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DR. ANURADHA SHARMAMODULE I
SOCIAL GERONTOLOGY
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The Emergence of HealthPsychology
The Biopsychosocial Model
Methodology
Systems of the BodyNervous SystemEndocrine SystemCardiovascular SystemRespiratory System
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Foundations for Contemporary Health Psychology
In ancient times and the middle ages there was abelief that spiritual disturbances caused disease.
The development of early Greek Medicine and theadvent of the Renaissance brought about afocus on physical causes for disease.
Scientific advances in microscopy and humananatomy further advanced medicine.
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Name of InstitutionFoundations for Contemporary
Health PsychologyPsychoanalytic case studies revealed how anxiety
and unconscious personality conflicts canmanifest as physical symptoms.
The study of psychosomatic medicine focused ondisease- prone personality types.
The contemporary view focuses on the balancebetween physical and mental well-being in thecontext of the social environment.
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Cause of Death
Deaths
Percent of Total Deaths
Diseases of the heart
710,760
29.6
Malignant Neoplasms
553,091
23.0
Cerebrovascular Diseases 5
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Alzheimers Disease
49,558
2.1
Kidney Disease
37,251
1.5 Septicemia
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31,224
1.3
Total
2,403,351
100.0
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Name of InstitutionThe Emergence of Health
PsychologyThe Emergence of Health
Psychology
The Modern Problem
Patterns of illness are changing.
People are less likely to die from acute disorders and communicable
disease (with the exception of AIDS).
People are living longer with chronic diseases
Chronic diseases:
Generally can be managed, not cured
Related to health behaviors and compliance with medical regimen
Living with chronic diseases has social and psychologicalconsequences
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Technological Advances
Genetic counseling
Coping with potential health risks
Patient counseling regarding life-sustaining
measures
Research in health psychology identifies
risk-factors
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Name of InstitutionEMERGENCE OF HEALTH SERVICES
Health Care Services
Health care is the largest service industry in theUnited States.
Prevention can reduce health care costs. Most people in the U.S. are recipients of health care
services. Research on satisfaction with health care
Health psychologists are becoming more integratedinto the medical context.
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Name of InstitutionBIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL
Health and illness are consequences of theinterplay of biological, psychological, andsocial factors.
Systems Theory
All levels of organization in any entity arelinked hierarchically.
Change at one level influences change inother levels
Changes on the microlevel can have
macrolevel effects and vice versa. 11
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Name of InstitutionBiomedical Model
Dominant model for the past 300 years
Allillness can be explained on the basis ofaberrant somatic processes.
Liabilities of the Biomedical Model
ReductionismIllness is reduced to microlevelprocesses i.e. chemical imbalances.
Single-factor modelIllness is due to one factor:a biological malfunction.
Mind-body dualismThe mind and the body areseparate entities.
Emphasis on illness over health 12
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Health is determined by both microlevel andmacrolevel processes (psychological andsocial factors).
Multiple factorsa variety of factors areinvolved in health and illness.
The mind and body are not separated whenconsidering matters of health and illness.
Emphasis on both health and illness.
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The process of diagnosis must consider the
interaction of biological, psychological, and
social factors.
Treatment recommendations must take these factorsinto account.
The relationship between the patient and the
health care practitioner has an impact on theeffectiveness of care.
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Health Promotion and Maintenance
Prevention and Treatment of Illness
Etiology (causes) and Correlates of Healthand Illness
Health Policy and Health Care ServiceDelivery
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Short-term behavioral interventions have been
effective in helping patients to: Manage pain
Modify bad health habits (such as smoking)
Manage side effects and treatment effects when coping with chronic
illness.
Psychologists help ease the adjustment process for
patients
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Experiments
Randomized Clinical Trials
Correlational Studies
Comparing changes in variables
Prospective Designs
Looking forward, longitudinal research Retrospective Research
Looking backward17
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ExperimentA study where there is random assignment to treatment
groups in an intervention focused on exercise and weightloss
Correlation
A study of the relationship between cultural identity andphysical symptoms
Prospective
A study following the physical and mental health indicatorsoutcomes of cancer patients 6 months, 1 year, and 2
years after chemotherapy 18
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Epidemiology
The study of the frequency, distribution, andcauses of infectious and noninfectious
disease in a population based on aninvestigation of the physical and socialenvironment
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Morbidity refers to the number of cases of adisease that exist at some given point intime.
Incidence: the number of new cases Prevalence: the total number of existing cases
Mortality refers to the number of deaths due
to a particular cause.
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Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal Cord The brain is the command center
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Prepares the body to respond to emergencies
Plays an important role in reactions to stress
Is concerned with the mobilization of energy. A catabolic system Parasympathetic Nervous System
Acts antagonistically with the sympathetic nervous system.
Restores the body to a normal state.
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Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that regulate nervous systemfunctioning.
Catecholamines - the neurotransmitters,epinephrine and norepinephrine, thatpromote sympathetic nervous system
activity. The catecholamines are released in
substantial quantities during stressfultimes.
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Disorders of the Nervous System
Affect 25 million Americans
12% of deaths are from nervous systemdisorders.
Epilepsy
Cerebral Palsy
Parkinson's Disease
Multiple Sclerosis Huntingtons disease
Polio
Paraplegia, quadriplegia
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Complements the nervous system incontrolling bodily activities.
Make up of ductless glands which secrete
hormones into the blood. Governs slow-acting responses of long
duration
Regulated by the hypothalamus and thepituitary gland
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Disorders
Diabetes
Third most common chronic disorder in the U.S.
Body cannot manufacture and properly use insulin. Primary forms of diabetes:
Type I juvenile diabetes) insulin dependent, partly genetic
Type II lifestyle, especially obesity and stress, plays a major role,
onset after age 40.
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Diabetes is associated with:
Thickening of the arteries, leading to high
rates of coronary heart disease.
Blindness, and is the leading cause ofblindness in adults.
Kidney failure
Nervous system damage leading to pain andloss of sensation.
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System consists of the heart, blood
vessels and blood.
Arteries carry blood from the heart to other
organs and tissues.
Veins return the blood to the heart after
the oxygen has been used up.
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Disorders
Atherosclerosisdeposits of plaque in the
arteries
Angina Pectoris (chest pain)
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Hypertensionchronically high blood
pressure
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Disorders Related to White Cell
Production
Leukemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis
Disorders Related to Red Cell Production
Anemia, erythrocytosis, sickle-cell anemia
Clotting Disorders
Hemophilia, Clots (Thromboses) in blood
vessels
Coronary thromboses, cerebral thromboses
Embolus (A clot that becomes detached) 29
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Functions of Respiration
1. To take in oxygen
2. To excrete carbon dioxide3. To regulate the composition of the blood
Organs Involved
Nose, mouth, pharynx, trachea,diaphragm, abdominal muscles, and
lungs.
Inspiration is active; expiration is passive.30
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Disorders
Asphyxialack of O2, excess of CO2 Anoxialack of O2
Hyperventilationexcess of O2, lack ofexcess of CO2
Hay Feverseasonal allergic reaction in
which irritants enter the lungs promptingthe body to produce histamines.
Asthmamore severe allergic reaction
that may produce bronchial spasms and31
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Disorders
Viral InfectionsCommon cold, influenza
Bacterial InfectionsStrep throat,whooping cough, diphtheria.
Pneumonia and Emphysema
Tuberculosis and Pleurisy Lung Cancer
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An interdisciplinaryfield
Concerned with development and integration ofbehavioral and biomedical science
Knowledge and techniques relevant to theunderstanding of physical health and illness
The application of this knowledge and thesetechniques to prevention, diagnosis, treatment,
and rehabilitation Designing, implementing, and evaluating the
effectiveness of prevention and treatmentprograms
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Name of InstitutionWork Settings of Health
Psychologists Hospitals
Pain clinics
Hospices
Primary care centers
Private practice settings
Colleges and universities
Corporations
Non-profit organizations & governmentalagencies
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Clinical Health Psychologists
Research & Health Education
Psychologists Provide direct services to clients and
patients in a variety of settings such asprimary care & rehabilitation centers
Perform cognitive, behavioral, andpsychophysiological assessments
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Utilize clinical and cognitive-behavioraltechniques in illness
& pain management, promotion of healthy
life style, stress management, etc.,
Deliver psychoeducation about coping with
disease, addiction and preventive healthbehaviors
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Focus on bio-psychosocial model of healthand illness
Investigate effects of psychological, social,and cultural factors on health and disease
Investigate psychosocial mechanism ofhealth attitudes and behavior change
Design & evaluate effectiveness ofprevention and treatment programs
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Examples of research areas:psychosomatic illness, addiction, obesity &eating disorders, pain management, HIV,oncology, patient-provider communication,
treatment compliance, evaluation ofwellness/prevention programs
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