10/3/2014 1 Introduction to Research Lecture 1 Presentation Outline What is Research? Attributes of Research Types of Research? Why Research? How to do research? Motivation Elements of Motivation Research Process What is Research??? o “..systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relationships among natural phenomena..” (Kerlinger, 1973, p.ll) o “..the overall scheme of scientific in which scientists engage in order to produce knowledge…” (Nachmias & Nachmias, 1981, p.22) o “formal, systematic, and intensive process of carrying out a scientific method of analysis which may lead to the development of generalizations, principles or theories which can result in the predictions and control of events..” (Best, 1977, p.10-12)
Transcript
10/3/2014
1
Introduction to
Research
Lecture 1
Presentation Outline
What is Research?
Attributes of Research
Types of Research?
Why Research?
How to do research?
Motivation
Elements of Motivation
Research Process
What is Research???
o “..systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relationships among natural phenomena..” (Kerlinger, 1973, p.ll)
o “..the overall scheme of scientific in which scientists engage in order to produce knowledge…” (Nachmias & Nachmias, 1981, p.22)
o “formal, systematic, and intensive process of carrying out a scientific method of analysis which may lead to the development of generalizations, principles or theories which can result in the predictions and control of events..” (Best, 1977, p.10-12)
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What is Research???
Research is a
systematic and
organized effort to
investigate specific
problem that needs
a solution
Attributes of Research
Based on other works
Replicable
Generalisable
Tied to theory
Generate new questions
Incremental
Testability
Doable
Types of Research
Basic (Fundamental) vs Applied
Research
Scientific vs Naturalistic
Historical vs Methodological
Quantitative Qualitative
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Basic Research
Attempts to expand the limits of
knowledge
the pursuit of new knowledge
without any assumptions about
what it might lead to – essentially
knowledge for its own sake
Not directly involved in the
solution to a pragmatic problem
Examples of Basic Research
A model of IT adoption among
small-medium enterprises
Antecedents of IT-Business
alignment
A Model of ethical usage of
cybercafe
Applied Research
Conducted when a decision
must be made about a specific
real-life problem
Knowledge which is developed
with a specific objective in mind,
particularly the conversion of
existing knowledge into
products, processes and
technologies
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Why Research?
“The secret of success is to
know something nobody else
know” (Aristotle Onassis)
With INFORMATION reduces
UNCERTAINTY
Think?????
Examples of Applied
Research
Factors that contribute to user
satisfaction of information
systems
Determinants of UUM’s IT
students’ employability
Diffusion of innovation in
bridging the digital divide
Why Research?
Educational benefits include:
Working closely with a faculty
mentor
Learning about issues, methods,
and leaders in students' chosen
fields
Applying concepts learned in
coursework to "real life" situations
Sharpening problem-solving skills
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Why Research?
Professional benefits include:
Exploring and preparing for future
careers
Developing marketable skills
Enhancing professional
communication skills
Collaborating with others and
working effectively as part of a
team
Why Research?
Personal benefits include:
Growing as a critical, analytical,
and independent thinker
Meeting challenges and
demonstrating the ability to
complete a project
Discovering personal interests
How to do Research?
Motivation
The significance of the study
The ‘why’ factor
Elements of Motivation
Have not been investigated before
Contribution to the body of knowledge
Problem solving
Interest to you, academia & profession
Lead to another research question!
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How to do Research?
o Deductive approach
o Proceed from the general to specifics.
o Theory -- Data/facts -- Conclusion
o Inductive approach
o Proceeds from the specifics and
combine them to produce a more
general statement of relationship.
o Facts/data -- Theory -- Conclusion
Research Process
Generally, research comprise the process of developing the conceptual framework and the hypothesis for testing as well as the design, which involves the planning of the actual study dealing with such aspects as the location for the study, sample selection and data collection processes and results of the study.
Phases in the Research
Process
Defining a problem
Results
Theoretical framework
Refinement of theory or implementation
Interpretation of data
Analysis of data Data
Collection
Research design
Construct concepts operational definitions
Hypothesis
Lite
ratu
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ev
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Lite
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ev
iew
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Purpose of Study/Research
Exploratory
Descriptive
Causal
“I keep six honest serving men (they
taught me all I knew), their names are
what, and why, and when, and how, and
where, and who.” -- Rudyard Kipling
“What”, “How”, “Where”, “Who”, “When”
and “Why” are the six interrogatives one
need to know about an enterprise --
John Zachman
Degree of Problem Definition
Exploratory
Research
Descriptive
Research
Causal Research
Degree of
Problem
Definition
Unaware of Problem Aware of Problem Problem Clearly
