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(1) How is the mass of the atmosphere processed to constitute the outflow?
(2) How is the energy from the magnetosphere processed through the system resulting in ion outflow?
(3) Rate of mass outflow as a function of energy input:
A) How does that depend on conditions such as
seasons and or geomagnetic conditions.
B) The role of ion outflow in storms.
AuroralLuminosity
Downward AlfvénPoynting Flux
Upward IonBeams
Liou et al. ‘97
Keiling et al. ‘03
Collin et al. ‘98
Car
lso
n e
t al
. ‘0
1
Alfvén Wave Induced Outflow
FAST Particles Orbit 16608
100
1000
10000e-
0o-3
0o
En
erg
y (e
V)
FAST Particles Orbit 16608
100
1000
10000e-
0o-3
0o
En
erg
y (e
V)
106
109
eV/c
m2-s
-sr-
eV
100
1000
10000
e- 6
0o-1
20o
En
erg
y (e
V)
100
1000
10000
e- 6
0o-1
20o
En
erg
y (e
V)
106
109
eV
/cm
2-s
-sr-
eV
0204060
e- >
50e
V
mW
/m2
Downgoing Upgoing Mapped to 100km Altitude
1071081091010
e-
>5
0eV
1/c
m2-s
100
1000
10000
ions
0o-3
0o
En
erg
y (e
V)
100
1000
10000
ions
0o-3
0o
En
erg
y (e
V)
104
107
eV
/cm
2-s
-sr-
eV
0.20.40.60.81.0
i+ >
50e
V
mW
/m2
Downgoing
Upgoing Mapped to 100km Altitude
106107108109
i+ >
50
eV
1/c
m2-s
100020003000
WIC
20406080
S1
2
11:1618.3
3166.775.8
11:1819.0
3293.573.6
11:2019.6
3410.771.1
11:2219.9
3518.068.5
11:2420.3
3615.165.8
11:2620.5
3701.863.1
11:2820.7
3777.760.4
Hours from 2000-10-28/11:16:00
10203040
S1
3
UTMLTALTILAT
Tue
Jun
11 1
6:21
:47
200
2
OUTFLOW
Str
ang
ew
ay e
t al.
’02
Li and Temerin ‘93
Auroral substorms & geomagnetic storms
Hypothesis (McFadden)
• Substorms deposit EM energy at low altitude.
• Ionosphere expands, promoting intense ion outflows.
• Stormtime electric fields force outflowing ions into near-earth plasmasheet.
• Betatron acceleration energizes earthward convecting ions.
• The now prodigious, energetic ions further energize the ring current, intensifying the storm.
Occurrence of Upward Ion Beams Near 1RE Altitude
(Polar TIMAS)
Collin et al. ‘98
