Feby Agung Pamuji, ST, MTFeby Agung Pamuji, ST, MTDepartment of electrical Department of electrical

engineering FTI ITSengineering FTI ITS

Energy and Policy

.

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

-INDONESIA’S TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOCUS

FOR THE NEXT 5 YEARS-1. Bio-nanotechnology for Agriculture and Food 2. New and Renewable Source of Energy;3. Technology for Transportation Systems and

management;4. Information and Communication; Technology;5. Defense Technology.6. Medical and Health

- Population Increase: - Increase in Economic

Growth:- Increase in Living Standard

- Energy Demand Increase (200%):

- Electricity Demand Increase (350%):

Environmental Issue:- Global Warming- Air Pollution- Acid Rain- Health

TYPE OF ENERGY SELECTION

Fosil Energy(hydrocarbon

resources)

OIL COAL Gas

NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY

Hydro,Microhydr

o

Solar, wind, biomassa,

geothermal, hidrogen, FC

Nuclear

Environment INFRASTRUCTURE ENERGY RESOURCES SOCIAL-CULTURE GEOPOLITIC ECONOMY

BASED ON NATURAL RESOURCES BASED ON TECHNOLOGY

NATIONAL ENERGY PLANNING NATIONAL ENERGY PLANNING 2000-20252000-2025

“Comprehensive Assessment of Different Energy Source for Electricity Generation in Indonesia”, 2002.

ENERGY MIX 2025

Renewable Energy 4,4%

Oil Fuel

Hydro

Geotherm

Coal

Nat'l Gas

Renewable

Year 2000Year 2000

Oil 35% Hydro 4% Geoth 1% Coal 34% Gas 26%Oil 10% Hydro 4% Geothrm 5% Coal 38% Nat’l Gas 39% Renewable 4%

OilHydroGeothermCoalNat'l GasRenewable

Bussiness as usual - 2025

Optimisation of energy

Energi Mix 2025 optimal scenario

OilHydroGeothermCoalNat’l GasRenewable

NATIONAL ENERGY MIX YEAR 2025NATIONAL ENERGY MIX YEAR 2025(OPTIMISATION SCENARIO)

ENERGY ENERGY MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT OPTIMISATIONOPTIMISATION

Microhydro 0.216%Microhydro 0.216%Biofuel 1.335%Biofuel 1.335%Solar Power 0.020%Solar Power 0.020%Wind Power 0.028%Wind Power 0.028%Fuel cell 0.000%Fuel cell 0.000%Biomassa 0.766%Biomassa 0.766%

Nuclear 1.993%Nuclear 1.993%Natural Gas 30.6%Natural Gas 30.6% Oil 26.2%Oil 26.2%

Other 4.4%Other 4.4%Geothermal 3.8%Geothermal 3.8%

Large Hydro 2.4%Large Hydro 2.4%

Coal 32.7%Coal 32.7%

INDONESIA GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL

Tracer Injection and Surface Manifestation Sampling

Support of the R & D Institutes for exploration and exploitation of Geothermal

Coal Bed Methane PotentialBasin Prospective

Area (km2)CBM

Resources (TCF)

KALIMANTAN

Barito 15,000 75

Berau 2,000 10

Kura 10,000 50

North Tarakan 6,500 20

Pasir 1,000 3

SUMATRA

Central Sumatra 15,000 50

South Sumatra 20,000 120

Bengkulu 3,000 5

JAVA

Jatibarang 500 1

SULAWESI

Sengkang 1,000 2

TOTAL 74,000 336

CBM potentials are scattered around Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, and Sulawesi

Total indicated potential is approximately 336 TCF

Source: Coal Report Indonesia 2000

US Embassy, Jakarta, 2000

Indonesian Nuclear Power Plant

Source: National Energy Management Blueprint (BP-PEN) 2005 – 2025, DEMR

H2

ELECTRICITY

NUCLEARENERGY

NUCLEAR ENERGY 20th AND 21st CENTURY

NUCLEAR ENERGY

H2 ELECTRICITY

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

Renewable Energy Resources

Potential Equivalent Utilization Installed Capacity*

Hydro 845 million BOE

75.67 GW 6,851 GWh 4,200 MW

Geothermal 219 Million BOE

27 GW 2,593.5 GWh 800 MW

Mini/Microhydro

458.75 MW 458.75 MW 84 MW

Biomassa 49.81 GW 302.4 MWSolar Energy 4.8

kWh/m2/day(1203 TW)

8 MW

Wind Energy 3-6 m/sec9,287 MW

0.5 MW

Ocean Wave 20 kW/m coastal line**

Uranium (Nuclear)

24,112 ton e.q to 3 GW for 11 year***Source: DGEEU – Directorate General for Electricity and Energy Utilization

•*By the Year 2003

•** Green Energy Policy Document – DEMR - Department of Energy and Mineral Resources

•*** National Energy Management Blueprint (BP-PEN) 2005 – 2025, DEMR

Indonesian Wind Energy Potential

Wind Power Utilization: small-scale utilization, with wind speed of 2.5 – 4 m/s and

capacity up to 10 kW medium-scale utilization, with wind speed of 4 – 5 m/s and

capacity of 10 – 100 kW large-scale utilization, with wind speed and capacity higher

than 5 m/s and 100 kW, respectively

Wind Power Potential in Indonesia*: Region of Nusa Tenggara Barat: wind speed ranging from

3.4 – 5.3 m/s (10 locations) Region of Nusa Tenggara Timur: wind speed ranging from

3.2 – 6.5 m/s (10 locations) Region of Sulawesi and other: wind speed ranging from 2.6 –

4.9 m/s (10 locations)* Source : DGEEU - LAPAN

International Wind Power Technology in 20 years

Source : LAPAN

Copyright @ ripno.energin.id

Indonesia (tropical areas) Europe (sub-tropical)Speed: Low -

mediumDirection: alternate

Speed: medium - highDirection: fixed

Source: National Geography, Agustus 2005

BIOFUEL AS A SUBSTITUTE OF GASOLINE, DIESEL OIL AND COMBUSTION FUEL

2002 2009Consumption of gasoline 15(million kilo liters)

21

Bio ethanol needed - (kilo liters)

420.000

Diesel oil consumption 26(million kilo liters)

36

Bio diesel needed to be - produced (kilo liters)

720.000

Consumption of 5.7combustion fuel (mill.kl lt)

7.5

Bio-oil needed to be -produced (kilo liters)

423.000

MACROECONOMIC BENEFIT OF BIODIESEL

-2% of diesel oil consumption in 2009, needs:- 720 kilolitres, or 720 tons of CPO - 205 thousand ha. of plantation - 68.000 employment in plantations + 5000 in factories.

-diesel oil import reduction:- 720 . 000 kilolitres- Equivalent to US$216 million saving (based on imported diesel oil price of US$0.30/litre)

BIODIESEL

Progress in Biodiesel Development

1.5 Tons/day Prototype Plant

EmissionB20 B100

Carbon Monoxide (CO2) -12 % -47%Hydrocarbon (HC) -20% -67%Particulates (SPM) -12% -48%

Emission of NOx of Indonesian biodiesel (made of palm, coconut or jarak) is lower than that of diesel oil.

Progress in Bio diesel Development

ECONOMY OF BIO ETHANOL

YEAR PREMIUM CONSUMPTION BIOETHANOL AS SUBSTITUTETO PREMIUM

Volume * (mill.Kl)

Value ** (bill. Rp)

Volume (mill. KL)

Value*** (bill Rp)

2005 16,05 46.064 0,05 143,5

2006 17,17 49.278 0,05 143,5

2007 18,37 52.722 0,09 258,3

2008 19,66 56.424 0,19 545,3

2009 21 60.270 0,42 1.205,4

*) Assumed rate of consumption : 7% per year

**) Based on fixed Premium priced in the first quarter of 2005 : Rp. 2870,-/liter

***) Value of Imported processed oil substituted by Bio ethanol

MINISTRY OF MINISTRY OF RESEARCH AND RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY

REPUBLIC OF INDONESIAREPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

MACROECONOMIC BENEFITS OF GASOHOL E-10

- A hectares of cassava plantation could produce approximately 4.7 kilolitres of bioethanol.

- Each hectare of plantation generate 7 employment opportunities.

- Could avoid 4.7 kilolitres of imported gasoline, and save about US$ 1,410 (assumption : price of imported premium is 30 cents US dollars per litre)

GASOHOL E-10 GASOHOL E-10 COMPETITIVENESSCOMPETITIVENESS

Bioetanol Bioetanol fuel gradefuel grade price (without tax) : Rp 4.000,-/L price (without tax) : Rp 4.000,-/L Gasohol E-10 price per liter : (0,9 x Rp 2.400) + (0,1 x Rp 4.000) = Rp 2.560Gasohol E-10 price per liter : (0,9 x Rp 2.400) + (0,1 x Rp 4.000) = Rp 2.560,-,-

[Rp 160,- higher than subsidized premium price][Rp 160,- higher than subsidized premium price] The price difference would be accepted by community due to the increasing of engine The price difference would be accepted by community due to the increasing of engine

performance (Gasohol E-10 octane number performance (Gasohol E-10 octane number 91), and the significant decrease of CO emission) 91), and the significant decrease of CO emission) Gasohol E-10 engine performance is equal to Pertamax and is much better than PremiumGasohol E-10 engine performance is equal to Pertamax and is much better than Premium

27,3827,3831,0331,0331,2431,2430,3930,39Fuel Consumption (L/jam)Fuel Consumption (L/jam)

180418041393,81393,81913,31913,31856,11856,1ForceForce (N) (N)

40,0940,0930,9730,9742,5242,5241,2341,23Power (kW)Power (kW)

PertamaxPertamaxPremiumPremiumGasoholGasohol E E-20-20GasoholGasohol E E-10-10Fuel Fuel

Note : Idle Engine Test2.002.002.042.041.281.28Nox (gr/kmNox (gr/km

0.400.400.330.330.380.38THC (gr/km)THC (gr/km)

5.775.773.103.105.005.00CO (gr/km)CO (gr/km)

PertamaxPertamaxGasohol E-10Gasohol E-10PremiumPremiumParameterParameter

Emission Test ResultEmission Test Result

SORGHUMAs Wheat Substitutes and Bio-ethanol Raw Material

Suitable for marginal land planting

Jatropha curcas (Jarak pagar)

• Harvesting period of Jatropha Curcas is only 6 to 8 months.

• Every 12,5 tons could produce bio-oil of approximately 1,900 liters.

• 3 millions Ha plantation of approximately 7,5 billions Jatropha could produce 92,000 barrel per day, or equivalent to 20% of national diesel oil consumption of 460.000 barrel per day.