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1.Breathing2.External Respiration3.Internal Respiration 4.Cellular Respiration

4 PROCESSES

epiglottis

tracheal cartilage

s

thyroid cartilag

evocal cord

The Trachea

The Trachea

hyaline

cartilage ring

esophagus

posterior

anterior

lumenMucus membrane

submucosa

adventiti

a

The TracheaThe Trachea

• True vocal cords are inferior to false vocal cords• Sound is produced when expelled air is passing

through the larynx over the vocal cords

Epithelial Lining of the TracheaEpithelial Lining of the Trachea

mucus

cilia

alveolar macrophage

type I alveolar cell

type II alveolar cell (surfactant

secreting cell)

pulmonary capillaries

O2

CO2

ErythrocytesErythrocytes

Function- transport respiratory gases

Lack mitochondria. Why?

Hemoglobin StructureHemoglobin Structure

1 RBC contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules

Hemoglobin- quaternary structure2 chains and 2 chains

Uptake of Oxygen by Uptake of Oxygen by Hemoglobin in the LungsHemoglobin in the Lungs

O2 binds to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin

O2

oxyhemoglobin

High Concentration of OHigh Concentration of O2 2 in Blood Plasmain Blood Plasma

High pH of the Blood PlasmaHigh pH of the Blood Plasma

OO2 2 pickup COpickup CO22 release release

Unloading of Oxygen from Unloading of Oxygen from Hemoglobin in the TissuesHemoglobin in the Tissues

When OO22 is releaseddeoxyhemoglobin

Low Concentration of OLow Concentration of O2 2 in Blood Plasma in Blood Plasma

Lower pH of the Blood PlasmaLower pH of the Blood Plasma

OO2 2 releaserelease COCO22 pickup pickup

Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Chemistry in the Chemistry in the

BloodBlood

COCO22 + H + H22O O HH22COCO3 3 HCOHCO33-- + H + H++

carbonic carbonic acidacid

bicarbonatebicarbonateionion

Transport of Carbon Transport of Carbon Dioxide from the Tissues Dioxide from the Tissues

to the Lungsto the Lungs

• 60-70% as bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma (slow reaction)• 7-10% dissolved in the plasma as CO2

• 20-30% bound to hemoglobin as HbCO2

CO2 + hemoglobin HbCO2

2 muscles involved with breathing: • external intercostal muscles • diaphragm

Breathing controlled by:• phrenic nerve from medulla• pons

Lung Lung VentilationVentilation

Inspiration

760 mm Hg

756 mm HgNegative pressure draws air in

Lung Lung VentilationVentilation

Expiration

768 mm Hg

Positive pressure forces air out

Lung VolumesLung VolumesTidal Volume- 500 ml

Vital Capacity- 4800 ml

Residual Volume- 1000-1200ml

Total Lung Capacity- 4400-6400ml

IRV- 2800 ml

ERV- 1000-1200ml

Dead Space- 150 ml

What factors affect lung volume?

Regulation Regulation of of

BreathingBreathing

medulla oblonga

ta

pons

CO2 and H+

triggers breathing reflex in medulla, not presence of O2

phrenic

vegas

Restrictive- more diff. to get air in to lungs• Loss of lung tissue• Decrease in lungs ability to expand• Decrease in ability to transfer O2 and CO2 in

blood

Diseases:Fibrosis, sarcoidosis, muscular disease, chest

wall injury, pneumonia, lung cancer, pregnancy, obesity

Obstructive- more diff. to get air out of lungs• Airway narrows• Increase in time it takes to empty lungs

Diseases:Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma

Normal lung Smoker’s lung

Lung cancer

1. Heart rate slows2. Blood flow to extremities

constricted3. Blood and water allowed to

pass through organs and circulatory walls to chest cavity.

• Short term, rapid, deep breathing beyond the need for the activity

• Lowers the level of CO2 in blood

INQUIRY

1. Identify the lipoprotein molecule that reduces surface tension within the alveoli so they do not collapse during exhalation.

2. Even after the most forceful exhalation, a certain volume of air remains in the lungs. What is the volume of air called?

3. Describe the physical structure of alveoli.4. What structures warm and moisten incoming

air?5. What body cavity are the lungs located?6. What tissue lines the lungs?7. What stimulates the breathing response?8. Calculate total lung capacity given:RV= 1000, TV = 500, ERV = 1100, IRV = 2500,

VC= 4100