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1 | P a g e
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ofclass XII hassatisfactorily completed the project on LOGIC
GATES nder the !idance of drin! the session "#$%&"#$'(
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2 | P a g e
VALUED BY
TEACHER
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
PRINCIPAL
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3 | P a g e
DATE:
AC)*O+LE,G-E*T
I.d li/e to e0press my !reatest !ratitde to the
people 1ho ha2e helped 3 spported me
thro!hot my project( I4 m !ratefl to or
school4s 567SICS faclty
I than/ for her continos spport
for the project8 from initial ad2ice 3
encora!ement to this day( Specialthan/s of
mine !oes to my collea!es 1ho helped me in
completin! the project 9y !i2in!necessary
information on the apparats sed in this
e0periment8 made this project easy and
accrate(
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4 | P a g e
I 1ish to than/ my parents for their ndi2ided
spport3 interest 1ho inspired me 3encora!ed me to !o my o1n 1ay 1ithot
1hich I 1old 9e na9le to completemy
project( At last 9t not the least I 1ant tothan/smyfriends 1ho appreciated me for my1or/ 3 moti2ated
me(
CO*TE*T
:Introdction
: E0periment
1. Aim $#
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5 | P a g e
2. Apparats $#
3. Theory $$
4. 5rocedre $;
5. Circits 5repared ""
6. O9ser2ations "'
7. eslt ";
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6 | P a g e
=i9lio!raphy "
I*TO,?CTIO*
Logic Gates:
A !ate is a di!ital circit that follo1s crtain lo!ical
relationship 9et1een the inpt and otpt 2olta!es(Therefore8 they are !enerally /no1n as lo!ic !ates @
!ates 9ecase they control the flo1 of information(
The fi2e common lo!ic !ates sed are *OT8 A*,8 O8
*A*,8 *O( Each lo!ic !ate is indicated 9y a sym9ol and
its fnction is defined 9y a trth ta9le that sho1s all the
possi9le inpt lo!ic le2el com9inations 1ith their
respecti2e otpt lo!ic le2els(
Trth ta9les help nderstand the 9eha2ior of lo!ic !ates(
iB *OT !ate In2erterB
This is the most 9asic !ate8 1ith one inpt and one otpt(
5rodces a $4 otpt if the inpt is #4 and 2ice&2ersa( That
is8 it prodces an in2erted 2ersion of the inpt at its otpt(
A Y=A
0 1
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7 | P a g e
1 0
iiB O Gate
An O< !ate has t1o or more inpts 1ith one otpt(Theotpt 7 is $ 1hen either inpt A or inpt = or 9oth are $s8
that is8 if any of the inpt is hi!h8 theotpt is hi!h(
A B Y=A OR B(A+B)0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
iiiB A*, Gate
An A*, !ate has t1o or more inpts and one otpt( Theotpt 7 of A*, !ate is $ 8only 1hen inpt A and inpt =are 9oth $( It /ind of loo/s for the minimm of the t1o
si!nals(
A B Y=A ANDB(A.B)
0 0 0
0 1 0
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8 | P a g e
1 0 0
1 1 1
$
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Circit dia!rams
AND 'ATE
OR 'ATE
NOT 'ATE
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Experiment
AIM
To design and simulate basic
logic gates and to design an
appropriate logic gate
combination for a given truth
table.
APPARATUS A project 9oard T1o *'## diodes
T1o LE,
A D2 9attery 1ith a connector
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T1o =5&=CF' transistors
T1o $##8 three F;# resistors Connectin! 1ires
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T6EO7
The three 9asic lo!ic !ates and theircom9inations are the 9ildin! 9loc/ of thedi!ital circit(
1.ORgate
A
BA
=
The O !ate is an electronic circit that !i2es a hi!h
otpt $B if one or more of its inpts are hi!h( A plsB is sed to sho1 the O operation(
CIRCUIT DIA'RAM:
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2. AND Gate
A A(=
=
The A*, !ate is an electronic circit that !i2es hi!h
otpt only if all inpts are hi!h
CIRCUIT DIA'RAM :
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3.NOTGateThe *OT !ate is an electronic circit that prodces an
in2erted 2ersion of the inpt at its otpt( It is also /no1n
as an in2erter(
A ACIRCUIT DIA'RAM:
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#
$
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PROCEDURE
Design of basic logic gates(
DESI'N OF AND 'ATE
COMPONENTS:T1o p&n jnction diode8 A LE,8 A
$## resistors
CONSTRUCTION:An A*, !ate can 9e realiHed
9y connectin! the diodes as sho1n in the fi!re( A
resistance of $## is connected in series 1ith the
LE, to pre2ent its malfnction(
PROECT BOARD CIRCUIT:
GROUND
HIGH
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DESI'N OF OR 'ATE
COMPONENTS: T1o p&n jnction diode8 A LE,8 A
$## resistors
CONSTRUCTION: An O !ate can 9e realiHed 9y
connectin! the diodes as sho1n in the fi!re( 6ere also
there is a need for a $## resistor in series 1ith LE,
PROECT BOARD CIRCUIT:
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DESI'N OF NOT 'ATE
COMPONENTS:A transistor8 t1o LE,s8 three F;#resistors(
CONSTRUCTION: not !ate circit can 9e realiHed 9y
connectin! an *5* transistor as sho1n in the fi!re( The
9ase of the transistor is connected to the inpt thro!h
resistance of F;# and emitter is connected to the ne!ati2e
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terminal( The collector is connected to the positi2e
terminal and the otpt 2olta!e at collector is 1ith respect
to ne!ati2e.
PROECT BOARD CIRCUIT:
1
2
3
Ground
High line
1=2=3=600
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Logic gate combination for gien tr!t"
table$( +rite prodct term for each inpt mintermB8 Com9ination
1here =oolean fnction has otpt
"( +hile 1ritin! minterms8 complement the 2aria9le 1hose 2ale
is # other1ise 1rite it in the direct form 1ithot complementB(
%( Add all the minterms to o9tain the =oolean fnction(
%( ,ra1 the circit sin! 9asic LOGIC Gates(
So !2 %oo#! ! &$3! T,- T"/!.
A B Y=A.B Y
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
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The =oolean nctionA08yBis o9tained asJ
F!"#$% &'.(')&.(')&'(
% (')&'(
% &')('$()('$
% &')('
% &($'
So8 or e0pression redces to that of a *A*, Gate
lo!ic *ot of A*,B(
LOGIC CIC?IT ISJ
F=(x.y)
x
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMHigh line
Ground
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C$,%-$#
P,!4",!*:5 AND gae
OR gae
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NOT gae
NAND gae
OBSERVATION
S
1. Stimlation of A*, !ate
The follo1in! conclsions can 9e easily dra1n from the
1or/in! of electrical circitJ
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aB If 9oth s1itches are open AK#8 =K#B then LE, 1ill
not !lo18 hence 7K#(
9B If S1itch one s1itch is open and the other is closed
AK$8 =K# or AK#8 =K$B then LE, 1ill not !lo18 hence
7K#(
cB If s1itch A 3 = 9oth closed AK$8 =K$B then LE, 1i
ll !lo18
6ence 7K$(
2. Stimlation of O !ate
The follo1in! conclsions can 9e easily dra1n from the
1or/in! of electrical circitJ
aB If 9oth s1itches are open AK#8 =K#B then LE, 1ill
not !lo18 hence 7K#(
9B If S1itch one s1itch is open and the other is closed
AK$8 =K# or AK#8 =K$B then LE, 1ill !lo18 hence
7K#(
cB If s1itch A 3 = 9oth closed AK$8 =K$B then LE, 1i
ll !lo18
6ence 7K$(
3. Stimlation of *OT !ate
a) If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the LED will glow, hence Y=1.
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b) If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the LED will not glow, hence Y=0.
4. Stimlation of *A*, !ate
a) If Switch A ! open (A=0, !=0) then LED will glow, hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A open ! closed then (A=0, !=1) LED will glow, hence Y=1.
c) If switch A closed ! open then (A=1, !=0) LED will glow, hence Y=1.
d) If switch A ! a"e closed then (A=1, !=1) LED will not glow, hence Y=0
R!
#-/:
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B"#$% /o&$% &"!# !,! *!#$&!*"* #$-/"!* "* /o&$% %$,%-$
"# 4,!4",!* 6o, ! &$3! ,-
"/!
BIBLIO'RAPHY:5
+i/ipedia Electronic de2ices and circits 9y =Gpta
Conceptal physics 9y G C A!ar1al
Encarta
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