUJ0-J

4DgtjDuag JIV

dnoJQ 5uDquj3]Dd

AdV|ld31

SUSOOIL^

Table 51 Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the MBU-2 well

Table 52 Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the PMN-2 well

Table 53 Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the (34-14 well

oi Mn bull VJl rf w W bull Wi I bull

-ri an 3 C arrcc

J M V I v

- I VJ f bdquo

r-ira 2laquof

1

r

w

T

C

s

037

L W b l l

22273 0 7

^ 22 75 laquo rgt bullraquo l

L WC W

77 L w W bull

1 3 il w pound w 507a

i n n n I _ W4W W

bull3 2 1

gt raquo - 1 1 raquo J 5

IHflile W We W U

- We w W

nn_c

20-5 C f II mdash tt raquobull W W W W w

w w w w w

| A

~ pound M ~ - el

- w w w

rraquo w _ fraquo n I W W W W

CI^_JR

w - - bull w u raquo T

iltic_

I25S-50 a raquo T bdquo w

1 O T J - T S bull W J T W

bullnan bull laquo- w V We

jcw-s ( U T W W

bullin lt_s 1 W W W

024 025 T 5

w w w

W i T I

1 1 u fw

w bull tl

0 J5 05 n is w i f w

1 1 H i

0 -i n bullbull l W V

n C laquo bull T U

1 tl

^2S22r2ELTS ^r^rtawr ffl Im W I H M W I W W WI W W I WW t W H W laquo laquo I 11 III

itHlUA Wl WWIWHW WikWArrMM

22 ^n W W

2

n - w bull2 1 W

n w W

(fl 3

i

5

w w

in

bull w

32 in

bullJ

0022 0029 W t W C u

n niii J T

0050 n laquo w w w

- rn W W T I

n n

0025 r no W bull W f T

W bull W W 1

n r-it W bull w w T

07 r u W t W T I

n 17 W W W 1

n mi w w w u

wc uc

i3 C

n u t A S n u t

A-A 3 E niyi

cc

cue W W 1

TIC

A C n i

Ti C nt

T J C TI

Lni

i A C u n i

- h i

7

- rraquo

v W

t 1 T 1

T V

fS bull W

a W W

a w w

7 lt

i n

7

77

77

77

77

bullC 1 W

Table 54 Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the KG-10 well

Voi raquobull

gtiriro amn

ltG-0 C7S j orer l W l w u llw wl w W bull

J7vrilCl

Table 55 Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the KD-01 well

Table 56 Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the BRG-3 well

ire o m n

mm

If nerrac

il

1gtMraquoI yen bull it UIU A f I

C71

1

1

w

J

c

W bull

7

a a _ in 1 w

lt 1

w

2 (

1 w

bulls i w

17

0 1 W lt

12 in u W lt

12 in w w lt

1 m 1

77 Lgt W 1

77 - W I

W T i

IE L W I

t

s

7 0 W n n W W w W W

rt ) n bullraquo i I J w t 1

L i W 1 75 SX

7 4 fl pound7 L W laquo w w

mou Ub w ^ IOOE

7107 - - - v 1

iiana - lm W W W

77on W - V W

710S1 W W W V 1

7 7 0 S 1

22252 77 0 S l w W -

7 7 0EE WWlt W w

22257 770c

773E3 k b w

7 7Q7n L4 W ( W

2227 17 0 7 7 Kmm u

77377

2237-7707S

77077 k w t

7707 k W - 1 laquoJ

laquo 1 2 gtraquo L 4 bull W W

7702 w W w W 1

emtio fa rn re W ill u w 1 W w W 1 u

IIIUA Jl bdquo w 1

fi J fl - 7 W 1 W - W

W 1 V - w

7 7 n mdash 1 - w - w

3 n r _ n w w w bull W

W W W w

1 W i W T

(ins-n 1 w w w w

7pound7_s [ W W W W W

f TW 4 ww

522n

1 w T ij w raquo_

(Rca i w w bullbull w w

t r n e - Q ww - U

(7in(1 1 w T

rfloe-n 1 WU w -w l O EEa 1 - -J T W W

b W V W W

H 4 fl1 JJ 1

L J W W trade w

7icni t bull mgt ml W T

L 1 W W - w

223-2i 7 7 7 7 - 7 S W W egt W - W

5 0 J M Le t 1

7c - 1 W T W W

i i e s _ r -W i W W m A 3 WW W ~ W W i_

7707 w w w w

rt 1 W W 1 WI W W W

arraquof 7 7wm WiH y IhAII Mil

V W(

n 73 w bull ww

1 M V bull bull I

n M V t f 1

n 7 v Y 1

1 n

n n W 4 W W

Q w i t

a i W e w w

n5

n j

3 3 n n w

w

r

w w

w w

bull W

S7 w 1

w 1

ww

gtraquo

02 032 n raquo

-osiinne

in wu

in w W

in

7 a w w

1]

bulln 1 w

ia - w

77 - W

E

17 - I

I gt w (7

17 L w

1 7 - I

16

77 U W

IE w w

71

11 L I

0

ir WW

fl m W bull W W w

1 A 0 7 u bull W W I

n -77 W bull W u I

n 17 V bull V W T

1 171 W bull W Lgt w

rt 7 7 3 W raquo W W w

rt noe w p w mm

1 777 W 1 W U l

1 mo W e W W W

n -n W w T w v -r w

in W w bull

ft ms J 1 w w w

ft mo w t W U W

ft Ei w bull w w I

1 -s ^ bull W T w

n m 4 w h bull

G04e

ft mn W w w W

0327 0C23 1 - 7 -1 bull w w lt

004 7 7

uc 1 w bull

lie

uc

uc

KEF uc 11 w bull

ucz 1 wi floi

ADC Hwl

ltcc CMC

7C W W I

AC

A

Af c

r

J

--a

an j w

IE 4 W

CE W W

an -gt w

22 22 5i ni w w Z w w

ro

IE

Table 57 Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the TMT-3 well

Table 58 Reflectance values and temperature data against depth in the L5A-22 well





Crl] Un Wall flanr-h 0 laquo raquo Ana Cnrrnvfi nm Tnrac Tien Tnrraquort Crri-Tcn Tcn-f^no u p i nil E l | Js w wu I H A nmlt | u| M U I Wit l U I W U l I I W W bull I U U Jl U W W W i ii w II Ii W m w

y n n n n U) (ay) 3bdquo 2 0

790CC QDC-7 in7n n cn in wen eq ac tc bdquoA u laquo Ww w w wiiw) w t U t u W WW ill lit W U WW I wt W bull + b 3

(_iwwi witw w Iwt-w J ww iw rtCi

58

95

01 We

w w

117

8

tci 1 M C

ton 1 u

1QQ IUW

-fl ii W bull T bull

-fl n We tW

-024 bulljiacc apt i i7ir n c7 u enc C4WWW UltW W II iw J w It JUl

22273 BRG-3 2190 333 21S TAF 111 120 132 -011

22975 9RG-3 2241 037 22 TAF 114 127 203 -013

22924 MHU-2 1450 055 14 6UF 32 31 145 -005 25

11007 UOII-1 17RD rt C7 1C CMC Oi as ltK0 _n n7 b k u l nCwj u i i w w w w i Iw wwi w + w w Iww w w l

22940 MBU-2 1830 079 13 TAF 93 124 133 -0 oc

n o o n CM-ii tiiQ n it ts ciic 7R an too n no is LW4UW Wfl + I L T w W W I IW WW IW WW I w M W W L V

inor eu_u tini n Ei in lie 70 an too _n 17 LW4WW 3 i T l T I w W T W w WW U1I IW WW I k U W W I

22550 ICD-1 1553 052 15 SUF 30 30 128 -002 25

22552 KD-1 1725 057 19 TAF 37 100 150 -021

23557 KD- 1302 051 35 LAF 39 32 131 -04

22595 PMN-2 1855 055 22 TAF 95 20 144 -009 25

23598 PMN-2 1900 053 23 TAF 98 94 50 -003


SplHc Sal] Depth R M X Age Forsatian Tgrss Tjso Tgrad Sr2dIso Tsurf

SUF

QDC will

TAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

70

n

37

105

tn I 1 L

114

115

118

tnn 1 WW

110

100

105

toe I u w

189

ISO

175

150

153

W W I

-0 cc W raquo w W

-005

-005

020

014

22500 TMT-3 1513 057 22 TAF 83 82 147 -014

73

82

83

30

90

ai bulldim

144

144

147

1110Q

mot k W b W I

11101 iraquo We- w W

woe e W4_ W W

111O0 UW w W

BL-2

3L-2

3L-2

3L-2

3L-2

1133

1334

tiin

tCQi i w w -

1CCC (www

0 laquo w bull W W

0 ci Vi bull W W

3 W W W

fl 71 W e l l

fl 71 V e i l

14

19

uw

11 Li

24

SUF

i nt

TAF

TAF

TAF

74

81

91 ww

W W

91

100

90

aa WW

tna 1 w u

tnc 1 WW

150

144

142

173

tea i W W

-rt 1fl

23181 3JH0 1255 055 15 SUF 73 100 150 -040

23182 BN-10 1654 052 17 8RF 84 110 175 -025

22187 8JMQ 1934 055 26 TAF 95 105 163 -012

22133 8M-10 2112 033 27 TAF 100 115 184 -020

22131 3N-I0 2253 035 28 TAF 105 IIS 183 -012

22132 9H-10 2235 032 25 LAF 110 120 192 -012

22137 SN-10 2542 035 40 LAF 115 118 189 -003

degr

n s i n i K i - 1 1 fttfi ri fi ti c u e 7ft fte toe -ft flf ie WWW4W WWrt w k I I III W w k IW WWI IW I I 9 IUU W W I iW

11S11 EI_11 117i ft ml tO b H L I L w A 1_4 llIT J W W IU

11611 IU-11 1770 ft SS 11 L w w im w uwrt i_i I t i u w laquo w w L M

959 ttk-w ^(na fl 7a in l-WWUW LWH We b W W U W v w WW

IIRIO i KA-H ilea n ai 11 L WW W WWrt ( t I WW J U I Wfc

22521 L5A-22 2224 032 23

23534 TMT-3 1254 354 18 TAF 73 SO 144 -027 25

22539 TMT-3 1488 053 20 TAF

-Li] 25

FEATURE -

MICRINITH

FLUORINITE

EXSUDATINITE

OIL CUT AND HAZE

SECONDARY FLUORESCENCE

SIGNIFICANCE

DISPROPORTIONATION REACTIONS HIGH CARBON (MICRINITE) AND HIGH HYDROGEN (OIL PRODUCTS)

IN SOME CASES NON-MIGRATED OIL

FORMS AND OCCUPIES FRACTURES REPRESENTS PARTIALLY MIGRATED OIL-LIKE MATERIAL

INDICATES THE PRESENCE OF FREE OIL

INDICATES THE PRESENCE OF BITUMENS


TABLE 61 LOCATIONS OF CRUDE OIL AND CUTTING SAMPLES

SAMPLE WELL SAMPLES FORMATION DEPTH NO TYPE (M)

OIL LAHAT FM 2265-2267

OIL TALANG AKAR FM 2209-2211

OIL BATURAJA FM 1808-1812


CUTTINGS MUARA ENIM FM 680-690


CUTTINGS TALANG AKAR FM 2106-2110


540

541

542

543

5383

5384

5385

5386

BRG-3

BRG-3

MBU-2

MBU-2

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

X 4-1

w 0

01 g PJ 0) JJ

fl

U bullH 4-)

cu fl CU 4-gt

d H S ra O f gtW rd

bullgt

a ca rd i

bullH TJ O cu cn

ca 4J g H bullH 0

OJ

bullu

4-1 0

c 0 bullH 4J

id M T3 fl J-gt

ra ca 4-1 0

cu fl bullH

i 0 CJ

ca TJ OJ ca ca ra

bullH H

ca 0 u

fl rrj

ca c 0 -Q

agt u c g 4-gt rd 0 0 U

bullH rH

(0

CJ-H 0 P U 0

CU rH TD fd X pound4

CM

U3

CU H

bull9 E-raquo

0 gti M Pi rflW

eo -o O ^ i_ 1

CO

c a

co 2 -__ W rt bullo -~ copy CM O) O laquo i w O r lt a -^ O C

o

bdquo 3 reg o C O E r a co XI c 3 O

o o 3 bull JO lt cn o laquobull-raquo

CO

3 ca (0

bullo

agt imdash

o bull gt bull

i o

u agt CC

i

gt- CD -5 E O ^ a

01 u (0 CO

E E O k

lt OT agt ew ^___^

3 E

a CO

If 3 pound o o c o

rr S ru

UJ 2 lt z -J o

agt c o W

=L cn CJ

m c CO X CD

dl o co + bull

-S CO OJ

E CO CO m--

co CO CO

rr r cn

CO

to

w rr CJ

CN

cri CD

r 0)

o rr cn

_ co

6 rr a

C7gt C o cn

rl in CJ

CO c ro X wC

=t o cn + rt cn CJ

E CJ rT T mdash

r CO CD

CJ CD 0)

CO

CO

o 3 CJ

CD

CD

cn

r^ o cn

m-

rr cn

CJ CO

6 a CD

(35 C o cn

5 cn OJ

CD C CO X CD

o cn + =s cn CJ

pound mdash o mdash

CJ

rZ r-

rr CJ CD

CJ

cri

00

cri CJ

cn CD

r-

co CD T -

rmdash

CJ rr cn

-mdash CJ

=5 cn 2

OT C o cn

mdashi

cn CJ

CD c ro X CD -CZ

o cn + =t cn CJ

E CTl CD T ^

rr r- r

CD cri rgt-

CO

mdash

- co 1-

CD

r- CD

cri mdash bull mdash

CO

rr cn

OJ CJ

D 3 2


Peak no Compound name Carbon number

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 W T T R R x

18a(H)-222930-trisnorneohopane(Ts) 17a (H) -22 29 30-trisnorhopane (Tin) 17a(H) 21|3(H)-30-norhopane 17a(H)21a(H)-30-norhopane 18a(H)-+18(3(H)-oleanane 17a (H) 21(3(H)-hopane 17(3 (H) 21a (H) -moretane 22S-14a(H 22R-14a(H 22S-17a(H 22R-17a(H 17(3 (H)21a(H)-homomoretane 22S-14a(H 22R-14a(H 22S-17a(H 22R-17a(H 22S-14a(H 22R-14a(H 22S-17a(H 22R-17a(H Cis cis trans C30 Trans trans trans

17a (H) 21(3 (H)-diahomohopane 17a(H) 21(3 (H)-diabishomohopane 21(3 (H) -homohopane 21(3 (H)-homohopane

17a(H)21p(H)-diabishomohopane 17a (H) 21(3 (H) -diabishomohopane 21(3 (H) -bishomohopane 21(3(H)-bisnorhopane 17a (H) 21(3 (H) -diatrishomohopane 17a (H) 21(3 (H)-diatrishomohopane 21(3 (H)-trishomohopane 21(3 (H) -trishomohopane

bicadinane C30 bicadinane C30 bicadinane

Homobic adinane(C 31) C30 bicadinane Unknown compound

27 27 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 33() 33() 33 33

ca 13 m cu 0

C 4-gt 0 jQ rH

ra u 0 rH

V

fl cu rd ca CD cu a u a cu cu X fl

ca u ra

amp e

gtI-H ca X H ra p H 0

0 0 fd 4-) CJ 4J -H rd TJ cu T3 CU fl

JJ CU cu rd xj

C X H H

T3 CU 4-gt

ra U fl 4J

amp fl

c bullH

ca cu

E-t CU gt v H rH XJ 4-gt 4-gt bullH

bull ca cu -u ca-H g bullH 1 ca ca m gti-H

rd H x -a ca w 0

rd 4-gt )H fl rd rd d 15 fl c

u fd rd flO +J 0 bullH

gti ca gttH

fl rd amp

Cn c bullH gt bullH amp

-mdashm

4-gt X3 CU H CN bullH gt fd CN ca T3 -H fl u 0 CO 4J U a fl ra cu 6-0 CJ

cu bull X

H 4J 4J B-H fl U 4-gt -H CU fl p rd cu cu fl a

EH T3 D14-gt

n

co

cu H

5 H

0 ca H cu 4-gt

sect mdash

to

3

2

CO eo O

OJ CO CJ

CO O

o CO CJ

S3 o

eo CM O

CM U

CO CM

u

in CM

o

rr CM CJ

CO CM O

CM CM

U

CM

CJ

o CM

O

Ol

O

00

5 _ 5 w

h o

5 1 o -C

5 I O o

T) ca

tn ltxi

Hmdash bull-o s

CQ bullo S ^ -2 8 1 m n

cn o co uo r^ co - oi V - O N UO CM

rr UO m- UO CO CO CO m~ CO O UO ww UO CO -

rr m- m- CO CM o cn cn O CO O T eo fraquo co raquo-

~ O laquol ffl Ci rr r^ rr O N Ol N rraquo rlaquo co mm

~ uo m r- co uo to o o uo r-raquo m- cn uo bull- to CM CM raquo-

bull co uo r~ co CD CM uo mdash ^cr CM co co CM cn UO CM bull O l

rr to cn co CM rlaquo T - CM rr co CM ogt cn co co co

cn oo co ro CM m- rr CO - laquo ii in n O C M co rr CO m-

to CM m en cn raquo- rraquo uo r~ rr co co co rr cn uo co laquo-

CO CO copy rr cn mr to rr uo cn co to CM CO CO uo CO mdash r-

^- eo to CO OJ rr CM CO co r~ en uo co rr o to CO m- m-

U0 rr O CO - r- to - r Ul N raquo- CO mdash to CO m- m-

f~ ID ID Ol cn to m uo rgt CM cn -en co m~ r-CM m- m-

CO mt 0gt UO co o o r~ uo O CO CO co co CM r CM m- m-

uo oi cn to rr co cn uo IO ^ V (O UO CM CM CO CM bullmdash mm

10 N ^ CO UO CO CO UO to mdash rraquo rr CO CM Ol 0gt

r- co cn m~ to cn co co CM m- LO eo CM eo co mdash tit T- mm m-

cD rr o rr UO CO CM UO cn uo rraquo rr O) CM CM CO mdash ^raquo w~

UO O) CO o to CO CO o o o CM a cn co co r

CM tO m- m-CO rr Ol to Ol o Z r- rr co c

CO mdash- O CO o rr o r~ ogt UO CO CO

N N n ID bullmdash raquo- CM

r- rraquo a gi O) UO CO CM UO Ol O CM O N N 10 CO rr CM CM

I

cr

uj S laquoC

z

O mm CM CO rr rr rr rr UO UO UO UO

r- CM mdash CM

rt co 3 CM

6 6 3 5 ct cs ra oo co ca 2 5

u uS

o

co CJ

CO

O

O

CO

U

CO

O

co to CM r^ CO O tO r-

b oi mdash r-tO CM CO CO CO - m- mmdash

CO mm Ugt CO o w r~ CM

rr mZ o b

U0 m- m- O

^ N CO N rr O CO rr co rr oi mi

rr co to o to to rr co bullraquo

o eo irgt r-r ^ IB h Ol tO UO CM

s rraquo rr uo CJ

CM

O

CM

o

CM

o

CM

o

o

O

O

CM

CJ

o CM O

cn

5

o

rraquo

O

to 5

O co 3

ra in

rr oi mdash co CO UO OSI ^ oi co r rr

in raquo- eo mdash raquo i T ^ tri imdash oi to CM

U) N CO CD CM CM tO CO rr r- co to CM

r ogt ^ co m- laquogt mdash Ol Iii N O IO

CO Ol Ol o CO p Ugt rr

p s 6 id

r- oi to CM

- ogt p CO CM tO mi ID

CO CO CO mmdash CM r co uo mi ID mi rZ Ol m-

co uo to to o cogt ini oi eri raquooi mi r~

rmdash ID m- Ol

co CM O CO UO CO CO CM O

uo eo r~ CM

oo uo r^ oo rr laquoo - oi

Ol Ol Cl o m- Ol Ol CM V N ci 10

co r~ CM o

cn 3 o rr-

Q Q Ol

E Cm

u a

O m- CM CO S r r rr rr

uo to uo

laquo- Ol ^- Ol

ft fi 3 S

6 6 5 5 rr c n cn ro ca 5 2

uo CO O uS

O

P5

m CO

O

3

eo CO

O

CM CO

o

CO

o

o co

o

eo CM

O

r-Ol

O

CO CM

o

uo CM

o

rr CM

CJ

CM

o

CM Ol CJ

CM CJ

o Ol CJ

Ol

O

CO

1 Ol Cl to Ol

Ol

oi

o to CO

Ol

O)

r-CO CO

CO

o CO

r ZZ

8 uo

uo uo

CO Ol ri

CM to to

rr CM r~

o to

Ol

uo

UO uo rr

p CO

c oi

uo CO

rraquo

CM oi CO

r ci

p ~

Ol uo oi

rraquo uo oi

Si CO

8 CO

to rr

to

rr

Ol

rr

s -

8 rr

r-rr rr

rr rr

i CM CO rr

in

p rr

CO

p rr

CO CO rr

CO

m- f^ eo ^ oi to CM O

rr CM UO CM

b b

bullin O rr mi O

S 2 CM mi

Ol CO CO Ol Oi mi

Ol rr O r- rr CM

to 00 CO p eo oi

rr ogt to oi

co o tO CM uo co

O UO UO Ol CO CO

CM CO i CO mm to rr

O CM CM CO rraquo rr

m- ID ID Ol tm- rr

r co CO CM r- uo

mdash 03 co uo

ltN^ co to

CM eo rr C71 cb to

CM CD Ol CO

cb cd

CO CO co en

O ^ laquo CD

CM tn tn laquory f1- to r^ m oi ^r cb csi CJ

CO

O

uo mdash o laquo to trj

o (0 o Sm

a tx a e a 3

8 ai

CO

b

uo CO to

to cn rr

CD CO uo

r CO CO

OJ to CO

to r cb

CM

mdash r

-OJ

o o

CO CO

b

rr r~ r

o - w n bullv v tr z in uo in

m- CM J- CM ft CO Ol CM

6 6 5 5 cc cr a g m m 5 2


OIL N A M E B M R Pr Ph Bicad W Bicad T Bicad R Peak Area as read from crtromatogram- - bull

BRG-31

BRG-3V2

MBU-21

MBU-22

540 541

542 543

39705 4954 38810 5913

9241 4383 15273 4468

4916 6638 3968 7807

2851 4356 424 467

1964

3008

1980

297

Pr Ph Bicad W Bicad T

cigmg(ppt) saturates

Bicad FT PrPh PrnC17 Bicad W

Bicad T

BRG-31 540 2955 369 366 494 146 801 208 074

BRG-32 541 2023 308 207 407 157 656 277 051

MBU-21 542 855 405 264 403 183 211 070 065

MBU-22 543 1456 426 040 045 028 342 090 051

Pr Ph Bicad W Bicad T fiayrng(ppt) whole oil

Bicad R

BRG-31 BRG-32 MBU-21 MBU-22

540 541 542 543

2024 253 1289 196 609 289

11-27 330

2-51 132 188 031

338 259 287 034

100 100 130 022

CJ

CJ U

cu CU 4-gt X OJ E H 13 Lf)

CU H

fl

CM CO

Ol CM

W

0 c s c a o O

Ol CM

a

a a - a

a a m a

a o m

a

co o

CM a

o

CJ a

bull4-

52

CO

O

rr co

rgt O

rr co O 55 P

lt

rr m S CM laquo eo O

rr bulllt-w o lt CM rr laquobullgt o CO r-

lt CO

cr in

xs

CO ogt c

CO

o uo co

CO

uo co rgt-co --

o b CM

r--uo CO

CO rr

rf UO CM

CO CO

o rr

CO

oo

CO CM

r^ o

co o

CM

oi oo CD

CO Ol

-uo

b

r~ cri

CM uo

b

CO uo

b

cn

b

CM UO

O

mdash UO

b

o to

to o

mdash uo

b

o UO

CO uo

b

ra

bull JO

ra -Z

ra bull

a

UO

CO co

r-co co

CM

r

o uo

o uo

o uo

D r-

rr 2 CD

CU

2 lt Z -j

o

CO cu

-ca

uo

b

o rr uo

CO

6 cr CQ

CM

r-

rr uo

CM

CO

6 cr m

to uo

CM

5 CD

2

CM

r ^ CO

CO rr uo

CM

CM

5 CO

Z2

0 H

fl E-t

cr

8 O

bullO 2

a a u

bull 2 bullo 2 co ca u

bulla a o

Cm

V CM

8 Si

3 i

ogt a CM a

I deg I P TJ lt 9raquo = s

M CU fl X 0 E-t W

M0 1

M0

CO

CO

CM

u

CO t-lt CO

rr O F lt rr

co a

2 cr lt CO

rr

LU

2 laquoc

CO r-~ CM CM

O rr rf CO mdash -^ O CO CO CM

O UO r-raquo

o b o CO

o oi

o co rr

o b CO OJ

o uo CO CM

CO CO

CO

uo

CO CO CO

Oi CO

o CM uo

r~

zz T uo

r-raquo CD CM

CD

b

CO oi CD

r-

CO

co oi CO

CM CO CO

O CO b

o rr b

uo uo b

to uo b

to uo

uo CO CO

r-~ CO CO

CM

rgt-

rr r~ r-

o uo

CM

o uo

co uo r-

CO

mdash CM mdash CM

ro co C M o]

6 6 5 5 rx CC CD CD

a a Zgt 2gt

tc TJ

3 JO

a to r-

r-

3 8

rr V CO mi mi O co co

eo raquo- mdash

CU

T3 0 bullH x 0 fl s OJ laquoH Q 0 M 0) 4-) bullH M 4-gt

CO cu fl rd C bullH

T3 -C

sect rd U bullH

T3 pound bullH 0 CU rH X CU 4J bullP w in

cu XJ +J

4-1 0

fl 0 bullH 4-gt bullH CQ

0 bull W

-H S fl U 0 U w

gt1 d X3 fl rd V

cu w fl C-H 0 S

O X ) rH a M cu 6 0 CJ

rd 4J U cu 0 T3 M

0 -d H X gti-H EHX O

rgt

us CU H

fl EH

5 a

3 2

deg s

81

K

rr co r^ co

5 8 8 8

TJ

3 co r ltM co

laquo = -

- tcopy CO O

S8

Si

ugt rraquo CM a b - co CM CO m- CM m-

io r- co CM

S 8 8 8

j 8

-^ O O CO co co eo rJ to m co m-

fm n -m uj rr ui CO m- CM

si

re

e CO

laquo rr S m Ul

s lt z mdash1

6

Ol

o rr Ui

ft 6 cc Q

rraquo Ol m-

3 mi f~ rr eo CM

c oi eo o co ai

p o o O J to ui

r~- CM rr

8 rZ fc

O O o Ui Ui Ui

to CM

ui rJ

CM CO CM

6 5 -j rr co a co 2 2

r-TJ bull ca u m-

Y-

bulla

1 -3

=s TJ

laquo u -Q

CM 9

r raquo-CM 9 o 5

r~ a CM C (j a

o (0

co e CM c O a

o 10

CM C (j ra

_ CO

Co CM laquol co e CJ = mi

ft deg CJ X w bull bull c

laquo

bull

E amp

E

E a a

E St

E a

E Q

CO mi CO CO

rr ui Oi ugt

CO CM

rr

rr ui

CM

CO

8

CO

s

to

oi to -

Ui

ui 8

r

Ol CO co

R to

a oi CO

co UO CM

CO CO CM

CO

uo

CM m-

r ~

cn cb rr

to

CO

b Oi

Oi

9 a

rr

ui rr CM

CM b r--Ui

l^

b to

Ui rraquo rr

o pi Ui CM

_ ui r~ CO

CO

CM rJ o

eo

pound _ cb Ui

CM CM CO

CM

-j

CO CJ

rraquo K CO

rr copy 10

CM

Ol bull c CM c 5

amp o X

rr bull E a CO co laquo a X CJ J-

bull5S i CO g OL CM O co X O

8

rraquo

8

8 -

Ol rr b to Ol CM

O

d

mdash CM

cb ui co

s 6 rr CD

CM CO

6 pound

CM

5 CD 2

CM CM

5 rD 2

TABLE 68 THE TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC) ROCK EVAL DATA AND THE BULK COMPOSITION OF THE SOUTH SUMATRAN SHALESCOALS EXTRACT

PARAMETERS

WELL NO

DEPTH (m)

TOC ()

TMAX

SI

S2

S3

PI

HI

OI

EXT (g)

EOM (mg)

SUB SAMP (mg)

SATS (mg)

AROM (mg)

POLARS (mg)

RECOVERED()

SATS ()

mgHCg TOC

5383

BRG-3

680-690

41

421

044

477

264

008

11720

6486

159

423

423

30

22

213

626

71

1278

SAMPLE

5384

BRG-3

900-910

512

419

745

11950

2160

006

23340

4219

40

1728

533

22

17

228

501

41

76

NO

5385

BRG-3

2106-2110

37

433

086

461

205

016

12392

5511

133

505

505

96

63

182

675

190

4274

5386

BRG-3

2190-2194

269

446

1563

6295

185

020

23401

688

46

906

534

73

140

177

730

137

792

TABLE 69 THE COMPOSITION OF SATURATED HYDROCARBONS OF SOUTH SUMATRAN SHALESCOALS DETERMINED BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY ANALYSIS

PEAK AREA ugmg(ppt) SATURATES

SAMPLE NO SAMPLE NO 5383 5384 5385 5386 5383 5384 5385 5386

STD

C15

C16

C17

C18

C19

C20

C21

C22

C23

C24

C25

C26

C27

~ C28

C29

C30

C31

C32

C33

C34

C35

9508

8884

16193

20377

20819

19635

18721

18941

22648

26137

25794

27109

23992

23852

18571

22111

28539

21530

12838

11851

5194

3933

52922

26102

50353

56165

53925

45424

44586

61264

93581

129605

135150

196732

183559

122077

105479

111830

164898

86153

65890

56659

38060

26357

28921

52310

76123

83554

79422

74163

59798

50266

44658

38186

31169

28403

21046

19812

14505

16474

26571

15615

9352

9813

3582

2455

44535

56751

77943

85047

81012

75810

65728

66926

79592

91170

89727

98455

81651

73874

67934

58425

56599

45803

34292

29113

20892

13012

10

93

170

214

219

207

197

199

238

275

271

285

252

251

195

233

300

226

135

125

55

41

10

49

95

106

102

86

84

116

177

245

255

372

347

231

199

211

312

163

125

107

72

50

10

181

263

289

275

256

207

174

154

132

108

98

73

69

50

57

92

54

32

34

12

08

10

127

175

191

182

170

148

150

179

205

201

221

183

166

153

131

127

103

77

65

47

29

Table 610 South Sumatran coalsshales GC results isoprenoids

SAMPLE

5383

5384

5385

5386

NO WELL NO

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

DEPTH (m)

680-690

900-910

2106-2110

2190-2194

PRISTANE Peak area as chromatogram

22161

56820

125180

109549

PHYTANE read from

5771

12166

27403

21077

TABLE 611 SOUTH SUMATRAN COALSSHALES GC RESULTS ISOPRENOIDS ugmg Saturates

SPL WELL DEPTH PRIST PHYT PRPH PRnC17 SUM NO No (m) ratio ratio C15-C35

5383 BRG-3 680-90 233

5384 BRG-3 900-10 107

5385 BRG-3 2106-10 433

5386 BRG-3 2190-94 246

61

23

95

47

38

47

46

52

11

10

15

13

4241

3553

2710

3102

Table 71 Coal qualities of the Enim Area (after KOG 1987)

Hampie of area

Coil in-situ

Total MoistureJ

Ash (dry) SI

Sulphur (dry) X

VK (daft bull

luara Tiga flesar

280

65

039

500

Fixed Carbon (daf)X 500

CV gross KJkg

CV nett KJkg

Na0 in ash I 2

Coal as lined

Total Hoisture X

Ash (dry) X

Sulphur (dry) X

U (daf) X

Fired Carbon (daf]

CV gross KJkg

CV nett KJkg

ha 0 in ash X

203

189

27

253

124

038

499

X 501

193

179

21

Vest Banko

262

60

045

493

507

211

197

55

259

90

044

492

508

205

191

38

Banjarsari

387

59

021

532

468

161

146

25

382

64

021

531

469

158

143

20

North Suban Jerigi

412

66

020

525

475

156

140

16

398

134

020

523

477

147

132

15

Sooth Muara Tiga

257

117

034

499

501

194

180

37

252

159

032

486

504

185

172

28

Kungkilan

234

70

022

492

508

218

204

60

231

108

022

490

510

210

196

41

South Arahan

310

72

022

511

489

187

172

34

304

115

022

510

490

180

165

21

North Arahan

359

72

075

514

486

173

160

42

Central Banko

350

100

03

500

500

175

1601

60

South Banko

334

89

053

506

494

183

624

-

Bukit Kendi

200

29

017

507

493

238

224

-

Table 72 Coal qualities of the Muara Lakitan Area (after Shell 1978)

QUALITY PARAMETER

GROSS CV (DAF) KCALKG

TOTAL MOISTUHB (AL) X

VOLATILE MATTER (DAP) J

ASH (DRY) X

TOTAL SOLPHOR (DRY) X

H-2

PANGADANG (ION)

6720

42

53

5

02

N-4

BENAKAT

ON)

6720

45

54

7

02

Table 73 Coal qualities of the Langaran Area (after Shell 1978)

DUALITY PARAMETER

GROSS CV (DAP) KCALKG

TOTAL MOISTURE (AL) X

VOLATILE HATTER (DAF) X

ASH (DRY) X

TOTAL SULPHUR (DRY) X

N-2

PANGADANG Oil

6780

40

53

6

03

B-3

BENUANG (6K)

6690

43

54

5

02

N-4

BENAKAT (14MJ

6470

48

57

9

03

Table 74 Coal qualities of the Sigoyang Benuang Area (after Shell 1978)

H-2 H-3 H-4 QUALITY PARAMETER

PANGADANG PETAI BENUANG BENAKAT JELAWATAN LEMATANG UPPER LOWER (7-9M) (9M) (5M) (7-9M) (22-24H) (8M) (10-11M)

GROSS CV (DAF) KCALKG 6640 6680 6880 6530 6450 6530 6380

TOTAL MOISTURE (AR) X 42 35 35 - 48 53

VOLATILE MATTER (DAF) X 53 52 50 51 56 57 58

ASH (DRY) X 6 7 7 15 7 8 II

TOTAL SULPHUR (DRY) X 08 06 10 03 02 02 02

Table 75 Coal qualities of the Air Benakat Area (after

Shell 1978)

QUALITY PARAMETER


TOTAL MOISTURE (AR) X

VOLATILE MATTER (DAP) X

ASH (DRY) X


M-2

P A N G A D A N G

LOWER UPPER

(10-13M) (11-13M)

6780

42

56

8

05

6830

38

53

06

u CO JJ 4-1 rrj rfl CO

u lt X bullH

o mdash C3 ac

9 U PM

0J XJ 4J 4-1

0 n cu bullH

4-gt bullH H id

OO

Caa

H

H H (d CD 0X5 U M

Smdash

U3 bull

CD H

bull8 EH

CO mm

o CO

CO CO

o

Table 77 Sodium Oxide in Ash from the Muara Enim coals (after KOG 1987)

Area

Seal

North Arahan

Sooth Arahan

Sooth Mnara Tiga

Kungkilan

Banjarsari

Muara Tiga Besar-Iest

Muara Tiga Bern-Middle

Muara Tiga Besar-Niddle

Muara Tiga Besar-Sast

Air Lajra-North

Air Laya-South

Bukit Asai upgraded coals

Vest Banko-North

Vest Banko-South

Central Banko

Suban Jerigi (East l North)

Average for each seai

CCl + C2 BBl

69

37 bull 26 28 + 20

38 bull 2S 38 T 25

E4 43 4 32

181 138

43 4 18 33 4 2S

55 + 24 51 bull 34

75 4 71 72 + 26

47 i 33 50 bull 26

26 bull 12 27 t 07

05 4 03

10 t 01 08 4 02

53 + 21 65 r 27

43 + 24 75 bull 24

52 4 35 84 r 56

60 54

Sodiui oxide in ash Na 0 u

A2 Al

27 30

42 bull 37

33 4 54 32 4 20

78 + 26

31 76 + 30

42 bull 54 26 4 22

26 t 30 17 bull 15

46 f 35 50 4 48

63 + 51 80 T 92

33 4 10 25 bull 08

04 4 04 05 + 04

53 bull 26 31 + 17

64 r 48 30 4 09

58 t 33 83

45 42

(XI

Enii Jelawatan

25 + 23 11 4 98

17 bull 10 07 + 04

21 09

ft 0 4J 0

rd JJ 0J

rd

A a w

to

s

8 olaquo M bullP

a) to OJ

gjj

o OJ O XJrH 4J

a bullH

to OJ 0

0 10 a)

to ta 0)

2

m rd t

| OJ ta a

O H

X 4J

fl CD

MT1 H n ltdG 0 0

m 0

amp rd g p 3 CO

00

r-GJ H A id H

0) gt 0 p

1

0) fl bullH

E 4J to O

B OJ ft

sectbull OJ bull x-raquo

X 4Jr^ rd 00 g MH ltTt mdash OtH

3gt

CJ

mml bullJ a

î

ca w Lm W as u IM

mdash m u bull mdash laquobull a a 4gt C9

_ rt u

a a u ca

-^j u m- -V

ct bull bull a u u

-raquo a w bullj IM CL

US

3

laquod u k bull

^ 3 3

--raquo C n

_ laquoa

zHZ zm trade^

-a J M

-gt ltU

a

bullJ

u bullltmdashlt

bull a o

bull-bullt

- O laquoJ) trt

m m u an

o bull mmt

rtrt a-

CJ

OB

oo ltu a

-raquobulllaquo

u bull bullmdash1

-3 I--

- c3

--raquo an

j

9 0

mdashbull-bull

rtcJ 3ftf

bull ^

bullbull m

mdash mdash raquo bull

i CO

1

1

bullgt e mdash laquorraquo

emdash

laquoJ

(39

CM mdasha

Cd

ca

bull4 laquoa

bullmdash m t-m -mt

an

ca

i CO

i

i

- ltJ9 raquoltn

lto

CM cj

u CM

CO

c a -c

o -fed

bulls bulla

m-m-t

UI 4J wm

mjO

1 n

-bullgt 4

C=raquo

OO

u n CF1

i

-raquo CM

bull mdash raquo

aa OB

a laquod

-- - at bulla

ltu

rW

laquo bulla

ca

ca

u n

CN

1

CM ca urraquo

i

bull-laquo

laquoM

ca caa

bull bull bulla

caa

bull u

TWO

bullU OJ

ca

d -O =3 CO

-=i bull

a-i a ac

i CO

i

JO c o

1

wrgt

CJ

CO

CM -X

laquod

bull bullbulllaquo

bullmdash fd t_) laquod

=raquo 30

jt

a C O

CM

1 C=gt

1

rgt

laquoraquo

i

laquoQ) craquoraquo

CJ

ca

CM

ca

Hill -M a a ca tMC

1 C O

1

c-raquo e mdash

1 0 C M C M

CO

lt

CJ

ca

bull M

C3 laquod ~C3 -J kc mdashc

-- -3 a o a

Bmdash

u n

C3 CM

lt=gt elaquoo

-raquo

bull

raquo lt=gt bullraquo

bulllaquo

laquoM CJ

CJ

CM ca

ca

CM -S

o -Jmdash

bulld ca

bulld

raquo-bull --gt a ai

CJ

aa

i bullra

^ bullbullj

lt=raquo bull

i

o

un

laquo-raquo

CJ

CO

CM

O

a laquod uO

J

=1 o co

traquo

1 QO

un CM ltr-raquo

1

1

o

bullmdash

bullB

ca

-bull ltu

ca laquoa -O 3 CO

J_gt

CA bullE Q O

cmdash

I bull bull

m-f-raquo

OF

1

1

en

laquoraquo-raquo M l

CJ

CM

a

ca

CM

-laquolt

laquoCI

O bulld

CO

J Wl laquol

un

bullmdashM

CD bullbullraquobullbull

^ CO

cn

u n

CJ

ca

CM mdashc

o ltd

bulla u mdasho

-raquo tVrt a SB

1

lt=gt

bullbull C3 CSi

1

t

c=gt

ca

CJ

ea

CM mdashe

a o

0

ca bullu bull-bull

tlaquoj laquo3 amdash laquod ugt tU ltaa bulld laquodl

-vmdash

bulld

raquo--bull 3 3B4

VI V mdash

Table 79 Coal qualities of the Kabau Seam from the Bukit Kendi Area (after Shell 1 9 7 8 )

GROSS CV (DAF) ICALIG 8400-3850

[NHEREHT MOISTURE (AD) I lt 25

VOLATILE KATTER (DAF) X 270-345

ASH (DRY) X lt 4

TOTAL SULPHUR (DRY) 5 03-23

7I7RIMTE EEFLZC7AHCZ I 03-122

Table 81 The differences in calorific value among the three main maceral groups for four German coals determined by Kroger et al 1957 (after Bustin et al 1983)

SEAM VOLATILE

MATTER

(daf)

Vitrinite

CALORIFIC VALUE

calg (Btulb)

Liptinite Inertinite

3613 7925(14265) 8680(15625) 7841(14114)

Zollverein 3197 8109(14597) 8696(15652) 8038(14468)

Anna 2836 8343(15017) 8619(15514) 8343(15017)

Wilhelm 2350 8368(15062) 8360(15048) 8216(14788)

Volatile matter determined on vitrinite only

TABLE 82 COMPARISON OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION BETWEEN

LURGI SEMI COKES AND BUKIT ASAM SEMI-ANTHRACITE

COALS (AFTER TOBING 1980)

THE BUKIT ASAM THE BUKIT ASAM

CHARACTERISTICS LURGI SEMI COKES SEMI ANTHRACITIC

COALS

MOISTURE () 21-74 121

ASH () 67 - 169 041

FIXED CARBON () 698-807 5798

VOLATILE MATTER () 55-122 656

CALORIFIC VALUE (kcalkg) 6314 - 7395 6038

SULPHUR () - 025

- 114

709

8344

- 2334

8164

- 336

Table 91 Maceral composition and rank from MBU-2 samples

No SplNo Depth Form R max

(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

22917

22919

22920

22923

22926

22929

22933

22936

22938

22940

22941

22942

22944

40-45

170-75

250-55

495-500

705-10

975-80

1348-50

1644-46

1800-02

1878-80

1880-82

1887

1968-760

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

031 62 5 33 87 4 9

033 - - - 83 5 12

037 34 1 65 81 4 15

039 52 tr 48 84 7 9

040 92 2 6 56 12 32

042 83 2 15 - - -

047 70 30 tr - - -

057 99 tr 1 - - -

072 99 tr tr - - -

074 - - - 97 1 2

073 96 tr 4 97 1 2

087 - - - 97 1 2

082 99 tr tr - - -

Table 92 Maceral composition and rank from PMN-2 samples


(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

23676

23678

23681

23683

23684

23686

23688

23690

23691

23692

23693

23694

23695

23696

23697

23698

435-40

550-55

722-24

838-40

916-18

1128-30

1218-20

1488-90

1568-70

1660-62

1737-39

1812-14

1820-22

1866-68

1886-88

1920-22

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

030

036

036

037

036

038

039

047

047

048

050

056

054

054

057

058

82

79

84

85

76

71

73

98

92

86

88

86

96

43

83

5

5

3

1

2

5

tr

tr

tr

6

5

tr

2

tr

tr

13

16

13

14

22

24

27

2

8

8

7

14

2

57

17

87

80

81

88

91

8

8

2

3

4

5 -

12 -

17 -

9 -

5 ~

- -

- -

- -

- -

Table 93 Maceral composition and rank from GM-14 samples

No SplNo Depth Form Rvmax

(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

23271

23273

23274

23276

23277

23278

23280

23281

23282

23283

23284

200-

300-

330-

566-

758-

794-

1248-

1258-

1264-

1274-

1280-

-05

-05

-35

-68

-60

-96

-50

-60

-66

-76

-82

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

034 83 5 12

038 84 4 12 63 14 23 - - -

036 80 2 18 ------

041 80 2 18 ------

040 84 115 ------

042 88 2 10 ------

051 86 68 -------

049 85 3 12

053 --- ---81118

053 --- ---85 4 11

050 45 1 54 87 4 9

Table 94 Maceral composition and rank from KG-10 samples

No SplNo Depth Form R ma

(m)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

23560

23561

23562

23563

23565

23567

23568

23569

23570

23571

23572

456-61

544-46

602-04

736-40

838-40

1090-92

1248-50

1300-02

1430-32

1526-28

1566-68

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

TAF

TAF

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

30

32

35

45

44

46

41

50

51

44

54

DOM Coal ShCoal

V I L V I L V I L

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

71 10 19 84 3 17

- - - 8 3 4 13

64 2 34 72 7 21

- - - 7 4 5 21

74 5 21 - - - - - -

79 4 17 - - - - - -

65 9 26 - - - - - -

83 1 1 6 - - - - - -

94 1 5 - - - - - -

99 tr 1 72 7 22 - - -

95 4 1 - - - - - -

Table 95 Maceral composition and rank from KD-01 samples


(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

23536

23537

23539

23545

23547

23548

23550

23551

23552

23553

23557

535-

590-

715-

1165-

1270-

1325-

1558-

1642-

1726-

1746-

1802-

-40

-95

-20

-67

-72

-27

-60

-44

-28

-48

-04

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

GUF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

LAF

032 49 7 44 56 9 35 59 10 31

037 79 7 14

041 83 5 12

045 73 5 22 ------

052 79 15 6 ------

051 64 24 12 ------

052 61 31 8 ------

054 99 tr tr ------

057 99 tr tr ------

063 81 tr 19 91 1 8 - - -

061 99 tr tr ___-_-

Table 96 Maceral composition and rank from BRG-3 samples

No SplNo Depth Form R max DOM Coal ShCoal (m) V V I L V I L V I L

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

22950

22952

22953

22954

22955

22957

22958

22960

22962

22963

22964

22965

22967

22969

22970

22971

22972

22973

22974

22975

22976

22977

22978

610-20

720-30

800-10

900-10

1070-74

1206-10

1252-56

1402-06

1548-52

1654-58

1706-10

1710-14

1886-90

2042-46

2106-10

2150-54

2182-86

2190-94

2222-26

2238-42

2241

2254-58

2266-68

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

038

041

047

047

050

049

053

058

063

066

065

067

067

070

071

075

081

083

084

087

087

082

082

90

60

90

28

90

95

94

96

98

90

92

96

99

93

98

99

98

91

99

99

98

99

83

2

5

3

2

3

tr

3

2

tr

8

7

4

1

tr

2

1

2

2

tr

tr

2

tr

tr

8

35

7

70

7

5

3

2

2

2

1

tr

tr

7

tr

tr

tr

7

tr

tr

0

tr

17

92

70

96

79

89

87

97

98

96

99

48

73

1

17

1

10

2

3

1

tr

tr

1

3

7

7

13

3

11

9

10

2

2

4

tr

49

20

Table 97 Maceral

No SplNo Depth

(m)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

23584

23586

23588

23589

23590

23591

23594

23595

23596

23597

23599

23600

446-48

492-94

698-700

798-800

898-900

1000-02

1254-56

1296-98

1314-16

1336-38

1488-90

1518-20

composition and rank

Form R max DOM v

V I L

(mm f)

MEF 034 95 1 4

MEF 036 96 1 3

ABF 033 50 1 49

ABF 040 82 tr 18

GUF 040 60 tr 40

GUF 042 98 tr 2

TAF 056 90 1 9

TAF 050 98 tr 2

TAF 051 86 3 11

TAF 051 91 5 4

TAF 053 59 tr 41

TAF 057 72 tr 28

from TMT-3 samples

Coal ShCoal

V I L V I L

(mmf) (mmf)

81 3 16

84 3 13

88 210 - - -

69 10 21 - - -

96 1 3 - - -

74 tr 26 - - -

92 tr 8 - - -

Table 98 Maceral composition and rank from L5A-22 samples

No SplNo Depth Form Rvmax DOM Coal ShCoal

(m) VILVILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

23614

23615

23616

23617

23618

23619

23620

23621

23622

23623

23624

23625

23626

23628

23629

23630

23631

23632

130-35

430-35

628-30

748-50

848-50

952-54

1110-12

1274-76

1332-34

1778-80

1804-06

1816-18

1840-42

2008-10

2070-72

2168-70

2224-26

2272-74

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

036

038

038

039

041

049

052

053

053

066

068

076

077

079

078

081

082

081

56

72

87

72

85

80

89

98

87

90

49

97

90

62

68

22

91

1

4

1

5

10

18

11

1

tr

3

1

tr

1

10

tr

67

9

43

24

12

23

5

2

tr

1

13

7

50

3

9

28

32

11

tr

83

97

81

75

85

92

2

1

5

2

2

3

15

2

14

23

13

5

Table 99 Maceral composition and rank from BL-2 samples

No SplNo Depth Form R max DOM Coal ShCoal

m) VILVILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1 23286 798-800 ABF 044 64 16 20 - - - - - -

2 23287 902-904 GUF 048 67 20 13 ------

3 23288 1098-100 GUF 051 78 4 18 ------

4 23289 1198-200 GUF 053 91 1 8 ------

5 23291 1394-96 TAF 053 99 tr 1 ------

6 23293 1430-32 TAF 055 99 tr 1 ------

7 23294 1530-32 TAF 063 97 21 ------

8 23295 1576-78 TAF 065 --- ___9154

9 23296 1584-86 TAF 072 98 1 1 97 1 2 - - -

10 23297 1602-04 TAF 068 99 tr 1 96 1 3 - - -

11 23298 1606-08 TAF 072 99 tr 1 94 1 5 - - -

Table 910 Maceral composition and rank from BN-10 samples


(m) VILVILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

23166

23168

23169

23170

23172

23175

23177

23179

23181

23182

23185

23186

23187

23188

23189

23190

23191

23193

23195

200-

260-

320-

370-

500-

700-

810-

1150-

1355-

1654-

1866-

1910-

1984-

2048-

2112-

2180-

2268-

2396-

2452-

-05

-65

-25

-75

-05

-05

-15

-55

-60

-56

-68

-12

-86

-50

-14

-82

-70

-98

-54

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

LAF

032 86 6 8 84 3 13

030 80 tr 20 97 2 1

031 81 6 13 - - -

033 77 16 7 - - -

032 73 1 26 - - -

036 42 15 43 - - -

038 76 4 20 - - -

049 55 4 40 - - -

055 80 18 2 - - -

063 99 tr tr - - -

059 95 1 4 - - -

062 99 tr 1 92 2 6

066 - - - 89 1 10

074 - - - 93 2 5

083 96 tr 4 - - -

087 - - - 99 tr 1

086 99 tr 1 - - -

093 98 2 tr 98 2 tr

092 98 tr 2 - - -

PLATES 1-61

Plate 1 oil stain associated with cracks in vitrinite

Sample no 23628 Lahat Formation R max 079

field width = 041 mm in reflected white light

Plate 2 Thin layers of telovitrinite (TV) in claystone


field width =041 mm in reflected white light

Plate 3 Abundant pyrite in carbonate rocks Sample no

23620 Gumai Formation R max 052 field

width = 027 mm in reflected white light

Plate 4 Yellowish orange fluorescing bitumen (B) showing

desiccation cracks in shale Sample no 23694

Talang Akar Formation Rvmax 054 field width

= 029 mm in fluorescence mode

Plate 5 As Plate 4 but in reflected white light

Abundant detrovitrinite (DV) and some pyrite

minerals (Py) in shale

PLATE I PLATE 2

PLATE 3

PLATE 4 PLATE 5

Plate 6 Yellowish orange fluorescing bitumens (B) and

some exsudatinites (Ex) in shale Sample no

23595 Talang Akar Formation Rvmax 050

field width =015 mm fluorescence mode



minerals in shale

Plate 8 Bitumen (B) and exsudatinite (Ex) yellow

colour infilling vitrinite fissures Sample no


field width 023 mm fluorescence mode

Plate 9 As Plate 8 but in reflected white light Talang

Akar coal showing telovitrinite (TV) and

detrovitrinite (DV)

Plate 10 Abundant bitumen (B) and exsudatinite (Ex) yellow to orange infilling vitrinite fissures and sclerotinite (SC) cell wall Bright yellow fluorescing oil cuts (OC) indicating liquid hydrocarbon generation Sample no 23281 Talang Akar Formation Rvmax 049 field width 046 mm fluorescence mode

Plate 11 As Plate 10 but in reflected light Talang Akar

coal containing abundant detrovitrinite (DV)

sclerotinite (SC) and pyrite (Py)

PLATE 6 PLATE 7

PLATE 8 PLATE 9

mdash W

r A

2

raquo~ -bull- v D _ ^ ^ ^ P y ^ ^ f l

amp 4m

bullkferfw ^pound23

BHEIM^^^ 1 1 raquo well XflMHnOBFTV ^B

Bv SGrti gtraquo3idJBdB ftdB B|| _Z (9 SPgt (fl

arw -J 1 PLATE 10 PLATE II

Plate 12 Bright yellow fluorescing bitumen (B) and oil cut

(OC) infilling vitrinite fissures Sample no

23695 Talang Akar Formation R max 050

field width 046 mm in fluorescence mode

Plate 13 As Plate 12 but in reflected white light showing

detrovitrinite (DV) and mineral matter (MM)

Plate 14 Bright yellow fluorescing oil hazes (OH) expelled

from scelerotinite and dark yellow sporinite (S)

in the Talang Akar coal Sample no 23596

R max 051 field width 041 mm in fluorescence

mode


abundant detrovitrinite (DV) inertodetrinite

(It) and sclerotinite (SC)


from telovirinite cracks in the Talang Akar coal

Sample no 23596

mm in fluorescence mode

Rvmax 051 field width 027

Plate 17 As Plate 16 but in reflected white light mode

PLATE 13

DV

tradeî

-Tk - TV

PLATE 15

TV

PLATE 17

18 Greenish yellow to bright yellow fluorescing

fluorinite (FL) in the Muara Enim coal Sample

no 23702 Râx 035 field width 027 mm in

fluorescence mode


Plate 20 Bright orange fluorescing resinite (R) in the

Muara Enim coal Sample no 23273 R max 038 v

field width 027 mm in fuorescence mode


Plate 22 Some gelovitrinite texinite and semifusinite

macerals in the Muara Enim coal Sample no

23562

reflected white light mode

Rvmax 035 field width 027 mm in

Plate 23 Abundant fusinite and semifusinite and some

gelovitrinite macerals in the Muara Enim coal

Sample no 23613 Rymax 041 field width 041

in reflected white light mode

PLATE 18 PLATE 19

PLATE 20

ltrtV-

LTC

t ^gt

jm

^flflM

SF^jtL-flj

-^JT^MH

GV I^^Sjj

PLATE 22 PLATE 23

Plate 24 Abundant sclerotinite (SC) associated with

detrovitrinite (DV) maceral in the Muara Enim

coal Sample no 23678 Rvmax 036 field

width 027 mm in reflected white light mode

Plate 25 Abundant detrovitrinite (DV) associated with

sclerotinite (SC) inertodetrinite (It) macerals

Well-preserved mycorrhyzomes (RH) is present in

the Muara Enim coal Sample no 22927 Rvmax

031 field width 027 mm in reflected white

light mode

Plate 26 Bright yellow fluorescing bitumen (B) occurs in

the Talang Akar coal Sample no 23694 Rvmax

058 field width 046 mm in fluorescence mode


showing abundant detrovitrinite sclerotinite and

well-preserved mycorrhyzomes (RH)

Plate 28 Greenish yellow fluorescing resinite (R) occur in

the Muara Enim coal Sample no 23608 R max



showing texinite maceral

PLATE 24 PLATE 25

PLATE 26 PLATE 27

^mmW k _ W

h WFLraquoT M y ____ L

^ ^lt ^ ^ k ^ igtî bullflSSSSfl^SSii^^HK

bull

tgt bull bull

___

bull v^ trade

PLATE 28 PLATE 29





showing abundant detrovitrinite (DV) and pyrite

(PY)

Plate 32 Bright yellow fluorescing cutinite (C) occurs in

the clayshale of the Air Benakat Formation

Sample no 23545 R max 045 field width 027



Plate 34 Yellow fluorescing sporangium (Sp) occur in the

Muara Enim coal Sample no 23614 R max 036



PLATE 30 PLATE 31

PLATE 32 PLATE 33

PLATE 34 PLATE 35

Plate 36 Yellow fluorescing sporangium (Sp) occur in

claystone of the Muara Enim Formation Sample

no23614 R max 036 field width 027 mm in

fluorescence mode


showing some detrovitrinite and sclerotinite

Plate 38 Yellow fluorescing suberinite (Sub) occur in the




showing some gelovitrinite

Plate 40 Bright yellow fluorescing exudatinite(Ex) yellow

suberinite (Sub) and sporinite (Sp) in the Muara

Enim coal Sample no 23678 R max 036 field

width 046 mm in fluorescence mode


showing abundant detrovitrinite maceral

PLATE 36 PLATE 37

PLATE 38 PLATE 39

PLATE 40 PLATE 41

Plate 42 Yellow fluorescing bitumen and exudatinite occur

in the Muara Enim coal Sample no 23538 R max



showing abundant detrovitrinite (DV)

Plate 44 Greenish yellow fluorescing bitumen (B) and

orange fluorescing sporinite (S) in the Muara

Enim Formation Sample no 23539 Rvmax 041



showing abundant detrovitrinite (DV) and

inertodetrinite (It)

Plate 46 Greenish yellow fluorescing bitumen (B) in the




abundant detrovitrinite

PLATE 42 PLATE 43

PLATE 44 PLATE 45

PLATE 46 PLATE 47

Plate 48 Bright yellow fluorescing bitumen (B) showing

desiccation cracks in the Muara Enim Formation

Sample no


23543 R max 052 field width 027


showing telovitrinite (TV) and detrovitrinite

(DV)

Plate 50 Greenish yellow fluorescing bitumen (B) occurs in

the Muara Enim coal Some desiccation cracks are

present in the sample Sample no 23543 R max



showing some detrovitrinite (DV) and

telovitrinite (TV)

Plate 52 Greenish yellow fluorescing fluorinites (Fl)

occur in the Muara Enim coal Sample no 23704


mode



PLATE 48 PLATE 49

PLATE 50 PLATE 51

PLATE 52 PLATE 53

Plate 54 Thin layers of telovitrinite associated with

gelovitrinite in the Muara Enim coal Sample

no 23562 R max 035 field width 027 mm in


Plate 55 Telovitrinite in the Talang Akar coal Sample



Plate 56 Orange fluorescing bitumen (B) and bright

fluorescing orange oil hazes (OH) in the Talang

Akar Formation Sample no 23694 R max 054



Plate 58 Orange fluorescing resinite (R) in the Talang




Plate 60 Orange fluorescing bitumen in the Talang Akar

Formation Sample no 23694 R max 054 field




(DV)

-I -bullpound

-I bull

rr 2L SSftSR jpoundamp

-v (flV

- bull- v ir a bullflflBr

PLATE 54

PLATE 56

PLATE 58

APPENDIX 1

ELL MAKE KBU-2

traquolaquopr7 nooni pnoiiiTTnii a u n r j c ^ a r o ^ r n u daflluu uot ill LUMlniiuii t u U i u u w t L I I L U H

SO mi bull)ta1 fl laquoilaquo - ft bull vS j^rraquolaquolaquoraquolirriiii -j- Jhlaquo RfilRt

trrr M-i -i r-i laquobdquolaquo] IUI I -1U m-mlu j i m m j -bull - lm I

- -- u 11 j oi laquo j raquo U i U | ) W J J bull ~ f j

I 1 V( iUlkylaquo HlljUl isW UWU UUUii k ]

-niilaquoriiflt-raquonir- ir|iiilaquor 3 ^ JS T f1

M W- - b U U k W l iJUi1 i U U tlUUil C raquo gt3 yCli laquo3 W

GWiiiilUi3114 1bC JVlbkUlilUiVWW WUliWUil

Bfniri+imii M tr laquo gt rti r f fl L L p U U V l l L l U ^ | J W 1 1 W V U

LIU

nlaquol llaquoM iiiinriK ni f nraquoiii ft j b l i U r i c W V I I I A U U U I V U U H I I | ij 1

Tf A llrtI r-^ -I A I 1 lt-gt It bull rt -t 1 m fl n gt laquo laquo lt ft rt

wixurr -u uxiuT vuuiiiuu -ia uuw

it J J u

y t 11 tfiuvgtk(ili3i

iiUiJ iiw-iiD fiUarc Lift 13 yraquolaquoi laquolaquo vlaquolaquoif bi raquo-vrj u-if iraquo|

HiiiHiw nuûi) VoWtUICVli

ntft rgtlaquoiraquoiriiri(gtiifri ill WW J CHUliUjLUI11 |

1lTlrltti4rfrgttraquolaquoit-r g-nrtWlnifA 7i ftf i- 1 W W U U W Cri lill WW f JjJlUlVl-| J

nmiiirlii nnnwrtu laquon i fl i t- laquo hjl r U l U U t U ) ûuiitUiI LUdlllLUWI VliwLllL-i |

rr 1 rt ri bull raquolaquoilaquolaquo w k i frntlm TPT SB I raquo- 1 u ltbull t WUUlftUU rfitUUWil) glVWtiAi3U

fylaquo I 1 raquoM ( laquo 1(11 il ifUlip fgtraquoraquo1iri j C l i G w u j C n u ) jwttibw w f v x v w

22920 250-255 Kuara Snia 02 20 ClaystaaOsiltstaEC doa eoaaon r Mrr iT-rft bullIK lt T - T J

abundant VgtLI V=Sf L=5 1=4 sajor to abundant vitrinite oc w rt raquoraquo r n i bull rt bull iKiinrt^ri L J laquo laquo W laquo I A W L a w i viULV-w | nuuuuikUi -laquo wumuawu

- F - - r t C T t n i r - t T fi I rt T raquo ^ t w A n -r rt bull

iipicscrnicc Ciicraquo mm -^ji bullraquo rt n 1 A ^ rt i r i rt T A ff -gt A rt n

CGilnGu iwGrkiiLsW jwbdquoulaquo) W M laquo I I U U

bulliif ni-n laquolaquo 1 M r-laquo irsm v U W l U J L ^ W W11Uraquo hW ViLUUgW)

fluorinite bright ycilov suberinite yellow ts dull yellow sajor to abundant bituaen ijrecnisc

yellow to yellow eosacn oil euo

OTlftHW 7Ci0tft bulljli uiwwS W W P 7

rgtrraquoraquoraquortlaquo bulllaquoraquo f 1 uyimnuii y t i iw laquo

ltgt09i ocsnn u ctrade 313 25 Claystonc)5iltstonegtsardstone doa raquo bullII

eoaacn 7gtLgtI (7=52 L=49 I=r

eoai gtL[ (V=S4f L=9 raquo) sajor to aounoanc iitirijov traquogtlaquoraquou inerinite abundant liptodetrinite

yellow to orange abundant sporinite

eutinite yellow to dull yellow

eonaon i i u v m u v uttjui gtraquoraquoi

rare suberinite dull yellow

abundant bitumens jrcenish 7li-wi rgt kn laquo -laquo ft t i i IWiiUJiil b

laquo-Q Muara Snis 040 20 Sandstone)siltsteegtcaystone don onunrisnr Vl NT f y = a 1=5 1 = 2 UMUIIUUI1 U ) I Wlt 1 t-c| W W | 1 W gt j

U M NT ru-s i22 I U I - laquo L-VI1 |

r rifaS1 -ri ra- S3 TOT r i

U

-101 1 ifnniro IUI M i l W W

HOOK

fnlaquoinpic-B)roa RBrtlHltfi UW MINIUM JpUl f I llCl t H M W

i nrnrlarri nira I LfbWWW UI Ill UW

ye ilea to orange ccmrrscn to abundant sporinite cutimte yellow to dull orange ccaacn bitusen greenish yellow to yellow ccsson to sparse nvr ifa p J I I WW f

22929 975-930 Air Senakat 042 20 SandstcnegtsiItstcfsOcsrborrate des ahnnnanf fn Anmmnn W(T f V mdash32 tfUUIIUUIIU UW WWillHIWII ) gt - bull L bull J w i

L - i 3 i mdash t- u J u i i w u n u uw WWHIIHWII

rfafrnwifrinifabull enjrep tfl r3r9 UVWI Wf I VI IIIIUW U W U I W W WW I U I W

inorfnrtafrinifa erlarnf iitifa I nCi uuiiSli i 11 i ww j w w i wi w w i n i uw ]

eonifiieinifo ^niMinn 1 i nfnnafri ni fa 5 5 i i w w 1 ti 1 ww wummwii I I U W W U W U I i n i ww j

J W I U n uw w u i i m ( i w raquo w w u i w w

ennrinifa Mifinifa ^gtjl V a l l e y wwwi i n i w C ) w w u i n i u w j w w i i J W I i w n

rara etikar i n i fa nranna ^ftJiHnf I U I W W U W W I I II I UW f W I Uli 3 W WWMiHIWM

nvriffl pi i w w

22933 1348-1350 S u a a i 047 20 - Sha)8gtssndstcnegtsi1tstGn8y dca COSSSOR fn enarca T I fV-7f T-Oft WW JÎUI WW l l L I - I W ) l-uw

I -rgpol wifrinifa ahnnrJanf fn Lllil W lllil it l UW W WWII WWII U uw

rnmmnn inorfnriefrinifa bull$pound[ fn WWUIH1WH j llIWi U W W W U i I II I UW WWIIIIHWII WW

enarca linfinifa rqra amppound rora I UI W ]

nwrifa inilaquomnn u j i i uw WWUIIIIWII i

l^flê laquoCJ i eie fl ii M ltbullraquo i A pound7 1 Chalai~arhnnafacilfefnna n n M enarca L Z W W U I W 4 4 ~ W 4 W w W 2 l W W I IW WIIU I 5 WUl UWIIUUW W I 1 WWUWIlC WWIll WWW v-w

fn n r a llT tf-QO 1-1 T r f a r a ) UW I U I W l W 1 I - WlaquoJ j Ll | 1 I UI W j |

enarca nafrniifrinifa rara WWUt WW W W W I W f l U I 1 It 1 UW j I U I W

inerfnnafrinifa rara llpînifcp i iiwl U W M W U I I H I U W ) i u i w i i ( g i i n w w |

nronna tn iarU nrinna nnmnn nyrifa ui u n j u ww udi n ui uii^W] wwmiiiwii wji i uw bull

1000(1 1Qnrt-tOT3 Qafnraia 0 7J 1 rt I i waefnnoS e i 1 f efnna Anm enarca riaiifww i w w w i ww V u S w w i u j 2 w laquo w i W w t iiiwwuwiiw w i i W U K U I I W j ww HI wuwi w w f

WVT-I Q0 T-rara I -riral- enarca 1 - u v 1 ii W j il UI U ) L I Ul V UWUi WU

fn rara Haf rny i f r i ni fa bull rara WW I U I W U W UI W I UI I li I UW f I U I W

i narf nriaf r i ni fa bull enarca fn rara IllWtWWWWWI I II I UW j w w u f w w UW I U I W

1 i nf nWaf r i ni f a plari nranna rara i l u u w w w w i III i U W ) uui n wiuiigwj I U I W

nWwf nnl ant-f nn raquo ahunrianf fn gtraquolaquonr uiljuwuiuiinuuii | U U U I I U U H U ww wwuimWii

nuri fa UJ I I UW bull

ll-M 1 Q7Q_1Q0n J]nn Aliar fl TQ m Chg ] y ___ raquoSI)T (797 [ = 2 1 = 1 L L - tu I U I U i w w w l u l u n g riAui w i t w ww wtiuij w w w tj f u i (ltlaquo( | i 1m J f i

mt-inir fn ahiinHanf Hof rnwi f r i ni f a IIIUJUl UW U W U H W U I I U W W W I W 1 I U I i ll I UW |

ahnnHnf falnwifrinifa enarca U U U I I W U M W U W i W V f U l III I U W ] W U U I U W

nnrinalinifabull enarca fn rara UWI IJUI IIIIUUi W W U I W W UW I U I W

inertinite sparse sporinite dark orange to brown cosiaon pyrite

T)Qi1 IQflnlQQO 7] nn Kiir ft 71 1(1 Canrlct-nna S rr hnrtar-aniic e i 1 f crnno rlrjin

arinnrliinf tn nmmnn (MNT fU-OR I i WWMIIWIUIIU mil VWIHIMWII f - k I H l T

r o ) r n l oKiinrlsnr WVINT CJ-I - I U I W U U d l UUUIIUU1IW l U - bull ~

l tainr fcn aniinnanr bull bull I I H U J W I U W W W U H U U I I U

rinifo ~rmmnn nnrino 1 I ll I W W j - -i IMIllW i u W t 1 - v

en3rca r fare norf mif a- enarca W U U I W W U W I U I W I I I W I U I I I I U W j M U I o

iutcdstrini ta -^nnri p i f deg nranno m I 1 W W W W W W I 1 11 I W W bull W W W H I I U W | Wl U M raquojW U W

hrCWfi ahUTtinf n nnmpinn hifnman Wl W M ll U W U M U U H W U W W WUIIIIWIi U I U U III Wll i

wiiuniwn UIUIIJW uw ui uii^w UWIIIUIUII

Gil f[jrS Vfl Irtif ^ nri nnf or anna-W l l W U U W ) j w i i w n u U UI I K I I U W I U I I M W

onnnnanr nvri f a u u w n w u u u w jr i i u w bull

S33T Taians Akar gt 37 trade cwaiu mai MMM M-Q7 T- i-nlt w w i i u i u 11 j nhui u bull w i wu UHUIJF uwuij tiu v raquo j plusmn ltM L y j mainr fn annnHanf Aayenrnuifrinifabull

MU J Wl w U U U U I I U U I I U U W U I U t l U I I II I W W lt

annnrianf f al nu i f r i ni f a bull nmrnnn u t u u u u i i w u w i u t i u i in I U W w w m m w i i

nnrina]i n i f a laquo w w i i g w i i ii i u w

i norfnnafri ni raraquo ^nmmnn I IIWl U W W W UI III I U W ) wWMIUIWII

linfniafrinifo nranna fn n a r [ i I U U U U V U I I I H U W ) u i u i i g w u w U U I I X

na rca aveiinatini fa nr

ahnnrta nf Kifnmon up I 1nwi eh nranna ^n U U U I I U U I I U U l U W I H W U C l luff IUII W I U I I M W U W

nranna rrmmrr bull n enarca nil nnf e Wl Ull ltJW bull WWHIIHWII U W W W U l W W W l l W W U W j

1 nw bull nnmmnn nn art bullbull anrt nurifo u a i w mi nan 1 e III I II Wl U I w bull

iw bull nnmmnn mi arf bull arm ny r i 4n j W W I I I U I W I I uwui utw u n w u i i

110U LL u T T

bull-mi 1 w w w

Q7f1 I U 1 u

Taiann lL-ar i u i u u 3 n nui

fl 30 1C Cha t a Veannef nna c i 1 f ernna Anm W U 4 I U U l f U I W W U I I W W W W I I W W I I U W U W U W ) U W U I

enarca UM -T tf-00 - r a r a T-roral bull u u u i u w | I f raquo i - -i -t W T U i W f ii ui u | |

i n o r f i n i f a bull rara fn ârran linfinifa I 11 W W I i U W ) t U l W W W W U l I Wit t W W t i U W i

na ri ironfla w u i r ui uiijjWi

bull U U U ilftOO m-

u n n i u u

HO ful

FORMATION D

n r i i n w w a i j bulliu i - u i j j-V) u ~ y ( Jtujui

f-n umiBriinr i^rwritn f-tiniflaquo rtnnviiAinf m-mi o w u i i u a u u ww ui w T j wi m i uw a u u i t u u u u

(bullrllAlTlfTillllfn rt - rfl m rt -IrtW-t-tAlintr-rt

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nranna nnmmnn avnrJafinifa Krinhf W I U I 1 M W ) WWIIIIIIWII W A U U U U I I I I U W ) UI bull g I 1 u

nranna fn nranno ahnnrianf Kifnman J I m i j u mfm4 w I wt i g w U V t f l l U U I I W u I u UIIIW n i

hrinnf nranna fn nranna nnmmnn ui i g n u ui uii]w uu wi un gw WWIIIIIIWII

301 l07f_l07R T a i a n n A1 a r fl H T Tfl C W a i l w nna 1 bull (T M - A C l - H Ii]laquo bdquouu i w f iwiw I U I U I I ] IIUI U f u u uw U I I U I I u w u i i w i i - w u j w - i i ) I - T J

mainr fn ahtmHanf Hafrnvifrinifa IIIUJUl U W U U U I I U U H U U W U I W ( I U I III I lW|

ahnnWanf f a 1 nu i r r i n i f a bull mmmnn bull n U U U I I U U H U U W I U I I U I I I I I W W WWIIIIIIWII U W

e n a r c a inarfniarrinifa n n m m n n W p U w W IIIWI U W U W U I III I U W U UllllUW 11

n n m m n n e n n r i n i f a w w m m w n uuui i II i uw j

n r a n n a fn rlari nranna Wl u u g w U U u u i i- Wl u i i g w

rac i m fa I W W III I U W |

qifuman rinnf nranna bull n nranno- i uuitwn j wl g n u w t u u g w u u w i u n g w

^nmmnn nwrifa inartr7 ann naw WWIIIIIIWII ml j I u w i U W U I U 4 U I I U w l U f

Traquo i ntri 1 c

1-4C - ^ T - H bull bull laquo I - - W T t - bull I

nnmmnn nna 1 M-lt3 7 W W I I I H I W I I W W U I I I mdash U I i

a hiinrtanr

- bull ma nr Lr f I UJ Wl

ahnnrianf ennrinifa U U U H U U I I U uuui n n u u ]

TfHGP n n a r L nranna ahnnrianf wl u i i g w U U W U I IV UI w l i g w U U U H U U I I U

intnnafrinifo nranna yenn Aorv I I U U W U W U I I I I U W j UI U I I 1 U U W U U I II

nrannabull nnmmnn nnfinifo nranno-ui u II g u WWIIIIIIWII W U U I I I I U W ) w i u n g u

nnmmnn raeimfa A or if nranna-WWIIIIIIWII l W W I ll I U W ) W U I rv ui u u g u

ia i 1 nu f n nran Ij U I lUrl U U Wl Uli

nnmmnn nil mire hri nhf itx I 1 nu bull WWIIIIIIWII U I I u u u w j m-1 i g n u | u i i w n

nnmmnn nwr i f o WWIIIIIIWII U j I I u w bull

a m r vuo bull r_in

lil

CnDIlTTnil l U i H i n u u i

lie i K 1 ri in u u i i U J u u u u OijuuUuiiWwuai)

f-rmdash 11 x-uft r-iai raquolaquo I^-J l i laquo | li-lU | | WW ill ill Wl

(tf-lt3il 7-1 f -1 -7 1 bull ^hnnrU raquo U T ] 1 V ltj li 1 r i j CIUUIIUUII

iFBmn n bull ft i Ill 1 WW 1

iffniftftilaquoifft TTftllnri fn ft^rtwrfft-i l K U W U V u l l i l i U W ) W 1 1 U H wU ulCilijU j

ftnmwnw f- ft -raquo-n i n ft fraquoiihfliraquoi nifn null w w in ui v a WW J w U l O W j U i v i j i i u t U U H

if raquoR^fl nwltinrfft 4 U 111 1 WW ) WlCbllgW]

fiflflllfin TlflKHItfrt Ifil Ifirj ift ft ft TI ff w WUl 111 V 11 JVU1 LiUVVi) J m M 1 mi n WW UlUilfcl

riT4iraquotrraquoft hi f iifraquofli ri Ti laquo i n n nnllnti 3 WUl J W UJWU1HWU) pound 1 W W U 1 u 11 JLiiUHi

bull) 1 P P 1 UUVUl u h bullgt 7 u ft r i A

jiiuiij w w a i ( i bull i u j it i u - i u f uttju

uuuuuaii

U U l l U | w w u it u 11 - m

rftm i

wWiituuii iik^wuuwvx

bull A m rTft raquoraquo i j r w x i w w u u w i a i i f c w j

rr ft I ft M t- ft fturtnrfft-J v i i u w w w i U it pound w t

J U U L 1111 U W ltbull

i u l H l u C j J C A A W raquo raquo CCt-lllGu L i WW 1 ill J U

- M l J U J W i i U WUUlii

bull i rfkV

uuunuuuu uw uuuiiu i

TJK J U U J U T

10 nliTTirt-rtAftSnftgtiSpTrtftTftTftraquo wftift r

w u V11J J Uw UW ltbull WW 111 u U U U J U W U W laquo H U j U l

m^r-f -laquolaquo Cf-^ rp r zti bull (1WU U U U L L U U U U I t - J T ( I U ) U if T j 1

ulaquoraquo- laquo iv-il r-7 r =o11 bull riuuiiUUnu wucii i raquo u | i i | u bullraquo-bull)

bullimifti f ft ihiiRfinnr An t -nn tr i f f i n i r laquo bull mujuj ww uwuiiuuiiu j w u i w r i u i i i i i u w

rlniiiMF m nif n n A Traquonft J L l U l l u i v l l l b U i j u a i c w

I laquofiMi-Jfirigti laquoi fA wraquoraquo-ft I11 |Cir 1 f I U W 1 W U U W U 1 1 1 I 1 U W l U l W J w l L l U J l L l l laquo v |

I U U I l ^ 1IIU O W i

U W U I1UU11 m - W W W v 1 1 1 1 - W J W i i - W ^ w

It ft laquo - ft bull ftrMiBiir riRfnifn iflaquo laquorf laquo JiUiiijWj a u u i i w u u - tuoiiiiui-i w i uiipound w ww

U U I A U I U U 5 - 1 O f U U L J m v t l l l l w ]

rtraquoftntftlt ftftiiwriftni- bullbull i p I n lt f f t H G l U l l l t W duWllUuil U U U U I I V I I gjlWwUlJll

rift I 1ft |iiiu

IIKmTI ll K CUllr raquo Mf-71 T-f - 0 1 Ulaquojgtlaquo

bo aburdart -icr3vitriritc ahurdar r-rt^-irifwiwifrtt rt m m A n 1 ft I ftif i f f i bull 1 bull ft v C I u l H i U l l U U j WU1UIHW U J U i U I H I U I U I J U )

J W d L w W L U W II

11 j w J w t w v

I 1 U laquow w U W w bdquo bull raquo

1 11 n r i n 1 r a i r a a n i e h bullbull a j n u bull i i u w i t i i i u w j g i w w i i i w n w i i w n

fn enarca ennrintra Hf2^22 I Wi I I -U W III III W l i W W W p u I mi w U U U I l l t U W ]

nari nranno nnmmnn raoiniro nrar w u i i bull W l W i i g w w w III III W l l W W I H I W W ) W l u i

annnnanf nifnmon nroonien uo j nu U U U H U U I I U -i i u w i n W i i g l W w H I W I I u laquo

hrinnt wa]1nubull a nnnnanf n fJJInn

n i a u inn n u n r a m i n a r a i c w i u j uiiu p y i i u w H I I I I W I U I U I

bullim Air aenakac O U 31 ShaieJsaRCSMne abundant den CV=74 1=5 12) abundant detrcvitrimta ccTison i nertoaetri ni ts sclsrctmte annnrionr ennrinifa nrjnno n Horiz

UWWWWU WWW WW W W I JJ V ml WW

ww3w wwrniuwii WWW III IUW WWtJW

rnmntnn bull n enarca racinifa fl I ] fly Ouiiliiviiwti wfiw w w ww iuw wiiwit

i-nnirn Kirnman nrtriWf yailnu nnjimnn WWIW w u w t w wi u w w i w n w w w i w u

niri r a w i w w

S9Q-bull 092 Air Benakat 045 25 Shalesandstone major to abundant Anm fv=79 -4 L-7 saicr to

w Will ^ 1 - I W A bull J L N ( IllUyUI U U

W W W V W L n i l WUUWINWU

abundant detrovitrinite telovitrinite sparse i n a r r n n a r r i m r e - fra er- ] a r n f bull pi fa I I W I U W W W W W W I W W W W W W M I I I W W

e ami f tic bull n i f a ahnnrianf e n n r i n i f a w w i i i l i u w l u u w U U U I I U U H U U U U I M l i U W

n n r i n i f a n r a n n a r-n Aorir n r a n n a -U U U l H I U W W 1 U I I W W U W U U I l UI U H J U

snrl wt l l U

a h n n n a n r 1 i nf nriof r i ni f a y amp c S Q i u u n u u u u i I W U W W W U I I I I I U U J J w i i un uw

Air ir n r a n n a e n a r c a f 1 n n r i n i f a u u i n W I U H ^ W w u u i w w I I U U I M I I U W J

n r i n h f J O irtw ahnnrianf h i f n m a n u i i it u w i i w n ( U U U H U U I I U u i u w m w n j

n r a a n i c n a 1 1 nu rn ftrinlnf y o ] n w 3i S U I I I U I I j w u u t i uw U I I J I I U W I I W raquo

n n m m n n n w r i fa UWflJifVM W J 1 I U W bull

1

248-25G Air Benakat 04-1 31 Shaie)siltstone abundant dos (V=55 f-u i -OS 1 bull ahnnrianf riafrnuifrinifa-

t - w j U - U U j U U U H U U I I U U W U I W T I U I I I I U U |

nnmmnn rrari w w n u n W 1 1 I I I W I I

ennr i ni fa yaHnu f 2 nrSnGS SfcufluSiit w u w 1 I I I I U W J gt u i i w n u w w u 11 raquo w ] U U U H U U I I U

f n nnmmnn li nf nrtof r i n i f a ya] ] nu -n u w UWIIMIIWII I I U U W U U U I 1 11 1 uwgt| y w i i w n u u

nranna enarca fn rara nnfimfa narv w j U 1 I 3 W W J U U I W W UW I U I W W U U I I I I U W ] U U I II

ryronna ahnnrianf ni firman W 1 IJ 1 1 raquo W U U U H U U I I U U I U U U I W l l ]

ial 1 nu f n wal 1 nu bull nnmmnn 1 i w i i u n u w gt w i i w n ( W U I I I U I W H gt

wa11nubull nnmmnn nuri f a nu bull w ft

F w 1 1 w n uwmmwii w j 1 1 uw lt

H CA 11 C h a i a c i l f e m n a ahnnrianf W n m W-fl 3 U W W IW W I I U I W U I I U W U W I I W U U U I I U U H U U W U I I ~ W U J

r- 1 bull I - 1 R bull ahnnrianf Hafrnwifrinifa-1 l w I V | U U U I I U U H U U W U I W l I U I M I l u w

n n m m n n i nf n n o f r 1 n i f a wo l i n y fn nari laquo will III W 11 1 1 w w w w w laquo Ill I U W j U I lUfl U W U U I llaquo

n r a n n o -wi utigw

n n m m n n e n n r i n i f a n r a n n a fn w w Hi III W l l W W U l I I I I U W J U I U I I J J W U W

norif n r a n n o e n a r c a fn r a r a n n f 1 n 1 f a U U I I V w i U 1 1 - W W U U I W W W W I U I W W W W I H I U W ]

n r a n n o -Wl U H J W

ia 1 1 nu -J U I 1 u n |

ahnnrta nr 4 U U I I U U I I U

ahnnrianf U U U I I U U l l u

K i f n m a n n r a a n i e h U 1 U U I I I U I I ] 3 1 W U I I 1 W I I

ny r ifa l-raquo _ 1 1 U W 1

il 1fl -1 i J 3 r 11 m a i fl C 1 3 C h a l a n a r h n n a f a e i l f e f n n a ahnnrianf t laquo U I t U L U W UI U I W W I W U I I U I W lt W U I U U I I U U W W I I U U U W I I W U U U H U U I I U

fn nnmmnn rlnm M-Q4 T- 1 I -C1 bull U W W W U l III Wll W W U l I U T | 1 I | w U |

flihnnnanf riofrmifrinifa cnorcn U U U H U U I I U U W U I W l l W i l l i I U W ) W U U I W W

inarfnHafrinifa ahnnrianf fn nnmmnn I I I W I U W U W w l t l l l U W f U U U H U U I I U U W W w HI 111 W H

linfnriafrimfa enarca f n rara 1 I U U U U U U I i n i u U | w u u i w w w w i u i w

ennrinifa anri ^nfinifa r-ronna rara U U W I III 1 U U U I I U U U U I I I I U W ) w I w i I laquobull W I U I W

ii |or CoaDsftaisJsaiwSuCns abundant zz M-70 - T i -oo i

s - 0 Q T - r r a n a i U U | UI U U W j

1 1 bull m a i n r n i U J W

a nnnrianr U U U I I U U H U W W U l U

bullor rni1 laquobull r - n i r a bull

l i n raquo i f r i n i f Q bull I W I I U I I I I I U W

e n a r c a n o i n w i - w u i u w v

r r i n i f a bull

e n a r c a n e r f n n a f r i n i f a znnnnonT W W U l W W H I U I U W W W 11 III I U W U U U H U U I I U

^LihSfini^S nranno -n riari nranna-wuuwt n n v u | W I U H J W u u u m n W I U H - I W

hUPPPr n ^wtmnn 1 i nf nnarr i n i a U U U H U U I I U U U WWIIIIIIWII I l U U W W W w l I ll I U W t

n r a n n o w i w 11 wj i

n ria rit n r a n n o bull U U I l UI U I I H w

nrnun laquo ui un II

e n n r i n i f a Aorii n r a n n a r J W U I III I U U ) W U I f V W I U I I M W w U

fnWmnin r n enarca n i r nman nronna U W IIIIUW II w U W W U l U W U I U U I I I W H ) U l U I I J U l

i a n n Wor I U I I - n f u i on C h a l a N n a r n n n a f a ^ e a n n c f n n o a h n n r i a n f

W H U I w - W U I W W H U U W f W U I I W W U W I I W U U U I I U U H U

fn nmmnn nnm M- OK T mdash lt s -1 1 bull U W w W III til W 11 WWUl y l U laquo | - T j u - I i

ahnnrianf rn rnmmnn riaf rnwi r r i n i f a U U U H U U I I U U U WUIIIUIWH W W Wl W ( I UI I I I I U W ]

nnmmnn bull nart-nnof r i n i f a bull enarca U W III ill Wll IIIWI U W U W U I i i i l U W W U U I W W

eniarnrimfa rara eamifucinifa1 W U I W I W U I I I I U W f I U I W UUIIII I U U III I U U |

flwiunn linfnriarrinif WUHIHIUII I I U U W U W U I I II I I

i ni f o nranna n ui U 11 _bull w wgtw

h r n u n n n m m n n e n h o r i n i f a UI Willi WWIIIIIIWII W U W W i I II I u w

n r a n n o

Aorv i r a n n a r a r e e n n r i n i f a Wari wui- ui u n J U | i u i w w w w i I H I U W u u j n

nranno ahnnnanr h i f timan nrinnf U l U I I J U U U U I I U U H U U I U U I I I W H Wl j h u

nranna ahnnHanf nwrifa w I W H bull w U U U I I U U H U u j I I U W bull

upr r uiup irnni bull tiuu a u u u i

a (

bull m o s -r-jn iibdquobdquobdquobdquo r bdquo 1 n 01 - bull gt---bdquobdquobdquobdquobdquobdquobdquo bdquobdquobdquobdquobdquobdquobdquo ilaquoraquo

i-Prtnf 7rr M - I Q r-î --ti u i i i i U n u i - T V U - T 1 ~ j

bdquobdquoraquo bdquobdquobdquoi ifsrsr M-Q r mdash II

r-1| ^rlaquomnn -bdquo MT fir-Ks 1 y I vklHU1 lt~ W U i u L i raquo V U |

r-ir r - o gt u - y W J L-laquogt | j tiiUjUl

fifirwninrnmifri frtlrraquorrifniwii-raquo nbull rraquo ru n n a w u i w L W L J n i u w f u w i u i j u i x i i i u w r u u m i u i i

ifi riffi Tftmgtrti-init-ft i-gtftl-iraquoraquoftt-inirn a O J i l J U W f J W l - i l U J L 11 J U W | J U l v n J i U l U |

irsifft i infrtflftf laquo i r laquo L U 1 V L f i l J I t U U L l i i L U L U j

iiraquoftftrfft fraquo n i iraquon ft J L U l U j w J U t t l O W

1

i K 1 rf k f TTft I I ft (1

W l i Q l l W w u w - i

niir-t fnfuni nn rrrt I 1 ft rr V- ft -rnli w U U d f j u n n a u ) U i J U H V U lt W L i

gt ft fit m ft T 1 I ri f) raquo | I1 n ^ raquo IMTnl tfl w-uuuuwii o i u w i i u w u gt n u w j l i i i L i

rtiiftftîtiifft ft T ft n rl n raquoftraquon f i ii n n t n i r A J U U W L 11 J U W ) W L U U Q W L l l t l L J U W J Lili U W |

Tiro rcnnoc ubdquoftlaquoft bulllaquo n i OP ^ I fTrr M-7C r - u r = 71 -sain Umtmf I mtmiVU-IU 11U tt 1 1 U ll 1 raquo V M I U U u U r i plusmn j l U L - I U c f U - l i ) L - l ) i O C J U I

a W w i W raquo U l LliJ-Uw UUUllUfJtilU

ifl ifivi t-iti nif ngt ftftmffiAraquot f- ft i AII firaquo C U L U gt L U L L t i L U U W U Mill U u

r nn laquon ft raquoraquo f t n ftftfifraquoftft - n n i raquo i bull ft bull iiuuiniiin w w w bull- w sum w ii i raquo O l i i l u U ]

ft ft W fit ft laquo ft ftT ft Wfraquo ft

w W I U I B W ii w w o u a i w w

fluni rici M ffi rutMnfihuirfl ^ kii nfi i n f O W t U L L U O L I l L U W ) S U l L l U U l i a i r U i AUU I1UC111 l

UW WWikiiulI uUUWJLUiuW) UUIUULiiliaiii

n ft 1 ^ ft It ft 4 11 M TtftilftTlt ft ft f ft ft ft JwjLv U U U J L J W L J W W J W W IU ill W It

finfttilftlt-ft Kfl P 1 laquo I f fl Allf KlTrl mdash ft I 1 f J U U i t i U w j U i i U ^ i V U W f - U L U W ) W L A

i- - - bdquo r -f -t bull Akiminnr r i h-iBin n n raquo fl h r U W v i a i H j w U U U H U U I I U W L U U I l w H ) U L L 6 11 U

r- ^ J W W W W IUIU U L

I2lm)i ill- bullwu riuuia L u I 3 u t i oO w u i i - u L bull - - J U U U U I I U L

- ft l ft ft ft ft 1- bullraquo ft - ft ft t

l i U U U U U U u lt i w J bull

f ft ft u - f ft i T bull r ft bull

6 W L U bull L U L I U U U

J laquoJ 1 ml

M r- Tt -I ft i L w- L illi

ft ft TBrH fgt n

wwiuia w li

L U )

uw

L bdquo bullJm 1

t 1 I

- JIU

3 v i t r

i U U i n i d h l U U U L I l L W w j O U U W i L l l L u u ) j - ~ U

hft ft n ft r rf ft ftftfjrraquoftft nftnin-ft U W W l U l l g W wUiaiUUll ( W O L i l L U W f

JwCrluLUW) wiiuraquo wW UlUUijUt wWUlwW-

-1 lift traquoi r (ft KraquoifVgt(- Tftllft l-ft raquoMM L l U U l l l l l v U | U U l j I I U U l i u n U W J j i w ^ U L - w

rrft I lft(laquo ftftrtmftn frm Innifti ^ft J W i j U j W W I U 1 U W U J WL L U J Lll L U W |

bull nfiTtffi-irtf M laquo I ki bull Aftun-rtftTt -ft ft i bullbull ni ftft LllC L U W W W U L Lit A U W ( d u U U W U l l U U U W W l U l U W U

SlwulaCuj juiUUiJn J w i A u bullraquo ww jWi4wraquoraquo]

-ftmmftn ftTrnit-n ru 1 n 1 bull ft n in IM W 11 w j L ^ U W d l l U U L U U l

1 O r 1 A (gt i bull ft n n H laquo -m ^ C JP C i t - f ^ f t n n i f t i f t n n r f t w n

-si bull WWUIIUWII) l U L i_ W J U l U j 1 J J f

i t r r v T 1 -n0 r - n

ajcr ccai vgtL1 ^v-u u-ii U l U J U L -JW ( l U U I l u t t U U

aburiduuw ^ciovirriuLuCj ccsscn

LncrtodcwriuLtc sparse s c a L i u s i n i u C

_- rr n 1 1 ft 11 L ft n ft ft r rf ft w U L U W J W 4 J W W U U J L U I I Q W

miraquoifi nnf n j ft il wll L U W J W U U L 1 L U W 1

- )nnrnifa r a c i n i f o h r i n n f vaI nu I I U U I M I I U W ) w w i i i w w ui i - n u ui IUII

bull n niu 1 nail nu bull enarca c unor bull n i r 5 J w u u i i w 1 1 w n w u u i w w w u u w U U |

avctmafinifa to ) 1 nu - n An] ] o ] 1 nw lt WAWWUWU IIIIUW) J U I I U M ww W U I I w 1 w fl

3 nn nn a nf bullbull n -nmmnn hiriinon irinnf U U U I I U U H U U W W WlfflMVli U l l y U m U I I ) UI - bullbull u

Iolnu nwrifa nmmnn w 1 bull w n r uy 1 1 u u WWIIIIIIWII lt

C K _ r 7 ir 3anaiaf J C fl Cilfefnnaicannefnno ^ n m ahnnnanf - n bull bull bull w T U - U W l l U W U W H W W U I I U W U W n W ) W W III U U U I I U U H U w w

nnmmnn JM T - 7 1 i -00 T - Z -UWU I III Will 1 W 1 - laquo W W W ) L - W g

i-9 i n r m i j wi

1 n n r I n 1 f a a i n u I U W I I I I I U W ) I laquo I 1 u ll

1 ntndafr1m fa 1 U W U U W UI IIIIUW]

nronnabull Wl W 11 3 w

iallnu m -ol^nu n w r i f a jrwi iun - w 1 w 1 1 un lty w J l I U W

nr nnf wr i g u v

gt 3 C X 7 1 07fl_1070 iraquo 1 m a i fl 3 1C C i l f c f n n o S c h a i a S c a n n c f n n a nnm w W T I I U I W i ll | li J mi ill u i J v l l i u W I I U U U W I I W gt W H U I W W U H W U W W I I W ) WWUl

enarca MM f U - T Q 1C 5 bull W U U I W W ) l L W I ~ I W ) L - I W ] W U | |

nmmnn fn enarca wi fri nifa nnmmnn WWIIIIIIWII U W W U U I W W I I UI I I I I U W -J W Hi III W 1 I

ennrinifa W W W I I I I I U W

rocinifa 12 I W W I I 1 I U W ) w u

bullra 1 1 nw C iwfl

OOCIO O O R - ^ 0 7 pound n m a i fl raquo1 11 C h a l a S c i i f c r n n a N c a n n c f n n o n n m f w w bull W U 4 W W w i J U III ml I W i U I II U I I U I U ^ W I I U U U U I I W U U I I U U V U I J U ) U W U I

ahnnrianf fn nnmmnn WTI M-R4 U U U H U U I I U U W W WU1II1W II m 1 w ~ U T

7 0 ilt 1 - 1 0 ^ bull ahnnria nr rJafrmJirrinifo

i n a r f n n a r r i n i f a bull 1 II W 1 U U U W UI 1 II 1 U W j

r-if bull U U U

inifa n r a n n a 1 11 1 u w w 1 wi 1 3 w

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nMlaquonnlaquo nrnilnf raquoi n f A rtfl 1 i filaquo f A WWIlilMUU A A V U W U U u L All A U U ) J W A 1 W U U

ftwnntA firtriraquofln tiifi ni rn AHftWrtft W L UltS) U ) V W H H U I I U U V l i l l U V ) JLttliijW

r- rgt ft n n A TraquoAninifA A bull ft n A1 n t-ft A ft Traquo i J U J L J w L U W A U A U w ) U L U U Q W U W Jttia

Cn laquo A I bull _ Cftftnrfftt- fl 0 Q Ofl Ckft^ftnilr-ftrATAnftnrrraquot-Ar l -i

buwOwi ALT bCiukal J ww -u wuaiuf o n u S u w u w c uaiua vww 4A- MN-70 r-4 r-on IIM fn UUIIft l raquo - U | bull ) W - W T j lULhJUL w U

hgt laquort f i if wftfi f TraquoI n i f ft bull TPrtfnA f n U i U U U U U l l W U w u L U L U L A U l U W J f t t l J U U U

r gt r A A A f f raquo 1 A l f A laquo A A Mrs A A T A U W U W U L l l L A U W i - w nla u 11 U U

1 f ft ft 1 ft 11 ft A A 4 ft raquot i( 1 1 U U ) UlUlliVv W W JUL

ftTArini-lft pTftftUnn f i T laquo M raquo i f i ft bullraquo A yrt A bull ft U L U l i r i W ) G W U A w U J W U L A U A U W ) W L U11 g W U W

Aniftir ft bull ft rf A bull nniurm ft 11 f i ri i - ft ft Jraquo bullraquo n J lt UttlfY U L U l l f j U 3 WttA J U w U W 1111 W W ) ULUrilfjI

ft wi f h f Wl l f j I I U

riA 1 1 AM -gtTVftAA Ail Ait f rraquo ftTTfhf- U A A W raquo ) J J U A t a w U A l W U U J ) U l L l j i l W

lifil f i u A A rraquo m A n ^ T T H i-fl w L l U raquo WW1MIIIWU fJ t wlwlt

23S1 743-750 Air Benakat 023 25 Saridstoncgtsiltstsrcgtcarboratc aburaaat des (V-s [=1 L=I2j abundant ts CCKOI actrovitriritc f o rgt ft TftATlfftAAf

J U W U L A l l A U U WWlll IUW 11

liptodetrinite orange ta dark CutiuLwC) erarjCi

sporinite dark orange ccaso-r i-raquorn UrJiit 7rIai coisso

L v w u t w l j U k l f t n v ^ ^ J A W r wwuuwt

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2261S 948-350 Air 3enakat 0 35 SancatonOshalcsiitstGac abur des ltV= 72 r=5 L=33 sajor tc acuncanc iecrovicrinice spars

rora i narrnAar r i ni ra nnmmnn i u i w i n w l u w w w u i I I I I U V ) w w H i til w n

linfnrJofrinifa nranna rn Aorv I I U W W W W U l I I I I U w [ W I U H J W U W U U I A

nranna enarca racinifa nranna rara w i w 11 3 w w u u i w w i w d i n i u w ) W I U I I U W ) I U I W

nnfinifa anrJ ennrinifa nranna-U U U I I I I U W U U U W U U I I I I I U W ) W I i I bullgt w

nnmmnn fn enarca Kifnman hrinhf WWIIIIIIWII u w w u u i w w u i w u i i i w i i ) wi i 3 n w

ial 1 nu bull nnmmnn niri ra w i i w n uwiiiHiwn U j T l l u w i

01R10 QftO-QKi ri n m a i fl VQ 1K Cha 1 araquoarhnnafa ahnnrianf Anm M-QK U U U I U U U W U W f W U U I U I w T W I U U H U I W U U I U U I I U U U ) U U U I I U U H U U U U I I U U |

T-1 fl I -pound 1 mainr fn ahnnrianf A - I W j w - w i - W l U J U l U W U U U I I U U H U

rfaf rnwifrinifa nnmmnn U W U I W l I U I I I I I U W w U U I III W I I

inarfnnafriniifa enarca mirinifa-I IIWi U W U W U l III W W ) W U U I W W IIIWI I I I I U W )

nnmmnn 1infnHafrinifa nronna enarca WWHIIIWHI I I L j U U U W U I J I I I W W j w | u I I J W W U U I W W

fn rora ennrinifa nranna rara U U I U I W W U U I III I U W ) Wl ull 3 w T I U I W

nnfinifa nronna fn Airit nronna w u u i n i u w ) u i u 11 3 w u w W U I IV w i u 11 3 w

enarco hifnmon yollnw- nnmmnn w w u i u w w i uwiii wi i ) J u l i w n W W I I I H I W I I

ptur i ra u raquo i u w

22520 lltQ-1112 S li B a i n C0 P Chalanarhnnfaei]fefnno nnmmnn L w w I w I I I V I I I ( W W III U I U w i u w i i u i w w u l u w i i u u w w l l u w u w i i W ) WWIIIIIIWII

rlnm fV-flfl T- 1 0 I-01- nnmmnn W U U I I - U U ( i - i W j w - t - WWIIIIIIWII

rfaf rnui fri ni fa bull ahnnrianf rn nnmmnn W W U I W V I Ui (III W W ) U U U I I U U H U U W WUIIIIIIWII

narrnAarrini f a bull cnorea minrinifa IIIUI U U U U U l I I I I U W ) W U U I W W III I U I I I I I U W )

enarca Tinfnriafrinifo nranno r n Air it wwui w w I I U U W W W U I f n i w w j wi un 3 w uw wui n

nronnabull nnmmnn nuri fa wi uiigw WWUIHIWM MI I ww bull

2352 f 2 74mdash T 2 76 SStUraia Q C 3 ff f imaefnnoehalaeannefnna- enarca fn L W U w l l l_ I T I k l U U U U U t U J U W w w U W I ( I I W W U W I I W W I I U I W W U I I U W U W I I W ) W U U I W W u w

rora Anm U-flO T-M- l-franal-I U I W UWIII v raquo - W W ) A - I I | W - U I U W W I

enarca rn raro rlaf rmi f r i ni f a rara W U U I W W W W I U I W U W U I W l I U I M I I U W I U I W

i narf nrlaf r i ni f a bull frana rn harran lilWI U U U U U l I I I I W W U I U W W U W U U I I W I I

linfinifa nnmmnn nwrifa I I U U I II 1 U W WWIIIIIIWII U J I I U W i

22522 1232-1334- TalalS Ak2r 0 52 2 PirrrniraSecinriefrria jrlnnnanr rlnn bullgt mi v iraquo i w W L I w W T I U ( U H gt | flAUi W bull W W W l W U I U U I I U U U I U U I I U U U U I I W ) U U U H U U I I U UWIII

fl0fl T-1 1-11 ihiinrlonr w U j bull I W j U U U I I U U H U

rJof rnvi f r i ni f a bull enarco fn rara U U U I U l I U I I I I I U W ) W U U I W W U W I U I W

inarfnrlafrinifa enarca IIIWI U U U U U l I I I I U W W U U I W W

i nf nAar r i ni r a nranno fn Airit I I W U W U W U l I I I I U W ) Ul U I I J W U W W U l n

nrannabull nnmmnn nurifa Wi W I I J U UWUIIIIUH U J I I U W bull

22522 1773-1730 TalariS Akar 0 55 2 CrlaccgtrrlerraSrgtrrrriraquor0rAraquol h u w i v u i I i W I I U U I U I Ull 3 flhUI U t w U U U U H U I W U U I I W W U W I I W W U I U W I I U W W r - W W U I ]

nnmmnn rJnm f V 3 7 bull T-frano 1-111 w win nt w 11 w w u i i ~ w i A - W I U W W ) w - I u

enarca nnal V-QJ 7 -Q I - f G bull W U U I W W W W U I v I - w u l - ( - t W I W |

ahnnnanf riof rnwi f r i ni f a bull enarca U U U I I U U H U W W U l U l I U I I I I I U W ) W U U l w w

ffilfiVl tr Hi r r3rdeg -n harran U W I U I I U I I I I I W W ) I U I W U W W U I I Wll

i J9fT riiâTr i degi tQ bull enarca fn rara U l U I U U U U U l I I I I U W ) W U U I W W U W I U I W

1 1 nf PHpf T nfQ Airit nranna fn I I U U W W W U I I I I I U W ] U U I IV W I Ull 3 w U W

brnwn rar rpff^deg kmyn rara U I Wlfil I U l W i W U I II I U W | Ul Willi I U I W

^nnrinitP Aorit nranna rn hrnwn u p u i i 11 i u w T u u i ii w i u 11 3 w u w ui W I I I I

nnmmnn nuri fa W WlltlllWII Ujl | | U w I

22524 ia04-S05 Talang Akar 058 20 CoalgtShalegtcarsonate abundant caal fV-97 I- I1)- f-omwnn rlnn fU-Ofl

i r u j ) A i | m t i bull u u m in ult u u u i i - J u )

1-3 Ll71 bull SIT fn ahnnrianf A u u-iyj ma j w i uu wuwnwuii u

tslOVltrinira ahnnHanf u w i w f i Wi i i i i u w ) U U U H U U I I U

dfiuTCVi trifll a nnmmnn enlarnfinifa U W U I W l I U I I I I I U W UWIIIHIWH W W I W I W W I I I I W W )

sporinite dark orange ts drown sparse resinite orange to dark nranna nnmmnn r n enarca Wl u I I 3 W WWIIIIIIWII U W U U U I W W

I i nf nriaf r i n i f a nranno rn hrnun- I M U U U W U I I I I U W ) w i u i i g w u w u i w n i i

nnmmnn nu r i fa WWIIIIIIWII w I I U W I

22525 85-lS8 Talaris Akar 0 75 20 Caalsh3ls)nn-=- ir- laquoraquo m w v i w I W I W I W I W i u i ui i 3 n r u i w i w u u u u u i r U I I U l u u u i u u i i u u u i I I I U J U I u u u i

V-8 15 I mdash 1 A 1 - himrtnf Anm i w i j i U | w - i t U U U H U U I I U u u u i

M-^Q 7-1 l-Knl mainr fn ahnnrianf l l T U | i l | U ~ W W IIIUJUI U W U U U H U U I I U

riafrnwifrinifa anri folnyifrinifo-U W U I W l IUI I I I I U W UIIU U W I U I I U I I I I I U W ]

nnmmnn fn enarca i narf nriof ri ni f a anH W W III Ml Wll U W W U U I W W IIIWI U U U U U l llll U W UIIU

ra- enarca eamifneinifa W U I W I W U I I l l U W ) W U U I W W UWIII I I U W I II I U W j

en 1arnf i ni fa bull W W I W l U U U I I U W )

ahnnrianf linfnrlafrinifa nronna rn U U U I I U U H U I I M U W U W U I I I I I U W ) Wl U I I 3 W U W

hrnun nnmmnn racinifa rlarlr nranna ui w m i w uiiiiiiw 11 I W W I I I I U W u u i n w i u n 3 w

rn hrnun enarca ennrinifa anH u w u 1 u n 11 W U U I W W w p w i I I I I U W U H U

nnfinifa Airit nranna fn hrnwn U U U I ll I U W ) u u 1 n w 1 w 11 3 w u w ui wtin

22526 1S40-1S42 Talang Akar 017 25 ShaIegtcarhcnategtccaI)saRdstane nnmmnn Anm M-07 T-frana I -J 1 bull

WWIIIIIIWII UWIII i - j i A - U I U W W ) W - w i |

nnmmnn nnal (W-7C T-9 -)li)gt nnmmnn UWIIIHIWH U W U I gt I W - L W ~ W w I wWniuiW I I

Wafrnwifrinifa in rJnm nnmmnn U W U I U l IUI I I I I U W III W Will W UIIIIIIW II

falnwifrinifa in nnal enarna fn rara U W 1 W I I U I I U I U W 1 U W W U 1 ) W U U I W W U W I Ul w

inorfnriafrinifo raro en 1afnf i ni fabull I II Wgt I U U U U U l I I I I U W ) I W I W W W I W I W W I I I I U W

rnmmnn 1 i nf nHaf r i n i f a nranno rn riarlf W W III IUW I I l i p U W W W U I M i l U W i Wl till J W U W U U I ft

nranno enarco rn rara racinifa Hart wf U H J W w u u i w w u w i ui w i w w I H i u w f u u i n

nronna rn hrnun- raro ennrinifa Wart wi w 11 3 w u w w i w n 11 i u i w w w u i in i U U ) u u i raquo

9 9 ft-JO OflflQ-Oflin I a h a f n 7Q 01 ChalaVnnal ahnnnanf nnm Mân T1 L w W u W (WWW w w I w L U II U U W bull W L I U I I U I W W W W I ) U U U H U U I I U U U U I I U U j A l ]

I -Q ) bull mainr fn ahnnrianf nnal I I T ~ -J I UIUJ Wl U W U U U I I U U H U U U U I ) l W A

V-C1R T-0 1-111 mainr fn ahnnrtanf i lt - U w A U ) L ~ i W UIUJ Ul U W U U U I I U U H U

rlafrn wifrinifa nnmmnn fain wifrinifa U W U I W I I U I I I I I U W ) WWIIIIIIWII u w i w r i u i I I I I U W )

rara i narfinifa nnmmnn fn enarco I U I W IIIWI U l l l l U W ) WWIIIIIIWII u w w u u i w w

ennrinifa Air it nronria r n hrnun-w u w i I I I I U W ) w u i r w i w n 3 w u w u i w n i i )

nnmmnn fn onirca racinifa Airit UWIIIHIWH U W W U U I W W I W W I I I I U W ) Ulil II

nranna rara nnfinifa Harlf nranna-w i u 11 3 w I U I W U U U I I I I U W ) u u i ft w i u 11 3 w

nnmmnn linfnriafrinifp nf anna f n fjarif w wui ill wii i I u u w w w w i I M I U W ) w i u n 3 w U W U U l A

orange

22522 2070-2072 Lahat 078 22 Coalshale abundant coal (V=32 1=3 l-Cl ahnnrianf fn nnmmnn rtnm (U-fJ

L - w ) U U U I I U U I I w U W WWIIIUIWII u w m v I - w w

[-IP 1-001 ahnni-Janf Hafrnwifrinifabull 1 - l U W W W ) U U U l l w U H U U W U I W I I U I llll U W )

rnmmmnn f al mi i f r i ni f a bull enarca WWiiulllllWII U W I U I I U I llll U W ) W U U I W W

rnmmmnn f al mi i f r i ni f a bull enarca fn TSfS WWiiulllllWII U W I U I I U I III I U W ] W U U I W W U U I U I W

inorfnriafrinifo enarca enlarnfinifa-I l l C l U W W W U I I I I I U W ) W U U I W W W W I W I W U l l l l U W

rnmmnn ennrinifa Hark nranna WWIIIIIIWII w u w i I I I I W W W U I ft U l w n - w t

enarca nnfinifa Airit nranna enarca S p u l w w w U u I II I U W ) u u i I Ul U l l - w w p u i u w

racinifa Aort nranna fn hrnun I W W I I I I U W W U I M Wl W U I J W U W W I wrtn

abundant to corscn oil h3zes bright yellow

2158-2170 Lahat 081 23 Sh3le)carbanats)sandstcne sparse don MI-GO T-frflra l-TlM rnmmnn

[v-oa i-irace L-WW raquolaquoiraquoraquoraquo detrovitrinite rare inertinite enreci fn r_r_ bull jny222iampItS dark

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orange to brown rare sporinite dark

nra nna fn w i w 11 3 w w w

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rlafrn wifrinifa nnmmnn U W WlI U I I Ul I I I I U W ) WWIIIIIIWII

inarfnrJafrinifa raro linfnriafrinifo-IIIUI U U U U U l I I I I U W I U I W I I W U W W W U I I I I I U W ]

Airit nranna fn hrnun ahitnWanf U U I U Wl U I I 3 W U W Ul Willi) U U U I I U U H U

n u r i f a W I I u w bull

111 -llll n r fl Q1 10 m bull U I IU

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sparse inertodetrinite rare to barren liptinite abundant to ccmracn nwrifa UJ l l uwbull

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hi f TI n A r IT A I ntrinn f n A A n bull rraquolaquo rt nrri U A U U 111 w U J W ^ i W I L w l 1 raquo i - w w i l ] w W I A A O W

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nninrtfi rt n f bull n f A bull t T n n - A J U U L J W W l i U L i U C W j W l l t l l J U )

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f4irn riTMIIirtrl f-A wrt raquon 4AfraquoAUf-lrlt1 bullbullgt uwiil | O y C A L O U U W i-OAW U W I W I L W l L l l U U

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nimrifin inni TA W WlUUlW 11 -J J L A U W

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ennrinifa nSt2Q tO w2TK J L J W I I I I I U W J w i u n g w u w u u i raquo

enarca racinifa Airy Orsr W U U I W W I W W I I I I U W ) UUI I Ul Ull

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bull M raquo mainr bull n ahnnnar - i ] 2Jwi uw uuunwui

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rnmmnn fn narea WWIIIIIIWII UW WUUI WW

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rca rn rara ennr i ni _ a fory Qr_nna bull WW uw I U I W wwwi IIIIWW uui i WIUIIJJW

hrnun rara racinifa rja f j 3 r J ring w i w n n i u i w I W W I I I U W J laquo I w utjjw

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orange fluorinite grcenisn y

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cesser bituncn yci

Lte dull orange

S w

e i n a r i a n i r c a bull W I W W I I U W W U U I W W )

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a nu - n nranna i raquo w ) w i i w i u w ui u i i g w ]

f a nranna n mill I U W ) W I Ull - W U W U U I I

nranna snares roeinif a ennrinifa wi W i l j W W U U I W W I W W I I I I U W ) W U W I I I I I U W )

nranna f n nn 1 J nronna bull enarca W I U|l W U W W U I I wi U I I J W W U U I W W

Kifnman waMnwicb nranna ntrife u i u u m w i i ) v i I U I - I U I I W I U H ^ W ) u j i i u w

nor r i m fa

3t77 a 1 0 mdash -11 C i m a i ft 1Q -in Cha i aVcanWcfnnaS1imaefnne U w l f l W l u wllu U U I H U I U l W W W U W H U I W W U H U W W W I I W i l t l l l W W U W I I W ]

nnmmnn U M Ul-i WUIIIIIIWII ) 1 m i bull - ml bull

a hnnnanr fn nnmmnn u w Wll W U I U U W WWIIHIWJJ

r n m m n n liinrinifa UWIIIHIWH I 1 U W I i l i l w w

L - L W

r n f i nl W W W 1 raquo 1

al nu wiiwS

e n a r c a f n r a r a e n n r I n i f o W U U I W W U W I U I W W U W I I I I I W W )

H u l l n r a n n a r a c i n i W W I I Wl WliiJW] W W 1 1 i 1

r n o n a r e a n i bullbullnmon JW w W U I W W W 1 WUIIIUil |

A - T

fa nra nna U W ) Wl W I I J W

k n n r a n n a WW Ul Ull ww )

n r a n n a fn u 1 U I I J W u w

fa nranno nnmmnn u w ) wi u n w u ) wwiiiiiiwii

uo11nu w i i w laquo

bull n w r i f a

rnmmnn iifrimfa a hnnnanr bull n rnmmnnbull WWII I I I I W I I 1 1 Ul llll U W U U U I I U U H U U W UWIIIHIWH

i n o r r i n i f o I IIWI W i l l i u w bull

11170 L u I i w

i l C K _ 11 m a i ft IQ 1ft C h a 1 a i m o c f n n a H n m a h n n n a n f bulln I I W W w U ill U I U i T U U U U H U I W I I U I W W U W I I W ) UWIII U W W H U U H U u w

nnmmnn W T I-ZZ i-tf) T-Z) WWIIIIIIWII ) l W A I - W U ) W - T V ) A U ]

ahunia nt fn rnmmnn rnf i n i f a U U U I I U U H U U U W W IIIIUW II W U W I I I I U W ]

nranna nnmmnn i nr nrJof r i ni f a nranno wl W l l j w W W III HI Wll I I U U W W W U I I I I I U W ) - I w I i - W

rn iin 1 7 nranna enarca n raro w w U U I I Wl U l l - w | W W W U W U W I Ul w

ennrinifa Hull nranno enarca W U U I M M U W ) U U l i W I U H W J W ) W U U I W W

Plirnrinifo wollnu raro I I U U I I I I I U W ) w i i w laquo i u i w

nu wn )

f J C C l

nhwtnnlanifnn nraanieh a T 1 p i i u u p i u n n u u n -i w i n w n U I I

rtifuman wallnu- eiriarifa nnmmnn u i w u m w i i j u n w n j w i w w i u w wwiuiiiuii )

nwrifa nnmmnn wifrinifa nnmmnn w i i u w wuiiiiiiwn i i ui i n i u w WWIIIIIIWII

i no r r nn of rin i f a r nmmnn mi n rin i f a I IIWI U W W W U I I II I U W WWIIIIIIWII ) HI I Wl I II I U W

enorca W p U l U W I

pound C h a t a S r a r h n n a f a nnm e n a r c a m T W I I U I W t W U I U W H U U U ) UWIII W U U I W W

n - u

rara M T i U-flft -1 T - 4 Q l I U I W ) l W l - A I - W W ) W - W ) A - I U j

e P 3 r ^ Q Mnfnrlafrinifa nranna r n null U p U I W W i l p U W W W U I I I I I U W ) W I U 11 - U W W U U I I

fr3fno racinifa rinll nranna enarca bull U l l j w j I W W I I I I U W ) W U I I Wl Ulil-W W U U I W W

f ] lClr 1 T deg uallny enarca Kifnman 1 I U W I I I I I U W ) w 1 1 w n bull u u u i u C u i U U I I I W I I

tffi1Ott nara nil rnfc Kri nKf walInw-J W 1 1 w ft I U I W U l l W U U W ) Ul I W H U | W I 1 w n |

nwrifa rnmmnnbull wifrinifa rnmmnnbull U I I U W WWIIIIIIWII I | Ul I l| | U W wuiulllWli

nnmmnn inerfnrJafrimfa annl enarco uuui 111 w n IIIWI u u w w u t M I 1 uu u n w upui u u

mirrinifa III I W I I 11 I U U lt

23l32 554- 555 Sutwr2J3 023 29 limaernneSchlaSrrhnnta Anm raquo W - T w w w w w w w 1 m j -m mi mi j ^ mdash W l l l l W W U W I I W i w I I U l W f W U I U W I I U U W ) UWIII

rnmmnn tT M-GQ I -enarca U U III III W l l ) W W A l J W | UU U U I W W |

7-rara1 enarco nnfinifa nranna - 1 w 1 v j U p U I W W W U W I I I I U W ) w I u 1 1 laquoj w

rora ennrinira nronna enarca I U I W W W W ) I I I I U W ) W I U I I ^ W ) W U U I W W

ciHarira enarca nurifo wifrinifa U l U W l i u w U p U I W W u ) 1 w w f I U I I I I I U W

e n a r c a w u u i w w

in rora

nranno bull n null nrmna nwrifa JI w n - w ww w w i i ul U I I J U I w y lt ww

11101 11 a fu i a a A Ci lfernnocanrietnnariawcrnna nnm U I 1 wu uu i l W f W U H W W U W H W W IlijUUVIIW) UWlll

ahnnnanf n nnmmnn mainr wirnnira-iWWMWUIiW w W wmnlUII j nUJWI I I W I I I I I w w i

rara ennrinifa nirit nronna I U I W WUWI IIIIUW) WUI IV W I Ull JJW )

rn rnmmnn Kifnman ai Inuich nrmna bull uW WWIIIIIIWII u t u UMIW 11 j w IWII iwn ui uiiju-i

~nlaquoiraquonn rrnl WTM M-0H T-f) uw min wii w w u i ) I A W i u u j bull J

- ra ro i mainr fainwifrinira nnmmnn L -f Ul W UIUJ w I UW I W f I Wl Nl I U W WUIIIIIIWII

eiHanfa nwrifa J I U U I I U W ) (bull UWl

U W I W W _ T W ( LTWT fl 01 Canhcfnnaai lfcfnneNnarhnnafo rinm

WUIIUWUWIIW W I I w w uw n w WUI UWIIW WW ] UUUI

mainr IIUJ Wl

fl T M-GQ i -1 T-raral enarca iwA l - J U j laquobull- J A - I U I W J Wf-IUlWu

e n n r i m ra WWW I llll WW )

enarco Kifnman wai lnw uuui w w u i UUIIIWII j j w i i w n

nwrifa ahnnrianf Ujl IUW U U U H W U I I U l

A n m m n n WWIIIIIIWII

nrmna ui UII 3 w

COALS SOURCE ROCKS AND HYDROCARBONS

IN THE SOUTH PALEMBANG SUB-BASIN SOUTH SUMATRA

INDONESIA

A thesis submitted in (partial) fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

(HONS)

from

THE UNIVERSITY OF

WOLLONGONG

by

RUBIANTO INDRAYUDHA AMIER

(BSc AGP BANDUNG)

Department of Geology 1991

013657




other degree


TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF PLATES

PAGE


11 AIM OF THE STUDY

12 PREVIOUS STUDIES



15 MORPHOLOGY


21 TERMINOLOGY


221 Sampling


223 Microscopy



reflectance



1

2

3

4

7

8

10

10

14

14

15

15

15

17

18


SETTING


32 STRATIGRAPHY 21











SEQUENCES

41 INTRODUCTION 38




4221 DOM 41









51 INTRODUCTION 54










61 INTRODUCTION 85







analysis

626 Results 88



spectrometry




632 Results 96


SUB-BASIN

71 INTRODUCTION 100





74 COAL QUALITY 106


76 STRUCTURES 109

77 COAL RESERVES HI







Intercalations






81 INTRODUCTION 120

82 COMBUSTION 121

83 GASIFICATION 124



91 SUMMARY 128

911 Type 128

912 Rank 131



potential


92 CONCLUSIONS 137

REFERENCES 143






ABSTRACT





























carbons

























studied

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS






















numerous ways













study












during this study







appreciated




LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 21

Figure 22

Figure 23

Figure 24

Figure 31

Figure 32

Figure 33

Figure 41

Figure 42

Figure 43
































Figure 517

Figure 518

Figure 519

Figure 520

Figure 521

Figure 522

Figure 523

Figure 524












LIST OF TABLES

Table 11

Table 21

Table 22

Table 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 31

Table 32

Table 33

Table 51

Table 52

Table 53

Table 54

Table 55

Table 56

Table 57

Table 58

































Table 59

Table 610

Table 611

Table 71

Table 72

Table 73

Table 74

Table 75

Table 76

Table 77

Table 78

Table 79

Table 81

Table 82













CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
















Palembang Sub-basin









2


Sub-basin

11 AIM OF THE STUDY







this study is to









histories







âlembang 5ub-basin

12 PREVIOUS STUDIES












Sumatra (Fig11)















sq km


































(Anwar Suseno 1988)














6



Sumatra Basin













subbituminous coal











7























19596 m 1972 KD-1 18585 m 1976 BN-10 2565 m 1977



1633 m 1959 and BL-2 1675 m 1965

8




















and Lahat








9

protected by law








vehicles

15 MORPHOLOGY

















10

CHAPTER TWO


21 TERMINOLOGY























11











1982)

















12















seam





in Table 23








^3








2856-1986)




















14










221 SAMPLING






Formation
























223 MICROSCOPY








16











(Rvmax)

















17



inertinite




















mode

18






















2 (y x a)





bullgtbull n

CHAPTER THREE


31 REGIONAL GEOLOGY





















Coster 1974)


20




























21


- Jambi Sub-basin




32 STRATIGRAPHY




















22


























23




Jurassic age


















Cretaceous




24











(Pulunggono 1983)








1983)







25






Talang Akar Stage













stratigraphic age









2fi





Pulunggono 1983)





















sands








part




















28























some boreholes



29




limestone















environment







3n











Coster 1974)













divisions


31

the Hanging Coals























glauconite




32




Sumatra Basin












Miocene)










33

















sea-level changes









3 4




























connection to open

3 5

























36

























at this time


17










33

CHAPTER FOUR


41 INTRODUCTION














sequences









39







42 TYPE

421 LAHAT FORMATION






breccia






liptinite





40









liptodetrinite



















41














metre seams

4221 DOM










12



























i

43





fluorescence mode











some samples











44








424 GUMAI FORMATION






liptinite












45






















liptodetrinite




46



inertodetrinite



















contact alteration




47























similar





48











the coals f

















49












to 43)
















50




















vitrite and clarite






51













increasingly opaque















52




























53










1980)








61)

54

CHAPTER FIVE


51 INTRODUCTION























55

reflectance



























56







Daulay (1985)




















57












above trend















58




























59




























60




























61























heating

53 THERMAL HISTORY


62












number of authors















j 3



















the formula









64




























65



Makki 1981)













heat flow










following ratio


ee
























infilled

67



























68




























69




























70














Benson 1966)














71














petroleum














71



















shown below







73









below



















1

[see Table 515)


























07

75
























7 6




























77




formation












Method








is given by


73









nmax

TTI = s (dtn) (x)

nmin















79




























sn



























- 1

Ji










Pendopo area

















32

























33




























34












35

CHAPTER SIX


61 INTRODUCTION























86



62 OIL GEOCHEMISTRY















weights



87












the major peaks














88























626 RESULTS


^q












from 21 to 33





oils










90

54



























91




























92



























93




























94













Table 66















95






















described below

96












632 RESULTS










given in Table 611



37









mature





Lahat

Talang Akar

Baturaja

Gumai

Air Benakat

Muara Enim

17

03

02

05

05

05

to

to

to

to

to

to

85

80

15

115

17

527

436-441

425-450

425-450

400-440

gt430

gt430







98




























99
























100

CHAPTER SEVEN


71 INTRODUCTION






















101


























intrusions

102




























103
























104













high in rank







exceeds 12 metres







105


















Suban Jerigi area

7312 PENDOPO AREA







106
























area

107

74 COAL QUALITY


























10 8


Sodium in ash 18-8







75 ASH COMPOSITION








volcanic glass









109



procedures of ISO






content

76 STRUCTURES
















110




























Ill


77 COAL RESERVES


















50 metres depth






112
























71)

113

781 STRATIGRAPHY










intercalations

78121 Coal seams







129 metres thick



114





metres





















115













782 COAL QUALITY













116










marine conditions








Ash 16-58

Total sulphur 07-12

783 COAL RESERVES




117



Bituminous

Sub-bituminous

lLow Volatile

2Medium Volatile


lSub-bituminous A

2Sub-bituminous B

15000000

30000000

66000000




54 million tonnes









118
















in Table 79



metres depth







119



























structural setting

120

CHAPTER EIGHT

COAL UTILIZATION

81 INTRODUCTION







foundries








process of interest








121






82 COMBUSTION








properties












bituminous rank

122








fuel plant




















123




























124







deposits








83 GASIFICATION











125















84 CARBONISATION











126




























127



Sumatra Basin

128

CHAPTER NINE


91 SUMMARY

911 TYPE










Table 91


C o a l V I L

()

(mm f )

D O M V I L

()

(mm f)


86 87

81

4 3

10 10

13

84 2 90 3 97 tr 63 22 78 3 65 3

14 7 3 15 19 32





129




























130




























131
















912 RANK










-oo
















oil generation









913 THERMAL HISTORY


133












plate














134


the present study


























135

zone







area




















136

Formation




traps














metres







137















use

92 CONCLUSIONS










138











the basin

















139












Enim Formation















140


Formations






coals in rank




















141








plants




















142





organic matter












prospective region

142(a)

REFERENCES












143













144











145













146














147













148












149














150













151












1 CO J mm











153













154














155












156














157














158













159












160














161














AREAS

NORTHERN PROSPECTS




TK TALANG AKAR






TOTAL


400



I 10

I 50

250



mdash 10degN

GULF OF THAILAND

SOUTH CHINA SEA

SINGAPORE

KALIMANTAN

INDIAN OCEAN


STUDY AREA

LOCATION MAP SCALE

200 10Oraquoi

10degS



400

3 30

M euro)

c c o

2 = laquo = S

55SS - O OOQ if O

4laquo00

a

fl Di 4J fl bullH n




ta oi

fl fl 3 it) D H




o o

o m in

O

ca 0) H 0

TJ X C rO

i

CU u 0 -Q

CO W lt

JJ bullH M fl


m 4J co

CU X

id o U rH 0

JO H -bullH

w o w 0


H id


id x cu u u ro cu




U ca ca

m

CU

bullH Cu


IMPREGNATION

I c o tS

mdash I

u 03

gt LU

05

lt

bullJi

cr

ACUATION

a F a c lto ltB

c a i

O pound zz 3 O


bullraquo SETTING

a cn

t

GRINDING


PAPER PAPER PAPER


lt

POLISHING Water

Prooat


SELVYT CLOTH


SELVYT CLOTH

JtUM I



I i Washed in



Figure 21


EXAMINATION


A

c o

a o

c a cr

co

E cr

o s lt r-LU

2

X CO CO LU

z LU

c lt


gt ra o w

o ~ re

= sect E 0 = 0

dC

pound

c o _

2 a raquo o 0 s x

o a _ 01 c


c a a -

bullD

w C w laquo


St deg 3

E =

c _o re u o


dego- ~ =

K

tgt

0 19

u 0 C m

gtlaquo O

0 c

0 ~

2 =bull

bulllaquo

e

o 2 0 u -

c pound ~ D gt

M

0

laquo 3 0

i^^7___

~ ~

K lt ^ gt

o 0 d u lt lt J do


= r deg 0 u lt- 5-

(1 p - ^^

S|f 0


lt

0 5^ _l

mdash ^ z ^


01

c 0 V

(0 bull ~


1 gt

S

_

_re a OJ 01

ro ~

UJ

0 lt r-V)

CJ

ro CJ

mdash u

m 5 ltu 0

-c S 01 Ol





D un 0 CO




0 H


0 XJ E u in


bull D C

0 U

3 W a lt o

E n

C c E _ B 13

s laquo

B rs

Ll 3 CT bullH LU

01

a

u 0 in

ro gt gt ro cu

gt irt

a 0

c 0 ai ~

gt

J2 0

Si

0

ta C ta



Q

6

I

0- 5

SPARSE

20

ABUNDANT

10

COMMON

10

MAJOR



ta O O mm) OOmmmm O

i Agt _

bull m m amp A Cl

A A J L _





TERTIARY SUBOUCTrON

PRESENT SUBOUCTrON

PATERWOSTER FAULT



fTTfflzon A


Zoo 0

Zona pound

gratilt

Kl L0METRE3

KRAKATAU



LAHAT FORMATION

N = 15

DOM 009-1699(Av= 850) by vol

COAL 2 - 34 (AV = 18 ) by vol

Vol bull40

COAL

-30

20

COAL

10

DOM

Total Abundance

Average Abundance



N = 48

DOM 182^3791 (Av= 1363) by vol



Vol

J lt ^r r r

yy bull


V

^^ta^ ^ v

V 1

SHALY COAL

Total Abundance

Average Abundance

Inartinite





VoL

-a

2

_l

0

OOM

Total Abundance

Average Abundance

i Vltrfntte

Inertinite

Liptinite


GUMAI FORMATION

N = 24

DOM 005- 733 (Av=l8 7)by vol

VOl

mdash4

-3

_2

1

0

DOM

DOM



l--y--l Liptinite

Average Atmcullt



N = 24

DOM 015-1544 (Av = 366 ) by vol

voi

15

10

DOM-

-5

3 =3

DOM

[ j Totol Abundance

Average Abundance

j Vi trin ita

Inertini te

Liptinite



DOM 18 7-798 fAv= 437) by vol

COAL 356-100 (Av = 66) by vol

voi rrA I0O C 0 A L

_ 30

DOM

Total Abundance

Average Abundance

COAL



MBU- 2 TD s 2200 m

01 02 03 04 OJ 06 07 08 09



PMN-2 TD = 1959 6m

01 02 03 04 03 06 07



r

mdash 500

fi

E

a Q

mdash 1000

GM- 14 TD= 1398 m


u u 2

318

bull84

lt

li

3 O

I0raquo4

nee

iteo

llaquo4laquo_

BRF

TAF

LAF

6M

01 02 03 04 a3 OJS 07



KG-10 TD-I575 8 m

167

U lt it

rao

u UJ

2

12TB

1447

1817

U

ltB

lt

6UF

BRF

TAF



KD- 0|

TD raquo 18585 m

Sloo

pound c

a copy

a

mdash 1000

mdash 1500

LL

468

946

i sea-

1872

ielaquo7

n

u UJ

2

LL 3

BRF

TAF

B M

01 02 05 04 OJ 06 OJ 06



BRG-3 TD 2300 m - o

900

1mdash

o E

Q

a

1000

1900

mdash 20O0

Sraquo4

lt

1221

18 81

U

Ik

a lt

2 0 64 20 64

|0 280

u

3

O

JPOE-

TAF

LAF



TMT-3 TD-1633 m

300

c r pound

a o

a 1000

t 1500

310

U UJ

2

laquow-

u

as

lt

Urn 3 laquo9

1164


Oi 3 3 0-5 tt4 UJ 06 CL7 Qd


bull3W


L-5A 22 TD 2237 m

a

rmdash 500

1000

mdash 1500

2000

828

u LU

2

964

U

a

lt

LL

3 (3

1290 1312 3RF_

LL

lt

1900

U lt -I

SM

01 02 03 04 03 06 OJ 03 09



BL-2 TD= 1675 m

500

mdash 1000

bullpound -a o _

a mdash 1300

8(2 bull

03

1323

LSraquo6

U

3

8RF

u lt

01 as as o^ as o6 07 oa 09



L_

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1207

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aa

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2 427

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9

DOC

LAF

01 02 03 04 03 06 07 08 09 10 II



I UJ

u (_gt()

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a id JJ


M

5 I

o o JJ ta

o flJ rd

m o

Ll 0 DO bullH

Ol

c bullH

sect

M (d

I CQ 10 0 2 O O



CN

LO

OJ

bullH bull4

S 3 M 1 3 W N Hid3Q

Depth (in metres)

U~

1000-

2000

i rs _

3000 i

bull

0 MEF

0 ABF

+ GUF

bull BRF

bull TAF

bull LAF

00 02

ScQ bull 5e o+ JL

OOOB _

m o+ o +

0 amp + gt o



a a

a

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04 06 08 1

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Syn-tec

coalifj

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in

u 3 M Ex



CO rd

fi w 0 bullH

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o

cu JJ bull

T3 ^3 C cn 03 r-l


H-H rO 05 0 E- U

0


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J3 H H 0

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a

200-

100

0-001

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1051 oe

35 30 IS 20 IS 10

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07 OJBJ OJ I US i h

(asi 06 071 a s

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001 002

Z-SCALE



s I bull e e -

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v

bullI

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it

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I

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m (D

8 o

o o

o o


o o o o

T3 CD J-gt (0

CD

a CD

co 0) bullH

gti

JS-O o (0 bullH CD

CD X EH

ca C 0

0 H

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u

CD gt bullH 4J (0

u bullH

gti fl

CU -H

CO

bull LD

CD to

bullH



fl

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CD JJ

MmdashI 0



U S fl

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s J5 JJ

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c 0

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c CD 0) 0 JJ

CO fl CD

CD 01

O JJ

0 JJ Ll

CD O l C

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N


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6

A

mdash

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c o o o c copy

mdash fm JmZ

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c 1

i

o =

1 copy

t mdash 1 J=

1 oraquo

o

lt o

c deg o copy CVO

1 sect

X

CO o

V

c

o amdash

sz ogt

mdash o gtgt X

bull

to

a gts

to

o 9

V

copy

copy

a O

oraquo c

c o 3

3 cn

4


IlNI

T

TINI

SINI

RINI

or J K gt

u o

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0

M 0 J-i

d

c d

fl 0

a-d fl 2 0


u CD JJ

CD d


o JQ

U rO CJ 0 M d

cn i-H

bull raquo

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CD H

bullH

CJ iw ro

co bullgtmdash

u 0

M CD JJ JJ

CD fO


U 0 ~ 4-1 CN

H CO CD (0 cn

bullH rH JJ -


JJ rO co C

VERY GOOD

GOOD

FAIR

POOR

Q O

0 Muara Enim Fat



| i I l i l l

50 KXgt ISO i

02 i - i i i i

OS 10





tfl fl 0 bullH

0 A JJ


JJ (0

| CO


CD X 4J M 0 m H 0

s E

bull rd

bull

ta CD

R O M M fl JJ Q)H

5W 0 e


ltD -P U M rd

sect a


rd

rd


fl iH Smgtd

0 0 CD A OJ

S JJ I c -H 4J

pound 0


JJ JJ rd 0

amp 0 JJ tfl H

JJ=


rd 0 u

M ft ft rd

fl 0 bullH

ta 0 M Q)

laquo 0 fl 0 0 0

fl CnM

ro CN

m CD U

g bullH 04

(IW Hidaa

CD 0 JJ U

LU 2 t-

LU 7 LU

O o o -1

o 1

bullH CJ JJ CD

ro w U 4J

fl bullH CO


4-1 0


CD T3 CD


ro IM CD ft 0

9 gt ro

bull CO CD M

X JJ

0 C J


0 JJ

o CD H

CD


i

CN 1

LT)

22 S rn gt0 CN


gti H CD

ft CO JJ gs 3

rd

CO JJ to lt

$ rO CD U


ro H 0 ft 0

rfl s jtaj CD


0 CD


c 0 bullH CO 0 M CD

CD

01 C

CD JJ CD A M JJ

S bullH

M 0

CU 4-1

fl

CD U 0



54 0 5 41

N-ALKANES

AROMATIC

POLARS

542 54 3


g d 0 ltu u JJ 4-1

CO C 0

a

rd

S

bull CD fl

CD gt bullH

rd JJ JJ rd gtiH


M d rO 0 0 u V

CO CD fl

gti ro


4-1

H ro i c

CD M

bull bull

X bull bull

1

CO CD C rO fl bullH

CU H T3

bull bull


cd


rd U bullH CQ

bull laquo

-rO laquo

M Jjd Cw H

bull bull

M

N

rO EH


CO OM

CO poundj (3

id CD ft


U


0 pound

M

3 M pound X CJ

gt

M


fl rd

bullH JJ

w VJ H CD

rO X U JJ

M bullH CD

0

rd fl u CD JJ fl


CN bull

ltD

o u

s bullH L

CD H

0 JJ

VJ CD 4-1

0) CD ft C g (0 CO

H H 0

bullH -d M

H

bull laquo 0 in

u u fd rH 1

bull bull W H

bull


bullH H













0 to H JJ CD




o

o LO

o

51 LU

o ro


rd

ftd 0 fl

D ri

o rgt

o bullto

CD LO



W -H r_z bull 0


n m

i mdash i

ri

i mdash i



0 to H JJ CD





RI

RI

IK

es

cc

48

a

i

IK

68

U

lte

8

C27

370mdashgtI9I

w


C28

384-HraquoI9I


K

a

raquo

a

i

186

88

C8

lte

laquo

8


C33 454mdash7191

IS 16

1314


17 ie


TIME (HOUR)

v^^^K^^^J^^Jiî^

20




cc r-Z o z X

z II

X

-raquo X eS_ CO

-t-

X

GO

LU Z lt z lt LU -1

o (1

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UJ

z lt T

Q lt O


lt3 II

iS

LU 7 lt 7

O lt o CD

O IO O


r-

LU Z lt

z 5 u m o to

o II

i-

o

ID

z lt

z o lt

()

m u 2 o X II

cc

LU

z lt

z lt n CD

o o

II

K

bull

LU Z lt 0 o X

cC

II

laquo--laquo

to 0) 0 JJ

rfl

I to XJ

u c 0

to 0) 0

bullH JJ JJ U

ro CD

rfl

to to x )


to 0 CJ CD to

N

c 0 bullH


mD

CD to

bullH

CC

ltS8 45 lt8 lt8 88 45 26 58 48 5 88 53 8 54 48 55 88 5) K

TIME (HOUR)

58 48 188 88 1 8 1 I 6 46 184 18




1 2

4

6 lt

8 9 10

20S-5c(H)

20R-5o(B)

2QS-5a(B|

20K-5aB)

20S-5a(B) 20S-5a(B)

20R-5a(B)

20S-5a(B)


13B(B

136(1

13B(B

136(B

136(B 14B(B

MB(B

146(6

14B(B 146(B

17a(B|

17a(B)

lTa(H) la(B)

17a(B)

iHolB) 17a(B)

17o(B)

lTa(B) 17a(B)

-diasterampne(C27)




-sterane(C27)

-sterane(C27)


11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

T= T =

raquo=

E =











C27


5383 5384

N-ALKANES

AROMATIC

POLARS

5385 5386


ro cr cr

E o a CD c CO

CD (0

O

o CD

CO

CD gt LO

Z

o mdash

o CM

ta-r

poundZ LL

^-

^

^ ta mdash2 o- r-

LU

CD

o ro

o CJ

d CD JJ

rd to fl JJ


o to

6 bullH fl W rfl to

ro fl

pound CD XJ JJ to

CO JJ bull

amp u - rfl n to JJ

X CD

fl 0 bullH JJ fl


d CD fl rfl M H rfl

CD to fl 0i bullH

co on LO

CD X JJ

c bullH CO

G 0 bullH JJ

CJ ro to UJ

CD H amp

CO

fl 0 bullH JJ

rfl O

-o

ro i (3 cc

o 0) 1

o o

o

CD CD

o Ln

o

LU

i

CD

r cxi


xi JJ



g bullH

fl W rfl to rfl fl

pound CD X JJ

I to CO JJ

u bull rfl to JJ

X CD CD XJ JJ


co ro in CD H

CO


I

CN

CD to fl Ol bullH

Cn CD

E o

ro i

C5

rx CD CM

CM I CD O

j co

i C D

i o C3 _S

__3 r CD LO

CM CM

CM

CO -

CD CM 1

^

1

3

CD

CD

o CM

0

^

^

_ ^ mdash gt ~

_deg mdash

LU

CD m

3 CD Oj




to ro

0)

c ro H ro EH

CD X JJ


CO ro Lf)

to JJ


CD

CO

C 0 bullH JJ rfl


ro

10


cc

~v L _ a

CM ~

w

CO CM

CM CM

CO

CO mm

E

_w ro CM

cpound CD CM

raquo Sc

o CM

O

m

raquo

P3

gtbullbull T

-gt-gt

0

raquo raquo bull

J 3 - ^ ^ ^

~^

-4 ^

^

3 ^

_pound= -^C

Ml I I _ _ _

=

4 ^ - ^

^

M j -a i

CD

pr -

i

pCD

i

1 i CD

pin

1

i

J s

LL

i 5


__o

n the saturated

the Talang Akar



alkane distr

actions in t

rmation (sam

l to 0 fcM-i Cn

- H

1

VO

CD to

g bullH Cn

-CD

1

mCX

410

420

450

460

470 gt K 480 o E 490 -

1

BOO

940-

920

930

940

990

990

60O

TYPE III

Immature


Condensate wet gas

dry gas

TYPE II

Immature

1 pi Willi Gas

TYPE

Immature



-

-410

420

-430

-bull440

-450

460

_470


DOO

TYPE II

200-TYPE ni

T 1 I I


raquo

200 250



E a laquo CO

cn e a o i a m)

-3

V

CO bullco

CO

2 ltpound ^ltg c 3

coco M to

3 = c c e deg -o

sect_l =cn w


(i raquo laquo D a

deg- deg s- deg

lto a

to a

a v

2

to

bullD

3

1 I I I 2

I X

ro 2

llll 1 2

1 2


bullH ^ fl CQ

CD X JJ

4-1 0

Oi to CD

euro CD N JJ to 10

gtS Xi X


to CD

CO JJ

H rfl to CD fl CD O

ltH rfl bullmdashlt

rfl CD to (0

JVX

UOjJDLUJCy IDSDgt|


(D dW) D jaqoiaj


j v a




AWVIia3l

auaoojj



N

PAUEMBANS I

w KlaquorTOpoti


^jM



S 0U T H

S U M AT E R A

5 pound ^


(POINT OF DELIVERY)

LEGEND


imdash Raiiwoy

Waterway

Lmdash Nsw Trade


lOOKm


LU

u in

4-


o gt-

cr lt LT toshyrn 1-

r

I 15 07 09 11 13 15 17


i

80 i

82 i

88 84 86



90




OIL FIELD

Sungai Takai


Teipino

Bajabang

lenali Asaa

Betung

Carang Ringing

Babat

Kebao


Iruh Huang

Lilin

TAkar Pendopo

Liiau

Gunung Eeiaia

Air Benakat

Jirak

Tanjung Tiga

ifest THiring

Talang Jiiar

Prabuiulih Vest

Karangan

Abab

Selo Be tan

Deras

YBAR OF DISCOVERY

1963

1905

1934

1931

1923

1931

1923

1903

1902

1941 1940

1962 -

1941

1944

1936

1922

1928 1938

1933

1931 1940

1938

1937

1953

1957

1957

1937

1949

1951

DEPTH OF

RESERVOIRS

(U

40-595

363-763

201-2251

589-824 824-1007

320-1171

110-400

50-366

30-320

360-550

1983

1220 -

1006

700-793 900- 854

1357-1632

1891-1934

439-467

210-290 1342-1403

1284-1537

1098-1281 1446-1720

1341

1830

580 1983

1830

FORHATIOH

Kuara Eoii

Air Benakat

Air Benakat

Air Benakat -

Air Benakat


-

Air Benakat -

Air Benakat -

Kuara Enii

Talang Akar


Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar



Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

OIL TYPE


Paraffinic


Paraffinic


Paraffinic

Paraffinic

Paraffinic




Paraffinic

Paraffinic

Paraffinic


Paraffinic

Paraffinic


Parafinic

Paraffinic


0

API

431 437

248

411 447 238

405

405

425

365

557 460

440 -

380 400 -

370 280

380 360

370 280

284

285

325

277

350

350

350

350


(BARREL)

4281222

8670834 15836554

76343699

37269022

80335861 -

2115716 -

-

-

16851348

140462 -

1474777

27495042 482320

331425405

158945473 16807313

102370655 45509927

35429231 1541100

125546539

7244023 -

2990595

492482

3990595

957050

8 u 4-1

fl (0

(0 0

u 4-1 0 fl 0 bullH 4J (0


ro H u


CN

cu H bullS

gt-r = 2 cc o UJ

o

o

A I 0gt 03

uHia|OA M0|H E o

i - e 2 5 O

llaquooo uraquoojg

OU

o o =f -J gt C3

o c

ltn lt

isoo PJlaquoH


IO

J

o IO

o o o o


-

deg5

gt

D laquoC

o o o

o o o o o o

o o o

cr o o to

o o o

o o o lt0

gt- O o a

O C

lt lt o u

n mdash m o uo

bullis

laquo

2 lt bull lt o

O

q bullraquo

0 0 0 0 O IO in r

1111

O m 7 n 9 ) m 0

1 1 I

gt (V

ci n ci

I I [

bull9 r a

odd

o O

= e a- o

z gt

I 5 E bullo bull =

2 gt a


e =



Vitrinite Telinite

Collinite

Vitrodetrinite

Liptinite Sporinite



Sclerotinite

Inertodetrinite









4-1

o s cu jJ

CQ gt1 CQ

c cu H U ltU

o B I CQ

OJ amp

o bullP

w

w bull

o O 4J

rd H

u fl cu cu

CJ

ro E

e o

cu u c 10

u a to

a CL rO

o bullH

a 0 0 cn 0 u

I Itl

cu M 4J JJ bullH

s

I M 0 3

CO C rH

fO 0 CO gt O

c 0) 0gt M


4J

c rO CU C 3 bull

bullW -laquoH JJ



cu - H cu (X H H

cn c


u 0


X

O 3 cn cn bullH JJ


U



u co cu

tn

c rO U JJ

3 0

CU JJ


c 3 CU rH JJ 0

bull5

c bullH


rH bullu o

cu cn c 0

cu gt gti 0)

cu trgt 1-1

rfl A


cu u

m c c o u

gt rH

rfl rfl U S JJ CO

4J

m

CO

3 0 c bullH CO 0) 1-1

OJ UJ


tfl CU

c rfl

M rfl O -H

rJ gti CU

s e



rM JJ

tn lt x 0) c

1 bullH


X s JJ 4J

c ro TJ Z

c rO CU

2 ~ X X -U ro CO


c pound cn O CTi C

o J3

w A

u 0

u CO cu

u

c


0 c rt CU

gt U

rO U



2- CO 0lt

cn cu o C JJ


ro 0 O 0

CO

cn 3 0 u

cu

e 0

cu CO 4H

TJ C rfl



JJ


3 bull O tn C rH

ro cu U gti JJ

JH

C 0 bullH

CU CU JJ 3 -H

O1 X rfl 3 0

c (0 CJ

rH 4J

CO JJ

c

m m bullH rfl rH H

U-l

T3 CU TJ JJ CU


0 JJ

CU

u bull en


CU JJ bullH

3

CO rfl

VJ

3 U U 0

CU

CU rH

rfl IJ

CU gt JC rH JJ

rfl U bullH

E 0) JG CJ

0 bullH CQ

e CU JJ

0 sz ro U g

CO tn 1

cu u lt- 0

3 JH rH 0 UJ

cu o u Z

CO



e 0 cu


CU



on

CN

CU H

EH

CM

3 0 JJ

CU JJ bullH

c bullH rJ JJ bullH

gt

JJ

JJ rJ CU

c


Group Maceral

Huminite

Liptinite

Inertinite

+ Incomplete can



Ulminite


Densinite

Gelinite

Humocollinite

Corpohuminite

Sporinite

Cutinite

Resinite

Suberinite

Alginite

Liptodetrinite

Chlorophyllinite

Fusinite

Semifusinite

Macrinite

Sclerotinite

Inertodetrinite


Submaceral+




bull


Maceral Group

EXINITE

VITRINITE

INERTINITE

Maceral Sub-Group

TELOVITRINITE

DETROVITRINITE bull

GELOVITRINITE

Maceral







0 +-gt

Di

a bullH


e re M rC

e -i

pound o w CM

0 gti w

a o rO X U 4-J

bullH 4J rd

W

m tu H 3 tH

fO 01 w

re LU

a CO D i


a o bullH 4J (0

e U

o mU

E o o CM I

o CM


deg J c




3 O

c

3

C oraquo a bull c

CO sect o

laquo c

o

$2

deg - o


a

c

E o CD CM

I O

o

raquo- 3 CM -3 O

- 1 c 2

bull u

X C

o t $bull

deg 6


3 O J3

a

to deg

bull cl in


5 -bull= J=

W 3

lt

SI o

o 8 mdash O mdash O

IE o O

E o ltJ

I o

o bull deg u 3 w

i c] a

o E 0

pound ^ o E - =





E o IO CM I

o o

o

13 C

c o

o o M a


c o o c

c i

I pound cn gt

a _a cu c

LU

Dl C

c a o = XI c

CT c 3 imdash

3 CD


mdash a laquoj

Q

I I I sect I I I rn

JUL CVJ

21

a imdash

OJ

2

bulla

a


(deg dW) D JBqiUBW

dlaquoV


4DgtjDuag JIV

dnoJQ 5uDquj3]Dd

AdV|ld31

SUSOOIL^





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J M V I v

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s

037

L W b l l

22273 0 7


L WC W

77 L w W bull


i n n n I _ W4W W

bull3 2 1


IHflile W We W U

- We w W

nn_c


w w w w w

| A

~ pound M ~ - el

- w w w


CI^_JR


iltic_




jcw-s ( U T W W

bullin lt_s 1 W W W

024 025 T 5

w w w

W i T I

1 1 u fw

w bull tl


1 1 H i


n C laquo bull T U

1 tl



22 ^n W W

2

n - w bull2 1 W

n w W

(fl 3

i

5

w w

in

bull w

32 in

bullJ

0022 0029 W t W C u

n niii J T

0050 n laquo w w w

- rn W W T I

n n


W bull W W 1

n r-it W bull w w T

07 r u W t W T I

n 17 W W W 1

n mi w w w u

wc uc

i3 C

n u t A S n u t

A-A 3 E niyi

cc

cue W W 1

TIC

A C n i

Ti C nt

T J C TI

Lni

i A C u n i

- h i

7

- rraquo

v W

t 1 T 1

T V

fS bull W

a W W

a w w

7 lt

i n

7

77

77

77

77

bullC 1 W


Voi raquobull

gtiriro amn


J7vrilCl



ire o m n

mm

If nerrac

il


C71

1

1

w

J

c

W bull

7

a a _ in 1 w

lt 1

w

2 (

1 w

bulls i w

17

0 1 W lt

12 in u W lt

12 in w w lt

1 m 1

77 Lgt W 1

77 - W I

W T i

IE L W I

t

s

7 0 W n n W W w W W


L i W 1 75 SX


mou Ub w ^ IOOE

7107 - - - v 1

iiana - lm W W W

77on W - V W

710S1 W W W V 1

7 7 0 S 1

22252 77 0 S l w W -

7 7 0EE WWlt W w

22257 770c

773E3 k b w

7 7Q7n L4 W ( W

2227 17 0 7 7 Kmm u

77377

2237-7707S

77077 k w t

7707 k W - 1 laquoJ


7702 w W w W 1


IIIUA Jl bdquo w 1

fi J fl - 7 W 1 W - W

W 1 V - w

7 7 n mdash 1 - w - w


W W W w

1 W i W T

(ins-n 1 w w w w


f TW 4 ww

522n

1 w T ij w raquo_


t r n e - Q ww - U

(7in(1 1 w T


b W V W W

H 4 fl1 JJ 1

L J W W trade w


L 1 W W - w

223-2i 7 7 7 7 - 7 S W W egt W - W

5 0 J M Le t 1

7c - 1 W T W W


7707 w w w w

rt 1 W W 1 WI W W W


V W(

n 73 w bull ww

1 M V bull bull I

n M V t f 1

n 7 v Y 1

1 n

n n W 4 W W

Q w i t

a i W e w w

n5

n j

3 3 n n w

w

r

w w

w w

bull W

S7 w 1

w 1

ww

gtraquo

02 032 n raquo

-osiinne

in wu

in w W

in

7 a w w

1]

bulln 1 w

ia - w

77 - W

E

17 - I

I gt w (7

17 L w

1 7 - I

16

77 U W

IE w w

71

11 L I

0

ir WW

fl m W bull W W w


n -77 W bull W u I

n 17 V bull V W T



rt noe w p w mm

1 777 W 1 W U l

1 mo W e W W W

n -n W w T w v -r w

in W w bull

ft ms J 1 w w w

ft mo w t W U W

ft Ei w bull w w I

1 -s ^ bull W T w

n m 4 w h bull

G04e

ft mn W w w W

0327 0C23 1 - 7 -1 bull w w lt

004 7 7

uc 1 w bull

lie

uc

uc

KEF uc 11 w bull

ucz 1 wi floi

ADC Hwl

ltcc CMC

7C W W I

AC

A

Af c

r

J

--a

an j w

IE 4 W

CE W W

an -gt w

22 22 5i ni w w Z w w

ro

IE











58

95

01 We

w w

117

8

tci 1 M C

ton 1 u

1QQ IUW


-fl n We tW


22273 BRG-3 2190 333 21S TAF 111 120 132 -011

22975 9RG-3 2241 037 22 TAF 114 127 203 -013

22924 MHU-2 1450 055 14 6UF 32 31 145 -005 25


22940 MBU-2 1830 079 13 TAF 93 124 133 -0 oc



22550 ICD-1 1553 052 15 SUF 30 30 128 -002 25

22552 KD-1 1725 057 19 TAF 37 100 150 -021

23557 KD- 1302 051 35 LAF 39 32 131 -04

22595 PMN-2 1855 055 22 TAF 95 20 144 -009 25

23598 PMN-2 1900 053 23 TAF 98 94 50 -003



SUF

QDC will

TAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

70

n

37

105

tn I 1 L

114

115

118

tnn 1 WW

110

100

105

toe I u w

189

ISO

175

150

153

W W I

-0 cc W raquo w W

-005

-005

020

014

22500 TMT-3 1513 057 22 TAF 83 82 147 -014

73

82

83

30

90

ai bulldim

144

144

147

1110Q

mot k W b W I


woe e W4_ W W

111O0 UW w W

BL-2

3L-2

3L-2

3L-2

3L-2

1133

1334

tiin

tCQi i w w -

1CCC (www

0 laquo w bull W W

0 ci Vi bull W W

3 W W W

fl 71 W e l l

fl 71 V e i l

14

19

uw

11 Li

24

SUF

i nt

TAF

TAF

TAF

74

81

91 ww

W W

91

100

90

aa WW

tna 1 w u

tnc 1 WW

150

144

142

173

tea i W W

-rt 1fl

23181 3JH0 1255 055 15 SUF 73 100 150 -040

23182 BN-10 1654 052 17 8RF 84 110 175 -025

22187 8JMQ 1934 055 26 TAF 95 105 163 -012

22133 8M-10 2112 033 27 TAF 100 115 184 -020

22131 3N-I0 2253 035 28 TAF 105 IIS 183 -012

22132 9H-10 2235 032 25 LAF 110 120 192 -012

22137 SN-10 2542 035 40 LAF 115 118 189 -003

degr






22521 L5A-22 2224 032 23

23534 TMT-3 1254 354 18 TAF 73 SO 144 -027 25

22539 TMT-3 1488 053 20 TAF

-Li] 25

FEATURE -

MICRINITH

FLUORINITE

EXSUDATINITE

OIL CUT AND HAZE


SIGNIFICANCE

















540

541

542

543

5383

5384

5385

5386

BRG-3

BRG-3

MBU-2

MBU-2

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

X 4-1

w 0

01 g PJ 0) JJ

fl

U bullH 4-)

cu fl CU 4-gt

d H S ra O f gtW rd

bullgt

a ca rd i

bullH TJ O cu cn

ca 4J g H bullH 0

OJ

bullu

4-1 0

c 0 bullH 4J

id M T3 fl J-gt

ra ca 4-1 0

cu fl bullH

i 0 CJ

ca TJ OJ ca ca ra

bullH H

ca 0 u

fl rrj

ca c 0 -Q


bullH rH

(0

CJ-H 0 P U 0


CM

U3

CU H

bull9 E-raquo

0 gti M Pi rflW

eo -o O ^ i_ 1

CO

c a


o



CO

3 ca (0

bullo

agt imdash

o bull gt bull

i o

u agt CC

i

gt- CD -5 E O ^ a

01 u (0 CO

E E O k

lt OT agt ew ^___^

3 E

a CO

If 3 pound o o c o

rr S ru

UJ 2 lt z -J o

agt c o W

=L cn CJ

m c CO X CD

dl o co + bull

-S CO OJ

E CO CO m--

co CO CO

rr r cn

CO

to

w rr CJ

CN

cri CD

r 0)

o rr cn

_ co

6 rr a

C7gt C o cn

rl in CJ

CO c ro X wC

=t o cn + rt cn CJ

E CJ rT T mdash

r CO CD

CJ CD 0)

CO

CO

o 3 CJ

CD

CD

cn

r^ o cn

m-

rr cn

CJ CO

6 a CD

(35 C o cn

5 cn OJ

CD C CO X CD

o cn + =s cn CJ

pound mdash o mdash

CJ

rZ r-

rr CJ CD

CJ

cri

00

cri CJ

cn CD

r-

co CD T -

rmdash

CJ rr cn

-mdash CJ

=5 cn 2

OT C o cn

mdashi

cn CJ

CD c ro X CD -CZ

o cn + =t cn CJ

E CTl CD T ^

rr r- r

CD cri rgt-

CO

mdash

- co 1-

CD

r- CD


CO

rr cn

OJ CJ

D 3 2



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 W T T R R x






27 27 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 33() 33() 33 33

ca 13 m cu 0

C 4-gt 0 jQ rH

ra u 0 rH

V


ca u ra

amp e



JJ CU cu rd xj

C X H H

T3 CU 4-gt

ra U fl 4J

amp fl

c bullH

ca cu



rd H x -a ca w 0



gti ca gttH

fl rd amp


-mdashm


cu bull X


EH T3 D14-gt

n

co

cu H

5 H

0 ca H cu 4-gt

sect mdash

to

3

2

CO eo O

OJ CO CJ

CO O

o CO CJ

S3 o

eo CM O

CM U

CO CM

u

in CM

o

rr CM CJ

CO CM O

CM CM

U

CM

CJ

o CM

O

Ol

O

00

5 _ 5 w

h o

5 1 o -C

5 I O o

T) ca

tn ltxi

Hmdash bull-o s

























I

cr

uj S laquoC

z


r- CM mdash CM

rt co 3 CM


u uS

o

co CJ

CO

O

O

CO

U

CO

O




rr mZ o b

U0 m- m- O




s rraquo rr uo CJ

CM

O

CM

o

CM

o

CM

o

o

O

O

CM

CJ

o CM O

cn

5

o

rraquo

O

to 5

O co 3

ra in






p s 6 id

r- oi to CM




rmdash ID m- Ol


uo eo r~ CM



co r~ CM o

cn 3 o rr-

Q Q Ol

E Cm

u a


uo to uo

laquo- Ol ^- Ol

ft fi 3 S

6 6 5 5 rr c n cn ro ca 5 2

uo CO O uS

O

P5

m CO

O

3

eo CO

O

CM CO

o

CO

o

o co

o

eo CM

O

r-Ol

O

CO CM

o

uo CM

o

rr CM

CJ

CM

o

CM Ol CJ

CM CJ

o Ol CJ

Ol

O

CO

1 Ol Cl to Ol

Ol

oi

o to CO

Ol

O)

r-CO CO

CO

o CO

r ZZ

8 uo

uo uo

CO Ol ri

CM to to

rr CM r~

o to

Ol

uo

UO uo rr

p CO

c oi

uo CO

rraquo

CM oi CO

r ci

p ~

Ol uo oi

rraquo uo oi

Si CO

8 CO

to rr

to

rr

Ol

rr

s -

8 rr

r-rr rr

rr rr

i CM CO rr

in

p rr

CO

p rr

CO CO rr

CO


rr CM UO CM

b b

bullin O rr mi O

S 2 CM mi

Ol CO CO Ol Oi mi

Ol rr O r- rr CM

to 00 CO p eo oi

rr ogt to oi

co o tO CM uo co

O UO UO Ol CO CO

CM CO i CO mm to rr


m- ID ID Ol tm- rr

r co CO CM r- uo

mdash 03 co uo

ltN^ co to

CM eo rr C71 cb to

CM CD Ol CO

cb cd

CO CO co en

O ^ laquo CD


CO

O


o (0 o Sm

a tx a e a 3

8 ai

CO

b

uo CO to

to cn rr

CD CO uo

r CO CO

OJ to CO

to r cb

CM

mdash r

-OJ

o o

CO CO

b

rr r~ r



6 6 5 5 cc cr a g m m 5 2



BRG-31

BRG-3V2

MBU-21

MBU-22

540 541

542 543

39705 4954 38810 5913

9241 4383 15273 4468

4916 6638 3968 7807

2851 4356 424 467

1964

3008

1980

297




Bicad T

BRG-31 540 2955 369 366 494 146 801 208 074

BRG-32 541 2023 308 207 407 157 656 277 051

MBU-21 542 855 405 264 403 183 211 070 065

MBU-22 543 1456 426 040 045 028 342 090 051


Bicad R


540 541 542 543

2024 253 1289 196 609 289

11-27 330

2-51 132 188 031

338 259 287 034

100 100 130 022

CJ

CJ U


CU H

fl

CM CO

Ol CM

W

0 c s c a o O

Ol CM

a

a a - a

a a m a

a o m

a

co o

CM a

o

CJ a

bull4-

52

CO

O

rr co

rgt O

rr co O 55 P

lt



lt CO

cr in

xs

CO ogt c

CO

o uo co

CO

uo co rgt-co --

o b CM

r--uo CO

CO rr

rf UO CM

CO CO

o rr

CO

oo

CO CM

r^ o

co o

CM

oi oo CD

CO Ol

-uo

b

r~ cri

CM uo

b

CO uo

b

cn

b

CM UO

O

mdash UO

b

o to

to o

mdash uo

b

o UO

CO uo

b

ra

bull JO

ra -Z

ra bull

a

UO

CO co

r-co co

CM

r

o uo

o uo

o uo

D r-

rr 2 CD

CU

2 lt Z -j

o

CO cu

-ca

uo

b

o rr uo

CO

6 cr CQ

CM

r-

rr uo

CM

CO

6 cr m

to uo

CM

5 CD

2

CM

r ^ CO

CO rr uo

CM

CM

5 CO

Z2

0 H

fl E-t

cr

8 O

bullO 2

a a u


bulla a o

Cm

V CM

8 Si

3 i

ogt a CM a


M CU fl X 0 E-t W

M0 1

M0

CO

CO

CM

u

CO t-lt CO

rr O F lt rr

co a

2 cr lt CO

rr

LU

2 laquoc

CO r-~ CM CM


O UO r-raquo

o b o CO

o oi

o co rr

o b CO OJ

o uo CO CM

CO CO

CO

uo

CO CO CO

Oi CO

o CM uo

r~

zz T uo

r-raquo CD CM

CD

b

CO oi CD

r-

CO

co oi CO

CM CO CO

O CO b

o rr b

uo uo b

to uo b

to uo

uo CO CO

r-~ CO CO

CM

rgt-

rr r~ r-

o uo

CM

o uo

co uo r-

CO

mdash CM mdash CM

ro co C M o]

6 6 5 5 rx CC CD CD

a a Zgt 2gt

tc TJ

3 JO

a to r-

r-

3 8


eo raquo- mdash

CU


CO cu fl rd C bullH

T3 -C

sect rd U bullH


cu XJ +J

4-1 0


0 bull W

-H S fl U 0 U w

gt1 d X3 fl rd V

cu w fl C-H 0 S


rd 4J U cu 0 T3 M


rgt

us CU H

fl EH

5 a

3 2

deg s

81

K

rr co r^ co

5 8 8 8

TJ

3 co r ltM co

laquo = -

- tcopy CO O

S8

Si


io r- co CM

S 8 8 8

j 8



si

re

e CO

laquo rr S m Ul

s lt z mdash1

6

Ol

o rr Ui

ft 6 cc Q

rraquo Ol m-

3 mi f~ rr eo CM

c oi eo o co ai

p o o O J to ui

r~- CM rr

8 rZ fc

O O o Ui Ui Ui

to CM

ui rJ

CM CO CM

6 5 -j rr co a co 2 2

r-TJ bull ca u m-

Y-

bulla

1 -3

=s TJ

laquo u -Q

CM 9

r raquo-CM 9 o 5

r~ a CM C (j a

o (0

co e CM c O a

o 10

CM C (j ra

_ CO



laquo

bull

E amp

E

E a a

E St

E a

E Q

CO mi CO CO

rr ui Oi ugt

CO CM

rr

rr ui

CM

CO

8

CO

s

to

oi to -

Ui

ui 8

r

Ol CO co

R to

a oi CO

co UO CM

CO CO CM

CO

uo

CM m-

r ~

cn cb rr

to

CO

b Oi

Oi

9 a

rr

ui rr CM

CM b r--Ui

l^

b to

Ui rraquo rr

o pi Ui CM

_ ui r~ CO

CO

CM rJ o

eo

pound _ cb Ui

CM CM CO

CM

-j

CO CJ

rraquo K CO

rr copy 10

CM

Ol bull c CM c 5

amp o X



8

rraquo

8

8 -

Ol rr b to Ol CM

O

d

mdash CM

cb ui co

s 6 rr CD

CM CO

6 pound

CM

5 CD 2

CM CM

5 rD 2


PARAMETERS

WELL NO

DEPTH (m)

TOC ()

TMAX

SI

S2

S3

PI

HI

OI

EXT (g)

EOM (mg)

SUB SAMP (mg)

SATS (mg)

AROM (mg)

POLARS (mg)

RECOVERED()

SATS ()

mgHCg TOC

5383

BRG-3

680-690

41

421

044

477

264

008

11720

6486

159

423

423

30

22

213

626

71

1278

SAMPLE

5384

BRG-3

900-910

512

419

745

11950

2160

006

23340

4219

40

1728

533

22

17

228

501

41

76

NO

5385

BRG-3

2106-2110

37

433

086

461

205

016

12392

5511

133

505

505

96

63

182

675

190

4274

5386

BRG-3

2190-2194

269

446

1563

6295

185

020

23401

688

46

906

534

73

140

177

730

137

792




STD

C15

C16

C17

C18

C19

C20

C21

C22

C23

C24

C25

C26

C27

~ C28

C29

C30

C31

C32

C33

C34

C35

9508

8884

16193

20377

20819

19635

18721

18941

22648

26137

25794

27109

23992

23852

18571

22111

28539

21530

12838

11851

5194

3933

52922

26102

50353

56165

53925

45424

44586

61264

93581

129605

135150

196732

183559

122077

105479

111830

164898

86153

65890

56659

38060

26357

28921

52310

76123

83554

79422

74163

59798

50266

44658

38186

31169

28403

21046

19812

14505

16474

26571

15615

9352

9813

3582

2455

44535

56751

77943

85047

81012

75810

65728

66926

79592

91170

89727

98455

81651

73874

67934

58425

56599

45803

34292

29113

20892

13012

10

93

170

214

219

207

197

199

238

275

271

285

252

251

195

233

300

226

135

125

55

41

10

49

95

106

102

86

84

116

177

245

255

372

347

231

199

211

312

163

125

107

72

50

10

181

263

289

275

256

207

174

154

132

108

98

73

69

50

57

92

54

32

34

12

08

10

127

175

191

182

170

148

150

179

205

201

221

183

166

153

131

127

103

77

65

47

29


SAMPLE

5383

5384

5385

5386

NO WELL NO

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

DEPTH (m)

680-690

900-910

2106-2110

2190-2194


22161

56820

125180

109549

PHYTANE read from

5771

12166

27403

21077



5383 BRG-3 680-90 233

5384 BRG-3 900-10 107

5385 BRG-3 2106-10 433

5386 BRG-3 2190-94 246

61

23

95

47

38

47

46

52

11

10

15

13

4241

3553

2710

3102


Hampie of area

Coil in-situ

Total MoistureJ

Ash (dry) SI

Sulphur (dry) X

VK (daft bull

luara Tiga flesar

280

65

039

500


CV gross KJkg

CV nett KJkg

Na0 in ash I 2

Coal as lined

Total Hoisture X

Ash (dry) X

Sulphur (dry) X

U (daf) X

Fired Carbon (daf]

CV gross KJkg

CV nett KJkg

ha 0 in ash X

203

189

27

253

124

038

499

X 501

193

179

21

Vest Banko

262

60

045

493

507

211

197

55

259

90

044

492

508

205

191

38

Banjarsari

387

59

021

532

468

161

146

25

382

64

021

531

469

158

143

20

North Suban Jerigi

412

66

020

525

475

156

140

16

398

134

020

523

477

147

132

15

Sooth Muara Tiga

257

117

034

499

501

194

180

37

252

159

032

486

504

185

172

28

Kungkilan

234

70

022

492

508

218

204

60

231

108

022

490

510

210

196

41

South Arahan

310

72

022

511

489

187

172

34

304

115

022

510

490

180

165

21

North Arahan

359

72

075

514

486

173

160

42

Central Banko

350

100

03

500

500

175

1601

60

South Banko

334

89

053

506

494

183

624

-

Bukit Kendi

200

29

017

507

493

238

224

-


QUALITY PARAMETER




ASH (DRY) X


H-2

PANGADANG (ION)

6720

42

53

5

02

N-4

BENAKAT

ON)

6720

45

54

7

02


DUALITY PARAMETER




ASH (DRY) X


N-2

PANGADANG Oil

6780

40

53

6

03

B-3

BENUANG (6K)

6690

43

54

5

02

N-4

BENAKAT (14MJ

6470

48

57

9

03







ASH (DRY) X 6 7 7 15 7 8 II



Shell 1978)

QUALITY PARAMETER




ASH (DRY) X


M-2

P A N G A D A N G

LOWER UPPER

(10-13M) (11-13M)

6780

42

56

8

05

6830

38

53

06


u lt X bullH

o mdash C3 ac

9 U PM

0J XJ 4J 4-1

0 n cu bullH

4-gt bullH H id

OO

Caa

H

H H (d CD 0X5 U M

Smdash

U3 bull

CD H

bull8 EH

CO mm

o CO

CO CO

o


Area

Seal

North Arahan

Sooth Arahan

Sooth Mnara Tiga

Kungkilan

Banjarsari





Air Lajra-North

Air Laya-South


Vest Banko-North

Vest Banko-South

Central Banko



CCl + C2 BBl

69

37 bull 26 28 + 20

38 bull 2S 38 T 25

E4 43 4 32

181 138

43 4 18 33 4 2S

55 + 24 51 bull 34

75 4 71 72 + 26

47 i 33 50 bull 26

26 bull 12 27 t 07

05 4 03

10 t 01 08 4 02

53 + 21 65 r 27

43 + 24 75 bull 24

52 4 35 84 r 56

60 54


A2 Al

27 30

42 bull 37

33 4 54 32 4 20

78 + 26

31 76 + 30

42 bull 54 26 4 22

26 t 30 17 bull 15

46 f 35 50 4 48

63 + 51 80 T 92

33 4 10 25 bull 08

04 4 04 05 + 04

53 bull 26 31 + 17

64 r 48 30 4 09

58 t 33 83

45 42

(XI

Enii Jelawatan

25 + 23 11 4 98

17 bull 10 07 + 04

21 09

ft 0 4J 0

rd JJ 0J

rd

A a w

to

s

8 olaquo M bullP

a) to OJ

gjj

o OJ O XJrH 4J

a bullH

to OJ 0

0 10 a)

to ta 0)

2

m rd t

| OJ ta a

O H

X 4J

fl CD

MT1 H n ltdG 0 0

m 0

amp rd g p 3 CO

00

r-GJ H A id H

0) gt 0 p

1

0) fl bullH

E 4J to O

B OJ ft



3gt

CJ

mml bullJ a

î

ca w Lm W as u IM


_ rt u

a a u ca

-^j u m- -V

ct bull bull a u u


US

3

laquod u k bull

^ 3 3

--raquo C n

_ laquoa

zHZ zm trade^

-a J M

-gt ltU

a

bullJ

u bullltmdashlt

bull a o

bull-bullt

- O laquoJ) trt

m m u an

o bull mmt

rtrt a-

CJ

OB

oo ltu a

-raquobulllaquo

u bull bullmdash1

-3 I--

- c3

--raquo an

j

9 0

mdashbull-bull

rtcJ 3ftf

bull ^

bullbull m


i CO

1

1


emdash

laquoJ

(39

CM mdasha

Cd

ca

bull4 laquoa

bullmdash m t-m -mt

an

ca

i CO

i

i

- ltJ9 raquoltn

lto

CM cj

u CM

CO

c a -c

o -fed

bulls bulla

m-m-t

UI 4J wm

mjO

1 n

-bullgt 4

C=raquo

OO

u n CF1

i

-raquo CM

bull mdash raquo

aa OB

a laquod

-- - at bulla

ltu

rW

laquo bulla

ca

ca

u n

CN

1

CM ca urraquo

i

bull-laquo

laquoM

ca caa

bull bull bulla

caa

bull u

TWO

bullU OJ

ca

d -O =3 CO

-=i bull

a-i a ac

i CO

i

JO c o

1

wrgt

CJ

CO

CM -X

laquod

bull bullbulllaquo


=raquo 30

jt

a C O

CM

1 C=gt

1

rgt

laquoraquo

i

laquoQ) craquoraquo

CJ

ca

CM

ca

Hill -M a a ca tMC

1 C O

1

c-raquo e mdash

1 0 C M C M

CO

lt

CJ

ca

bull M


-- -3 a o a

Bmdash

u n

C3 CM

lt=gt elaquoo

-raquo

bull


bulllaquo

laquoM CJ

CJ

CM ca

ca

CM -S

o -Jmdash

bulld ca

bulld


CJ

aa

i bullra

^ bullbullj

lt=raquo bull

i

o

un

laquo-raquo

CJ

CO

CM

O

a laquod uO

J

=1 o co

traquo

1 QO

un CM ltr-raquo

1

1

o

bullmdash

bullB

ca

-bull ltu

ca laquoa -O 3 CO

J_gt

CA bullE Q O

cmdash

I bull bull

m-f-raquo

OF

1

1

en


CJ

CM

a

ca

CM

-laquolt

laquoCI

O bulld

CO

J Wl laquol

un

bullmdashM


^ CO

cn

u n

CJ

ca

CM mdashc

o ltd

bulla u mdasho

-raquo tVrt a SB

1

lt=gt

bullbull C3 CSi

1

t

c=gt

ca

CJ

ea

CM mdashe

a o

0

ca bullu bull-bull


-vmdash

bulld

raquo--bull 3 3B4

VI V mdash





ASH (DRY) X lt 4




SEAM VOLATILE

MATTER

(daf)

Vitrinite

CALORIFIC VALUE

calg (Btulb)


3613 7925(14265) 8680(15625) 7841(14114)

Zollverein 3197 8109(14597) 8696(15652) 8038(14468)

Anna 2836 8343(15017) 8619(15514) 8343(15017)

Wilhelm 2350 8368(15062) 8360(15048) 8216(14788)







COALS

MOISTURE () 21-74 121

ASH () 67 - 169 041

FIXED CARBON () 698-807 5798



SULPHUR () - 025

- 114

709

8344

- 2334

8164

- 336



(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

22917

22919

22920

22923

22926

22929

22933

22936

22938

22940

22941

22942

22944

40-45

170-75

250-55

495-500

705-10

975-80

1348-50

1644-46

1800-02

1878-80

1880-82

1887

1968-760

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

031 62 5 33 87 4 9

033 - - - 83 5 12

037 34 1 65 81 4 15

039 52 tr 48 84 7 9

040 92 2 6 56 12 32

042 83 2 15 - - -

047 70 30 tr - - -

057 99 tr 1 - - -

072 99 tr tr - - -

074 - - - 97 1 2

073 96 tr 4 97 1 2

087 - - - 97 1 2

082 99 tr tr - - -



(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

23676

23678

23681

23683

23684

23686

23688

23690

23691

23692

23693

23694

23695

23696

23697

23698

435-40

550-55

722-24

838-40

916-18

1128-30

1218-20

1488-90

1568-70

1660-62

1737-39

1812-14

1820-22

1866-68

1886-88

1920-22

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

030

036

036

037

036

038

039

047

047

048

050

056

054

054

057

058

82

79

84

85

76

71

73

98

92

86

88

86

96

43

83

5

5

3

1

2

5

tr

tr

tr

6

5

tr

2

tr

tr

13

16

13

14

22

24

27

2

8

8

7

14

2

57

17

87

80

81

88

91

8

8

2

3

4

5 -

12 -

17 -

9 -

5 ~

- -

- -

- -

- -



(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

23271

23273

23274

23276

23277

23278

23280

23281

23282

23283

23284

200-

300-

330-

566-

758-

794-

1248-

1258-

1264-

1274-

1280-

-05

-05

-35

-68

-60

-96

-50

-60

-66

-76

-82

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

034 83 5 12

038 84 4 12 63 14 23 - - -

036 80 2 18 ------

041 80 2 18 ------

040 84 115 ------

042 88 2 10 ------

051 86 68 -------

049 85 3 12

053 --- ---81118

053 --- ---85 4 11

050 45 1 54 87 4 9



(m)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

23560

23561

23562

23563

23565

23567

23568

23569

23570

23571

23572

456-61

544-46

602-04

736-40

838-40

1090-92

1248-50

1300-02

1430-32

1526-28

1566-68

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

TAF

TAF

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

30

32

35

45

44

46

41

50

51

44

54

DOM Coal ShCoal

V I L V I L V I L

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

71 10 19 84 3 17

- - - 8 3 4 13

64 2 34 72 7 21

- - - 7 4 5 21

74 5 21 - - - - - -

79 4 17 - - - - - -

65 9 26 - - - - - -

83 1 1 6 - - - - - -

94 1 5 - - - - - -

99 tr 1 72 7 22 - - -

95 4 1 - - - - - -



(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

23536

23537

23539

23545

23547

23548

23550

23551

23552

23553

23557

535-

590-

715-

1165-

1270-

1325-

1558-

1642-

1726-

1746-

1802-

-40

-95

-20

-67

-72

-27

-60

-44

-28

-48

-04

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

GUF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

LAF

032 49 7 44 56 9 35 59 10 31

037 79 7 14

041 83 5 12

045 73 5 22 ------

052 79 15 6 ------

051 64 24 12 ------

052 61 31 8 ------

054 99 tr tr ------

057 99 tr tr ------

063 81 tr 19 91 1 8 - - -

061 99 tr tr ___-_-



(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

22950

22952

22953

22954

22955

22957

22958

22960

22962

22963

22964

22965

22967

22969

22970

22971

22972

22973

22974

22975

22976

22977

22978

610-20

720-30

800-10

900-10

1070-74

1206-10

1252-56

1402-06

1548-52

1654-58

1706-10

1710-14

1886-90

2042-46

2106-10

2150-54

2182-86

2190-94

2222-26

2238-42

2241

2254-58

2266-68

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

038

041

047

047

050

049

053

058

063

066

065

067

067

070

071

075

081

083

084

087

087

082

082

90

60

90

28

90

95

94

96

98

90

92

96

99

93

98

99

98

91

99

99

98

99

83

2

5

3

2

3

tr

3

2

tr

8

7

4

1

tr

2

1

2

2

tr

tr

2

tr

tr

8

35

7

70

7

5

3

2

2

2

1

tr

tr

7

tr

tr

tr

7

tr

tr

0

tr

17

92

70

96

79

89

87

97

98

96

99

48

73

1

17

1

10

2

3

1

tr

tr

1

3

7

7

13

3

11

9

10

2

2

4

tr

49

20

Table 97 Maceral

No SplNo Depth

(m)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

23584

23586

23588

23589

23590

23591

23594

23595

23596

23597

23599

23600

446-48

492-94

698-700

798-800

898-900

1000-02

1254-56

1296-98

1314-16

1336-38

1488-90

1518-20


Form R max DOM v

V I L

(mm f)

MEF 034 95 1 4

MEF 036 96 1 3

ABF 033 50 1 49

ABF 040 82 tr 18

GUF 040 60 tr 40

GUF 042 98 tr 2

TAF 056 90 1 9

TAF 050 98 tr 2

TAF 051 86 3 11

TAF 051 91 5 4

TAF 053 59 tr 41

TAF 057 72 tr 28

from TMT-3 samples

Coal ShCoal

V I L V I L

(mmf) (mmf)

81 3 16

84 3 13

88 210 - - -

69 10 21 - - -

96 1 3 - - -

74 tr 26 - - -

92 tr 8 - - -



(m) VILVILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

23614

23615

23616

23617

23618

23619

23620

23621

23622

23623

23624

23625

23626

23628

23629

23630

23631

23632

130-35

430-35

628-30

748-50

848-50

952-54

1110-12

1274-76

1332-34

1778-80

1804-06

1816-18

1840-42

2008-10

2070-72

2168-70

2224-26

2272-74

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

036

038

038

039

041

049

052

053

053

066

068

076

077

079

078

081

082

081

56

72

87

72

85

80

89

98

87

90

49

97

90

62

68

22

91

1

4

1

5

10

18

11

1

tr

3

1

tr

1

10

tr

67

9

43

24

12

23

5

2

tr

1

13

7

50

3

9

28

32

11

tr

83

97

81

75

85

92

2

1

5

2

2

3

15

2

14

23

13

5



m) VILVILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1 23286 798-800 ABF 044 64 16 20 - - - - - -

2 23287 902-904 GUF 048 67 20 13 ------

3 23288 1098-100 GUF 051 78 4 18 ------

4 23289 1198-200 GUF 053 91 1 8 ------

5 23291 1394-96 TAF 053 99 tr 1 ------

6 23293 1430-32 TAF 055 99 tr 1 ------

7 23294 1530-32 TAF 063 97 21 ------

8 23295 1576-78 TAF 065 --- ___9154

9 23296 1584-86 TAF 072 98 1 1 97 1 2 - - -

10 23297 1602-04 TAF 068 99 tr 1 96 1 3 - - -

11 23298 1606-08 TAF 072 99 tr 1 94 1 5 - - -



(m) VILVILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

23166

23168

23169

23170

23172

23175

23177

23179

23181

23182

23185

23186

23187

23188

23189

23190

23191

23193

23195

200-

260-

320-

370-

500-

700-

810-

1150-

1355-

1654-

1866-

1910-

1984-

2048-

2112-

2180-

2268-

2396-

2452-

-05

-65

-25

-75

-05

-05

-15

-55

-60

-56

-68

-12

-86

-50

-14

-82

-70

-98

-54

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

LAF

032 86 6 8 84 3 13

030 80 tr 20 97 2 1

031 81 6 13 - - -

033 77 16 7 - - -

032 73 1 26 - - -

036 42 15 43 - - -

038 76 4 20 - - -

049 55 4 40 - - -

055 80 18 2 - - -

063 99 tr tr - - -

059 95 1 4 - - -

062 99 tr 1 92 2 6

066 - - - 89 1 10

074 - - - 93 2 5

083 96 tr 4 - - -

087 - - - 99 tr 1

086 99 tr 1 - - -

093 98 2 tr 98 2 tr

092 98 tr 2 - - -

PLATES 1-61

















PLATE I PLATE 2

PLATE 3

PLATE 4 PLATE 5







minerals in shale







detrovitrinite (DV)





PLATE 6 PLATE 7

PLATE 8 PLATE 9

mdash W

r A

2


amp 4m

bullkferfw ^pound23














mode






Sample no 23596




PLATE 13

DV

tradeî

-Tk - TV

PLATE 15

TV

PLATE 17




fluorescence mode








23562







PLATE 18 PLATE 19

PLATE 20

ltrtV-

LTC

t ^gt

jm

^flflM

SF^jtL-flj

-^JT^MH

GV I^^Sjj

PLATE 22 PLATE 23










light mode












PLATE 24 PLATE 25

PLATE 26 PLATE 27

^mmW k _ W



bull

tgt bull bull

___

bull v^ trade

PLATE 28 PLATE 29






(PY)










PLATE 30 PLATE 31

PLATE 32 PLATE 33

PLATE 34 PLATE 35




fluorescence mode














PLATE 36 PLATE 37

PLATE 38 PLATE 39

PLATE 40 PLATE 41


















PLATE 42 PLATE 43

PLATE 44 PLATE 45

PLATE 46 PLATE 47



Sample no





(DV)







telovitrinite (TV)




mode



PLATE 48 PLATE 49

PLATE 50 PLATE 51

PLATE 52 PLATE 53






















(DV)

-I -bullpound

-I bull


-v (flV


PLATE 54

PLATE 56

PLATE 58

APPENDIX 1

ELL MAKE KBU-2










LIU




it J J u






























U


HOOK












nvriffl pi i w w













































110U LL u T T

bull-mi 1 w w w

Q7f1 I U 1 u







u n n i u u

HO ful

FORMATION D






















IMT t r n










ClUUllUClUW











































C 1 0 - 2 11 ea f

n n

1 p tn




-nmninn niri












bullflon I u w u











1 r tfl








a ro u t w

f Q










f u i I


--oi r - M

U M lljUll



in


bdquoibdquo





flMrn(inflaquoraquo

yufilWittj Jtui

1 nr-si r-o1)











l l l i w l U U I


- Q - - ) bull











W J f i L i J l





K





1 nnr i n 1 1 U W I 1 H

h n nnyen ui i gn u

i fa I u w












































Traquo i ntri 1 c



a hiinrtanr










a m r vuo bull r_in

lil













uuuuuaii


rftm i







bull i rfkV


TJK J U U J U T













rift I 1ft |iiiu




11 j w J w t w v













niri r a w i w w







snrl wt l l U






1


















ia 1 1 nu -J U I 1 u n |


















r r i n i f a bull


















n r a n n o





a (










1























J laquoJ 1 ml


ft ft TBrH fgt n

wwiuia w li

L U )

uw

L bdquo bullJm 1

t 1 I

- JIU

3 v i t r











i t r r v T 1 -n0 r - n













i-9 i n r m i j wi





nr nnf wr i g u v











r-if bull U U U



n v r i T a

ena rea U U U I W W

ra ra 1 1 UI w



r J bull- U W U I













m a i n r HIUJ Wl

i nor 1

nur1ta u t U W





na r ran UUI 1 Wll


nra n n a u u i 3 w

o-jcto 170R- W W W

T)m wU

Tn 1 U

1 a nn bull u i t 3








ilCKT It ~





-01 i-a


j W iUlillUUII












m ciiDr D u nu u u

SO III ldegl



W W U L










laquo1


LU bdquo - L l j








ww turn wii

I I Q f 1 U U U 1 u







bull




nn1 1 ftL W L A U

3 rankc i


W L A U










6-i

1

1


































nnf i W W W












i n o r f i m f a



VI1










nrannabull wi uiigw





Ul w













enarca


OOQPQ L L U U U




rinm UWIII







9 0 0 7 M L m W I W







11071 k i i


il 7C 1ft W U




UM T f u-ao I



IUI I II I uu

na uuui

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF PLATES

PAGE


11 AIM OF THE STUDY

12 PREVIOUS STUDIES



15 MORPHOLOGY


21 TERMINOLOGY


221 Sampling


223 Microscopy



reflectance



1

2

3

4

7

8

10

10

14

14

15

15

15

17

18


SETTING


32 STRATIGRAPHY 21











SEQUENCES

41 INTRODUCTION 38




4221 DOM 41









51 INTRODUCTION 54










61 INTRODUCTION 85







analysis

626 Results 88



spectrometry




632 Results 96


SUB-BASIN

71 INTRODUCTION 100





74 COAL QUALITY 106


76 STRUCTURES 109

77 COAL RESERVES HI







Intercalations






81 INTRODUCTION 120

82 COMBUSTION 121

83 GASIFICATION 124



91 SUMMARY 128

911 Type 128

912 Rank 131



potential


92 CONCLUSIONS 137

REFERENCES 143






ABSTRACT





























carbons

























studied

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS






















numerous ways













study












during this study







appreciated




LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 21

Figure 22

Figure 23

Figure 24

Figure 31

Figure 32

Figure 33

Figure 41

Figure 42

Figure 43
































Figure 517

Figure 518

Figure 519

Figure 520

Figure 521

Figure 522

Figure 523

Figure 524












LIST OF TABLES

Table 11

Table 21

Table 22

Table 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 31

Table 32

Table 33

Table 51

Table 52

Table 53

Table 54

Table 55

Table 56

Table 57

Table 58

































Table 59

Table 610

Table 611

Table 71

Table 72

Table 73

Table 74

Table 75

Table 76

Table 77

Table 78

Table 79

Table 81

Table 82













CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
















Palembang Sub-basin









2


Sub-basin

11 AIM OF THE STUDY







this study is to









histories







âlembang 5ub-basin

12 PREVIOUS STUDIES












Sumatra (Fig11)















sq km


































(Anwar Suseno 1988)














6



Sumatra Basin













subbituminous coal











7























19596 m 1972 KD-1 18585 m 1976 BN-10 2565 m 1977



1633 m 1959 and BL-2 1675 m 1965

8




















and Lahat








9

protected by law








vehicles

15 MORPHOLOGY

















10

CHAPTER TWO


21 TERMINOLOGY























11











1982)

















12















seam





in Table 23








^3








2856-1986)




















14










221 SAMPLING






Formation
























223 MICROSCOPY








16











(Rvmax)

















17



inertinite




















mode

18






















2 (y x a)





bullgtbull n

CHAPTER THREE


31 REGIONAL GEOLOGY





















Coster 1974)


20




























21


- Jambi Sub-basin




32 STRATIGRAPHY




















22


























23




Jurassic age


















Cretaceous




24











(Pulunggono 1983)








1983)







25






Talang Akar Stage













stratigraphic age









2fi





Pulunggono 1983)





















sands








part




















28























some boreholes



29




limestone















environment







3n











Coster 1974)













divisions


31

the Hanging Coals























glauconite




32




Sumatra Basin












Miocene)










33

















sea-level changes









3 4




























connection to open

3 5

























36

























at this time


17










33

CHAPTER FOUR


41 INTRODUCTION














sequences









39







42 TYPE

421 LAHAT FORMATION






breccia






liptinite





40









liptodetrinite



















41














metre seams

4221 DOM










12



























i

43





fluorescence mode











some samples











44








424 GUMAI FORMATION






liptinite












45






















liptodetrinite




46



inertodetrinite



















contact alteration




47























similar





48











the coals f

















49












to 43)
















50




















vitrite and clarite






51













increasingly opaque















52




























53










1980)








61)

54

CHAPTER FIVE


51 INTRODUCTION























55

reflectance



























56







Daulay (1985)




















57












above trend















58




























59




























60




























61























heating

53 THERMAL HISTORY


62












number of authors















j 3



















the formula









64




























65



Makki 1981)













heat flow










following ratio


ee
























infilled

67



























68




























69




























70














Benson 1966)














71














petroleum














71



















shown below







73









below



















1

[see Table 515)


























07

75
























7 6




























77




formation












Method








is given by


73









nmax

TTI = s (dtn) (x)

nmin















79




























sn



























- 1

Ji










Pendopo area

















32

























33




























34












35

CHAPTER SIX


61 INTRODUCTION























86



62 OIL GEOCHEMISTRY















weights



87












the major peaks














88























626 RESULTS


^q












from 21 to 33





oils










90

54



























91




























92



























93




























94













Table 66















95






















described below

96












632 RESULTS










given in Table 611



37









mature





Lahat

Talang Akar

Baturaja

Gumai

Air Benakat

Muara Enim

17

03

02

05

05

05

to

to

to

to

to

to

85

80

15

115

17

527

436-441

425-450

425-450

400-440

gt430

gt430







98




























99
























100

CHAPTER SEVEN


71 INTRODUCTION






















101


























intrusions

102




























103
























104













high in rank







exceeds 12 metres







105


















Suban Jerigi area

7312 PENDOPO AREA







106
























area

107

74 COAL QUALITY


























10 8


Sodium in ash 18-8







75 ASH COMPOSITION








volcanic glass









109



procedures of ISO






content

76 STRUCTURES
















110




























Ill


77 COAL RESERVES


















50 metres depth






112
























71)

113

781 STRATIGRAPHY










intercalations

78121 Coal seams







129 metres thick



114





metres





















115













782 COAL QUALITY













116










marine conditions








Ash 16-58

Total sulphur 07-12

783 COAL RESERVES




117



Bituminous

Sub-bituminous

lLow Volatile

2Medium Volatile


lSub-bituminous A

2Sub-bituminous B

15000000

30000000

66000000




54 million tonnes









118
















in Table 79



metres depth







119



























structural setting

120

CHAPTER EIGHT

COAL UTILIZATION

81 INTRODUCTION







foundries








process of interest








121






82 COMBUSTION








properties












bituminous rank

122








fuel plant




















123




























124







deposits








83 GASIFICATION











125















84 CARBONISATION











126




























127



Sumatra Basin

128

CHAPTER NINE


91 SUMMARY

911 TYPE










Table 91


C o a l V I L

()

(mm f )

D O M V I L

()

(mm f)


86 87

81

4 3

10 10

13

84 2 90 3 97 tr 63 22 78 3 65 3

14 7 3 15 19 32





129




























130




























131
















912 RANK










-oo
















oil generation









913 THERMAL HISTORY


133












plate














134


the present study


























135

zone







area




















136

Formation




traps














metres







137















use

92 CONCLUSIONS










138











the basin

















139












Enim Formation















140


Formations






coals in rank




















141








plants




















142





organic matter












prospective region

142(a)

REFERENCES












143













144











145













146














147













148












149














150













151












1 CO J mm











153













154














155












156














157














158













159












160














161














AREAS

NORTHERN PROSPECTS




TK TALANG AKAR






TOTAL


400



I 10

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250



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SOUTH CHINA SEA

SINGAPORE

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M

3 M pound X CJ

gt

M


fl rd

bullH JJ

w VJ H CD

rO X U JJ

M bullH CD

0

rd fl u CD JJ fl


CN bull

ltD

o u

s bullH L

CD H

0 JJ

VJ CD 4-1

0) CD ft C g (0 CO

H H 0

bullH -d M

H

bull laquo 0 in

u u fd rH 1

bull bull W H

bull


bullH H













0 to H JJ CD




o

o LO

o

51 LU

o ro


rd

ftd 0 fl

D ri

o rgt

o bullto

CD LO



W -H r_z bull 0


n m

i mdash i

ri

i mdash i



0 to H JJ CD





RI

RI

IK

es

cc

48

a

i

IK

68

U

lte

8

C27

370mdashgtI9I

w


C28

384-HraquoI9I


K

a

raquo

a

i

186

88

C8

lte

laquo

8


C33 454mdash7191

IS 16

1314


17 ie


TIME (HOUR)

v^^^K^^^J^^Jiî^

20




cc r-Z o z X

z II

X

-raquo X eS_ CO

-t-

X

GO

LU Z lt z lt LU -1

o (1

_l o

UJ

z lt T

Q lt O


lt3 II

iS

LU 7 lt 7

O lt o CD

O IO O


r-

LU Z lt

z 5 u m o to

o II

i-

o

ID

z lt

z o lt

()

m u 2 o X II

cc

LU

z lt

z lt n CD

o o

II

K

bull

LU Z lt 0 o X

cC

II

laquo--laquo

to 0) 0 JJ

rfl

I to XJ

u c 0

to 0) 0

bullH JJ JJ U

ro CD

rfl

to to x )


to 0 CJ CD to

N

c 0 bullH


mD

CD to

bullH

CC

ltS8 45 lt8 lt8 88 45 26 58 48 5 88 53 8 54 48 55 88 5) K

TIME (HOUR)

58 48 188 88 1 8 1 I 6 46 184 18




1 2

4

6 lt

8 9 10

20S-5c(H)

20R-5o(B)

2QS-5a(B|

20K-5aB)

20S-5a(B) 20S-5a(B)

20R-5a(B)

20S-5a(B)


13B(B

136(1

13B(B

136(B

136(B 14B(B

MB(B

146(6

14B(B 146(B

17a(B|

17a(B)

lTa(H) la(B)

17a(B)

iHolB) 17a(B)

17o(B)

lTa(B) 17a(B)

-diasterampne(C27)




-sterane(C27)

-sterane(C27)


11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

T= T =

raquo=

E =











C27


5383 5384

N-ALKANES

AROMATIC

POLARS

5385 5386


ro cr cr

E o a CD c CO

CD (0

O

o CD

CO

CD gt LO

Z

o mdash

o CM

ta-r

poundZ LL

^-

^

^ ta mdash2 o- r-

LU

CD

o ro

o CJ

d CD JJ

rd to fl JJ


o to

6 bullH fl W rfl to

ro fl

pound CD XJ JJ to

CO JJ bull

amp u - rfl n to JJ

X CD

fl 0 bullH JJ fl


d CD fl rfl M H rfl

CD to fl 0i bullH

co on LO

CD X JJ

c bullH CO

G 0 bullH JJ

CJ ro to UJ

CD H amp

CO

fl 0 bullH JJ

rfl O

-o

ro i (3 cc

o 0) 1

o o

o

CD CD

o Ln

o

LU

i

CD

r cxi


xi JJ



g bullH

fl W rfl to rfl fl

pound CD X JJ

I to CO JJ

u bull rfl to JJ

X CD CD XJ JJ


co ro in CD H

CO


I

CN

CD to fl Ol bullH

Cn CD

E o

ro i

C5

rx CD CM

CM I CD O

j co

i C D

i o C3 _S

__3 r CD LO

CM CM

CM

CO -

CD CM 1

^

1

3

CD

CD

o CM

0

^

^

_ ^ mdash gt ~

_deg mdash

LU

CD m

3 CD Oj




to ro

0)

c ro H ro EH

CD X JJ


CO ro Lf)

to JJ


CD

CO

C 0 bullH JJ rfl


ro

10


cc

~v L _ a

CM ~

w

CO CM

CM CM

CO

CO mm

E

_w ro CM

cpound CD CM

raquo Sc

o CM

O

m

raquo

P3

gtbullbull T

-gt-gt

0

raquo raquo bull

J 3 - ^ ^ ^

~^

-4 ^

^

3 ^

_pound= -^C

Ml I I _ _ _

=

4 ^ - ^

^

M j -a i

CD

pr -

i

pCD

i

1 i CD

pin

1

i

J s

LL

i 5


__o

n the saturated

the Talang Akar



alkane distr

actions in t

rmation (sam

l to 0 fcM-i Cn

- H

1

VO

CD to

g bullH Cn

-CD

1

mCX

410

420

450

460

470 gt K 480 o E 490 -

1

BOO

940-

920

930

940

990

990

60O

TYPE III

Immature


Condensate wet gas

dry gas

TYPE II

Immature

1 pi Willi Gas

TYPE

Immature



-

-410

420

-430

-bull440

-450

460

_470


DOO

TYPE II

200-TYPE ni

T 1 I I


raquo

200 250



E a laquo CO

cn e a o i a m)

-3

V

CO bullco

CO

2 ltpound ^ltg c 3

coco M to

3 = c c e deg -o

sect_l =cn w


(i raquo laquo D a

deg- deg s- deg

lto a

to a

a v

2

to

bullD

3

1 I I I 2

I X

ro 2

llll 1 2

1 2


bullH ^ fl CQ

CD X JJ

4-1 0

Oi to CD

euro CD N JJ to 10

gtS Xi X


to CD

CO JJ

H rfl to CD fl CD O

ltH rfl bullmdashlt

rfl CD to (0

JVX

UOjJDLUJCy IDSDgt|


(D dW) D jaqoiaj


j v a




AWVIia3l

auaoojj



N

PAUEMBANS I

w KlaquorTOpoti


^jM



S 0U T H

S U M AT E R A

5 pound ^


(POINT OF DELIVERY)

LEGEND


imdash Raiiwoy

Waterway

Lmdash Nsw Trade


lOOKm


LU

u in

4-


o gt-

cr lt LT toshyrn 1-

r

I 15 07 09 11 13 15 17


i

80 i

82 i

88 84 86



90




OIL FIELD

Sungai Takai


Teipino

Bajabang

lenali Asaa

Betung

Carang Ringing

Babat

Kebao


Iruh Huang

Lilin

TAkar Pendopo

Liiau

Gunung Eeiaia

Air Benakat

Jirak

Tanjung Tiga

ifest THiring

Talang Jiiar

Prabuiulih Vest

Karangan

Abab

Selo Be tan

Deras

YBAR OF DISCOVERY

1963

1905

1934

1931

1923

1931

1923

1903

1902

1941 1940

1962 -

1941

1944

1936

1922

1928 1938

1933

1931 1940

1938

1937

1953

1957

1957

1937

1949

1951

DEPTH OF

RESERVOIRS

(U

40-595

363-763

201-2251

589-824 824-1007

320-1171

110-400

50-366

30-320

360-550

1983

1220 -

1006

700-793 900- 854

1357-1632

1891-1934

439-467

210-290 1342-1403

1284-1537

1098-1281 1446-1720

1341

1830

580 1983

1830

FORHATIOH

Kuara Eoii

Air Benakat

Air Benakat

Air Benakat -

Air Benakat


-

Air Benakat -

Air Benakat -

Kuara Enii

Talang Akar


Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar



Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

OIL TYPE


Paraffinic


Paraffinic


Paraffinic

Paraffinic

Paraffinic




Paraffinic

Paraffinic

Paraffinic


Paraffinic

Paraffinic


Parafinic

Paraffinic


0

API

431 437

248

411 447 238

405

405

425

365

557 460

440 -

380 400 -

370 280

380 360

370 280

284

285

325

277

350

350

350

350


(BARREL)

4281222

8670834 15836554

76343699

37269022

80335861 -

2115716 -

-

-

16851348

140462 -

1474777

27495042 482320

331425405

158945473 16807313

102370655 45509927

35429231 1541100

125546539

7244023 -

2990595

492482

3990595

957050

8 u 4-1

fl (0

(0 0

u 4-1 0 fl 0 bullH 4J (0


ro H u


CN

cu H bullS

gt-r = 2 cc o UJ

o

o

A I 0gt 03

uHia|OA M0|H E o

i - e 2 5 O

llaquooo uraquoojg

OU

o o =f -J gt C3

o c

ltn lt

isoo PJlaquoH


IO

J

o IO

o o o o


-

deg5

gt

D laquoC

o o o

o o o o o o

o o o

cr o o to

o o o

o o o lt0

gt- O o a

O C

lt lt o u

n mdash m o uo

bullis

laquo

2 lt bull lt o

O

q bullraquo

0 0 0 0 O IO in r

1111

O m 7 n 9 ) m 0

1 1 I

gt (V

ci n ci

I I [

bull9 r a

odd

o O

= e a- o

z gt

I 5 E bullo bull =

2 gt a


e =



Vitrinite Telinite

Collinite

Vitrodetrinite

Liptinite Sporinite



Sclerotinite

Inertodetrinite









4-1

o s cu jJ

CQ gt1 CQ

c cu H U ltU

o B I CQ

OJ amp

o bullP

w

w bull

o O 4J

rd H

u fl cu cu

CJ

ro E

e o

cu u c 10

u a to

a CL rO

o bullH

a 0 0 cn 0 u

I Itl

cu M 4J JJ bullH

s

I M 0 3

CO C rH

fO 0 CO gt O

c 0) 0gt M


4J

c rO CU C 3 bull

bullW -laquoH JJ



cu - H cu (X H H

cn c


u 0


X

O 3 cn cn bullH JJ


U



u co cu

tn

c rO U JJ

3 0

CU JJ


c 3 CU rH JJ 0

bull5

c bullH


rH bullu o

cu cn c 0

cu gt gti 0)

cu trgt 1-1

rfl A


cu u

m c c o u

gt rH

rfl rfl U S JJ CO

4J

m

CO

3 0 c bullH CO 0) 1-1

OJ UJ


tfl CU

c rfl

M rfl O -H

rJ gti CU

s e



rM JJ

tn lt x 0) c

1 bullH


X s JJ 4J

c ro TJ Z

c rO CU

2 ~ X X -U ro CO


c pound cn O CTi C

o J3

w A

u 0

u CO cu

u

c


0 c rt CU

gt U

rO U



2- CO 0lt

cn cu o C JJ


ro 0 O 0

CO

cn 3 0 u

cu

e 0

cu CO 4H

TJ C rfl



JJ


3 bull O tn C rH

ro cu U gti JJ

JH

C 0 bullH

CU CU JJ 3 -H

O1 X rfl 3 0

c (0 CJ

rH 4J

CO JJ

c

m m bullH rfl rH H

U-l

T3 CU TJ JJ CU


0 JJ

CU

u bull en


CU JJ bullH

3

CO rfl

VJ

3 U U 0

CU

CU rH

rfl IJ

CU gt JC rH JJ

rfl U bullH

E 0) JG CJ

0 bullH CQ

e CU JJ

0 sz ro U g

CO tn 1

cu u lt- 0

3 JH rH 0 UJ

cu o u Z

CO



e 0 cu


CU



on

CN

CU H

EH

CM

3 0 JJ

CU JJ bullH

c bullH rJ JJ bullH

gt

JJ

JJ rJ CU

c


Group Maceral

Huminite

Liptinite

Inertinite

+ Incomplete can



Ulminite


Densinite

Gelinite

Humocollinite

Corpohuminite

Sporinite

Cutinite

Resinite

Suberinite

Alginite

Liptodetrinite

Chlorophyllinite

Fusinite

Semifusinite

Macrinite

Sclerotinite

Inertodetrinite


Submaceral+




bull


Maceral Group

EXINITE

VITRINITE

INERTINITE

Maceral Sub-Group

TELOVITRINITE

DETROVITRINITE bull

GELOVITRINITE

Maceral







0 +-gt

Di

a bullH


e re M rC

e -i

pound o w CM

0 gti w

a o rO X U 4-J

bullH 4J rd

W

m tu H 3 tH

fO 01 w

re LU

a CO D i


a o bullH 4J (0

e U

o mU

E o o CM I

o CM


deg J c




3 O

c

3

C oraquo a bull c

CO sect o

laquo c

o

$2

deg - o


a

c

E o CD CM

I O

o

raquo- 3 CM -3 O

- 1 c 2

bull u

X C

o t $bull

deg 6


3 O J3

a

to deg

bull cl in


5 -bull= J=

W 3

lt

SI o

o 8 mdash O mdash O

IE o O

E o ltJ

I o

o bull deg u 3 w

i c] a

o E 0

pound ^ o E - =





E o IO CM I

o o

o

13 C

c o

o o M a


c o o c

c i

I pound cn gt

a _a cu c

LU

Dl C

c a o = XI c

CT c 3 imdash

3 CD


mdash a laquoj

Q

I I I sect I I I rn

JUL CVJ

21

a imdash

OJ

2

bulla

a


(deg dW) D JBqiUBW

dlaquoV


4DgtjDuag JIV

dnoJQ 5uDquj3]Dd

AdV|ld31

SUSOOIL^





-ri an 3 C arrcc

J M V I v

- I VJ f bdquo

r-ira 2laquof

1

r

w

T

C

s

037

L W b l l

22273 0 7


L WC W

77 L w W bull


i n n n I _ W4W W

bull3 2 1


IHflile W We W U

- We w W

nn_c


w w w w w

| A

~ pound M ~ - el

- w w w


CI^_JR


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jcw-s ( U T W W

bullin lt_s 1 W W W

024 025 T 5

w w w

W i T I

1 1 u fw

w bull tl


1 1 H i


n C laquo bull T U

1 tl



22 ^n W W

2

n - w bull2 1 W

n w W

(fl 3

i

5

w w

in

bull w

32 in

bullJ

0022 0029 W t W C u

n niii J T

0050 n laquo w w w

- rn W W T I

n n


W bull W W 1

n r-it W bull w w T

07 r u W t W T I

n 17 W W W 1

n mi w w w u

wc uc

i3 C

n u t A S n u t

A-A 3 E niyi

cc

cue W W 1

TIC

A C n i

Ti C nt

T J C TI

Lni

i A C u n i

- h i

7

- rraquo

v W

t 1 T 1

T V

fS bull W

a W W

a w w

7 lt

i n

7

77

77

77

77

bullC 1 W


Voi raquobull

gtiriro amn


J7vrilCl



ire o m n

mm

If nerrac

il


C71

1

1

w

J

c

W bull

7

a a _ in 1 w

lt 1

w

2 (

1 w

bulls i w

17

0 1 W lt

12 in u W lt

12 in w w lt

1 m 1

77 Lgt W 1

77 - W I

W T i

IE L W I

t

s

7 0 W n n W W w W W


L i W 1 75 SX


mou Ub w ^ IOOE

7107 - - - v 1

iiana - lm W W W

77on W - V W

710S1 W W W V 1

7 7 0 S 1

22252 77 0 S l w W -

7 7 0EE WWlt W w

22257 770c

773E3 k b w

7 7Q7n L4 W ( W

2227 17 0 7 7 Kmm u

77377

2237-7707S

77077 k w t

7707 k W - 1 laquoJ


7702 w W w W 1


IIIUA Jl bdquo w 1

fi J fl - 7 W 1 W - W

W 1 V - w

7 7 n mdash 1 - w - w


W W W w

1 W i W T

(ins-n 1 w w w w


f TW 4 ww

522n

1 w T ij w raquo_


t r n e - Q ww - U

(7in(1 1 w T


b W V W W

H 4 fl1 JJ 1

L J W W trade w


L 1 W W - w

223-2i 7 7 7 7 - 7 S W W egt W - W

5 0 J M Le t 1

7c - 1 W T W W


7707 w w w w

rt 1 W W 1 WI W W W


V W(

n 73 w bull ww

1 M V bull bull I

n M V t f 1

n 7 v Y 1

1 n

n n W 4 W W

Q w i t

a i W e w w

n5

n j

3 3 n n w

w

r

w w

w w

bull W

S7 w 1

w 1

ww

gtraquo

02 032 n raquo

-osiinne

in wu

in w W

in

7 a w w

1]

bulln 1 w

ia - w

77 - W

E

17 - I

I gt w (7

17 L w

1 7 - I

16

77 U W

IE w w

71

11 L I

0

ir WW

fl m W bull W W w


n -77 W bull W u I

n 17 V bull V W T



rt noe w p w mm

1 777 W 1 W U l

1 mo W e W W W

n -n W w T w v -r w

in W w bull

ft ms J 1 w w w

ft mo w t W U W

ft Ei w bull w w I

1 -s ^ bull W T w

n m 4 w h bull

G04e

ft mn W w w W

0327 0C23 1 - 7 -1 bull w w lt

004 7 7

uc 1 w bull

lie

uc

uc

KEF uc 11 w bull

ucz 1 wi floi

ADC Hwl

ltcc CMC

7C W W I

AC

A

Af c

r

J

--a

an j w

IE 4 W

CE W W

an -gt w

22 22 5i ni w w Z w w

ro

IE











58

95

01 We

w w

117

8

tci 1 M C

ton 1 u

1QQ IUW


-fl n We tW


22273 BRG-3 2190 333 21S TAF 111 120 132 -011

22975 9RG-3 2241 037 22 TAF 114 127 203 -013

22924 MHU-2 1450 055 14 6UF 32 31 145 -005 25


22940 MBU-2 1830 079 13 TAF 93 124 133 -0 oc



22550 ICD-1 1553 052 15 SUF 30 30 128 -002 25

22552 KD-1 1725 057 19 TAF 37 100 150 -021

23557 KD- 1302 051 35 LAF 39 32 131 -04

22595 PMN-2 1855 055 22 TAF 95 20 144 -009 25

23598 PMN-2 1900 053 23 TAF 98 94 50 -003



SUF

QDC will

TAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

70

n

37

105

tn I 1 L

114

115

118

tnn 1 WW

110

100

105

toe I u w

189

ISO

175

150

153

W W I

-0 cc W raquo w W

-005

-005

020

014

22500 TMT-3 1513 057 22 TAF 83 82 147 -014

73

82

83

30

90

ai bulldim

144

144

147

1110Q

mot k W b W I


woe e W4_ W W

111O0 UW w W

BL-2

3L-2

3L-2

3L-2

3L-2

1133

1334

tiin

tCQi i w w -

1CCC (www

0 laquo w bull W W

0 ci Vi bull W W

3 W W W

fl 71 W e l l

fl 71 V e i l

14

19

uw

11 Li

24

SUF

i nt

TAF

TAF

TAF

74

81

91 ww

W W

91

100

90

aa WW

tna 1 w u

tnc 1 WW

150

144

142

173

tea i W W

-rt 1fl

23181 3JH0 1255 055 15 SUF 73 100 150 -040

23182 BN-10 1654 052 17 8RF 84 110 175 -025

22187 8JMQ 1934 055 26 TAF 95 105 163 -012

22133 8M-10 2112 033 27 TAF 100 115 184 -020

22131 3N-I0 2253 035 28 TAF 105 IIS 183 -012

22132 9H-10 2235 032 25 LAF 110 120 192 -012

22137 SN-10 2542 035 40 LAF 115 118 189 -003

degr






22521 L5A-22 2224 032 23

23534 TMT-3 1254 354 18 TAF 73 SO 144 -027 25

22539 TMT-3 1488 053 20 TAF

-Li] 25

FEATURE -

MICRINITH

FLUORINITE

EXSUDATINITE

OIL CUT AND HAZE


SIGNIFICANCE

















540

541

542

543

5383

5384

5385

5386

BRG-3

BRG-3

MBU-2

MBU-2

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

X 4-1

w 0

01 g PJ 0) JJ

fl

U bullH 4-)

cu fl CU 4-gt

d H S ra O f gtW rd

bullgt

a ca rd i

bullH TJ O cu cn

ca 4J g H bullH 0

OJ

bullu

4-1 0

c 0 bullH 4J

id M T3 fl J-gt

ra ca 4-1 0

cu fl bullH

i 0 CJ

ca TJ OJ ca ca ra

bullH H

ca 0 u

fl rrj

ca c 0 -Q


bullH rH

(0

CJ-H 0 P U 0


CM

U3

CU H

bull9 E-raquo

0 gti M Pi rflW

eo -o O ^ i_ 1

CO

c a


o



CO

3 ca (0

bullo

agt imdash

o bull gt bull

i o

u agt CC

i

gt- CD -5 E O ^ a

01 u (0 CO

E E O k

lt OT agt ew ^___^

3 E

a CO

If 3 pound o o c o

rr S ru

UJ 2 lt z -J o

agt c o W

=L cn CJ

m c CO X CD

dl o co + bull

-S CO OJ

E CO CO m--

co CO CO

rr r cn

CO

to

w rr CJ

CN

cri CD

r 0)

o rr cn

_ co

6 rr a

C7gt C o cn

rl in CJ

CO c ro X wC

=t o cn + rt cn CJ

E CJ rT T mdash

r CO CD

CJ CD 0)

CO

CO

o 3 CJ

CD

CD

cn

r^ o cn

m-

rr cn

CJ CO

6 a CD

(35 C o cn

5 cn OJ

CD C CO X CD

o cn + =s cn CJ

pound mdash o mdash

CJ

rZ r-

rr CJ CD

CJ

cri

00

cri CJ

cn CD

r-

co CD T -

rmdash

CJ rr cn

-mdash CJ

=5 cn 2

OT C o cn

mdashi

cn CJ

CD c ro X CD -CZ

o cn + =t cn CJ

E CTl CD T ^

rr r- r

CD cri rgt-

CO

mdash

- co 1-

CD

r- CD


CO

rr cn

OJ CJ

D 3 2



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 W T T R R x






27 27 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 33() 33() 33 33

ca 13 m cu 0

C 4-gt 0 jQ rH

ra u 0 rH

V


ca u ra

amp e



JJ CU cu rd xj

C X H H

T3 CU 4-gt

ra U fl 4J

amp fl

c bullH

ca cu



rd H x -a ca w 0



gti ca gttH

fl rd amp


-mdashm


cu bull X


EH T3 D14-gt

n

co

cu H

5 H

0 ca H cu 4-gt

sect mdash

to

3

2

CO eo O

OJ CO CJ

CO O

o CO CJ

S3 o

eo CM O

CM U

CO CM

u

in CM

o

rr CM CJ

CO CM O

CM CM

U

CM

CJ

o CM

O

Ol

O

00

5 _ 5 w

h o

5 1 o -C

5 I O o

T) ca

tn ltxi

Hmdash bull-o s

























I

cr

uj S laquoC

z


r- CM mdash CM

rt co 3 CM


u uS

o

co CJ

CO

O

O

CO

U

CO

O




rr mZ o b

U0 m- m- O




s rraquo rr uo CJ

CM

O

CM

o

CM

o

CM

o

o

O

O

CM

CJ

o CM O

cn

5

o

rraquo

O

to 5

O co 3

ra in






p s 6 id

r- oi to CM




rmdash ID m- Ol


uo eo r~ CM



co r~ CM o

cn 3 o rr-

Q Q Ol

E Cm

u a


uo to uo

laquo- Ol ^- Ol

ft fi 3 S

6 6 5 5 rr c n cn ro ca 5 2

uo CO O uS

O

P5

m CO

O

3

eo CO

O

CM CO

o

CO

o

o co

o

eo CM

O

r-Ol

O

CO CM

o

uo CM

o

rr CM

CJ

CM

o

CM Ol CJ

CM CJ

o Ol CJ

Ol

O

CO

1 Ol Cl to Ol

Ol

oi

o to CO

Ol

O)

r-CO CO

CO

o CO

r ZZ

8 uo

uo uo

CO Ol ri

CM to to

rr CM r~

o to

Ol

uo

UO uo rr

p CO

c oi

uo CO

rraquo

CM oi CO

r ci

p ~

Ol uo oi

rraquo uo oi

Si CO

8 CO

to rr

to

rr

Ol

rr

s -

8 rr

r-rr rr

rr rr

i CM CO rr

in

p rr

CO

p rr

CO CO rr

CO


rr CM UO CM

b b

bullin O rr mi O

S 2 CM mi

Ol CO CO Ol Oi mi

Ol rr O r- rr CM

to 00 CO p eo oi

rr ogt to oi

co o tO CM uo co

O UO UO Ol CO CO

CM CO i CO mm to rr


m- ID ID Ol tm- rr

r co CO CM r- uo

mdash 03 co uo

ltN^ co to

CM eo rr C71 cb to

CM CD Ol CO

cb cd

CO CO co en

O ^ laquo CD


CO

O


o (0 o Sm

a tx a e a 3

8 ai

CO

b

uo CO to

to cn rr

CD CO uo

r CO CO

OJ to CO

to r cb

CM

mdash r

-OJ

o o

CO CO

b

rr r~ r



6 6 5 5 cc cr a g m m 5 2



BRG-31

BRG-3V2

MBU-21

MBU-22

540 541

542 543

39705 4954 38810 5913

9241 4383 15273 4468

4916 6638 3968 7807

2851 4356 424 467

1964

3008

1980

297




Bicad T

BRG-31 540 2955 369 366 494 146 801 208 074

BRG-32 541 2023 308 207 407 157 656 277 051

MBU-21 542 855 405 264 403 183 211 070 065

MBU-22 543 1456 426 040 045 028 342 090 051


Bicad R


540 541 542 543

2024 253 1289 196 609 289

11-27 330

2-51 132 188 031

338 259 287 034

100 100 130 022

CJ

CJ U


CU H

fl

CM CO

Ol CM

W

0 c s c a o O

Ol CM

a

a a - a

a a m a

a o m

a

co o

CM a

o

CJ a

bull4-

52

CO

O

rr co

rgt O

rr co O 55 P

lt



lt CO

cr in

xs

CO ogt c

CO

o uo co

CO

uo co rgt-co --

o b CM

r--uo CO

CO rr

rf UO CM

CO CO

o rr

CO

oo

CO CM

r^ o

co o

CM

oi oo CD

CO Ol

-uo

b

r~ cri

CM uo

b

CO uo

b

cn

b

CM UO

O

mdash UO

b

o to

to o

mdash uo

b

o UO

CO uo

b

ra

bull JO

ra -Z

ra bull

a

UO

CO co

r-co co

CM

r

o uo

o uo

o uo

D r-

rr 2 CD

CU

2 lt Z -j

o

CO cu

-ca

uo

b

o rr uo

CO

6 cr CQ

CM

r-

rr uo

CM

CO

6 cr m

to uo

CM

5 CD

2

CM

r ^ CO

CO rr uo

CM

CM

5 CO

Z2

0 H

fl E-t

cr

8 O

bullO 2

a a u


bulla a o

Cm

V CM

8 Si

3 i

ogt a CM a


M CU fl X 0 E-t W

M0 1

M0

CO

CO

CM

u

CO t-lt CO

rr O F lt rr

co a

2 cr lt CO

rr

LU

2 laquoc

CO r-~ CM CM


O UO r-raquo

o b o CO

o oi

o co rr

o b CO OJ

o uo CO CM

CO CO

CO

uo

CO CO CO

Oi CO

o CM uo

r~

zz T uo

r-raquo CD CM

CD

b

CO oi CD

r-

CO

co oi CO

CM CO CO

O CO b

o rr b

uo uo b

to uo b

to uo

uo CO CO

r-~ CO CO

CM

rgt-

rr r~ r-

o uo

CM

o uo

co uo r-

CO

mdash CM mdash CM

ro co C M o]

6 6 5 5 rx CC CD CD

a a Zgt 2gt

tc TJ

3 JO

a to r-

r-

3 8


eo raquo- mdash

CU


CO cu fl rd C bullH

T3 -C

sect rd U bullH


cu XJ +J

4-1 0


0 bull W

-H S fl U 0 U w

gt1 d X3 fl rd V

cu w fl C-H 0 S


rd 4J U cu 0 T3 M


rgt

us CU H

fl EH

5 a

3 2

deg s

81

K

rr co r^ co

5 8 8 8

TJ

3 co r ltM co

laquo = -

- tcopy CO O

S8

Si


io r- co CM

S 8 8 8

j 8



si

re

e CO

laquo rr S m Ul

s lt z mdash1

6

Ol

o rr Ui

ft 6 cc Q

rraquo Ol m-

3 mi f~ rr eo CM

c oi eo o co ai

p o o O J to ui

r~- CM rr

8 rZ fc

O O o Ui Ui Ui

to CM

ui rJ

CM CO CM

6 5 -j rr co a co 2 2

r-TJ bull ca u m-

Y-

bulla

1 -3

=s TJ

laquo u -Q

CM 9

r raquo-CM 9 o 5

r~ a CM C (j a

o (0

co e CM c O a

o 10

CM C (j ra

_ CO



laquo

bull

E amp

E

E a a

E St

E a

E Q

CO mi CO CO

rr ui Oi ugt

CO CM

rr

rr ui

CM

CO

8

CO

s

to

oi to -

Ui

ui 8

r

Ol CO co

R to

a oi CO

co UO CM

CO CO CM

CO

uo

CM m-

r ~

cn cb rr

to

CO

b Oi

Oi

9 a

rr

ui rr CM

CM b r--Ui

l^

b to

Ui rraquo rr

o pi Ui CM

_ ui r~ CO

CO

CM rJ o

eo

pound _ cb Ui

CM CM CO

CM

-j

CO CJ

rraquo K CO

rr copy 10

CM

Ol bull c CM c 5

amp o X



8

rraquo

8

8 -

Ol rr b to Ol CM

O

d

mdash CM

cb ui co

s 6 rr CD

CM CO

6 pound

CM

5 CD 2

CM CM

5 rD 2


PARAMETERS

WELL NO

DEPTH (m)

TOC ()

TMAX

SI

S2

S3

PI

HI

OI

EXT (g)

EOM (mg)

SUB SAMP (mg)

SATS (mg)

AROM (mg)

POLARS (mg)

RECOVERED()

SATS ()

mgHCg TOC

5383

BRG-3

680-690

41

421

044

477

264

008

11720

6486

159

423

423

30

22

213

626

71

1278

SAMPLE

5384

BRG-3

900-910

512

419

745

11950

2160

006

23340

4219

40

1728

533

22

17

228

501

41

76

NO

5385

BRG-3

2106-2110

37

433

086

461

205

016

12392

5511

133

505

505

96

63

182

675

190

4274

5386

BRG-3

2190-2194

269

446

1563

6295

185

020

23401

688

46

906

534

73

140

177

730

137

792




STD

C15

C16

C17

C18

C19

C20

C21

C22

C23

C24

C25

C26

C27

~ C28

C29

C30

C31

C32

C33

C34

C35

9508

8884

16193

20377

20819

19635

18721

18941

22648

26137

25794

27109

23992

23852

18571

22111

28539

21530

12838

11851

5194

3933

52922

26102

50353

56165

53925

45424

44586

61264

93581

129605

135150

196732

183559

122077

105479

111830

164898

86153

65890

56659

38060

26357

28921

52310

76123

83554

79422

74163

59798

50266

44658

38186

31169

28403

21046

19812

14505

16474

26571

15615

9352

9813

3582

2455

44535

56751

77943

85047

81012

75810

65728

66926

79592

91170

89727

98455

81651

73874

67934

58425

56599

45803

34292

29113

20892

13012

10

93

170

214

219

207

197

199

238

275

271

285

252

251

195

233

300

226

135

125

55

41

10

49

95

106

102

86

84

116

177

245

255

372

347

231

199

211

312

163

125

107

72

50

10

181

263

289

275

256

207

174

154

132

108

98

73

69

50

57

92

54

32

34

12

08

10

127

175

191

182

170

148

150

179

205

201

221

183

166

153

131

127

103

77

65

47

29


SAMPLE

5383

5384

5385

5386

NO WELL NO

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

DEPTH (m)

680-690

900-910

2106-2110

2190-2194


22161

56820

125180

109549

PHYTANE read from

5771

12166

27403

21077



5383 BRG-3 680-90 233

5384 BRG-3 900-10 107

5385 BRG-3 2106-10 433

5386 BRG-3 2190-94 246

61

23

95

47

38

47

46

52

11

10

15

13

4241

3553

2710

3102


Hampie of area

Coil in-situ

Total MoistureJ

Ash (dry) SI

Sulphur (dry) X

VK (daft bull

luara Tiga flesar

280

65

039

500


CV gross KJkg

CV nett KJkg

Na0 in ash I 2

Coal as lined

Total Hoisture X

Ash (dry) X

Sulphur (dry) X

U (daf) X

Fired Carbon (daf]

CV gross KJkg

CV nett KJkg

ha 0 in ash X

203

189

27

253

124

038

499

X 501

193

179

21

Vest Banko

262

60

045

493

507

211

197

55

259

90

044

492

508

205

191

38

Banjarsari

387

59

021

532

468

161

146

25

382

64

021

531

469

158

143

20

North Suban Jerigi

412

66

020

525

475

156

140

16

398

134

020

523

477

147

132

15

Sooth Muara Tiga

257

117

034

499

501

194

180

37

252

159

032

486

504

185

172

28

Kungkilan

234

70

022

492

508

218

204

60

231

108

022

490

510

210

196

41

South Arahan

310

72

022

511

489

187

172

34

304

115

022

510

490

180

165

21

North Arahan

359

72

075

514

486

173

160

42

Central Banko

350

100

03

500

500

175

1601

60

South Banko

334

89

053

506

494

183

624

-

Bukit Kendi

200

29

017

507

493

238

224

-


QUALITY PARAMETER




ASH (DRY) X


H-2

PANGADANG (ION)

6720

42

53

5

02

N-4

BENAKAT

ON)

6720

45

54

7

02


DUALITY PARAMETER




ASH (DRY) X


N-2

PANGADANG Oil

6780

40

53

6

03

B-3

BENUANG (6K)

6690

43

54

5

02

N-4

BENAKAT (14MJ

6470

48

57

9

03







ASH (DRY) X 6 7 7 15 7 8 II



Shell 1978)

QUALITY PARAMETER




ASH (DRY) X


M-2

P A N G A D A N G

LOWER UPPER

(10-13M) (11-13M)

6780

42

56

8

05

6830

38

53

06


u lt X bullH

o mdash C3 ac

9 U PM

0J XJ 4J 4-1

0 n cu bullH

4-gt bullH H id

OO

Caa

H

H H (d CD 0X5 U M

Smdash

U3 bull

CD H

bull8 EH

CO mm

o CO

CO CO

o


Area

Seal

North Arahan

Sooth Arahan

Sooth Mnara Tiga

Kungkilan

Banjarsari





Air Lajra-North

Air Laya-South


Vest Banko-North

Vest Banko-South

Central Banko



CCl + C2 BBl

69

37 bull 26 28 + 20

38 bull 2S 38 T 25

E4 43 4 32

181 138

43 4 18 33 4 2S

55 + 24 51 bull 34

75 4 71 72 + 26

47 i 33 50 bull 26

26 bull 12 27 t 07

05 4 03

10 t 01 08 4 02

53 + 21 65 r 27

43 + 24 75 bull 24

52 4 35 84 r 56

60 54


A2 Al

27 30

42 bull 37

33 4 54 32 4 20

78 + 26

31 76 + 30

42 bull 54 26 4 22

26 t 30 17 bull 15

46 f 35 50 4 48

63 + 51 80 T 92

33 4 10 25 bull 08

04 4 04 05 + 04

53 bull 26 31 + 17

64 r 48 30 4 09

58 t 33 83

45 42

(XI

Enii Jelawatan

25 + 23 11 4 98

17 bull 10 07 + 04

21 09

ft 0 4J 0

rd JJ 0J

rd

A a w

to

s

8 olaquo M bullP

a) to OJ

gjj

o OJ O XJrH 4J

a bullH

to OJ 0

0 10 a)

to ta 0)

2

m rd t

| OJ ta a

O H

X 4J

fl CD

MT1 H n ltdG 0 0

m 0

amp rd g p 3 CO

00

r-GJ H A id H

0) gt 0 p

1

0) fl bullH

E 4J to O

B OJ ft



3gt

CJ

mml bullJ a

î

ca w Lm W as u IM


_ rt u

a a u ca

-^j u m- -V

ct bull bull a u u


US

3

laquod u k bull

^ 3 3

--raquo C n

_ laquoa

zHZ zm trade^

-a J M

-gt ltU

a

bullJ

u bullltmdashlt

bull a o

bull-bullt

- O laquoJ) trt

m m u an

o bull mmt

rtrt a-

CJ

OB

oo ltu a

-raquobulllaquo

u bull bullmdash1

-3 I--

- c3

--raquo an

j

9 0

mdashbull-bull

rtcJ 3ftf

bull ^

bullbull m


i CO

1

1


emdash

laquoJ

(39

CM mdasha

Cd

ca

bull4 laquoa

bullmdash m t-m -mt

an

ca

i CO

i

i

- ltJ9 raquoltn

lto

CM cj

u CM

CO

c a -c

o -fed

bulls bulla

m-m-t

UI 4J wm

mjO

1 n

-bullgt 4

C=raquo

OO

u n CF1

i

-raquo CM

bull mdash raquo

aa OB

a laquod

-- - at bulla

ltu

rW

laquo bulla

ca

ca

u n

CN

1

CM ca urraquo

i

bull-laquo

laquoM

ca caa

bull bull bulla

caa

bull u

TWO

bullU OJ

ca

d -O =3 CO

-=i bull

a-i a ac

i CO

i

JO c o

1

wrgt

CJ

CO

CM -X

laquod

bull bullbulllaquo


=raquo 30

jt

a C O

CM

1 C=gt

1

rgt

laquoraquo

i

laquoQ) craquoraquo

CJ

ca

CM

ca

Hill -M a a ca tMC

1 C O

1

c-raquo e mdash

1 0 C M C M

CO

lt

CJ

ca

bull M


-- -3 a o a

Bmdash

u n

C3 CM

lt=gt elaquoo

-raquo

bull


bulllaquo

laquoM CJ

CJ

CM ca

ca

CM -S

o -Jmdash

bulld ca

bulld


CJ

aa

i bullra

^ bullbullj

lt=raquo bull

i

o

un

laquo-raquo

CJ

CO

CM

O

a laquod uO

J

=1 o co

traquo

1 QO

un CM ltr-raquo

1

1

o

bullmdash

bullB

ca

-bull ltu

ca laquoa -O 3 CO

J_gt

CA bullE Q O

cmdash

I bull bull

m-f-raquo

OF

1

1

en


CJ

CM

a

ca

CM

-laquolt

laquoCI

O bulld

CO

J Wl laquol

un

bullmdashM


^ CO

cn

u n

CJ

ca

CM mdashc

o ltd

bulla u mdasho

-raquo tVrt a SB

1

lt=gt

bullbull C3 CSi

1

t

c=gt

ca

CJ

ea

CM mdashe

a o

0

ca bullu bull-bull


-vmdash

bulld

raquo--bull 3 3B4

VI V mdash





ASH (DRY) X lt 4




SEAM VOLATILE

MATTER

(daf)

Vitrinite

CALORIFIC VALUE

calg (Btulb)


3613 7925(14265) 8680(15625) 7841(14114)

Zollverein 3197 8109(14597) 8696(15652) 8038(14468)

Anna 2836 8343(15017) 8619(15514) 8343(15017)

Wilhelm 2350 8368(15062) 8360(15048) 8216(14788)







COALS

MOISTURE () 21-74 121

ASH () 67 - 169 041

FIXED CARBON () 698-807 5798



SULPHUR () - 025

- 114

709

8344

- 2334

8164

- 336



(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

22917

22919

22920

22923

22926

22929

22933

22936

22938

22940

22941

22942

22944

40-45

170-75

250-55

495-500

705-10

975-80

1348-50

1644-46

1800-02

1878-80

1880-82

1887

1968-760

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

031 62 5 33 87 4 9

033 - - - 83 5 12

037 34 1 65 81 4 15

039 52 tr 48 84 7 9

040 92 2 6 56 12 32

042 83 2 15 - - -

047 70 30 tr - - -

057 99 tr 1 - - -

072 99 tr tr - - -

074 - - - 97 1 2

073 96 tr 4 97 1 2

087 - - - 97 1 2

082 99 tr tr - - -



(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

23676

23678

23681

23683

23684

23686

23688

23690

23691

23692

23693

23694

23695

23696

23697

23698

435-40

550-55

722-24

838-40

916-18

1128-30

1218-20

1488-90

1568-70

1660-62

1737-39

1812-14

1820-22

1866-68

1886-88

1920-22

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

030

036

036

037

036

038

039

047

047

048

050

056

054

054

057

058

82

79

84

85

76

71

73

98

92

86

88

86

96

43

83

5

5

3

1

2

5

tr

tr

tr

6

5

tr

2

tr

tr

13

16

13

14

22

24

27

2

8

8

7

14

2

57

17

87

80

81

88

91

8

8

2

3

4

5 -

12 -

17 -

9 -

5 ~

- -

- -

- -

- -



(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

23271

23273

23274

23276

23277

23278

23280

23281

23282

23283

23284

200-

300-

330-

566-

758-

794-

1248-

1258-

1264-

1274-

1280-

-05

-05

-35

-68

-60

-96

-50

-60

-66

-76

-82

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

034 83 5 12

038 84 4 12 63 14 23 - - -

036 80 2 18 ------

041 80 2 18 ------

040 84 115 ------

042 88 2 10 ------

051 86 68 -------

049 85 3 12

053 --- ---81118

053 --- ---85 4 11

050 45 1 54 87 4 9



(m)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

23560

23561

23562

23563

23565

23567

23568

23569

23570

23571

23572

456-61

544-46

602-04

736-40

838-40

1090-92

1248-50

1300-02

1430-32

1526-28

1566-68

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

TAF

TAF

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

30

32

35

45

44

46

41

50

51

44

54

DOM Coal ShCoal

V I L V I L V I L

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

71 10 19 84 3 17

- - - 8 3 4 13

64 2 34 72 7 21

- - - 7 4 5 21

74 5 21 - - - - - -

79 4 17 - - - - - -

65 9 26 - - - - - -

83 1 1 6 - - - - - -

94 1 5 - - - - - -

99 tr 1 72 7 22 - - -

95 4 1 - - - - - -



(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

23536

23537

23539

23545

23547

23548

23550

23551

23552

23553

23557

535-

590-

715-

1165-

1270-

1325-

1558-

1642-

1726-

1746-

1802-

-40

-95

-20

-67

-72

-27

-60

-44

-28

-48

-04

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

GUF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

LAF

032 49 7 44 56 9 35 59 10 31

037 79 7 14

041 83 5 12

045 73 5 22 ------

052 79 15 6 ------

051 64 24 12 ------

052 61 31 8 ------

054 99 tr tr ------

057 99 tr tr ------

063 81 tr 19 91 1 8 - - -

061 99 tr tr ___-_-



(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

22950

22952

22953

22954

22955

22957

22958

22960

22962

22963

22964

22965

22967

22969

22970

22971

22972

22973

22974

22975

22976

22977

22978

610-20

720-30

800-10

900-10

1070-74

1206-10

1252-56

1402-06

1548-52

1654-58

1706-10

1710-14

1886-90

2042-46

2106-10

2150-54

2182-86

2190-94

2222-26

2238-42

2241

2254-58

2266-68

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

038

041

047

047

050

049

053

058

063

066

065

067

067

070

071

075

081

083

084

087

087

082

082

90

60

90

28

90

95

94

96

98

90

92

96

99

93

98

99

98

91

99

99

98

99

83

2

5

3

2

3

tr

3

2

tr

8

7

4

1

tr

2

1

2

2

tr

tr

2

tr

tr

8

35

7

70

7

5

3

2

2

2

1

tr

tr

7

tr

tr

tr

7

tr

tr

0

tr

17

92

70

96

79

89

87

97

98

96

99

48

73

1

17

1

10

2

3

1

tr

tr

1

3

7

7

13

3

11

9

10

2

2

4

tr

49

20

Table 97 Maceral

No SplNo Depth

(m)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

23584

23586

23588

23589

23590

23591

23594

23595

23596

23597

23599

23600

446-48

492-94

698-700

798-800

898-900

1000-02

1254-56

1296-98

1314-16

1336-38

1488-90

1518-20


Form R max DOM v

V I L

(mm f)

MEF 034 95 1 4

MEF 036 96 1 3

ABF 033 50 1 49

ABF 040 82 tr 18

GUF 040 60 tr 40

GUF 042 98 tr 2

TAF 056 90 1 9

TAF 050 98 tr 2

TAF 051 86 3 11

TAF 051 91 5 4

TAF 053 59 tr 41

TAF 057 72 tr 28

from TMT-3 samples

Coal ShCoal

V I L V I L

(mmf) (mmf)

81 3 16

84 3 13

88 210 - - -

69 10 21 - - -

96 1 3 - - -

74 tr 26 - - -

92 tr 8 - - -



(m) VILVILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

23614

23615

23616

23617

23618

23619

23620

23621

23622

23623

23624

23625

23626

23628

23629

23630

23631

23632

130-35

430-35

628-30

748-50

848-50

952-54

1110-12

1274-76

1332-34

1778-80

1804-06

1816-18

1840-42

2008-10

2070-72

2168-70

2224-26

2272-74

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

036

038

038

039

041

049

052

053

053

066

068

076

077

079

078

081

082

081

56

72

87

72

85

80

89

98

87

90

49

97

90

62

68

22

91

1

4

1

5

10

18

11

1

tr

3

1

tr

1

10

tr

67

9

43

24

12

23

5

2

tr

1

13

7

50

3

9

28

32

11

tr

83

97

81

75

85

92

2

1

5

2

2

3

15

2

14

23

13

5



m) VILVILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1 23286 798-800 ABF 044 64 16 20 - - - - - -

2 23287 902-904 GUF 048 67 20 13 ------

3 23288 1098-100 GUF 051 78 4 18 ------

4 23289 1198-200 GUF 053 91 1 8 ------

5 23291 1394-96 TAF 053 99 tr 1 ------

6 23293 1430-32 TAF 055 99 tr 1 ------

7 23294 1530-32 TAF 063 97 21 ------

8 23295 1576-78 TAF 065 --- ___9154

9 23296 1584-86 TAF 072 98 1 1 97 1 2 - - -

10 23297 1602-04 TAF 068 99 tr 1 96 1 3 - - -

11 23298 1606-08 TAF 072 99 tr 1 94 1 5 - - -



(m) VILVILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

23166

23168

23169

23170

23172

23175

23177

23179

23181

23182

23185

23186

23187

23188

23189

23190

23191

23193

23195

200-

260-

320-

370-

500-

700-

810-

1150-

1355-

1654-

1866-

1910-

1984-

2048-

2112-

2180-

2268-

2396-

2452-

-05

-65

-25

-75

-05

-05

-15

-55

-60

-56

-68

-12

-86

-50

-14

-82

-70

-98

-54

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

LAF

032 86 6 8 84 3 13

030 80 tr 20 97 2 1

031 81 6 13 - - -

033 77 16 7 - - -

032 73 1 26 - - -

036 42 15 43 - - -

038 76 4 20 - - -

049 55 4 40 - - -

055 80 18 2 - - -

063 99 tr tr - - -

059 95 1 4 - - -

062 99 tr 1 92 2 6

066 - - - 89 1 10

074 - - - 93 2 5

083 96 tr 4 - - -

087 - - - 99 tr 1

086 99 tr 1 - - -

093 98 2 tr 98 2 tr

092 98 tr 2 - - -

PLATES 1-61

















PLATE I PLATE 2

PLATE 3

PLATE 4 PLATE 5







minerals in shale







detrovitrinite (DV)





PLATE 6 PLATE 7

PLATE 8 PLATE 9

mdash W

r A

2


amp 4m

bullkferfw ^pound23














mode






Sample no 23596




PLATE 13

DV

tradeî

-Tk - TV

PLATE 15

TV

PLATE 17




fluorescence mode








23562







PLATE 18 PLATE 19

PLATE 20

ltrtV-

LTC

t ^gt

jm

^flflM

SF^jtL-flj

-^JT^MH

GV I^^Sjj

PLATE 22 PLATE 23










light mode












PLATE 24 PLATE 25

PLATE 26 PLATE 27

^mmW k _ W



bull

tgt bull bull

___

bull v^ trade

PLATE 28 PLATE 29






(PY)










PLATE 30 PLATE 31

PLATE 32 PLATE 33

PLATE 34 PLATE 35




fluorescence mode














PLATE 36 PLATE 37

PLATE 38 PLATE 39

PLATE 40 PLATE 41


















PLATE 42 PLATE 43

PLATE 44 PLATE 45

PLATE 46 PLATE 47



Sample no





(DV)







telovitrinite (TV)




mode



PLATE 48 PLATE 49

PLATE 50 PLATE 51

PLATE 52 PLATE 53






















(DV)

-I -bullpound

-I bull


-v (flV


PLATE 54

PLATE 56

PLATE 58

APPENDIX 1

ELL MAKE KBU-2










LIU




it J J u






























U


HOOK












nvriffl pi i w w













































110U LL u T T

bull-mi 1 w w w

Q7f1 I U 1 u







u n n i u u

HO ful

FORMATION D






















IMT t r n










ClUUllUClUW











































C 1 0 - 2 11 ea f

n n

1 p tn




-nmninn niri












bullflon I u w u











1 r tfl








a ro u t w

f Q










f u i I


--oi r - M

U M lljUll



in


bdquoibdquo





flMrn(inflaquoraquo

yufilWittj Jtui

1 nr-si r-o1)











l l l i w l U U I


- Q - - ) bull











W J f i L i J l





K





1 nnr i n 1 1 U W I 1 H

h n nnyen ui i gn u

i fa I u w












































Traquo i ntri 1 c



a hiinrtanr










a m r vuo bull r_in

lil













uuuuuaii


rftm i







bull i rfkV


TJK J U U J U T













rift I 1ft |iiiu




11 j w J w t w v













niri r a w i w w







snrl wt l l U






1


















ia 1 1 nu -J U I 1 u n |


















r r i n i f a bull


















n r a n n o





a (










1























J laquoJ 1 ml


ft ft TBrH fgt n

wwiuia w li

L U )

uw

L bdquo bullJm 1

t 1 I

- JIU

3 v i t r











i t r r v T 1 -n0 r - n













i-9 i n r m i j wi





nr nnf wr i g u v











r-if bull U U U



n v r i T a

ena rea U U U I W W

ra ra 1 1 UI w



r J bull- U W U I













m a i n r HIUJ Wl

i nor 1

nur1ta u t U W





na r ran UUI 1 Wll


nra n n a u u i 3 w

o-jcto 170R- W W W

T)m wU

Tn 1 U

1 a nn bull u i t 3








ilCKT It ~





-01 i-a


j W iUlillUUII












m ciiDr D u nu u u

SO III ldegl



W W U L










laquo1


LU bdquo - L l j








ww turn wii

I I Q f 1 U U U 1 u







bull




nn1 1 ftL W L A U

3 rankc i


W L A U










6-i

1

1


































nnf i W W W












i n o r f i m f a



VI1










nrannabull wi uiigw





Ul w













enarca


OOQPQ L L U U U




rinm UWIII







9 0 0 7 M L m W I W







11071 k i i


il 7C 1ft W U




UM T f u-ao I



IUI I II I uu

na uuui

U U U I I U U H m









) UWIII
























Aorit u u i n

























nn nna nr



linfinifa rara


ft n n r i R




p-0 i -0 A - L f w - U

gtr- U-Of





tfRrr Mkvv TUT
























laquo













bullWlU V L X 6 V











ocr TV


rara n ha r r



r a n n a Wl UIIJW

n r a n n o w uiigw













ra ra





-n - I u



















-0

a eami

r i n i f c

t r a I U W )

nronr Wl u n

WW

a - i

i r o 1 WW

a I

cu

n a r v UUI fl


hn

H a ri uui n

n h f 311 u




1 nu - wn












-01 T-ifU an - - L l ) A - t W W U




n n n -un wu nr

fta 1 W W U I

H n m l U U

I l-i_ i_ I - W U |

-OK

- a 1 nt i f r i r

a en 1ar U W I Wl


W ) u

nra



nnmmnn

n fa I I U W j wi



hn

ft 1 -I A A

n h f 3ltu l


M-01 -







~ n J u





il 1 n u





r a 1 n w 1 f r i U W 1 W 1 1 UI 1

nnmmnn UUIIIIMUil



r n u u

- n i u

fa uw

r a c i n i f a 1 W W 1 11 1 U W )



nnmmnn UWIIIHIWH

A rnnc U1 W W W )


m w 1

ia






- lt 1 L - f 1



i n a r f 1 IIWi u














n n f 1 n i w u u 1 11 1

a 1 1 nu w 1 1 w n

1 1 nu bull i w n



















un ii




































I

















































































orange


















rca hi fnman












if n L i u

ful 1

lb iMC---m H






0 1 0 Q 7 w 4 LU CA




J U W L il


rgt A HI A r








UU W Ll I i J W

bdquo 1


u-ii r-o -II | i - | w - gtJ | - - 1

1 ft-A U L W

W W U

i n r i U L W W

j LIH

w w t

L

t-

n L

i 1 A U W ) W U W H 1 L U W )


1 -r f bull







1 0 0 0 1 jgt f I 1 1 ll Jm 1 T 1 W






i l w U L wl W

L U A W w W Will



-I bull-w I




ma i rtr UIUJ wi


bull n









1-0Q 1 V -1- I bull I







1 a r il ll U I

z

i_-i

rlaf

rn















nronna W I Will JW

tfprr -JAW ourjin

u n a i u u

HO

nccpn

i i

PQRKATIQH

C^r j i-Lk J C

rr r

u L L W t J U W U W




11 11 nil- -ll




t L All A U W )









) V J 1 U I raquo

r nn nfinnf

u u u u u u u w

y A A uw



A A uw udaciw




^ jWiiwri uw

11 AT

J V k A W bull UU


1 5 W OUL

UnA



J i- bullgt

i K A raquor






r-ic r-7 1 w I I



Oil TO U U i I u







cesser bituncn yci

Lte dull orange

S w









nor r i m fa





L - L W


al nu wiiwS




A - T






bull n w r i f a



11170 L u I i w








nu wn )

f J C C l







n - u















in rora











mainr IIUJ Wl






nrmna ui UII 3 w




other degree


TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF PLATES

PAGE


11 AIM OF THE STUDY

12 PREVIOUS STUDIES



15 MORPHOLOGY


21 TERMINOLOGY


221 Sampling


223 Microscopy



reflectance



1

2

3

4

7

8

10

10

14

14

15

15

15

17

18


SETTING


32 STRATIGRAPHY 21











SEQUENCES

41 INTRODUCTION 38




4221 DOM 41









51 INTRODUCTION 54










61 INTRODUCTION 85







analysis

626 Results 88



spectrometry




632 Results 96


SUB-BASIN

71 INTRODUCTION 100





74 COAL QUALITY 106


76 STRUCTURES 109

77 COAL RESERVES HI







Intercalations






81 INTRODUCTION 120

82 COMBUSTION 121

83 GASIFICATION 124



91 SUMMARY 128

911 Type 128

912 Rank 131



potential


92 CONCLUSIONS 137

REFERENCES 143






ABSTRACT





























carbons

























studied

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS






















numerous ways













study












during this study







appreciated




LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 21

Figure 22

Figure 23

Figure 24

Figure 31

Figure 32

Figure 33

Figure 41

Figure 42

Figure 43
































Figure 517

Figure 518

Figure 519

Figure 520

Figure 521

Figure 522

Figure 523

Figure 524












LIST OF TABLES

Table 11

Table 21

Table 22

Table 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 31

Table 32

Table 33

Table 51

Table 52

Table 53

Table 54

Table 55

Table 56

Table 57

Table 58

































Table 59

Table 610

Table 611

Table 71

Table 72

Table 73

Table 74

Table 75

Table 76

Table 77

Table 78

Table 79

Table 81

Table 82













CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
















Palembang Sub-basin









2


Sub-basin

11 AIM OF THE STUDY







this study is to









histories







âlembang 5ub-basin

12 PREVIOUS STUDIES












Sumatra (Fig11)















sq km


































(Anwar Suseno 1988)














6



Sumatra Basin













subbituminous coal











7























19596 m 1972 KD-1 18585 m 1976 BN-10 2565 m 1977



1633 m 1959 and BL-2 1675 m 1965

8




















and Lahat








9

protected by law








vehicles

15 MORPHOLOGY

















10

CHAPTER TWO


21 TERMINOLOGY























11











1982)

















12















seam





in Table 23








^3








2856-1986)




















14










221 SAMPLING






Formation
























223 MICROSCOPY








16











(Rvmax)

















17



inertinite




















mode

18






















2 (y x a)





bullgtbull n

CHAPTER THREE


31 REGIONAL GEOLOGY





















Coster 1974)


20




























21


- Jambi Sub-basin




32 STRATIGRAPHY




















22


























23




Jurassic age


















Cretaceous




24











(Pulunggono 1983)








1983)







25






Talang Akar Stage













stratigraphic age









2fi





Pulunggono 1983)





















sands








part




















28























some boreholes



29




limestone















environment







3n











Coster 1974)













divisions


31

the Hanging Coals























glauconite




32




Sumatra Basin












Miocene)










33

















sea-level changes









3 4




























connection to open

3 5

























36

























at this time


17










33

CHAPTER FOUR


41 INTRODUCTION














sequences









39







42 TYPE

421 LAHAT FORMATION






breccia






liptinite





40









liptodetrinite



















41














metre seams

4221 DOM










12



























i

43





fluorescence mode











some samples











44








424 GUMAI FORMATION






liptinite












45






















liptodetrinite




46



inertodetrinite



















contact alteration




47























similar





48











the coals f

















49












to 43)
















50




















vitrite and clarite






51













increasingly opaque















52




























53










1980)








61)

54

CHAPTER FIVE


51 INTRODUCTION























55

reflectance



























56







Daulay (1985)




















57












above trend















58




























59




























60




























61























heating

53 THERMAL HISTORY


62












number of authors















j 3



















the formula









64




























65



Makki 1981)













heat flow










following ratio


ee
























infilled

67



























68




























69




























70














Benson 1966)














71














petroleum














71



















shown below







73









below



















1

[see Table 515)


























07

75
























7 6




























77




formation












Method








is given by


73









nmax

TTI = s (dtn) (x)

nmin















79




























sn



























- 1

Ji










Pendopo area

















32

























33




























34












35

CHAPTER SIX


61 INTRODUCTION























86



62 OIL GEOCHEMISTRY















weights



87












the major peaks














88























626 RESULTS


^q












from 21 to 33





oils










90

54



























91




























92



























93




























94













Table 66















95






















described below

96












632 RESULTS










given in Table 611



37









mature





Lahat

Talang Akar

Baturaja

Gumai

Air Benakat

Muara Enim

17

03

02

05

05

05

to

to

to

to

to

to

85

80

15

115

17

527

436-441

425-450

425-450

400-440

gt430

gt430







98




























99
























100

CHAPTER SEVEN


71 INTRODUCTION






















101


























intrusions

102




























103
























104













high in rank







exceeds 12 metres







105


















Suban Jerigi area

7312 PENDOPO AREA







106
























area

107

74 COAL QUALITY


























10 8


Sodium in ash 18-8







75 ASH COMPOSITION








volcanic glass









109



procedures of ISO






content

76 STRUCTURES
















110




























Ill


77 COAL RESERVES


















50 metres depth






112
























71)

113

781 STRATIGRAPHY










intercalations

78121 Coal seams







129 metres thick



114





metres





















115













782 COAL QUALITY













116










marine conditions








Ash 16-58

Total sulphur 07-12

783 COAL RESERVES




117



Bituminous

Sub-bituminous

lLow Volatile

2Medium Volatile


lSub-bituminous A

2Sub-bituminous B

15000000

30000000

66000000




54 million tonnes









118
















in Table 79



metres depth







119



























structural setting

120

CHAPTER EIGHT

COAL UTILIZATION

81 INTRODUCTION







foundries








process of interest








121






82 COMBUSTION








properties












bituminous rank

122








fuel plant




















123




























124







deposits








83 GASIFICATION











125















84 CARBONISATION











126




























127



Sumatra Basin

128

CHAPTER NINE


91 SUMMARY

911 TYPE










Table 91


C o a l V I L

()

(mm f )

D O M V I L

()

(mm f)


86 87

81

4 3

10 10

13

84 2 90 3 97 tr 63 22 78 3 65 3

14 7 3 15 19 32





129




























130




























131
















912 RANK










-oo
















oil generation









913 THERMAL HISTORY


133












plate














134


the present study


























135

zone







area




















136

Formation




traps














metres







137















use

92 CONCLUSIONS










138











the basin

















139












Enim Formation















140


Formations






coals in rank




















141








plants




















142





organic matter












prospective region

142(a)

REFERENCES












143













144











145













146














147













148












149














150













151












1 CO J mm











153













154














155












156














157














158













159












160














161














AREAS

NORTHERN PROSPECTS




TK TALANG AKAR






TOTAL


400



I 10

I 50

250



mdash 10degN

GULF OF THAILAND

SOUTH CHINA SEA

SINGAPORE

KALIMANTAN

INDIAN OCEAN


STUDY AREA

LOCATION MAP SCALE

200 10Oraquoi

10degS



400

3 30

M euro)

c c o

2 = laquo = S

55SS - O OOQ if O

4laquo00

a

fl Di 4J fl bullH n




ta oi

fl fl 3 it) D H




o o

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O

ca 0) H 0

TJ X C rO

i

CU u 0 -Q

CO W lt

JJ bullH M fl


m 4J co

CU X

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w o w 0


H id


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m

CU

bullH Cu


IMPREGNATION

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u 03

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05

lt

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cr

ACUATION

a F a c lto ltB

c a i

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a cn

t

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SELVYT CLOTH


SELVYT CLOTH

JtUM I



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Figure 21


EXAMINATION


A

c o

a o

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co

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2

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0

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10

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A A J L _





TERTIARY SUBOUCTrON

PRESENT SUBOUCTrON

PATERWOSTER FAULT



fTTfflzon A


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Kl L0METRE3

KRAKATAU



LAHAT FORMATION

N = 15

DOM 009-1699(Av= 850) by vol

COAL 2 - 34 (AV = 18 ) by vol

Vol bull40

COAL

-30

20

COAL

10

DOM

Total Abundance

Average Abundance



N = 48

DOM 182^3791 (Av= 1363) by vol



Vol

J lt ^r r r

yy bull


V

^^ta^ ^ v

V 1

SHALY COAL

Total Abundance

Average Abundance

Inartinite





VoL

-a

2

_l

0

OOM

Total Abundance

Average Abundance

i Vltrfntte

Inertinite

Liptinite


GUMAI FORMATION

N = 24

DOM 005- 733 (Av=l8 7)by vol

VOl

mdash4

-3

_2

1

0

DOM

DOM



l--y--l Liptinite

Average Atmcullt



N = 24

DOM 015-1544 (Av = 366 ) by vol

voi

15

10

DOM-

-5

3 =3

DOM

[ j Totol Abundance

Average Abundance

j Vi trin ita

Inertini te

Liptinite



DOM 18 7-798 fAv= 437) by vol

COAL 356-100 (Av = 66) by vol

voi rrA I0O C 0 A L

_ 30

DOM

Total Abundance

Average Abundance

COAL



MBU- 2 TD s 2200 m

01 02 03 04 OJ 06 07 08 09



PMN-2 TD = 1959 6m

01 02 03 04 03 06 07



r

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fi

E

a Q

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318

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lt

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TAF

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01 02 03 04 a3 OJS 07



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167

U lt it

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12TB

1447

1817

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KD- 0|

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a copy

a

mdash 1000

mdash 1500

LL

468

946

i sea-

1872

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n

u UJ

2

LL 3

BRF

TAF

B M

01 02 05 04 OJ 06 OJ 06



BRG-3 TD 2300 m - o

900

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Q

a

1000

1900

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1221

18 81

U

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300

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t 1500

310

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1164


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L-5A 22 TD 2237 m

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1000

mdash 1500

2000

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964

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3 (3

1290 1312 3RF_

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lt

1900

U lt -I

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01 02 03 04 03 06 OJ 03 09



BL-2 TD= 1675 m

500

mdash 1000

bullpound -a o _

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8(2 bull

03

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01 02 03 04 03 06 07 08 09 10 II



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S 3 M 1 3 W N Hid3Q

Depth (in metres)

U~

1000-

2000

i rs _

3000 i

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0 MEF

0 ABF

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bull TAF

bull LAF

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200-

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001 002

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v

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I

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CD X EH

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u bullH

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1 sect

X

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c

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sz ogt

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bull

to

a gts

to

o 9

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copy

copy

a O

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4


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T

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CD H

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VERY GOOD

GOOD

FAIR

POOR

Q O

0 Muara Enim Fat



| i I l i l l

50 KXgt ISO i

02 i - i i i i

OS 10





tfl fl 0 bullH

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CD X 4J M 0 m H 0

s E

bull rd

bull

ta CD

R O M M fl JJ Q)H

5W 0 e


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rd

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fl iH Smgtd

0 0 CD A OJ

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JJ JJ rd 0

amp 0 JJ tfl H

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rd 0 u

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fl 0 bullH

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fl CnM

ro CN

m CD U

g bullH 04

(IW Hidaa

CD 0 JJ U

LU 2 t-

LU 7 LU

O o o -1

o 1

bullH CJ JJ CD

ro w U 4J

fl bullH CO


4-1 0


CD T3 CD


ro IM CD ft 0

9 gt ro

bull CO CD M

X JJ

0 C J


0 JJ

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CD


i

CN 1

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22 S rn gt0 CN


gti H CD

ft CO JJ gs 3

rd

CO JJ to lt

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ro H 0 ft 0

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0 CD


c 0 bullH CO 0 M CD

CD

01 C

CD JJ CD A M JJ

S bullH

M 0

CU 4-1

fl

CD U 0



54 0 5 41

N-ALKANES

AROMATIC

POLARS

542 54 3


g d 0 ltu u JJ 4-1

CO C 0

a

rd

S

bull CD fl

CD gt bullH

rd JJ JJ rd gtiH


M d rO 0 0 u V

CO CD fl

gti ro


4-1

H ro i c

CD M

bull bull

X bull bull

1

CO CD C rO fl bullH

CU H T3

bull bull


cd


rd U bullH CQ

bull laquo

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M Jjd Cw H

bull bull

M

N

rO EH


CO OM

CO poundj (3

id CD ft


U


0 pound

M

3 M pound X CJ

gt

M


fl rd

bullH JJ

w VJ H CD

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M bullH CD

0

rd fl u CD JJ fl


CN bull

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CD H

0 JJ

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H H 0

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bull laquo 0 in

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bull


bullH H













0 to H JJ CD




o

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o

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rd

ftd 0 fl

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CD LO



W -H r_z bull 0


n m

i mdash i

ri

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0 to H JJ CD





RI

RI

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es

cc

48

a

i

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68

U

lte

8

C27

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w


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K

a

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a

i

186

88

C8

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C33 454mdash7191

IS 16

1314


17 ie


TIME (HOUR)

v^^^K^^^J^^Jiî^

20




cc r-Z o z X

z II

X

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X

GO

LU Z lt z lt LU -1

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UJ

z lt T

Q lt O


lt3 II

iS

LU 7 lt 7

O lt o CD

O IO O


r-

LU Z lt

z 5 u m o to

o II

i-

o

ID

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z o lt

()

m u 2 o X II

cc

LU

z lt

z lt n CD

o o

II

K

bull

LU Z lt 0 o X

cC

II

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to 0) 0 JJ

rfl

I to XJ

u c 0

to 0) 0

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ro CD

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to to x )


to 0 CJ CD to

N

c 0 bullH


mD

CD to

bullH

CC

ltS8 45 lt8 lt8 88 45 26 58 48 5 88 53 8 54 48 55 88 5) K

TIME (HOUR)

58 48 188 88 1 8 1 I 6 46 184 18




1 2

4

6 lt

8 9 10

20S-5c(H)

20R-5o(B)

2QS-5a(B|

20K-5aB)

20S-5a(B) 20S-5a(B)

20R-5a(B)

20S-5a(B)


13B(B

136(1

13B(B

136(B

136(B 14B(B

MB(B

146(6

14B(B 146(B

17a(B|

17a(B)

lTa(H) la(B)

17a(B)

iHolB) 17a(B)

17o(B)

lTa(B) 17a(B)

-diasterampne(C27)




-sterane(C27)

-sterane(C27)


11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

T= T =

raquo=

E =











C27


5383 5384

N-ALKANES

AROMATIC

POLARS

5385 5386


ro cr cr

E o a CD c CO

CD (0

O

o CD

CO

CD gt LO

Z

o mdash

o CM

ta-r

poundZ LL

^-

^

^ ta mdash2 o- r-

LU

CD

o ro

o CJ

d CD JJ

rd to fl JJ


o to

6 bullH fl W rfl to

ro fl

pound CD XJ JJ to

CO JJ bull

amp u - rfl n to JJ

X CD

fl 0 bullH JJ fl


d CD fl rfl M H rfl

CD to fl 0i bullH

co on LO

CD X JJ

c bullH CO

G 0 bullH JJ

CJ ro to UJ

CD H amp

CO

fl 0 bullH JJ

rfl O

-o

ro i (3 cc

o 0) 1

o o

o

CD CD

o Ln

o

LU

i

CD

r cxi


xi JJ



g bullH

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pound CD X JJ

I to CO JJ

u bull rfl to JJ

X CD CD XJ JJ


co ro in CD H

CO


I

CN

CD to fl Ol bullH

Cn CD

E o

ro i

C5

rx CD CM

CM I CD O

j co

i C D

i o C3 _S

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CM CM

CM

CO -

CD CM 1

^

1

3

CD

CD

o CM

0

^

^

_ ^ mdash gt ~

_deg mdash

LU

CD m

3 CD Oj




to ro

0)

c ro H ro EH

CD X JJ


CO ro Lf)

to JJ


CD

CO

C 0 bullH JJ rfl


ro

10


cc

~v L _ a

CM ~

w

CO CM

CM CM

CO

CO mm

E

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cpound CD CM

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o CM

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m

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0

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J 3 - ^ ^ ^

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=

4 ^ - ^

^

M j -a i

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i

1 i CD

pin

1

i

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LL

i 5


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n the saturated

the Talang Akar



alkane distr

actions in t

rmation (sam

l to 0 fcM-i Cn

- H

1

VO

CD to

g bullH Cn

-CD

1

mCX

410

420

450

460

470 gt K 480 o E 490 -

1

BOO

940-

920

930

940

990

990

60O

TYPE III

Immature


Condensate wet gas

dry gas

TYPE II

Immature

1 pi Willi Gas

TYPE

Immature



-

-410

420

-430

-bull440

-450

460

_470


DOO

TYPE II

200-TYPE ni

T 1 I I


raquo

200 250



E a laquo CO

cn e a o i a m)

-3

V

CO bullco

CO

2 ltpound ^ltg c 3

coco M to

3 = c c e deg -o

sect_l =cn w


(i raquo laquo D a

deg- deg s- deg

lto a

to a

a v

2

to

bullD

3

1 I I I 2

I X

ro 2

llll 1 2

1 2


bullH ^ fl CQ

CD X JJ

4-1 0

Oi to CD

euro CD N JJ to 10

gtS Xi X


to CD

CO JJ

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rfl CD to (0

JVX

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N

PAUEMBANS I

w KlaquorTOpoti


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S 0U T H

S U M AT E R A

5 pound ^


(POINT OF DELIVERY)

LEGEND


imdash Raiiwoy

Waterway

Lmdash Nsw Trade


lOOKm


LU

u in

4-


o gt-

cr lt LT toshyrn 1-

r

I 15 07 09 11 13 15 17


i

80 i

82 i

88 84 86



90




OIL FIELD

Sungai Takai


Teipino

Bajabang

lenali Asaa

Betung

Carang Ringing

Babat

Kebao


Iruh Huang

Lilin

TAkar Pendopo

Liiau

Gunung Eeiaia

Air Benakat

Jirak

Tanjung Tiga

ifest THiring

Talang Jiiar

Prabuiulih Vest

Karangan

Abab

Selo Be tan

Deras

YBAR OF DISCOVERY

1963

1905

1934

1931

1923

1931

1923

1903

1902

1941 1940

1962 -

1941

1944

1936

1922

1928 1938

1933

1931 1940

1938

1937

1953

1957

1957

1937

1949

1951

DEPTH OF

RESERVOIRS

(U

40-595

363-763

201-2251

589-824 824-1007

320-1171

110-400

50-366

30-320

360-550

1983

1220 -

1006

700-793 900- 854

1357-1632

1891-1934

439-467

210-290 1342-1403

1284-1537

1098-1281 1446-1720

1341

1830

580 1983

1830

FORHATIOH

Kuara Eoii

Air Benakat

Air Benakat

Air Benakat -

Air Benakat


-

Air Benakat -

Air Benakat -

Kuara Enii

Talang Akar


Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar



Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

OIL TYPE


Paraffinic


Paraffinic


Paraffinic

Paraffinic

Paraffinic




Paraffinic

Paraffinic

Paraffinic


Paraffinic

Paraffinic


Parafinic

Paraffinic


0

API

431 437

248

411 447 238

405

405

425

365

557 460

440 -

380 400 -

370 280

380 360

370 280

284

285

325

277

350

350

350

350


(BARREL)

4281222

8670834 15836554

76343699

37269022

80335861 -

2115716 -

-

-

16851348

140462 -

1474777

27495042 482320

331425405

158945473 16807313

102370655 45509927

35429231 1541100

125546539

7244023 -

2990595

492482

3990595

957050

8 u 4-1

fl (0

(0 0

u 4-1 0 fl 0 bullH 4J (0


ro H u


CN

cu H bullS

gt-r = 2 cc o UJ

o

o

A I 0gt 03

uHia|OA M0|H E o

i - e 2 5 O

llaquooo uraquoojg

OU

o o =f -J gt C3

o c

ltn lt

isoo PJlaquoH


IO

J

o IO

o o o o


-

deg5

gt

D laquoC

o o o

o o o o o o

o o o

cr o o to

o o o

o o o lt0

gt- O o a

O C

lt lt o u

n mdash m o uo

bullis

laquo

2 lt bull lt o

O

q bullraquo

0 0 0 0 O IO in r

1111

O m 7 n 9 ) m 0

1 1 I

gt (V

ci n ci

I I [

bull9 r a

odd

o O

= e a- o

z gt

I 5 E bullo bull =

2 gt a


e =



Vitrinite Telinite

Collinite

Vitrodetrinite

Liptinite Sporinite



Sclerotinite

Inertodetrinite









4-1

o s cu jJ

CQ gt1 CQ

c cu H U ltU

o B I CQ

OJ amp

o bullP

w

w bull

o O 4J

rd H

u fl cu cu

CJ

ro E

e o

cu u c 10

u a to

a CL rO

o bullH

a 0 0 cn 0 u

I Itl

cu M 4J JJ bullH

s

I M 0 3

CO C rH

fO 0 CO gt O

c 0) 0gt M


4J

c rO CU C 3 bull

bullW -laquoH JJ



cu - H cu (X H H

cn c


u 0


X

O 3 cn cn bullH JJ


U



u co cu

tn

c rO U JJ

3 0

CU JJ


c 3 CU rH JJ 0

bull5

c bullH


rH bullu o

cu cn c 0

cu gt gti 0)

cu trgt 1-1

rfl A


cu u

m c c o u

gt rH

rfl rfl U S JJ CO

4J

m

CO

3 0 c bullH CO 0) 1-1

OJ UJ


tfl CU

c rfl

M rfl O -H

rJ gti CU

s e



rM JJ

tn lt x 0) c

1 bullH


X s JJ 4J

c ro TJ Z

c rO CU

2 ~ X X -U ro CO


c pound cn O CTi C

o J3

w A

u 0

u CO cu

u

c


0 c rt CU

gt U

rO U



2- CO 0lt

cn cu o C JJ


ro 0 O 0

CO

cn 3 0 u

cu

e 0

cu CO 4H

TJ C rfl



JJ


3 bull O tn C rH

ro cu U gti JJ

JH

C 0 bullH

CU CU JJ 3 -H

O1 X rfl 3 0

c (0 CJ

rH 4J

CO JJ

c

m m bullH rfl rH H

U-l

T3 CU TJ JJ CU


0 JJ

CU

u bull en


CU JJ bullH

3

CO rfl

VJ

3 U U 0

CU

CU rH

rfl IJ

CU gt JC rH JJ

rfl U bullH

E 0) JG CJ

0 bullH CQ

e CU JJ

0 sz ro U g

CO tn 1

cu u lt- 0

3 JH rH 0 UJ

cu o u Z

CO



e 0 cu


CU



on

CN

CU H

EH

CM

3 0 JJ

CU JJ bullH

c bullH rJ JJ bullH

gt

JJ

JJ rJ CU

c


Group Maceral

Huminite

Liptinite

Inertinite

+ Incomplete can



Ulminite


Densinite

Gelinite

Humocollinite

Corpohuminite

Sporinite

Cutinite

Resinite

Suberinite

Alginite

Liptodetrinite

Chlorophyllinite

Fusinite

Semifusinite

Macrinite

Sclerotinite

Inertodetrinite


Submaceral+




bull


Maceral Group

EXINITE

VITRINITE

INERTINITE

Maceral Sub-Group

TELOVITRINITE

DETROVITRINITE bull

GELOVITRINITE

Maceral







0 +-gt

Di

a bullH


e re M rC

e -i

pound o w CM

0 gti w

a o rO X U 4-J

bullH 4J rd

W

m tu H 3 tH

fO 01 w

re LU

a CO D i


a o bullH 4J (0

e U

o mU

E o o CM I

o CM


deg J c




3 O

c

3

C oraquo a bull c

CO sect o

laquo c

o

$2

deg - o


a

c

E o CD CM

I O

o

raquo- 3 CM -3 O

- 1 c 2

bull u

X C

o t $bull

deg 6


3 O J3

a

to deg

bull cl in


5 -bull= J=

W 3

lt

SI o

o 8 mdash O mdash O

IE o O

E o ltJ

I o

o bull deg u 3 w

i c] a

o E 0

pound ^ o E - =





E o IO CM I

o o

o

13 C

c o

o o M a


c o o c

c i

I pound cn gt

a _a cu c

LU

Dl C

c a o = XI c

CT c 3 imdash

3 CD


mdash a laquoj

Q

I I I sect I I I rn

JUL CVJ

21

a imdash

OJ

2

bulla

a


(deg dW) D JBqiUBW

dlaquoV


4DgtjDuag JIV

dnoJQ 5uDquj3]Dd

AdV|ld31

SUSOOIL^





-ri an 3 C arrcc

J M V I v

- I VJ f bdquo

r-ira 2laquof

1

r

w

T

C

s

037

L W b l l

22273 0 7


L WC W

77 L w W bull


i n n n I _ W4W W

bull3 2 1


IHflile W We W U

- We w W

nn_c


w w w w w

| A

~ pound M ~ - el

- w w w


CI^_JR


iltic_




jcw-s ( U T W W

bullin lt_s 1 W W W

024 025 T 5

w w w

W i T I

1 1 u fw

w bull tl


1 1 H i


n C laquo bull T U

1 tl



22 ^n W W

2

n - w bull2 1 W

n w W

(fl 3

i

5

w w

in

bull w

32 in

bullJ

0022 0029 W t W C u

n niii J T

0050 n laquo w w w

- rn W W T I

n n


W bull W W 1

n r-it W bull w w T

07 r u W t W T I

n 17 W W W 1

n mi w w w u

wc uc

i3 C

n u t A S n u t

A-A 3 E niyi

cc

cue W W 1

TIC

A C n i

Ti C nt

T J C TI

Lni

i A C u n i

- h i

7

- rraquo

v W

t 1 T 1

T V

fS bull W

a W W

a w w

7 lt

i n

7

77

77

77

77

bullC 1 W


Voi raquobull

gtiriro amn


J7vrilCl



ire o m n

mm

If nerrac

il


C71

1

1

w

J

c

W bull

7

a a _ in 1 w

lt 1

w

2 (

1 w

bulls i w

17

0 1 W lt

12 in u W lt

12 in w w lt

1 m 1

77 Lgt W 1

77 - W I

W T i

IE L W I

t

s

7 0 W n n W W w W W


L i W 1 75 SX


mou Ub w ^ IOOE

7107 - - - v 1

iiana - lm W W W

77on W - V W

710S1 W W W V 1

7 7 0 S 1

22252 77 0 S l w W -

7 7 0EE WWlt W w

22257 770c

773E3 k b w

7 7Q7n L4 W ( W

2227 17 0 7 7 Kmm u

77377

2237-7707S

77077 k w t

7707 k W - 1 laquoJ


7702 w W w W 1


IIIUA Jl bdquo w 1

fi J fl - 7 W 1 W - W

W 1 V - w

7 7 n mdash 1 - w - w


W W W w

1 W i W T

(ins-n 1 w w w w


f TW 4 ww

522n

1 w T ij w raquo_


t r n e - Q ww - U

(7in(1 1 w T


b W V W W

H 4 fl1 JJ 1

L J W W trade w


L 1 W W - w

223-2i 7 7 7 7 - 7 S W W egt W - W

5 0 J M Le t 1

7c - 1 W T W W


7707 w w w w

rt 1 W W 1 WI W W W


V W(

n 73 w bull ww

1 M V bull bull I

n M V t f 1

n 7 v Y 1

1 n

n n W 4 W W

Q w i t

a i W e w w

n5

n j

3 3 n n w

w

r

w w

w w

bull W

S7 w 1

w 1

ww

gtraquo

02 032 n raquo

-osiinne

in wu

in w W

in

7 a w w

1]

bulln 1 w

ia - w

77 - W

E

17 - I

I gt w (7

17 L w

1 7 - I

16

77 U W

IE w w

71

11 L I

0

ir WW

fl m W bull W W w


n -77 W bull W u I

n 17 V bull V W T



rt noe w p w mm

1 777 W 1 W U l

1 mo W e W W W

n -n W w T w v -r w

in W w bull

ft ms J 1 w w w

ft mo w t W U W

ft Ei w bull w w I

1 -s ^ bull W T w

n m 4 w h bull

G04e

ft mn W w w W

0327 0C23 1 - 7 -1 bull w w lt

004 7 7

uc 1 w bull

lie

uc

uc

KEF uc 11 w bull

ucz 1 wi floi

ADC Hwl

ltcc CMC

7C W W I

AC

A

Af c

r

J

--a

an j w

IE 4 W

CE W W

an -gt w

22 22 5i ni w w Z w w

ro

IE











58

95

01 We

w w

117

8

tci 1 M C

ton 1 u

1QQ IUW


-fl n We tW


22273 BRG-3 2190 333 21S TAF 111 120 132 -011

22975 9RG-3 2241 037 22 TAF 114 127 203 -013

22924 MHU-2 1450 055 14 6UF 32 31 145 -005 25


22940 MBU-2 1830 079 13 TAF 93 124 133 -0 oc



22550 ICD-1 1553 052 15 SUF 30 30 128 -002 25

22552 KD-1 1725 057 19 TAF 37 100 150 -021

23557 KD- 1302 051 35 LAF 39 32 131 -04

22595 PMN-2 1855 055 22 TAF 95 20 144 -009 25

23598 PMN-2 1900 053 23 TAF 98 94 50 -003



SUF

QDC will

TAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

70

n

37

105

tn I 1 L

114

115

118

tnn 1 WW

110

100

105

toe I u w

189

ISO

175

150

153

W W I

-0 cc W raquo w W

-005

-005

020

014

22500 TMT-3 1513 057 22 TAF 83 82 147 -014

73

82

83

30

90

ai bulldim

144

144

147

1110Q

mot k W b W I


woe e W4_ W W

111O0 UW w W

BL-2

3L-2

3L-2

3L-2

3L-2

1133

1334

tiin

tCQi i w w -

1CCC (www

0 laquo w bull W W

0 ci Vi bull W W

3 W W W

fl 71 W e l l

fl 71 V e i l

14

19

uw

11 Li

24

SUF

i nt

TAF

TAF

TAF

74

81

91 ww

W W

91

100

90

aa WW

tna 1 w u

tnc 1 WW

150

144

142

173

tea i W W

-rt 1fl

23181 3JH0 1255 055 15 SUF 73 100 150 -040

23182 BN-10 1654 052 17 8RF 84 110 175 -025

22187 8JMQ 1934 055 26 TAF 95 105 163 -012

22133 8M-10 2112 033 27 TAF 100 115 184 -020

22131 3N-I0 2253 035 28 TAF 105 IIS 183 -012

22132 9H-10 2235 032 25 LAF 110 120 192 -012

22137 SN-10 2542 035 40 LAF 115 118 189 -003

degr






22521 L5A-22 2224 032 23

23534 TMT-3 1254 354 18 TAF 73 SO 144 -027 25

22539 TMT-3 1488 053 20 TAF

-Li] 25

FEATURE -

MICRINITH

FLUORINITE

EXSUDATINITE

OIL CUT AND HAZE


SIGNIFICANCE

















540

541

542

543

5383

5384

5385

5386

BRG-3

BRG-3

MBU-2

MBU-2

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

X 4-1

w 0

01 g PJ 0) JJ

fl

U bullH 4-)

cu fl CU 4-gt

d H S ra O f gtW rd

bullgt

a ca rd i

bullH TJ O cu cn

ca 4J g H bullH 0

OJ

bullu

4-1 0

c 0 bullH 4J

id M T3 fl J-gt

ra ca 4-1 0

cu fl bullH

i 0 CJ

ca TJ OJ ca ca ra

bullH H

ca 0 u

fl rrj

ca c 0 -Q


bullH rH

(0

CJ-H 0 P U 0


CM

U3

CU H

bull9 E-raquo

0 gti M Pi rflW

eo -o O ^ i_ 1

CO

c a


o



CO

3 ca (0

bullo

agt imdash

o bull gt bull

i o

u agt CC

i

gt- CD -5 E O ^ a

01 u (0 CO

E E O k

lt OT agt ew ^___^

3 E

a CO

If 3 pound o o c o

rr S ru

UJ 2 lt z -J o

agt c o W

=L cn CJ

m c CO X CD

dl o co + bull

-S CO OJ

E CO CO m--

co CO CO

rr r cn

CO

to

w rr CJ

CN

cri CD

r 0)

o rr cn

_ co

6 rr a

C7gt C o cn

rl in CJ

CO c ro X wC

=t o cn + rt cn CJ

E CJ rT T mdash

r CO CD

CJ CD 0)

CO

CO

o 3 CJ

CD

CD

cn

r^ o cn

m-

rr cn

CJ CO

6 a CD

(35 C o cn

5 cn OJ

CD C CO X CD

o cn + =s cn CJ

pound mdash o mdash

CJ

rZ r-

rr CJ CD

CJ

cri

00

cri CJ

cn CD

r-

co CD T -

rmdash

CJ rr cn

-mdash CJ

=5 cn 2

OT C o cn

mdashi

cn CJ

CD c ro X CD -CZ

o cn + =t cn CJ

E CTl CD T ^

rr r- r

CD cri rgt-

CO

mdash

- co 1-

CD

r- CD


CO

rr cn

OJ CJ

D 3 2



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 W T T R R x






27 27 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 33() 33() 33 33

ca 13 m cu 0

C 4-gt 0 jQ rH

ra u 0 rH

V


ca u ra

amp e



JJ CU cu rd xj

C X H H

T3 CU 4-gt

ra U fl 4J

amp fl

c bullH

ca cu



rd H x -a ca w 0



gti ca gttH

fl rd amp


-mdashm


cu bull X


EH T3 D14-gt

n

co

cu H

5 H

0 ca H cu 4-gt

sect mdash

to

3

2

CO eo O

OJ CO CJ

CO O

o CO CJ

S3 o

eo CM O

CM U

CO CM

u

in CM

o

rr CM CJ

CO CM O

CM CM

U

CM

CJ

o CM

O

Ol

O

00

5 _ 5 w

h o

5 1 o -C

5 I O o

T) ca

tn ltxi

Hmdash bull-o s

























I

cr

uj S laquoC

z


r- CM mdash CM

rt co 3 CM


u uS

o

co CJ

CO

O

O

CO

U

CO

O




rr mZ o b

U0 m- m- O




s rraquo rr uo CJ

CM

O

CM

o

CM

o

CM

o

o

O

O

CM

CJ

o CM O

cn

5

o

rraquo

O

to 5

O co 3

ra in






p s 6 id

r- oi to CM




rmdash ID m- Ol


uo eo r~ CM



co r~ CM o

cn 3 o rr-

Q Q Ol

E Cm

u a


uo to uo

laquo- Ol ^- Ol

ft fi 3 S

6 6 5 5 rr c n cn ro ca 5 2

uo CO O uS

O

P5

m CO

O

3

eo CO

O

CM CO

o

CO

o

o co

o

eo CM

O

r-Ol

O

CO CM

o

uo CM

o

rr CM

CJ

CM

o

CM Ol CJ

CM CJ

o Ol CJ

Ol

O

CO

1 Ol Cl to Ol

Ol

oi

o to CO

Ol

O)

r-CO CO

CO

o CO

r ZZ

8 uo

uo uo

CO Ol ri

CM to to

rr CM r~

o to

Ol

uo

UO uo rr

p CO

c oi

uo CO

rraquo

CM oi CO

r ci

p ~

Ol uo oi

rraquo uo oi

Si CO

8 CO

to rr

to

rr

Ol

rr

s -

8 rr

r-rr rr

rr rr

i CM CO rr

in

p rr

CO

p rr

CO CO rr

CO


rr CM UO CM

b b

bullin O rr mi O

S 2 CM mi

Ol CO CO Ol Oi mi

Ol rr O r- rr CM

to 00 CO p eo oi

rr ogt to oi

co o tO CM uo co

O UO UO Ol CO CO

CM CO i CO mm to rr


m- ID ID Ol tm- rr

r co CO CM r- uo

mdash 03 co uo

ltN^ co to

CM eo rr C71 cb to

CM CD Ol CO

cb cd

CO CO co en

O ^ laquo CD


CO

O


o (0 o Sm

a tx a e a 3

8 ai

CO

b

uo CO to

to cn rr

CD CO uo

r CO CO

OJ to CO

to r cb

CM

mdash r

-OJ

o o

CO CO

b

rr r~ r



6 6 5 5 cc cr a g m m 5 2



BRG-31

BRG-3V2

MBU-21

MBU-22

540 541

542 543

39705 4954 38810 5913

9241 4383 15273 4468

4916 6638 3968 7807

2851 4356 424 467

1964

3008

1980

297




Bicad T

BRG-31 540 2955 369 366 494 146 801 208 074

BRG-32 541 2023 308 207 407 157 656 277 051

MBU-21 542 855 405 264 403 183 211 070 065

MBU-22 543 1456 426 040 045 028 342 090 051


Bicad R


540 541 542 543

2024 253 1289 196 609 289

11-27 330

2-51 132 188 031

338 259 287 034

100 100 130 022

CJ

CJ U


CU H

fl

CM CO

Ol CM

W

0 c s c a o O

Ol CM

a

a a - a

a a m a

a o m

a

co o

CM a

o

CJ a

bull4-

52

CO

O

rr co

rgt O

rr co O 55 P

lt



lt CO

cr in

xs

CO ogt c

CO

o uo co

CO

uo co rgt-co --

o b CM

r--uo CO

CO rr

rf UO CM

CO CO

o rr

CO

oo

CO CM

r^ o

co o

CM

oi oo CD

CO Ol

-uo

b

r~ cri

CM uo

b

CO uo

b

cn

b

CM UO

O

mdash UO

b

o to

to o

mdash uo

b

o UO

CO uo

b

ra

bull JO

ra -Z

ra bull

a

UO

CO co

r-co co

CM

r

o uo

o uo

o uo

D r-

rr 2 CD

CU

2 lt Z -j

o

CO cu

-ca

uo

b

o rr uo

CO

6 cr CQ

CM

r-

rr uo

CM

CO

6 cr m

to uo

CM

5 CD

2

CM

r ^ CO

CO rr uo

CM

CM

5 CO

Z2

0 H

fl E-t

cr

8 O

bullO 2

a a u


bulla a o

Cm

V CM

8 Si

3 i

ogt a CM a


M CU fl X 0 E-t W

M0 1

M0

CO

CO

CM

u

CO t-lt CO

rr O F lt rr

co a

2 cr lt CO

rr

LU

2 laquoc

CO r-~ CM CM


O UO r-raquo

o b o CO

o oi

o co rr

o b CO OJ

o uo CO CM

CO CO

CO

uo

CO CO CO

Oi CO

o CM uo

r~

zz T uo

r-raquo CD CM

CD

b

CO oi CD

r-

CO

co oi CO

CM CO CO

O CO b

o rr b

uo uo b

to uo b

to uo

uo CO CO

r-~ CO CO

CM

rgt-

rr r~ r-

o uo

CM

o uo

co uo r-

CO

mdash CM mdash CM

ro co C M o]

6 6 5 5 rx CC CD CD

a a Zgt 2gt

tc TJ

3 JO

a to r-

r-

3 8


eo raquo- mdash

CU


CO cu fl rd C bullH

T3 -C

sect rd U bullH


cu XJ +J

4-1 0


0 bull W

-H S fl U 0 U w

gt1 d X3 fl rd V

cu w fl C-H 0 S


rd 4J U cu 0 T3 M


rgt

us CU H

fl EH

5 a

3 2

deg s

81

K

rr co r^ co

5 8 8 8

TJ

3 co r ltM co

laquo = -

- tcopy CO O

S8

Si


io r- co CM

S 8 8 8

j 8



si

re

e CO

laquo rr S m Ul

s lt z mdash1

6

Ol

o rr Ui

ft 6 cc Q

rraquo Ol m-

3 mi f~ rr eo CM

c oi eo o co ai

p o o O J to ui

r~- CM rr

8 rZ fc

O O o Ui Ui Ui

to CM

ui rJ

CM CO CM

6 5 -j rr co a co 2 2

r-TJ bull ca u m-

Y-

bulla

1 -3

=s TJ

laquo u -Q

CM 9

r raquo-CM 9 o 5

r~ a CM C (j a

o (0

co e CM c O a

o 10

CM C (j ra

_ CO



laquo

bull

E amp

E

E a a

E St

E a

E Q

CO mi CO CO

rr ui Oi ugt

CO CM

rr

rr ui

CM

CO

8

CO

s

to

oi to -

Ui

ui 8

r

Ol CO co

R to

a oi CO

co UO CM

CO CO CM

CO

uo

CM m-

r ~

cn cb rr

to

CO

b Oi

Oi

9 a

rr

ui rr CM

CM b r--Ui

l^

b to

Ui rraquo rr

o pi Ui CM

_ ui r~ CO

CO

CM rJ o

eo

pound _ cb Ui

CM CM CO

CM

-j

CO CJ

rraquo K CO

rr copy 10

CM

Ol bull c CM c 5

amp o X



8

rraquo

8

8 -

Ol rr b to Ol CM

O

d

mdash CM

cb ui co

s 6 rr CD

CM CO

6 pound

CM

5 CD 2

CM CM

5 rD 2


PARAMETERS

WELL NO

DEPTH (m)

TOC ()

TMAX

SI

S2

S3

PI

HI

OI

EXT (g)

EOM (mg)

SUB SAMP (mg)

SATS (mg)

AROM (mg)

POLARS (mg)

RECOVERED()

SATS ()

mgHCg TOC

5383

BRG-3

680-690

41

421

044

477

264

008

11720

6486

159

423

423

30

22

213

626

71

1278

SAMPLE

5384

BRG-3

900-910

512

419

745

11950

2160

006

23340

4219

40

1728

533

22

17

228

501

41

76

NO

5385

BRG-3

2106-2110

37

433

086

461

205

016

12392

5511

133

505

505

96

63

182

675

190

4274

5386

BRG-3

2190-2194

269

446

1563

6295

185

020

23401

688

46

906

534

73

140

177

730

137

792




STD

C15

C16

C17

C18

C19

C20

C21

C22

C23

C24

C25

C26

C27

~ C28

C29

C30

C31

C32

C33

C34

C35

9508

8884

16193

20377

20819

19635

18721

18941

22648

26137

25794

27109

23992

23852

18571

22111

28539

21530

12838

11851

5194

3933

52922

26102

50353

56165

53925

45424

44586

61264

93581

129605

135150

196732

183559

122077

105479

111830

164898

86153

65890

56659

38060

26357

28921

52310

76123

83554

79422

74163

59798

50266

44658

38186

31169

28403

21046

19812

14505

16474

26571

15615

9352

9813

3582

2455

44535

56751

77943

85047

81012

75810

65728

66926

79592

91170

89727

98455

81651

73874

67934

58425

56599

45803

34292

29113

20892

13012

10

93

170

214

219

207

197

199

238

275

271

285

252

251

195

233

300

226

135

125

55

41

10

49

95

106

102

86

84

116

177

245

255

372

347

231

199

211

312

163

125

107

72

50

10

181

263

289

275

256

207

174

154

132

108

98

73

69

50

57

92

54

32

34

12

08

10

127

175

191

182

170

148

150

179

205

201

221

183

166

153

131

127

103

77

65

47

29


SAMPLE

5383

5384

5385

5386

NO WELL NO

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

DEPTH (m)

680-690

900-910

2106-2110

2190-2194


22161

56820

125180

109549

PHYTANE read from

5771

12166

27403

21077



5383 BRG-3 680-90 233

5384 BRG-3 900-10 107

5385 BRG-3 2106-10 433

5386 BRG-3 2190-94 246

61

23

95

47

38

47

46

52

11

10

15

13

4241

3553

2710

3102


Hampie of area

Coil in-situ

Total MoistureJ

Ash (dry) SI

Sulphur (dry) X

VK (daft bull

luara Tiga flesar

280

65

039

500


CV gross KJkg

CV nett KJkg

Na0 in ash I 2

Coal as lined

Total Hoisture X

Ash (dry) X

Sulphur (dry) X

U (daf) X

Fired Carbon (daf]

CV gross KJkg

CV nett KJkg

ha 0 in ash X

203

189

27

253

124

038

499

X 501

193

179

21

Vest Banko

262

60

045

493

507

211

197

55

259

90

044

492

508

205

191

38

Banjarsari

387

59

021

532

468

161

146

25

382

64

021

531

469

158

143

20

North Suban Jerigi

412

66

020

525

475

156

140

16

398

134

020

523

477

147

132

15

Sooth Muara Tiga

257

117

034

499

501

194

180

37

252

159

032

486

504

185

172

28

Kungkilan

234

70

022

492

508

218

204

60

231

108

022

490

510

210

196

41

South Arahan

310

72

022

511

489

187

172

34

304

115

022

510

490

180

165

21

North Arahan

359

72

075

514

486

173

160

42

Central Banko

350

100

03

500

500

175

1601

60

South Banko

334

89

053

506

494

183

624

-

Bukit Kendi

200

29

017

507

493

238

224

-


QUALITY PARAMETER




ASH (DRY) X


H-2

PANGADANG (ION)

6720

42

53

5

02

N-4

BENAKAT

ON)

6720

45

54

7

02


DUALITY PARAMETER




ASH (DRY) X


N-2

PANGADANG Oil

6780

40

53

6

03

B-3

BENUANG (6K)

6690

43

54

5

02

N-4

BENAKAT (14MJ

6470

48

57

9

03







ASH (DRY) X 6 7 7 15 7 8 II



Shell 1978)

QUALITY PARAMETER




ASH (DRY) X


M-2

P A N G A D A N G

LOWER UPPER

(10-13M) (11-13M)

6780

42

56

8

05

6830

38

53

06


u lt X bullH

o mdash C3 ac

9 U PM

0J XJ 4J 4-1

0 n cu bullH

4-gt bullH H id

OO

Caa

H

H H (d CD 0X5 U M

Smdash

U3 bull

CD H

bull8 EH

CO mm

o CO

CO CO

o


Area

Seal

North Arahan

Sooth Arahan

Sooth Mnara Tiga

Kungkilan

Banjarsari





Air Lajra-North

Air Laya-South


Vest Banko-North

Vest Banko-South

Central Banko



CCl + C2 BBl

69

37 bull 26 28 + 20

38 bull 2S 38 T 25

E4 43 4 32

181 138

43 4 18 33 4 2S

55 + 24 51 bull 34

75 4 71 72 + 26

47 i 33 50 bull 26

26 bull 12 27 t 07

05 4 03

10 t 01 08 4 02

53 + 21 65 r 27

43 + 24 75 bull 24

52 4 35 84 r 56

60 54


A2 Al

27 30

42 bull 37

33 4 54 32 4 20

78 + 26

31 76 + 30

42 bull 54 26 4 22

26 t 30 17 bull 15

46 f 35 50 4 48

63 + 51 80 T 92

33 4 10 25 bull 08

04 4 04 05 + 04

53 bull 26 31 + 17

64 r 48 30 4 09

58 t 33 83

45 42

(XI

Enii Jelawatan

25 + 23 11 4 98

17 bull 10 07 + 04

21 09

ft 0 4J 0

rd JJ 0J

rd

A a w

to

s

8 olaquo M bullP

a) to OJ

gjj

o OJ O XJrH 4J

a bullH

to OJ 0

0 10 a)

to ta 0)

2

m rd t

| OJ ta a

O H

X 4J

fl CD

MT1 H n ltdG 0 0

m 0

amp rd g p 3 CO

00

r-GJ H A id H

0) gt 0 p

1

0) fl bullH

E 4J to O

B OJ ft



3gt

CJ

mml bullJ a

î

ca w Lm W as u IM


_ rt u

a a u ca

-^j u m- -V

ct bull bull a u u


US

3

laquod u k bull

^ 3 3

--raquo C n

_ laquoa

zHZ zm trade^

-a J M

-gt ltU

a

bullJ

u bullltmdashlt

bull a o

bull-bullt

- O laquoJ) trt

m m u an

o bull mmt

rtrt a-

CJ

OB

oo ltu a

-raquobulllaquo

u bull bullmdash1

-3 I--

- c3

--raquo an

j

9 0

mdashbull-bull

rtcJ 3ftf

bull ^

bullbull m


i CO

1

1


emdash

laquoJ

(39

CM mdasha

Cd

ca

bull4 laquoa

bullmdash m t-m -mt

an

ca

i CO

i

i

- ltJ9 raquoltn

lto

CM cj

u CM

CO

c a -c

o -fed

bulls bulla

m-m-t

UI 4J wm

mjO

1 n

-bullgt 4

C=raquo

OO

u n CF1

i

-raquo CM

bull mdash raquo

aa OB

a laquod

-- - at bulla

ltu

rW

laquo bulla

ca

ca

u n

CN

1

CM ca urraquo

i

bull-laquo

laquoM

ca caa

bull bull bulla

caa

bull u

TWO

bullU OJ

ca

d -O =3 CO

-=i bull

a-i a ac

i CO

i

JO c o

1

wrgt

CJ

CO

CM -X

laquod

bull bullbulllaquo


=raquo 30

jt

a C O

CM

1 C=gt

1

rgt

laquoraquo

i

laquoQ) craquoraquo

CJ

ca

CM

ca

Hill -M a a ca tMC

1 C O

1

c-raquo e mdash

1 0 C M C M

CO

lt

CJ

ca

bull M


-- -3 a o a

Bmdash

u n

C3 CM

lt=gt elaquoo

-raquo

bull


bulllaquo

laquoM CJ

CJ

CM ca

ca

CM -S

o -Jmdash

bulld ca

bulld


CJ

aa

i bullra

^ bullbullj

lt=raquo bull

i

o

un

laquo-raquo

CJ

CO

CM

O

a laquod uO

J

=1 o co

traquo

1 QO

un CM ltr-raquo

1

1

o

bullmdash

bullB

ca

-bull ltu

ca laquoa -O 3 CO

J_gt

CA bullE Q O

cmdash

I bull bull

m-f-raquo

OF

1

1

en


CJ

CM

a

ca

CM

-laquolt

laquoCI

O bulld

CO

J Wl laquol

un

bullmdashM


^ CO

cn

u n

CJ

ca

CM mdashc

o ltd

bulla u mdasho

-raquo tVrt a SB

1

lt=gt

bullbull C3 CSi

1

t

c=gt

ca

CJ

ea

CM mdashe

a o

0

ca bullu bull-bull


-vmdash

bulld

raquo--bull 3 3B4

VI V mdash





ASH (DRY) X lt 4




SEAM VOLATILE

MATTER

(daf)

Vitrinite

CALORIFIC VALUE

calg (Btulb)


3613 7925(14265) 8680(15625) 7841(14114)

Zollverein 3197 8109(14597) 8696(15652) 8038(14468)

Anna 2836 8343(15017) 8619(15514) 8343(15017)

Wilhelm 2350 8368(15062) 8360(15048) 8216(14788)







COALS

MOISTURE () 21-74 121

ASH () 67 - 169 041

FIXED CARBON () 698-807 5798



SULPHUR () - 025

- 114

709

8344

- 2334

8164

- 336



(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

22917

22919

22920

22923

22926

22929

22933

22936

22938

22940

22941

22942

22944

40-45

170-75

250-55

495-500

705-10

975-80

1348-50

1644-46

1800-02

1878-80

1880-82

1887

1968-760

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

031 62 5 33 87 4 9

033 - - - 83 5 12

037 34 1 65 81 4 15

039 52 tr 48 84 7 9

040 92 2 6 56 12 32

042 83 2 15 - - -

047 70 30 tr - - -

057 99 tr 1 - - -

072 99 tr tr - - -

074 - - - 97 1 2

073 96 tr 4 97 1 2

087 - - - 97 1 2

082 99 tr tr - - -



(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

23676

23678

23681

23683

23684

23686

23688

23690

23691

23692

23693

23694

23695

23696

23697

23698

435-40

550-55

722-24

838-40

916-18

1128-30

1218-20

1488-90

1568-70

1660-62

1737-39

1812-14

1820-22

1866-68

1886-88

1920-22

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

030

036

036

037

036

038

039

047

047

048

050

056

054

054

057

058

82

79

84

85

76

71

73

98

92

86

88

86

96

43

83

5

5

3

1

2

5

tr

tr

tr

6

5

tr

2

tr

tr

13

16

13

14

22

24

27

2

8

8

7

14

2

57

17

87

80

81

88

91

8

8

2

3

4

5 -

12 -

17 -

9 -

5 ~

- -

- -

- -

- -



(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

23271

23273

23274

23276

23277

23278

23280

23281

23282

23283

23284

200-

300-

330-

566-

758-

794-

1248-

1258-

1264-

1274-

1280-

-05

-05

-35

-68

-60

-96

-50

-60

-66

-76

-82

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

034 83 5 12

038 84 4 12 63 14 23 - - -

036 80 2 18 ------

041 80 2 18 ------

040 84 115 ------

042 88 2 10 ------

051 86 68 -------

049 85 3 12

053 --- ---81118

053 --- ---85 4 11

050 45 1 54 87 4 9



(m)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

23560

23561

23562

23563

23565

23567

23568

23569

23570

23571

23572

456-61

544-46

602-04

736-40

838-40

1090-92

1248-50

1300-02

1430-32

1526-28

1566-68

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

TAF

TAF

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

30

32

35

45

44

46

41

50

51

44

54

DOM Coal ShCoal

V I L V I L V I L

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

71 10 19 84 3 17

- - - 8 3 4 13

64 2 34 72 7 21

- - - 7 4 5 21

74 5 21 - - - - - -

79 4 17 - - - - - -

65 9 26 - - - - - -

83 1 1 6 - - - - - -

94 1 5 - - - - - -

99 tr 1 72 7 22 - - -

95 4 1 - - - - - -



(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

23536

23537

23539

23545

23547

23548

23550

23551

23552

23553

23557

535-

590-

715-

1165-

1270-

1325-

1558-

1642-

1726-

1746-

1802-

-40

-95

-20

-67

-72

-27

-60

-44

-28

-48

-04

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

GUF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

LAF

032 49 7 44 56 9 35 59 10 31

037 79 7 14

041 83 5 12

045 73 5 22 ------

052 79 15 6 ------

051 64 24 12 ------

052 61 31 8 ------

054 99 tr tr ------

057 99 tr tr ------

063 81 tr 19 91 1 8 - - -

061 99 tr tr ___-_-



(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

22950

22952

22953

22954

22955

22957

22958

22960

22962

22963

22964

22965

22967

22969

22970

22971

22972

22973

22974

22975

22976

22977

22978

610-20

720-30

800-10

900-10

1070-74

1206-10

1252-56

1402-06

1548-52

1654-58

1706-10

1710-14

1886-90

2042-46

2106-10

2150-54

2182-86

2190-94

2222-26

2238-42

2241

2254-58

2266-68

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

038

041

047

047

050

049

053

058

063

066

065

067

067

070

071

075

081

083

084

087

087

082

082

90

60

90

28

90

95

94

96

98

90

92

96

99

93

98

99

98

91

99

99

98

99

83

2

5

3

2

3

tr

3

2

tr

8

7

4

1

tr

2

1

2

2

tr

tr

2

tr

tr

8

35

7

70

7

5

3

2

2

2

1

tr

tr

7

tr

tr

tr

7

tr

tr

0

tr

17

92

70

96

79

89

87

97

98

96

99

48

73

1

17

1

10

2

3

1

tr

tr

1

3

7

7

13

3

11

9

10

2

2

4

tr

49

20

Table 97 Maceral

No SplNo Depth

(m)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

23584

23586

23588

23589

23590

23591

23594

23595

23596

23597

23599

23600

446-48

492-94

698-700

798-800

898-900

1000-02

1254-56

1296-98

1314-16

1336-38

1488-90

1518-20


Form R max DOM v

V I L

(mm f)

MEF 034 95 1 4

MEF 036 96 1 3

ABF 033 50 1 49

ABF 040 82 tr 18

GUF 040 60 tr 40

GUF 042 98 tr 2

TAF 056 90 1 9

TAF 050 98 tr 2

TAF 051 86 3 11

TAF 051 91 5 4

TAF 053 59 tr 41

TAF 057 72 tr 28

from TMT-3 samples

Coal ShCoal

V I L V I L

(mmf) (mmf)

81 3 16

84 3 13

88 210 - - -

69 10 21 - - -

96 1 3 - - -

74 tr 26 - - -

92 tr 8 - - -



(m) VILVILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

23614

23615

23616

23617

23618

23619

23620

23621

23622

23623

23624

23625

23626

23628

23629

23630

23631

23632

130-35

430-35

628-30

748-50

848-50

952-54

1110-12

1274-76

1332-34

1778-80

1804-06

1816-18

1840-42

2008-10

2070-72

2168-70

2224-26

2272-74

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

036

038

038

039

041

049

052

053

053

066

068

076

077

079

078

081

082

081

56

72

87

72

85

80

89

98

87

90

49

97

90

62

68

22

91

1

4

1

5

10

18

11

1

tr

3

1

tr

1

10

tr

67

9

43

24

12

23

5

2

tr

1

13

7

50

3

9

28

32

11

tr

83

97

81

75

85

92

2

1

5

2

2

3

15

2

14

23

13

5



m) VILVILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1 23286 798-800 ABF 044 64 16 20 - - - - - -

2 23287 902-904 GUF 048 67 20 13 ------

3 23288 1098-100 GUF 051 78 4 18 ------

4 23289 1198-200 GUF 053 91 1 8 ------

5 23291 1394-96 TAF 053 99 tr 1 ------

6 23293 1430-32 TAF 055 99 tr 1 ------

7 23294 1530-32 TAF 063 97 21 ------

8 23295 1576-78 TAF 065 --- ___9154

9 23296 1584-86 TAF 072 98 1 1 97 1 2 - - -

10 23297 1602-04 TAF 068 99 tr 1 96 1 3 - - -

11 23298 1606-08 TAF 072 99 tr 1 94 1 5 - - -



(m) VILVILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

23166

23168

23169

23170

23172

23175

23177

23179

23181

23182

23185

23186

23187

23188

23189

23190

23191

23193

23195

200-

260-

320-

370-

500-

700-

810-

1150-

1355-

1654-

1866-

1910-

1984-

2048-

2112-

2180-

2268-

2396-

2452-

-05

-65

-25

-75

-05

-05

-15

-55

-60

-56

-68

-12

-86

-50

-14

-82

-70

-98

-54

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

LAF

032 86 6 8 84 3 13

030 80 tr 20 97 2 1

031 81 6 13 - - -

033 77 16 7 - - -

032 73 1 26 - - -

036 42 15 43 - - -

038 76 4 20 - - -

049 55 4 40 - - -

055 80 18 2 - - -

063 99 tr tr - - -

059 95 1 4 - - -

062 99 tr 1 92 2 6

066 - - - 89 1 10

074 - - - 93 2 5

083 96 tr 4 - - -

087 - - - 99 tr 1

086 99 tr 1 - - -

093 98 2 tr 98 2 tr

092 98 tr 2 - - -

PLATES 1-61

















PLATE I PLATE 2

PLATE 3

PLATE 4 PLATE 5







minerals in shale







detrovitrinite (DV)





PLATE 6 PLATE 7

PLATE 8 PLATE 9

mdash W

r A

2


amp 4m

bullkferfw ^pound23














mode






Sample no 23596




PLATE 13

DV

tradeî

-Tk - TV

PLATE 15

TV

PLATE 17




fluorescence mode








23562







PLATE 18 PLATE 19

PLATE 20

ltrtV-

LTC

t ^gt

jm

^flflM

SF^jtL-flj

-^JT^MH

GV I^^Sjj

PLATE 22 PLATE 23










light mode












PLATE 24 PLATE 25

PLATE 26 PLATE 27

^mmW k _ W



bull

tgt bull bull

___

bull v^ trade

PLATE 28 PLATE 29






(PY)










PLATE 30 PLATE 31

PLATE 32 PLATE 33

PLATE 34 PLATE 35




fluorescence mode














PLATE 36 PLATE 37

PLATE 38 PLATE 39

PLATE 40 PLATE 41


















PLATE 42 PLATE 43

PLATE 44 PLATE 45

PLATE 46 PLATE 47



Sample no





(DV)







telovitrinite (TV)




mode



PLATE 48 PLATE 49

PLATE 50 PLATE 51

PLATE 52 PLATE 53






















(DV)

-I -bullpound

-I bull


-v (flV


PLATE 54

PLATE 56

PLATE 58

APPENDIX 1

ELL MAKE KBU-2










LIU




it J J u






























U


HOOK












nvriffl pi i w w













































110U LL u T T

bull-mi 1 w w w

Q7f1 I U 1 u







u n n i u u

HO ful

FORMATION D






















IMT t r n










ClUUllUClUW











































C 1 0 - 2 11 ea f

n n

1 p tn




-nmninn niri












bullflon I u w u











1 r tfl








a ro u t w

f Q










f u i I


--oi r - M

U M lljUll



in


bdquoibdquo





flMrn(inflaquoraquo

yufilWittj Jtui

1 nr-si r-o1)











l l l i w l U U I


- Q - - ) bull











W J f i L i J l





K





1 nnr i n 1 1 U W I 1 H

h n nnyen ui i gn u

i fa I u w












































Traquo i ntri 1 c



a hiinrtanr










a m r vuo bull r_in

lil













uuuuuaii


rftm i







bull i rfkV


TJK J U U J U T













rift I 1ft |iiiu




11 j w J w t w v













niri r a w i w w







snrl wt l l U






1


















ia 1 1 nu -J U I 1 u n |


















r r i n i f a bull


















n r a n n o





a (










1























J laquoJ 1 ml


ft ft TBrH fgt n

wwiuia w li

L U )

uw

L bdquo bullJm 1

t 1 I

- JIU

3 v i t r











i t r r v T 1 -n0 r - n













i-9 i n r m i j wi





nr nnf wr i g u v











r-if bull U U U



n v r i T a

ena rea U U U I W W

ra ra 1 1 UI w



r J bull- U W U I













m a i n r HIUJ Wl

i nor 1

nur1ta u t U W





na r ran UUI 1 Wll


nra n n a u u i 3 w

o-jcto 170R- W W W

T)m wU

Tn 1 U

1 a nn bull u i t 3








ilCKT It ~





-01 i-a


j W iUlillUUII












m ciiDr D u nu u u

SO III ldegl



W W U L










laquo1


LU bdquo - L l j








ww turn wii

I I Q f 1 U U U 1 u







bull




nn1 1 ftL W L A U

3 rankc i


W L A U










6-i

1

1


































nnf i W W W












i n o r f i m f a



VI1










nrannabull wi uiigw





Ul w













enarca


OOQPQ L L U U U




rinm UWIII







9 0 0 7 M L m W I W







11071 k i i


il 7C 1ft W U




UM T f u-ao I



IUI I II I uu

na uuui

U U U I I U U H m









) UWIII
























Aorit u u i n

























nn nna nr



linfinifa rara


ft n n r i R




p-0 i -0 A - L f w - U

gtr- U-Of





tfRrr Mkvv TUT
























laquo













bullWlU V L X 6 V











ocr TV


rara n ha r r



r a n n a Wl UIIJW

n r a n n o w uiigw













ra ra





-n - I u



















-0

a eami

r i n i f c

t r a I U W )

nronr Wl u n

WW

a - i

i r o 1 WW

a I

cu

n a r v UUI fl


hn

H a ri uui n

n h f 311 u




1 nu - wn












-01 T-ifU an - - L l ) A - t W W U




n n n -un wu nr

fta 1 W W U I

H n m l U U

I l-i_ i_ I - W U |

-OK

- a 1 nt i f r i r

a en 1ar U W I Wl


W ) u

nra



nnmmnn

n fa I I U W j wi



hn

ft 1 -I A A

n h f 3ltu l


M-01 -







~ n J u





il 1 n u





r a 1 n w 1 f r i U W 1 W 1 1 UI 1

nnmmnn UUIIIIMUil



r n u u

- n i u

fa uw

r a c i n i f a 1 W W 1 11 1 U W )



nnmmnn UWIIIHIWH

A rnnc U1 W W W )


m w 1

ia






- lt 1 L - f 1



i n a r f 1 IIWi u














n n f 1 n i w u u 1 11 1

a 1 1 nu w 1 1 w n

1 1 nu bull i w n



















un ii




































I

















































































orange


















rca hi fnman












if n L i u

ful 1

lb iMC---m H






0 1 0 Q 7 w 4 LU CA




J U W L il


rgt A HI A r








UU W Ll I i J W

bdquo 1


u-ii r-o -II | i - | w - gtJ | - - 1

1 ft-A U L W

W W U

i n r i U L W W

j LIH

w w t

L

t-

n L

i 1 A U W ) W U W H 1 L U W )


1 -r f bull







1 0 0 0 1 jgt f I 1 1 ll Jm 1 T 1 W






i l w U L wl W

L U A W w W Will



-I bull-w I




ma i rtr UIUJ wi


bull n









1-0Q 1 V -1- I bull I







1 a r il ll U I

z

i_-i

rlaf

rn















nronna W I Will JW

tfprr -JAW ourjin

u n a i u u

HO

nccpn

i i

PQRKATIQH

C^r j i-Lk J C

rr r

u L L W t J U W U W




11 11 nil- -ll




t L All A U W )









) V J 1 U I raquo

r nn nfinnf

u u u u u u u w

y A A uw



A A uw udaciw




^ jWiiwri uw

11 AT

J V k A W bull UU


1 5 W OUL

UnA



J i- bullgt

i K A raquor






r-ic r-7 1 w I I



Oil TO U U i I u







cesser bituncn yci

Lte dull orange

S w









nor r i m fa





L - L W


al nu wiiwS




A - T






bull n w r i f a



11170 L u I i w








nu wn )

f J C C l







n - u















in rora











mainr IIUJ Wl






nrmna ui UII 3 w

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF PLATES

PAGE


11 AIM OF THE STUDY

12 PREVIOUS STUDIES



15 MORPHOLOGY


21 TERMINOLOGY


221 Sampling


223 Microscopy



reflectance



1

2

3

4

7

8

10

10

14

14

15

15

15

17

18


SETTING


32 STRATIGRAPHY 21











SEQUENCES

41 INTRODUCTION 38




4221 DOM 41









51 INTRODUCTION 54










61 INTRODUCTION 85







analysis

626 Results 88



spectrometry




632 Results 96


SUB-BASIN

71 INTRODUCTION 100





74 COAL QUALITY 106


76 STRUCTURES 109

77 COAL RESERVES HI







Intercalations






81 INTRODUCTION 120

82 COMBUSTION 121

83 GASIFICATION 124



91 SUMMARY 128

911 Type 128

912 Rank 131



potential


92 CONCLUSIONS 137

REFERENCES 143






ABSTRACT





























carbons

























studied

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS






















numerous ways













study












during this study







appreciated




LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 21

Figure 22

Figure 23

Figure 24

Figure 31

Figure 32

Figure 33

Figure 41

Figure 42

Figure 43
































Figure 517

Figure 518

Figure 519

Figure 520

Figure 521

Figure 522

Figure 523

Figure 524












LIST OF TABLES

Table 11

Table 21

Table 22

Table 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 31

Table 32

Table 33

Table 51

Table 52

Table 53

Table 54

Table 55

Table 56

Table 57

Table 58

































Table 59

Table 610

Table 611

Table 71

Table 72

Table 73

Table 74

Table 75

Table 76

Table 77

Table 78

Table 79

Table 81

Table 82













CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
















Palembang Sub-basin









2


Sub-basin

11 AIM OF THE STUDY







this study is to









histories







âlembang 5ub-basin

12 PREVIOUS STUDIES












Sumatra (Fig11)















sq km


































(Anwar Suseno 1988)














6



Sumatra Basin













subbituminous coal











7























19596 m 1972 KD-1 18585 m 1976 BN-10 2565 m 1977



1633 m 1959 and BL-2 1675 m 1965

8




















and Lahat








9

protected by law








vehicles

15 MORPHOLOGY

















10

CHAPTER TWO


21 TERMINOLOGY























11











1982)

















12















seam





in Table 23








^3








2856-1986)




















14










221 SAMPLING






Formation
























223 MICROSCOPY








16











(Rvmax)

















17



inertinite




















mode

18






















2 (y x a)





bullgtbull n

CHAPTER THREE


31 REGIONAL GEOLOGY





















Coster 1974)


20




























21


- Jambi Sub-basin




32 STRATIGRAPHY




















22


























23




Jurassic age


















Cretaceous




24











(Pulunggono 1983)








1983)







25






Talang Akar Stage













stratigraphic age









2fi





Pulunggono 1983)





















sands








part




















28























some boreholes



29




limestone















environment







3n











Coster 1974)













divisions


31

the Hanging Coals























glauconite




32




Sumatra Basin












Miocene)










33

















sea-level changes









3 4




























connection to open

3 5

























36

























at this time


17










33

CHAPTER FOUR


41 INTRODUCTION














sequences









39







42 TYPE

421 LAHAT FORMATION






breccia






liptinite





40









liptodetrinite



















41














metre seams

4221 DOM










12



























i

43





fluorescence mode











some samples











44








424 GUMAI FORMATION






liptinite












45






















liptodetrinite




46



inertodetrinite



















contact alteration




47























similar





48











the coals f

















49












to 43)
















50




















vitrite and clarite






51













increasingly opaque















52




























53










1980)








61)

54

CHAPTER FIVE


51 INTRODUCTION























55

reflectance



























56







Daulay (1985)




















57












above trend















58




























59




























60




























61























heating

53 THERMAL HISTORY


62












number of authors















j 3



















the formula









64




























65



Makki 1981)













heat flow










following ratio


ee
























infilled

67



























68




























69




























70














Benson 1966)














71














petroleum














71



















shown below







73









below



















1

[see Table 515)


























07

75
























7 6




























77




formation












Method








is given by


73









nmax

TTI = s (dtn) (x)

nmin















79




























sn



























- 1

Ji










Pendopo area

















32

























33




























34












35

CHAPTER SIX


61 INTRODUCTION























86



62 OIL GEOCHEMISTRY















weights



87












the major peaks














88























626 RESULTS


^q












from 21 to 33





oils










90

54



























91




























92



























93




























94













Table 66















95






















described below

96












632 RESULTS










given in Table 611



37









mature





Lahat

Talang Akar

Baturaja

Gumai

Air Benakat

Muara Enim

17

03

02

05

05

05

to

to

to

to

to

to

85

80

15

115

17

527

436-441

425-450

425-450

400-440

gt430

gt430







98




























99
























100

CHAPTER SEVEN


71 INTRODUCTION






















101


























intrusions

102




























103
























104













high in rank







exceeds 12 metres







105


















Suban Jerigi area

7312 PENDOPO AREA







106
























area

107

74 COAL QUALITY


























10 8


Sodium in ash 18-8







75 ASH COMPOSITION








volcanic glass









109



procedures of ISO






content

76 STRUCTURES
















110




























Ill


77 COAL RESERVES


















50 metres depth






112
























71)

113

781 STRATIGRAPHY










intercalations

78121 Coal seams







129 metres thick



114





metres





















115













782 COAL QUALITY













116










marine conditions








Ash 16-58

Total sulphur 07-12

783 COAL RESERVES




117



Bituminous

Sub-bituminous

lLow Volatile

2Medium Volatile


lSub-bituminous A

2Sub-bituminous B

15000000

30000000

66000000




54 million tonnes









118
















in Table 79



metres depth







119



























structural setting

120

CHAPTER EIGHT

COAL UTILIZATION

81 INTRODUCTION







foundries








process of interest








121






82 COMBUSTION








properties












bituminous rank

122








fuel plant




















123




























124







deposits








83 GASIFICATION











125















84 CARBONISATION











126




























127



Sumatra Basin

128

CHAPTER NINE


91 SUMMARY

911 TYPE










Table 91


C o a l V I L

()

(mm f )

D O M V I L

()

(mm f)


86 87

81

4 3

10 10

13

84 2 90 3 97 tr 63 22 78 3 65 3

14 7 3 15 19 32





129




























130




























131
















912 RANK










-oo
















oil generation









913 THERMAL HISTORY


133












plate














134


the present study


























135

zone







area




















136

Formation




traps














metres







137















use

92 CONCLUSIONS










138











the basin

















139












Enim Formation















140


Formations






coals in rank




















141








plants




















142





organic matter












prospective region

142(a)

REFERENCES












143













144











145













146














147













148












149














150













151












1 CO J mm











153













154














155












156














157














158













159












160














161














AREAS

NORTHERN PROSPECTS




TK TALANG AKAR






TOTAL


400



I 10

I 50

250



mdash 10degN

GULF OF THAILAND

SOUTH CHINA SEA

SINGAPORE

KALIMANTAN

INDIAN OCEAN


STUDY AREA

LOCATION MAP SCALE

200 10Oraquoi

10degS



400

3 30

M euro)

c c o

2 = laquo = S

55SS - O OOQ if O

4laquo00

a

fl Di 4J fl bullH n




ta oi

fl fl 3 it) D H




o o

o m in

O

ca 0) H 0

TJ X C rO

i

CU u 0 -Q

CO W lt

JJ bullH M fl


m 4J co

CU X

id o U rH 0

JO H -bullH

w o w 0


H id


id x cu u u ro cu




U ca ca

m

CU

bullH Cu


IMPREGNATION

I c o tS

mdash I

u 03

gt LU

05

lt

bullJi

cr

ACUATION

a F a c lto ltB

c a i

O pound zz 3 O


bullraquo SETTING

a cn

t

GRINDING


PAPER PAPER PAPER


lt

POLISHING Water

Prooat


SELVYT CLOTH


SELVYT CLOTH

JtUM I



I i Washed in



Figure 21


EXAMINATION


A

c o

a o

c a cr

co

E cr

o s lt r-LU

2

X CO CO LU

z LU

c lt


gt ra o w

o ~ re

= sect E 0 = 0

dC

pound

c o _

2 a raquo o 0 s x

o a _ 01 c


c a a -

bullD

w C w laquo


St deg 3

E =

c _o re u o


dego- ~ =

K

tgt

0 19

u 0 C m

gtlaquo O

0 c

0 ~

2 =bull

bulllaquo

e

o 2 0 u -

c pound ~ D gt

M

0

laquo 3 0

i^^7___

~ ~

K lt ^ gt

o 0 d u lt lt J do


= r deg 0 u lt- 5-

(1 p - ^^

S|f 0


lt

0 5^ _l

mdash ^ z ^


01

c 0 V

(0 bull ~


1 gt

S

_

_re a OJ 01

ro ~

UJ

0 lt r-V)

CJ

ro CJ

mdash u

m 5 ltu 0

-c S 01 Ol





D un 0 CO




0 H


0 XJ E u in


bull D C

0 U

3 W a lt o

E n

C c E _ B 13

s laquo

B rs

Ll 3 CT bullH LU

01

a

u 0 in

ro gt gt ro cu

gt irt

a 0

c 0 ai ~

gt

J2 0

Si

0

ta C ta



Q

6

I

0- 5

SPARSE

20

ABUNDANT

10

COMMON

10

MAJOR



ta O O mm) OOmmmm O

i Agt _

bull m m amp A Cl

A A J L _





TERTIARY SUBOUCTrON

PRESENT SUBOUCTrON

PATERWOSTER FAULT



fTTfflzon A


Zoo 0

Zona pound

gratilt

Kl L0METRE3

KRAKATAU



LAHAT FORMATION

N = 15

DOM 009-1699(Av= 850) by vol

COAL 2 - 34 (AV = 18 ) by vol

Vol bull40

COAL

-30

20

COAL

10

DOM

Total Abundance

Average Abundance



N = 48

DOM 182^3791 (Av= 1363) by vol



Vol

J lt ^r r r

yy bull


V

^^ta^ ^ v

V 1

SHALY COAL

Total Abundance

Average Abundance

Inartinite





VoL

-a

2

_l

0

OOM

Total Abundance

Average Abundance

i Vltrfntte

Inertinite

Liptinite


GUMAI FORMATION

N = 24

DOM 005- 733 (Av=l8 7)by vol

VOl

mdash4

-3

_2

1

0

DOM

DOM



l--y--l Liptinite

Average Atmcullt



N = 24

DOM 015-1544 (Av = 366 ) by vol

voi

15

10

DOM-

-5

3 =3

DOM

[ j Totol Abundance

Average Abundance

j Vi trin ita

Inertini te

Liptinite



DOM 18 7-798 fAv= 437) by vol

COAL 356-100 (Av = 66) by vol

voi rrA I0O C 0 A L

_ 30

DOM

Total Abundance

Average Abundance

COAL



MBU- 2 TD s 2200 m

01 02 03 04 OJ 06 07 08 09



PMN-2 TD = 1959 6m

01 02 03 04 03 06 07



r

mdash 500

fi

E

a Q

mdash 1000

GM- 14 TD= 1398 m


u u 2

318

bull84

lt

li

3 O

I0raquo4

nee

iteo

llaquo4laquo_

BRF

TAF

LAF

6M

01 02 03 04 a3 OJS 07



KG-10 TD-I575 8 m

167

U lt it

rao

u UJ

2

12TB

1447

1817

U

ltB

lt

6UF

BRF

TAF



KD- 0|

TD raquo 18585 m

Sloo

pound c

a copy

a

mdash 1000

mdash 1500

LL

468

946

i sea-

1872

ielaquo7

n

u UJ

2

LL 3

BRF

TAF

B M

01 02 05 04 OJ 06 OJ 06



BRG-3 TD 2300 m - o

900

1mdash

o E

Q

a

1000

1900

mdash 20O0

Sraquo4

lt

1221

18 81

U

Ik

a lt

2 0 64 20 64

|0 280

u

3

O

JPOE-

TAF

LAF



TMT-3 TD-1633 m

300

c r pound

a o

a 1000

t 1500

310

U UJ

2

laquow-

u

as

lt

Urn 3 laquo9

1164


Oi 3 3 0-5 tt4 UJ 06 CL7 Qd


bull3W


L-5A 22 TD 2237 m

a

rmdash 500

1000

mdash 1500

2000

828

u LU

2

964

U

a

lt

LL

3 (3

1290 1312 3RF_

LL

lt

1900

U lt -I

SM

01 02 03 04 03 06 OJ 03 09



BL-2 TD= 1675 m

500

mdash 1000

bullpound -a o _

a mdash 1300

8(2 bull

03

1323

LSraquo6

U

3

8RF

u lt

01 as as o^ as o6 07 oa 09



L_

E

a a)

a


MEF tlaquo4

1207

i ess 1667

aa

lt

2 427

I

3

9

DOC

LAF

01 02 03 04 03 06 07 08 09 10 II



I UJ

u (_gt()

0

a id JJ


M

5 I

o o JJ ta

o flJ rd

m o

Ll 0 DO bullH

Ol

c bullH

sect

M (d

I CQ 10 0 2 O O



CN

LO

OJ

bullH bull4

S 3 M 1 3 W N Hid3Q

Depth (in metres)

U~

1000-

2000

i rs _

3000 i

bull

0 MEF

0 ABF

+ GUF

bull BRF

bull TAF

bull LAF

00 02

ScQ bull 5e o+ JL

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100

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VERY GOOD

GOOD

FAIR

POOR

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0 Muara Enim Fat



| i I l i l l

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tfl fl 0 bullH

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CD X 4J M 0 m H 0

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bull

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pound 0


JJ JJ rd 0

amp 0 JJ tfl H

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rd 0 u

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fl 0 bullH

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fl CnM

ro CN

m CD U

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(IW Hidaa

CD 0 JJ U

LU 2 t-

LU 7 LU

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ro w U 4J

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4-1 0


CD T3 CD


ro IM CD ft 0

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0 CD


c 0 bullH CO 0 M CD

CD

01 C

CD JJ CD A M JJ

S bullH

M 0

CU 4-1

fl

CD U 0



54 0 5 41

N-ALKANES

AROMATIC

POLARS

542 54 3


g d 0 ltu u JJ 4-1

CO C 0

a

rd

S

bull CD fl

CD gt bullH

rd JJ JJ rd gtiH


M d rO 0 0 u V

CO CD fl

gti ro


4-1

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CD M

bull bull

X bull bull

1

CO CD C rO fl bullH

CU H T3

bull bull


cd


rd U bullH CQ

bull laquo

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M Jjd Cw H

bull bull

M

N

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CO OM

CO poundj (3

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U


0 pound

M

3 M pound X CJ

gt

M


fl rd

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w VJ H CD

rO X U JJ

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0

rd fl u CD JJ fl


CN bull

ltD

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CD H

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H H 0

bullH -d M

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bull laquo 0 in

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bull bull W H

bull


bullH H













0 to H JJ CD




o

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o

51 LU

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ftd 0 fl

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CD LO



W -H r_z bull 0


n m

i mdash i

ri

i mdash i



0 to H JJ CD





RI

RI

IK

es

cc

48

a

i

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68

U

lte

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C27

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C28

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K

a

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i

186

88

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C33 454mdash7191

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1314


17 ie


TIME (HOUR)

v^^^K^^^J^^Jiî^

20




cc r-Z o z X

z II

X

-raquo X eS_ CO

-t-

X

GO

LU Z lt z lt LU -1

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UJ

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Q lt O


lt3 II

iS

LU 7 lt 7

O lt o CD

O IO O


r-

LU Z lt

z 5 u m o to

o II

i-

o

ID

z lt

z o lt

()

m u 2 o X II

cc

LU

z lt

z lt n CD

o o

II

K

bull

LU Z lt 0 o X

cC

II

laquo--laquo

to 0) 0 JJ

rfl

I to XJ

u c 0

to 0) 0

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ro CD

rfl

to to x )


to 0 CJ CD to

N

c 0 bullH


mD

CD to

bullH

CC

ltS8 45 lt8 lt8 88 45 26 58 48 5 88 53 8 54 48 55 88 5) K

TIME (HOUR)

58 48 188 88 1 8 1 I 6 46 184 18




1 2

4

6 lt

8 9 10

20S-5c(H)

20R-5o(B)

2QS-5a(B|

20K-5aB)

20S-5a(B) 20S-5a(B)

20R-5a(B)

20S-5a(B)


13B(B

136(1

13B(B

136(B

136(B 14B(B

MB(B

146(6

14B(B 146(B

17a(B|

17a(B)

lTa(H) la(B)

17a(B)

iHolB) 17a(B)

17o(B)

lTa(B) 17a(B)

-diasterampne(C27)




-sterane(C27)

-sterane(C27)


11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

T= T =

raquo=

E =











C27


5383 5384

N-ALKANES

AROMATIC

POLARS

5385 5386


ro cr cr

E o a CD c CO

CD (0

O

o CD

CO

CD gt LO

Z

o mdash

o CM

ta-r

poundZ LL

^-

^

^ ta mdash2 o- r-

LU

CD

o ro

o CJ

d CD JJ

rd to fl JJ


o to

6 bullH fl W rfl to

ro fl

pound CD XJ JJ to

CO JJ bull

amp u - rfl n to JJ

X CD

fl 0 bullH JJ fl


d CD fl rfl M H rfl

CD to fl 0i bullH

co on LO

CD X JJ

c bullH CO

G 0 bullH JJ

CJ ro to UJ

CD H amp

CO

fl 0 bullH JJ

rfl O

-o

ro i (3 cc

o 0) 1

o o

o

CD CD

o Ln

o

LU

i

CD

r cxi


xi JJ



g bullH

fl W rfl to rfl fl

pound CD X JJ

I to CO JJ

u bull rfl to JJ

X CD CD XJ JJ


co ro in CD H

CO


I

CN

CD to fl Ol bullH

Cn CD

E o

ro i

C5

rx CD CM

CM I CD O

j co

i C D

i o C3 _S

__3 r CD LO

CM CM

CM

CO -

CD CM 1

^

1

3

CD

CD

o CM

0

^

^

_ ^ mdash gt ~

_deg mdash

LU

CD m

3 CD Oj




to ro

0)

c ro H ro EH

CD X JJ


CO ro Lf)

to JJ


CD

CO

C 0 bullH JJ rfl


ro

10


cc

~v L _ a

CM ~

w

CO CM

CM CM

CO

CO mm

E

_w ro CM

cpound CD CM

raquo Sc

o CM

O

m

raquo

P3

gtbullbull T

-gt-gt

0

raquo raquo bull

J 3 - ^ ^ ^

~^

-4 ^

^

3 ^

_pound= -^C

Ml I I _ _ _

=

4 ^ - ^

^

M j -a i

CD

pr -

i

pCD

i

1 i CD

pin

1

i

J s

LL

i 5


__o

n the saturated

the Talang Akar



alkane distr

actions in t

rmation (sam

l to 0 fcM-i Cn

- H

1

VO

CD to

g bullH Cn

-CD

1

mCX

410

420

450

460

470 gt K 480 o E 490 -

1

BOO

940-

920

930

940

990

990

60O

TYPE III

Immature


Condensate wet gas

dry gas

TYPE II

Immature

1 pi Willi Gas

TYPE

Immature



-

-410

420

-430

-bull440

-450

460

_470


DOO

TYPE II

200-TYPE ni

T 1 I I


raquo

200 250



E a laquo CO

cn e a o i a m)

-3

V

CO bullco

CO

2 ltpound ^ltg c 3

coco M to

3 = c c e deg -o

sect_l =cn w


(i raquo laquo D a

deg- deg s- deg

lto a

to a

a v

2

to

bullD

3

1 I I I 2

I X

ro 2

llll 1 2

1 2


bullH ^ fl CQ

CD X JJ

4-1 0

Oi to CD

euro CD N JJ to 10

gtS Xi X


to CD

CO JJ

H rfl to CD fl CD O

ltH rfl bullmdashlt

rfl CD to (0

JVX

UOjJDLUJCy IDSDgt|


(D dW) D jaqoiaj


j v a




AWVIia3l

auaoojj



N

PAUEMBANS I

w KlaquorTOpoti


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S 0U T H

S U M AT E R A

5 pound ^


(POINT OF DELIVERY)

LEGEND


imdash Raiiwoy

Waterway

Lmdash Nsw Trade


lOOKm


LU

u in

4-


o gt-

cr lt LT toshyrn 1-

r

I 15 07 09 11 13 15 17


i

80 i

82 i

88 84 86



90




OIL FIELD

Sungai Takai


Teipino

Bajabang

lenali Asaa

Betung

Carang Ringing

Babat

Kebao


Iruh Huang

Lilin

TAkar Pendopo

Liiau

Gunung Eeiaia

Air Benakat

Jirak

Tanjung Tiga

ifest THiring

Talang Jiiar

Prabuiulih Vest

Karangan

Abab

Selo Be tan

Deras

YBAR OF DISCOVERY

1963

1905

1934

1931

1923

1931

1923

1903

1902

1941 1940

1962 -

1941

1944

1936

1922

1928 1938

1933

1931 1940

1938

1937

1953

1957

1957

1937

1949

1951

DEPTH OF

RESERVOIRS

(U

40-595

363-763

201-2251

589-824 824-1007

320-1171

110-400

50-366

30-320

360-550

1983

1220 -

1006

700-793 900- 854

1357-1632

1891-1934

439-467

210-290 1342-1403

1284-1537

1098-1281 1446-1720

1341

1830

580 1983

1830

FORHATIOH

Kuara Eoii

Air Benakat

Air Benakat

Air Benakat -

Air Benakat


-

Air Benakat -

Air Benakat -

Kuara Enii

Talang Akar


Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar



Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Talang Akar

OIL TYPE


Paraffinic


Paraffinic


Paraffinic

Paraffinic

Paraffinic




Paraffinic

Paraffinic

Paraffinic


Paraffinic

Paraffinic


Parafinic

Paraffinic


0

API

431 437

248

411 447 238

405

405

425

365

557 460

440 -

380 400 -

370 280

380 360

370 280

284

285

325

277

350

350

350

350


(BARREL)

4281222

8670834 15836554

76343699

37269022

80335861 -

2115716 -

-

-

16851348

140462 -

1474777

27495042 482320

331425405

158945473 16807313

102370655 45509927

35429231 1541100

125546539

7244023 -

2990595

492482

3990595

957050

8 u 4-1

fl (0

(0 0

u 4-1 0 fl 0 bullH 4J (0


ro H u


CN

cu H bullS

gt-r = 2 cc o UJ

o

o

A I 0gt 03

uHia|OA M0|H E o

i - e 2 5 O

llaquooo uraquoojg

OU

o o =f -J gt C3

o c

ltn lt

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IO

J

o IO

o o o o


-

deg5

gt

D laquoC

o o o

o o o o o o

o o o

cr o o to

o o o

o o o lt0

gt- O o a

O C

lt lt o u

n mdash m o uo

bullis

laquo

2 lt bull lt o

O

q bullraquo

0 0 0 0 O IO in r

1111

O m 7 n 9 ) m 0

1 1 I

gt (V

ci n ci

I I [

bull9 r a

odd

o O

= e a- o

z gt

I 5 E bullo bull =

2 gt a


e =



Vitrinite Telinite

Collinite

Vitrodetrinite

Liptinite Sporinite



Sclerotinite

Inertodetrinite









4-1

o s cu jJ

CQ gt1 CQ

c cu H U ltU

o B I CQ

OJ amp

o bullP

w

w bull

o O 4J

rd H

u fl cu cu

CJ

ro E

e o

cu u c 10

u a to

a CL rO

o bullH

a 0 0 cn 0 u

I Itl

cu M 4J JJ bullH

s

I M 0 3

CO C rH

fO 0 CO gt O

c 0) 0gt M


4J

c rO CU C 3 bull

bullW -laquoH JJ



cu - H cu (X H H

cn c


u 0


X

O 3 cn cn bullH JJ


U



u co cu

tn

c rO U JJ

3 0

CU JJ


c 3 CU rH JJ 0

bull5

c bullH


rH bullu o

cu cn c 0

cu gt gti 0)

cu trgt 1-1

rfl A


cu u

m c c o u

gt rH

rfl rfl U S JJ CO

4J

m

CO

3 0 c bullH CO 0) 1-1

OJ UJ


tfl CU

c rfl

M rfl O -H

rJ gti CU

s e



rM JJ

tn lt x 0) c

1 bullH


X s JJ 4J

c ro TJ Z

c rO CU

2 ~ X X -U ro CO


c pound cn O CTi C

o J3

w A

u 0

u CO cu

u

c


0 c rt CU

gt U

rO U



2- CO 0lt

cn cu o C JJ


ro 0 O 0

CO

cn 3 0 u

cu

e 0

cu CO 4H

TJ C rfl



JJ


3 bull O tn C rH

ro cu U gti JJ

JH

C 0 bullH

CU CU JJ 3 -H

O1 X rfl 3 0

c (0 CJ

rH 4J

CO JJ

c

m m bullH rfl rH H

U-l

T3 CU TJ JJ CU


0 JJ

CU

u bull en


CU JJ bullH

3

CO rfl

VJ

3 U U 0

CU

CU rH

rfl IJ

CU gt JC rH JJ

rfl U bullH

E 0) JG CJ

0 bullH CQ

e CU JJ

0 sz ro U g

CO tn 1

cu u lt- 0

3 JH rH 0 UJ

cu o u Z

CO



e 0 cu


CU



on

CN

CU H

EH

CM

3 0 JJ

CU JJ bullH

c bullH rJ JJ bullH

gt

JJ

JJ rJ CU

c


Group Maceral

Huminite

Liptinite

Inertinite

+ Incomplete can



Ulminite


Densinite

Gelinite

Humocollinite

Corpohuminite

Sporinite

Cutinite

Resinite

Suberinite

Alginite

Liptodetrinite

Chlorophyllinite

Fusinite

Semifusinite

Macrinite

Sclerotinite

Inertodetrinite


Submaceral+




bull


Maceral Group

EXINITE

VITRINITE

INERTINITE

Maceral Sub-Group

TELOVITRINITE

DETROVITRINITE bull

GELOVITRINITE

Maceral







0 +-gt

Di

a bullH


e re M rC

e -i

pound o w CM

0 gti w

a o rO X U 4-J

bullH 4J rd

W

m tu H 3 tH

fO 01 w

re LU

a CO D i


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e U

o mU

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o CM


deg J c




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c

3

C oraquo a bull c

CO sect o

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o

$2

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c

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I O

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- 1 c 2

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X C

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deg 6


3 O J3

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to deg

bull cl in


5 -bull= J=

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lt

SI o

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IE o O

E o ltJ

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pound ^ o E - =





E o IO CM I

o o

o

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c o

o o M a


c o o c

c i

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LU

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c a o = XI c

CT c 3 imdash

3 CD


mdash a laquoj

Q

I I I sect I I I rn

JUL CVJ

21

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bulla

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22252 77 0 S l w W -

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22257 770c

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7 7 n mdash 1 - w - w


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1 W i W T

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t r n e - Q ww - U

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0

ir WW

fl m W bull W W w


n -77 W bull W u I

n 17 V bull V W T



rt noe w p w mm

1 777 W 1 W U l

1 mo W e W W W

n -n W w T w v -r w

in W w bull

ft ms J 1 w w w

ft mo w t W U W

ft Ei w bull w w I

1 -s ^ bull W T w

n m 4 w h bull

G04e

ft mn W w w W

0327 0C23 1 - 7 -1 bull w w lt

004 7 7

uc 1 w bull

lie

uc

uc

KEF uc 11 w bull

ucz 1 wi floi

ADC Hwl

ltcc CMC

7C W W I

AC

A

Af c

r

J

--a

an j w

IE 4 W

CE W W

an -gt w

22 22 5i ni w w Z w w

ro

IE











58

95

01 We

w w

117

8

tci 1 M C

ton 1 u

1QQ IUW


-fl n We tW


22273 BRG-3 2190 333 21S TAF 111 120 132 -011

22975 9RG-3 2241 037 22 TAF 114 127 203 -013

22924 MHU-2 1450 055 14 6UF 32 31 145 -005 25


22940 MBU-2 1830 079 13 TAF 93 124 133 -0 oc



22550 ICD-1 1553 052 15 SUF 30 30 128 -002 25

22552 KD-1 1725 057 19 TAF 37 100 150 -021

23557 KD- 1302 051 35 LAF 39 32 131 -04

22595 PMN-2 1855 055 22 TAF 95 20 144 -009 25

23598 PMN-2 1900 053 23 TAF 98 94 50 -003



SUF

QDC will

TAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

70

n

37

105

tn I 1 L

114

115

118

tnn 1 WW

110

100

105

toe I u w

189

ISO

175

150

153

W W I

-0 cc W raquo w W

-005

-005

020

014

22500 TMT-3 1513 057 22 TAF 83 82 147 -014

73

82

83

30

90

ai bulldim

144

144

147

1110Q

mot k W b W I


woe e W4_ W W

111O0 UW w W

BL-2

3L-2

3L-2

3L-2

3L-2

1133

1334

tiin

tCQi i w w -

1CCC (www

0 laquo w bull W W

0 ci Vi bull W W

3 W W W

fl 71 W e l l

fl 71 V e i l

14

19

uw

11 Li

24

SUF

i nt

TAF

TAF

TAF

74

81

91 ww

W W

91

100

90

aa WW

tna 1 w u

tnc 1 WW

150

144

142

173

tea i W W

-rt 1fl

23181 3JH0 1255 055 15 SUF 73 100 150 -040

23182 BN-10 1654 052 17 8RF 84 110 175 -025

22187 8JMQ 1934 055 26 TAF 95 105 163 -012

22133 8M-10 2112 033 27 TAF 100 115 184 -020

22131 3N-I0 2253 035 28 TAF 105 IIS 183 -012

22132 9H-10 2235 032 25 LAF 110 120 192 -012

22137 SN-10 2542 035 40 LAF 115 118 189 -003

degr






22521 L5A-22 2224 032 23

23534 TMT-3 1254 354 18 TAF 73 SO 144 -027 25

22539 TMT-3 1488 053 20 TAF

-Li] 25

FEATURE -

MICRINITH

FLUORINITE

EXSUDATINITE

OIL CUT AND HAZE


SIGNIFICANCE

















540

541

542

543

5383

5384

5385

5386

BRG-3

BRG-3

MBU-2

MBU-2

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

X 4-1

w 0

01 g PJ 0) JJ

fl

U bullH 4-)

cu fl CU 4-gt

d H S ra O f gtW rd

bullgt

a ca rd i

bullH TJ O cu cn

ca 4J g H bullH 0

OJ

bullu

4-1 0

c 0 bullH 4J

id M T3 fl J-gt

ra ca 4-1 0

cu fl bullH

i 0 CJ

ca TJ OJ ca ca ra

bullH H

ca 0 u

fl rrj

ca c 0 -Q


bullH rH

(0

CJ-H 0 P U 0


CM

U3

CU H

bull9 E-raquo

0 gti M Pi rflW

eo -o O ^ i_ 1

CO

c a


o



CO

3 ca (0

bullo

agt imdash

o bull gt bull

i o

u agt CC

i

gt- CD -5 E O ^ a

01 u (0 CO

E E O k

lt OT agt ew ^___^

3 E

a CO

If 3 pound o o c o

rr S ru

UJ 2 lt z -J o

agt c o W

=L cn CJ

m c CO X CD

dl o co + bull

-S CO OJ

E CO CO m--

co CO CO

rr r cn

CO

to

w rr CJ

CN

cri CD

r 0)

o rr cn

_ co

6 rr a

C7gt C o cn

rl in CJ

CO c ro X wC

=t o cn + rt cn CJ

E CJ rT T mdash

r CO CD

CJ CD 0)

CO

CO

o 3 CJ

CD

CD

cn

r^ o cn

m-

rr cn

CJ CO

6 a CD

(35 C o cn

5 cn OJ

CD C CO X CD

o cn + =s cn CJ

pound mdash o mdash

CJ

rZ r-

rr CJ CD

CJ

cri

00

cri CJ

cn CD

r-

co CD T -

rmdash

CJ rr cn

-mdash CJ

=5 cn 2

OT C o cn

mdashi

cn CJ

CD c ro X CD -CZ

o cn + =t cn CJ

E CTl CD T ^

rr r- r

CD cri rgt-

CO

mdash

- co 1-

CD

r- CD


CO

rr cn

OJ CJ

D 3 2



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 W T T R R x






27 27 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 33() 33() 33 33

ca 13 m cu 0

C 4-gt 0 jQ rH

ra u 0 rH

V


ca u ra

amp e



JJ CU cu rd xj

C X H H

T3 CU 4-gt

ra U fl 4J

amp fl

c bullH

ca cu



rd H x -a ca w 0



gti ca gttH

fl rd amp


-mdashm


cu bull X


EH T3 D14-gt

n

co

cu H

5 H

0 ca H cu 4-gt

sect mdash

to

3

2

CO eo O

OJ CO CJ

CO O

o CO CJ

S3 o

eo CM O

CM U

CO CM

u

in CM

o

rr CM CJ

CO CM O

CM CM

U

CM

CJ

o CM

O

Ol

O

00

5 _ 5 w

h o

5 1 o -C

5 I O o

T) ca

tn ltxi

Hmdash bull-o s

























I

cr

uj S laquoC

z


r- CM mdash CM

rt co 3 CM


u uS

o

co CJ

CO

O

O

CO

U

CO

O




rr mZ o b

U0 m- m- O




s rraquo rr uo CJ

CM

O

CM

o

CM

o

CM

o

o

O

O

CM

CJ

o CM O

cn

5

o

rraquo

O

to 5

O co 3

ra in






p s 6 id

r- oi to CM




rmdash ID m- Ol


uo eo r~ CM



co r~ CM o

cn 3 o rr-

Q Q Ol

E Cm

u a


uo to uo

laquo- Ol ^- Ol

ft fi 3 S

6 6 5 5 rr c n cn ro ca 5 2

uo CO O uS

O

P5

m CO

O

3

eo CO

O

CM CO

o

CO

o

o co

o

eo CM

O

r-Ol

O

CO CM

o

uo CM

o

rr CM

CJ

CM

o

CM Ol CJ

CM CJ

o Ol CJ

Ol

O

CO

1 Ol Cl to Ol

Ol

oi

o to CO

Ol

O)

r-CO CO

CO

o CO

r ZZ

8 uo

uo uo

CO Ol ri

CM to to

rr CM r~

o to

Ol

uo

UO uo rr

p CO

c oi

uo CO

rraquo

CM oi CO

r ci

p ~

Ol uo oi

rraquo uo oi

Si CO

8 CO

to rr

to

rr

Ol

rr

s -

8 rr

r-rr rr

rr rr

i CM CO rr

in

p rr

CO

p rr

CO CO rr

CO


rr CM UO CM

b b

bullin O rr mi O

S 2 CM mi

Ol CO CO Ol Oi mi

Ol rr O r- rr CM

to 00 CO p eo oi

rr ogt to oi

co o tO CM uo co

O UO UO Ol CO CO

CM CO i CO mm to rr


m- ID ID Ol tm- rr

r co CO CM r- uo

mdash 03 co uo

ltN^ co to

CM eo rr C71 cb to

CM CD Ol CO

cb cd

CO CO co en

O ^ laquo CD


CO

O


o (0 o Sm

a tx a e a 3

8 ai

CO

b

uo CO to

to cn rr

CD CO uo

r CO CO

OJ to CO

to r cb

CM

mdash r

-OJ

o o

CO CO

b

rr r~ r



6 6 5 5 cc cr a g m m 5 2



BRG-31

BRG-3V2

MBU-21

MBU-22

540 541

542 543

39705 4954 38810 5913

9241 4383 15273 4468

4916 6638 3968 7807

2851 4356 424 467

1964

3008

1980

297




Bicad T

BRG-31 540 2955 369 366 494 146 801 208 074

BRG-32 541 2023 308 207 407 157 656 277 051

MBU-21 542 855 405 264 403 183 211 070 065

MBU-22 543 1456 426 040 045 028 342 090 051


Bicad R


540 541 542 543

2024 253 1289 196 609 289

11-27 330

2-51 132 188 031

338 259 287 034

100 100 130 022

CJ

CJ U


CU H

fl

CM CO

Ol CM

W

0 c s c a o O

Ol CM

a

a a - a

a a m a

a o m

a

co o

CM a

o

CJ a

bull4-

52

CO

O

rr co

rgt O

rr co O 55 P

lt



lt CO

cr in

xs

CO ogt c

CO

o uo co

CO

uo co rgt-co --

o b CM

r--uo CO

CO rr

rf UO CM

CO CO

o rr

CO

oo

CO CM

r^ o

co o

CM

oi oo CD

CO Ol

-uo

b

r~ cri

CM uo

b

CO uo

b

cn

b

CM UO

O

mdash UO

b

o to

to o

mdash uo

b

o UO

CO uo

b

ra

bull JO

ra -Z

ra bull

a

UO

CO co

r-co co

CM

r

o uo

o uo

o uo

D r-

rr 2 CD

CU

2 lt Z -j

o

CO cu

-ca

uo

b

o rr uo

CO

6 cr CQ

CM

r-

rr uo

CM

CO

6 cr m

to uo

CM

5 CD

2

CM

r ^ CO

CO rr uo

CM

CM

5 CO

Z2

0 H

fl E-t

cr

8 O

bullO 2

a a u


bulla a o

Cm

V CM

8 Si

3 i

ogt a CM a


M CU fl X 0 E-t W

M0 1

M0

CO

CO

CM

u

CO t-lt CO

rr O F lt rr

co a

2 cr lt CO

rr

LU

2 laquoc

CO r-~ CM CM


O UO r-raquo

o b o CO

o oi

o co rr

o b CO OJ

o uo CO CM

CO CO

CO

uo

CO CO CO

Oi CO

o CM uo

r~

zz T uo

r-raquo CD CM

CD

b

CO oi CD

r-

CO

co oi CO

CM CO CO

O CO b

o rr b

uo uo b

to uo b

to uo

uo CO CO

r-~ CO CO

CM

rgt-

rr r~ r-

o uo

CM

o uo

co uo r-

CO

mdash CM mdash CM

ro co C M o]

6 6 5 5 rx CC CD CD

a a Zgt 2gt

tc TJ

3 JO

a to r-

r-

3 8


eo raquo- mdash

CU


CO cu fl rd C bullH

T3 -C

sect rd U bullH


cu XJ +J

4-1 0


0 bull W

-H S fl U 0 U w

gt1 d X3 fl rd V

cu w fl C-H 0 S


rd 4J U cu 0 T3 M


rgt

us CU H

fl EH

5 a

3 2

deg s

81

K

rr co r^ co

5 8 8 8

TJ

3 co r ltM co

laquo = -

- tcopy CO O

S8

Si


io r- co CM

S 8 8 8

j 8



si

re

e CO

laquo rr S m Ul

s lt z mdash1

6

Ol

o rr Ui

ft 6 cc Q

rraquo Ol m-

3 mi f~ rr eo CM

c oi eo o co ai

p o o O J to ui

r~- CM rr

8 rZ fc

O O o Ui Ui Ui

to CM

ui rJ

CM CO CM

6 5 -j rr co a co 2 2

r-TJ bull ca u m-

Y-

bulla

1 -3

=s TJ

laquo u -Q

CM 9

r raquo-CM 9 o 5

r~ a CM C (j a

o (0

co e CM c O a

o 10

CM C (j ra

_ CO



laquo

bull

E amp

E

E a a

E St

E a

E Q

CO mi CO CO

rr ui Oi ugt

CO CM

rr

rr ui

CM

CO

8

CO

s

to

oi to -

Ui

ui 8

r

Ol CO co

R to

a oi CO

co UO CM

CO CO CM

CO

uo

CM m-

r ~

cn cb rr

to

CO

b Oi

Oi

9 a

rr

ui rr CM

CM b r--Ui

l^

b to

Ui rraquo rr

o pi Ui CM

_ ui r~ CO

CO

CM rJ o

eo

pound _ cb Ui

CM CM CO

CM

-j

CO CJ

rraquo K CO

rr copy 10

CM

Ol bull c CM c 5

amp o X



8

rraquo

8

8 -

Ol rr b to Ol CM

O

d

mdash CM

cb ui co

s 6 rr CD

CM CO

6 pound

CM

5 CD 2

CM CM

5 rD 2


PARAMETERS

WELL NO

DEPTH (m)

TOC ()

TMAX

SI

S2

S3

PI

HI

OI

EXT (g)

EOM (mg)

SUB SAMP (mg)

SATS (mg)

AROM (mg)

POLARS (mg)

RECOVERED()

SATS ()

mgHCg TOC

5383

BRG-3

680-690

41

421

044

477

264

008

11720

6486

159

423

423

30

22

213

626

71

1278

SAMPLE

5384

BRG-3

900-910

512

419

745

11950

2160

006

23340

4219

40

1728

533

22

17

228

501

41

76

NO

5385

BRG-3

2106-2110

37

433

086

461

205

016

12392

5511

133

505

505

96

63

182

675

190

4274

5386

BRG-3

2190-2194

269

446

1563

6295

185

020

23401

688

46

906

534

73

140

177

730

137

792




STD

C15

C16

C17

C18

C19

C20

C21

C22

C23

C24

C25

C26

C27

~ C28

C29

C30

C31

C32

C33

C34

C35

9508

8884

16193

20377

20819

19635

18721

18941

22648

26137

25794

27109

23992

23852

18571

22111

28539

21530

12838

11851

5194

3933

52922

26102

50353

56165

53925

45424

44586

61264

93581

129605

135150

196732

183559

122077

105479

111830

164898

86153

65890

56659

38060

26357

28921

52310

76123

83554

79422

74163

59798

50266

44658

38186

31169

28403

21046

19812

14505

16474

26571

15615

9352

9813

3582

2455

44535

56751

77943

85047

81012

75810

65728

66926

79592

91170

89727

98455

81651

73874

67934

58425

56599

45803

34292

29113

20892

13012

10

93

170

214

219

207

197

199

238

275

271

285

252

251

195

233

300

226

135

125

55

41

10

49

95

106

102

86

84

116

177

245

255

372

347

231

199

211

312

163

125

107

72

50

10

181

263

289

275

256

207

174

154

132

108

98

73

69

50

57

92

54

32

34

12

08

10

127

175

191

182

170

148

150

179

205

201

221

183

166

153

131

127

103

77

65

47

29


SAMPLE

5383

5384

5385

5386

NO WELL NO

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

BRG-3

DEPTH (m)

680-690

900-910

2106-2110

2190-2194


22161

56820

125180

109549

PHYTANE read from

5771

12166

27403

21077



5383 BRG-3 680-90 233

5384 BRG-3 900-10 107

5385 BRG-3 2106-10 433

5386 BRG-3 2190-94 246

61

23

95

47

38

47

46

52

11

10

15

13

4241

3553

2710

3102


Hampie of area

Coil in-situ

Total MoistureJ

Ash (dry) SI

Sulphur (dry) X

VK (daft bull

luara Tiga flesar

280

65

039

500


CV gross KJkg

CV nett KJkg

Na0 in ash I 2

Coal as lined

Total Hoisture X

Ash (dry) X

Sulphur (dry) X

U (daf) X

Fired Carbon (daf]

CV gross KJkg

CV nett KJkg

ha 0 in ash X

203

189

27

253

124

038

499

X 501

193

179

21

Vest Banko

262

60

045

493

507

211

197

55

259

90

044

492

508

205

191

38

Banjarsari

387

59

021

532

468

161

146

25

382

64

021

531

469

158

143

20

North Suban Jerigi

412

66

020

525

475

156

140

16

398

134

020

523

477

147

132

15

Sooth Muara Tiga

257

117

034

499

501

194

180

37

252

159

032

486

504

185

172

28

Kungkilan

234

70

022

492

508

218

204

60

231

108

022

490

510

210

196

41

South Arahan

310

72

022

511

489

187

172

34

304

115

022

510

490

180

165

21

North Arahan

359

72

075

514

486

173

160

42

Central Banko

350

100

03

500

500

175

1601

60

South Banko

334

89

053

506

494

183

624

-

Bukit Kendi

200

29

017

507

493

238

224

-


QUALITY PARAMETER




ASH (DRY) X


H-2

PANGADANG (ION)

6720

42

53

5

02

N-4

BENAKAT

ON)

6720

45

54

7

02


DUALITY PARAMETER




ASH (DRY) X


N-2

PANGADANG Oil

6780

40

53

6

03

B-3

BENUANG (6K)

6690

43

54

5

02

N-4

BENAKAT (14MJ

6470

48

57

9

03







ASH (DRY) X 6 7 7 15 7 8 II



Shell 1978)

QUALITY PARAMETER




ASH (DRY) X


M-2

P A N G A D A N G

LOWER UPPER

(10-13M) (11-13M)

6780

42

56

8

05

6830

38

53

06


u lt X bullH

o mdash C3 ac

9 U PM

0J XJ 4J 4-1

0 n cu bullH

4-gt bullH H id

OO

Caa

H

H H (d CD 0X5 U M

Smdash

U3 bull

CD H

bull8 EH

CO mm

o CO

CO CO

o


Area

Seal

North Arahan

Sooth Arahan

Sooth Mnara Tiga

Kungkilan

Banjarsari





Air Lajra-North

Air Laya-South


Vest Banko-North

Vest Banko-South

Central Banko



CCl + C2 BBl

69

37 bull 26 28 + 20

38 bull 2S 38 T 25

E4 43 4 32

181 138

43 4 18 33 4 2S

55 + 24 51 bull 34

75 4 71 72 + 26

47 i 33 50 bull 26

26 bull 12 27 t 07

05 4 03

10 t 01 08 4 02

53 + 21 65 r 27

43 + 24 75 bull 24

52 4 35 84 r 56

60 54


A2 Al

27 30

42 bull 37

33 4 54 32 4 20

78 + 26

31 76 + 30

42 bull 54 26 4 22

26 t 30 17 bull 15

46 f 35 50 4 48

63 + 51 80 T 92

33 4 10 25 bull 08

04 4 04 05 + 04

53 bull 26 31 + 17

64 r 48 30 4 09

58 t 33 83

45 42

(XI

Enii Jelawatan

25 + 23 11 4 98

17 bull 10 07 + 04

21 09

ft 0 4J 0

rd JJ 0J

rd

A a w

to

s

8 olaquo M bullP

a) to OJ

gjj

o OJ O XJrH 4J

a bullH

to OJ 0

0 10 a)

to ta 0)

2

m rd t

| OJ ta a

O H

X 4J

fl CD

MT1 H n ltdG 0 0

m 0

amp rd g p 3 CO

00

r-GJ H A id H

0) gt 0 p

1

0) fl bullH

E 4J to O

B OJ ft



3gt

CJ

mml bullJ a

î

ca w Lm W as u IM


_ rt u

a a u ca

-^j u m- -V

ct bull bull a u u


US

3

laquod u k bull

^ 3 3

--raquo C n

_ laquoa

zHZ zm trade^

-a J M

-gt ltU

a

bullJ

u bullltmdashlt

bull a o

bull-bullt

- O laquoJ) trt

m m u an

o bull mmt

rtrt a-

CJ

OB

oo ltu a

-raquobulllaquo

u bull bullmdash1

-3 I--

- c3

--raquo an

j

9 0

mdashbull-bull

rtcJ 3ftf

bull ^

bullbull m


i CO

1

1


emdash

laquoJ

(39

CM mdasha

Cd

ca

bull4 laquoa

bullmdash m t-m -mt

an

ca

i CO

i

i

- ltJ9 raquoltn

lto

CM cj

u CM

CO

c a -c

o -fed

bulls bulla

m-m-t

UI 4J wm

mjO

1 n

-bullgt 4

C=raquo

OO

u n CF1

i

-raquo CM

bull mdash raquo

aa OB

a laquod

-- - at bulla

ltu

rW

laquo bulla

ca

ca

u n

CN

1

CM ca urraquo

i

bull-laquo

laquoM

ca caa

bull bull bulla

caa

bull u

TWO

bullU OJ

ca

d -O =3 CO

-=i bull

a-i a ac

i CO

i

JO c o

1

wrgt

CJ

CO

CM -X

laquod

bull bullbulllaquo


=raquo 30

jt

a C O

CM

1 C=gt

1

rgt

laquoraquo

i

laquoQ) craquoraquo

CJ

ca

CM

ca

Hill -M a a ca tMC

1 C O

1

c-raquo e mdash

1 0 C M C M

CO

lt

CJ

ca

bull M


-- -3 a o a

Bmdash

u n

C3 CM

lt=gt elaquoo

-raquo

bull


bulllaquo

laquoM CJ

CJ

CM ca

ca

CM -S

o -Jmdash

bulld ca

bulld


CJ

aa

i bullra

^ bullbullj

lt=raquo bull

i

o

un

laquo-raquo

CJ

CO

CM

O

a laquod uO

J

=1 o co

traquo

1 QO

un CM ltr-raquo

1

1

o

bullmdash

bullB

ca

-bull ltu

ca laquoa -O 3 CO

J_gt

CA bullE Q O

cmdash

I bull bull

m-f-raquo

OF

1

1

en


CJ

CM

a

ca

CM

-laquolt

laquoCI

O bulld

CO

J Wl laquol

un

bullmdashM


^ CO

cn

u n

CJ

ca

CM mdashc

o ltd

bulla u mdasho

-raquo tVrt a SB

1

lt=gt

bullbull C3 CSi

1

t

c=gt

ca

CJ

ea

CM mdashe

a o

0

ca bullu bull-bull


-vmdash

bulld

raquo--bull 3 3B4

VI V mdash





ASH (DRY) X lt 4




SEAM VOLATILE

MATTER

(daf)

Vitrinite

CALORIFIC VALUE

calg (Btulb)


3613 7925(14265) 8680(15625) 7841(14114)

Zollverein 3197 8109(14597) 8696(15652) 8038(14468)

Anna 2836 8343(15017) 8619(15514) 8343(15017)

Wilhelm 2350 8368(15062) 8360(15048) 8216(14788)







COALS

MOISTURE () 21-74 121

ASH () 67 - 169 041

FIXED CARBON () 698-807 5798



SULPHUR () - 025

- 114

709

8344

- 2334

8164

- 336



(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

22917

22919

22920

22923

22926

22929

22933

22936

22938

22940

22941

22942

22944

40-45

170-75

250-55

495-500

705-10

975-80

1348-50

1644-46

1800-02

1878-80

1880-82

1887

1968-760

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

031 62 5 33 87 4 9

033 - - - 83 5 12

037 34 1 65 81 4 15

039 52 tr 48 84 7 9

040 92 2 6 56 12 32

042 83 2 15 - - -

047 70 30 tr - - -

057 99 tr 1 - - -

072 99 tr tr - - -

074 - - - 97 1 2

073 96 tr 4 97 1 2

087 - - - 97 1 2

082 99 tr tr - - -



(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

23676

23678

23681

23683

23684

23686

23688

23690

23691

23692

23693

23694

23695

23696

23697

23698

435-40

550-55

722-24

838-40

916-18

1128-30

1218-20

1488-90

1568-70

1660-62

1737-39

1812-14

1820-22

1866-68

1886-88

1920-22

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

030

036

036

037

036

038

039

047

047

048

050

056

054

054

057

058

82

79

84

85

76

71

73

98

92

86

88

86

96

43

83

5

5

3

1

2

5

tr

tr

tr

6

5

tr

2

tr

tr

13

16

13

14

22

24

27

2

8

8

7

14

2

57

17

87

80

81

88

91

8

8

2

3

4

5 -

12 -

17 -

9 -

5 ~

- -

- -

- -

- -



(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

23271

23273

23274

23276

23277

23278

23280

23281

23282

23283

23284

200-

300-

330-

566-

758-

794-

1248-

1258-

1264-

1274-

1280-

-05

-05

-35

-68

-60

-96

-50

-60

-66

-76

-82

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

034 83 5 12

038 84 4 12 63 14 23 - - -

036 80 2 18 ------

041 80 2 18 ------

040 84 115 ------

042 88 2 10 ------

051 86 68 -------

049 85 3 12

053 --- ---81118

053 --- ---85 4 11

050 45 1 54 87 4 9



(m)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

23560

23561

23562

23563

23565

23567

23568

23569

23570

23571

23572

456-61

544-46

602-04

736-40

838-40

1090-92

1248-50

1300-02

1430-32

1526-28

1566-68

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

TAF

TAF

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

30

32

35

45

44

46

41

50

51

44

54

DOM Coal ShCoal

V I L V I L V I L

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

71 10 19 84 3 17

- - - 8 3 4 13

64 2 34 72 7 21

- - - 7 4 5 21

74 5 21 - - - - - -

79 4 17 - - - - - -

65 9 26 - - - - - -

83 1 1 6 - - - - - -

94 1 5 - - - - - -

99 tr 1 72 7 22 - - -

95 4 1 - - - - - -



(m)

DOM Coal ShCoal

VIL VILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

23536

23537

23539

23545

23547

23548

23550

23551

23552

23553

23557

535-

590-

715-

1165-

1270-

1325-

1558-

1642-

1726-

1746-

1802-

-40

-95

-20

-67

-72

-27

-60

-44

-28

-48

-04

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

GUF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

LAF

032 49 7 44 56 9 35 59 10 31

037 79 7 14

041 83 5 12

045 73 5 22 ------

052 79 15 6 ------

051 64 24 12 ------

052 61 31 8 ------

054 99 tr tr ------

057 99 tr tr ------

063 81 tr 19 91 1 8 - - -

061 99 tr tr ___-_-



(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

22950

22952

22953

22954

22955

22957

22958

22960

22962

22963

22964

22965

22967

22969

22970

22971

22972

22973

22974

22975

22976

22977

22978

610-20

720-30

800-10

900-10

1070-74

1206-10

1252-56

1402-06

1548-52

1654-58

1706-10

1710-14

1886-90

2042-46

2106-10

2150-54

2182-86

2190-94

2222-26

2238-42

2241

2254-58

2266-68

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

038

041

047

047

050

049

053

058

063

066

065

067

067

070

071

075

081

083

084

087

087

082

082

90

60

90

28

90

95

94

96

98

90

92

96

99

93

98

99

98

91

99

99

98

99

83

2

5

3

2

3

tr

3

2

tr

8

7

4

1

tr

2

1

2

2

tr

tr

2

tr

tr

8

35

7

70

7

5

3

2

2

2

1

tr

tr

7

tr

tr

tr

7

tr

tr

0

tr

17

92

70

96

79

89

87

97

98

96

99

48

73

1

17

1

10

2

3

1

tr

tr

1

3

7

7

13

3

11

9

10

2

2

4

tr

49

20

Table 97 Maceral

No SplNo Depth

(m)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

23584

23586

23588

23589

23590

23591

23594

23595

23596

23597

23599

23600

446-48

492-94

698-700

798-800

898-900

1000-02

1254-56

1296-98

1314-16

1336-38

1488-90

1518-20


Form R max DOM v

V I L

(mm f)

MEF 034 95 1 4

MEF 036 96 1 3

ABF 033 50 1 49

ABF 040 82 tr 18

GUF 040 60 tr 40

GUF 042 98 tr 2

TAF 056 90 1 9

TAF 050 98 tr 2

TAF 051 86 3 11

TAF 051 91 5 4

TAF 053 59 tr 41

TAF 057 72 tr 28

from TMT-3 samples

Coal ShCoal

V I L V I L

(mmf) (mmf)

81 3 16

84 3 13

88 210 - - -

69 10 21 - - -

96 1 3 - - -

74 tr 26 - - -

92 tr 8 - - -



(m) VILVILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

23614

23615

23616

23617

23618

23619

23620

23621

23622

23623

23624

23625

23626

23628

23629

23630

23631

23632

130-35

430-35

628-30

748-50

848-50

952-54

1110-12

1274-76

1332-34

1778-80

1804-06

1816-18

1840-42

2008-10

2070-72

2168-70

2224-26

2272-74

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

LAF

036

038

038

039

041

049

052

053

053

066

068

076

077

079

078

081

082

081

56

72

87

72

85

80

89

98

87

90

49

97

90

62

68

22

91

1

4

1

5

10

18

11

1

tr

3

1

tr

1

10

tr

67

9

43

24

12

23

5

2

tr

1

13

7

50

3

9

28

32

11

tr

83

97

81

75

85

92

2

1

5

2

2

3

15

2

14

23

13

5



m) VILVILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1 23286 798-800 ABF 044 64 16 20 - - - - - -

2 23287 902-904 GUF 048 67 20 13 ------

3 23288 1098-100 GUF 051 78 4 18 ------

4 23289 1198-200 GUF 053 91 1 8 ------

5 23291 1394-96 TAF 053 99 tr 1 ------

6 23293 1430-32 TAF 055 99 tr 1 ------

7 23294 1530-32 TAF 063 97 21 ------

8 23295 1576-78 TAF 065 --- ___9154

9 23296 1584-86 TAF 072 98 1 1 97 1 2 - - -

10 23297 1602-04 TAF 068 99 tr 1 96 1 3 - - -

11 23298 1606-08 TAF 072 99 tr 1 94 1 5 - - -



(m) VILVILVIL

(mmf) (mmf) (mmf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

23166

23168

23169

23170

23172

23175

23177

23179

23181

23182

23185

23186

23187

23188

23189

23190

23191

23193

23195

200-

260-

320-

370-

500-

700-

810-

1150-

1355-

1654-

1866-

1910-

1984-

2048-

2112-

2180-

2268-

2396-

2452-

-05

-65

-25

-75

-05

-05

-15

-55

-60

-56

-68

-12

-86

-50

-14

-82

-70

-98

-54

MEF

MEF

ABF

ABF

ABF

GUF

GUF

GUF

GUF

BRF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

TAF

LAF

LAF

032 86 6 8 84 3 13

030 80 tr 20 97 2 1

031 81 6 13 - - -

033 77 16 7 - - -

032 73 1 26 - - -

036 42 15 43 - - -

038 76 4 20 - - -

049 55 4 40 - - -

055 80 18 2 - - -

063 99 tr tr - - -

059 95 1 4 - - -

062 99 tr 1 92 2 6

066 - - - 89 1 10

074 - - - 93 2 5

083 96 tr 4 - - -

087 - - - 99 tr 1

086 99 tr 1 - - -

093 98 2 tr 98 2 tr

092 98 tr 2 - - -

PLATES 1-61

















PLATE I PLATE 2

PLATE 3

PLATE 4 PLATE 5







minerals in shale







detrovitrinite (DV)





PLATE 6 PLATE 7

PLATE 8 PLATE 9

mdash W

r A

2


amp 4m

bullkferfw ^pound23














mode






Sample no 23596




PLATE 13

DV

tradeî

-Tk - TV

PLATE 15

TV

PLATE 17




fluorescence mode








23562







PLATE 18 PLATE 19

PLATE 20

ltrtV-

LTC

t ^gt

jm

^flflM

SF^jtL-flj

-^JT^MH

GV I^^Sjj

PLATE 22 PLATE 23










light mode












PLATE 24 PLATE 25

PLATE 26 PLATE 27

^mmW k _ W



bull

tgt bull bull

___

bull v^ trade

PLATE 28 PLATE 29






(PY)










PLATE 30 PLATE 31

PLATE 32 PLATE 33

PLATE 34 PLATE 35




fluorescence mode














PLATE 36 PLATE 37

PLATE 38 PLATE 39

PLATE 40 PLATE 41


















PLATE 42 PLATE 43

PLATE 44 PLATE 45

PLATE 46 PLATE 47



Sample no





(DV)







telovitrinite (TV)




mode



PLATE 48 PLATE 49

PLATE 50 PLATE 51

PLATE 52 PLATE 53






















(DV)

-I -bullpound

-I bull


-v (flV


PLATE 54

PLATE 56

PLATE 58

APPENDIX 1

ELL MAKE KBU-2










LIU




it J J u






























U


HOOK












nvriffl pi i w w













































110U LL u T T

bull-mi 1 w w w

Q7f1 I U 1 u







u n n i u u

HO ful

FORMATION D






















IMT t r n










ClUUllUClUW











































C 1 0 - 2 11 ea f

n n

1 p tn




-nmninn niri












bullflon I u w u











1 r tfl








a ro u t w

f Q










f u i I


--oi r - M

U M lljUll



in


bdquoibdquo





flMrn(inflaquoraquo

yufilWittj Jtui

1 nr-si r-o1)











l l l i w l U U I


- Q - - ) bull











W J f i L i J l





K





1 nnr i n 1 1 U W I 1 H

h n nnyen ui i gn u

i fa I u w












































Traquo i ntri 1 c



a hiinrtanr










a m r vuo bull r_in

lil













uuuuuaii


rftm i







bull i rfkV


TJK J U U J U T













rift I 1ft |iiiu




11 j w J w t w v













niri r a w i w w







snrl wt l l U






1


















ia 1 1 nu -J U I 1 u n |


















r r i n i f a bull


















n r a n n o





a (










1























J laquoJ 1 ml


ft ft TBrH fgt n

wwiuia w li

L U )

uw

L bdquo bullJm 1

t 1 I

- JIU

3 v i t r











i t r r v T 1 -n0 r - n













i-9 i n r m i j wi





nr nnf wr i g u v











r-if bull U U U



n v r i T a

ena rea U U U I W W

ra ra 1 1 UI w



r J bull- U W U I













m a i n r HIUJ Wl

i nor 1

nur1ta u t U W





na r ran UUI 1 Wll


nra n n a u u i 3 w

o-jcto 170R- W W W

T)m wU

Tn 1 U

1 a nn bull u i t 3








ilCKT It ~





-01 i-a


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m ciiDr D u nu u u

SO III ldegl



W W U L










laquo1


LU bdquo - L l j








ww turn wii

I I Q f 1 U U U 1 u







bull




nn1 1 ftL W L A U

3 rankc i


W L A U










6-i

1

1


































nnf i W W W












i n o r f i m f a



VI1










nrannabull wi uiigw





Ul w













enarca


OOQPQ L L U U U




rinm UWIII







9 0 0 7 M L m W I W







11071 k i i


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UM T f u-ao I



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na uuui

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) UWIII
























Aorit u u i n

























nn nna nr



linfinifa rara


ft n n r i R




p-0 i -0 A - L f w - U

gtr- U-Of





tfRrr Mkvv TUT
























laquo













bullWlU V L X 6 V











ocr TV


rara n ha r r



r a n n a Wl UIIJW

n r a n n o w uiigw













ra ra





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W ) u

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ft 1 -I A A

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n n f 1 n i w u u 1 11 1

a 1 1 nu w 1 1 w n

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orange


















rca hi fnman












if n L i u

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lb iMC---m H






0 1 0 Q 7 w 4 LU CA




J U W L il


rgt A HI A r








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bdquo 1


u-ii r-o -II | i - | w - gtJ | - - 1

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W W U

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t-

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1-0Q 1 V -1- I bull I







1 a r il ll U I

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nronna W I Will JW

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11 AT

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1 5 W OUL

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L - L W


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A - T






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mainr IIUJ Wl






nrmna ui UII 3 w

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