BIOLOGY HONORSBy Isabelle
Outline
Driving Question
Cellular Respiration
ATP
Mitosis & cell cycle
Cancer
Warburg Effect
Connection
Thinking deeper
Literature
Driving Questions
How does cellular respiration and other cell processes work?
How do they relate to and affect cancer?
Cellular Respiration
The way cells process energy stored in food
Three stages
Glycolysis: glucose - pyruvate
Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain
Aerobic
Anaerobic
glycolysis is the first stpe- glucose enters cells and turns into pyruvate. Produces 4 atp mols. but uses 2!
Krebs cycle, takes place in the mitochondria, takes the pyruvate produced in glycolysis and produces NADH and FADH2, (co-enzymes that help with metabolism and reactions in the body) Produces 2 ATP mols.
ETC, the final step, also takes place in the mitochondria, breaks down NADH and FADH molecules produced and producing a whopping 32 ATP molecules, making the final total after factoring in the atp used 36 atp.
anaerobic respiration takes place without oxygen. cancer cells use both- lactic acid fermentation (anerobic)
the only goal of fermentation reactions is to convert nadh to nad+ to use in glycolysi. no energy is gined.2 atp’s produced. from glycolysis
ATP
Adenosine TriPhosphate
ATP is the energy produced from cell respiration
Used around the body
Reproduction, movement, temp. regulation, synthesis
Necessary for life
Mitosis uses ATP
Cell Cycle & MitosisCells life cycle & reproduction
Asexual - exact copies
Interphase “resting”
Prophase
Metaphase
Ananphase
Telophase
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/mitosis.htm
If something is not picked up by the monitors and there is bad DNA, the cells can mutate & constantly reproducethose cells can be cancerous and with the constant reproduction tumors form
How do cancer cells form?Sometimes during cell growth & division, things go wrong
Mutations, “typos”
Usually, the cells detects this and shuts itself down or is destroyed
Enough mutations can bypass these regulations causing the cell bad cell to divide anyway and recklessly
The incorrect info is passed along to the cells offspring.. it’s cancer
CancerCancer is the uncontrolled grow of abnormal cells in the body.
The growth of these cells causes lumps, called tumors
If not treated properly can result in death.
It is estimated that this year there will be 1,660,290 new cases of cancer in the US. (American Cancer Society)
Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death among Americans, following heart disease.
Ask class, “As you can see, cancer is unfortunately very common. Who here has been impacted by cancer?”
Types
Cancerous cells can grow anywhere in the body.
CausesFactors can work together or individually
Internal factors
Hormones
Inherited mutations
Immune conditions
External factors
Tobacco
Chemicals/radiation
Signs & Symptoms
Unexplained weight loss
Fever
Fatigue
Pain
ie. Headache - brain tumor
Skin changes
Yellowish, darker, reddened, itching
sign can be noticed by someone else such as a loved one or a doctor, ie. fever, abnormal lung sounds through a stethoscope can be a SIGN of pnomieoua
symptom can be noticed only by you, ie. weakness, feeling short of breath symptom of pnomuia
Treatments
Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Hormone Therapy
Biological Therapy
Targeted Therapy
say what each individual treatment does to treat cancer,
surgery removes the tumor
radiation uses high energy radiation to kill cancer cells (and normal cells too) by damaging their DNA
hormone therapy- slows down or stops the growth of hormone dependent cancer cells by either stopping hormones being made or preventing hormones from making cancer cells grow and divide
Biological therapy- helps fight cancer by working like chemo or helps control side effects from other cancer treatments like chemotherapy.
target therapy is medicine that blocks the growth and spread of cancer by interfering with the growth of cancer cells
chemo uses drugs to kill cancer cells by stopping/slowing their growth, which leads to talking about cells...
Warburg EffectObservation that cancer cells obtain their energy from anaerobic metabolism to convert glucose to ATP, even in the presence on oxygen
Observation that most cancer cells produce energy by high rate of glycolysis & lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol
Normal cells use low rate of glycolysis and oxidation of pyruvate in mitochondria (aerobic)
1st though to be a cause of cancer - highly debated- now considered a result of mutations, not a cause
subject of debateotto warburg
Connections
Cancer cells:
Rely on only glycolysis for their energy
Thus, consume 18-19x more glucose than normal cells to survive and reproduce.
Cancer cells have high aerobic glycolysis
Provides powerful growth advantage
cont.
Cancer cells form by being overlooked during the cell cycle
Treatments affect cell processes
Chemo & radiation interfere with cell division
Looking deeper
If a way is found to stop mitosis and cellular respiration ONLY in cancer cells and not in the body’s normal cells, then cancer can be cured.
The more frequently a cell divides, the more likely the drug is to kill it
Every time a cell divides it opens itself up to attack because drugs work by disrupting cell division
cont.Cells that reproduce the most are affected the most
Hair
Skin
Gut
Blood
Side affects because these cells are being harmed
Hair loss, skin rashes, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weight loss, pain
Literature
Peer edited scientific journal “Cellular Respiration & Carcinogenesis”
American cancer society “Cancer Facts & Figures 2013”
Thanks for watching!Any questions?
In memory of CedarBone cancer victim
CitationsTED-Ed | How do cancer cells behave differently from healthy ones? - George Zaidan. (n.d.). TED-Ed | Lessons Worth Sharing. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http:/ ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-cancer-cells-behave-differently-from-healthy-ones george-zaidan
The Warburg Hypothesis and the ATP Sup... [Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2012] - PubMed - NCBI. (n.d.). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22204369
Warburg effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki Warburg_effect
What diseases have been eliminated by vaccines? - Curiosity. (n.d.). Curiosity : Discovery Channel. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://curiosity.discovery.com question/what-diseases-eliminated-by-vaccines
1800's, t. l., & that, s. h. (n.d.). Introduction. The Department of Biology at the University of Oregon. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://biology.uoregon.edu/reference ort_mitosis/Introduction.html
American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2013. Atlanta: American Cancer
Society; 2013.
Cancer cell metabolism kills: Possible new therapies targeting energy supply of cancer cells?. (n.d.). Science Daily. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from www.sciencedaily.com releases/2013/04/130415172228.htm
Concept 5 Review: Lactic Acid Fermentation. (n.d.). Prentice Hall Bridge page. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place biocoach/cellresp/review5a.html
Flavin adenine dinucleotide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide
GPiklaov. (n.d.). ATP - definition from Biology-Online.org. Life Science Reference - Biology Online. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary Atp
Glycolysis. (n.d.). University of Illinois at Chicago - UIC. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect12.htm
Health and Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration. (n.d.). Shmoop: Homework Help, Teacher Resources, Test Prep. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http:/ www.shmoop.com/cell-respiration/health.html
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide
semenza, G. L., Apte, S. P., & Sarangarajan, R. (2009). Cellular Respiration and Carcinogenesis. Cellular Respiration and Carcinogenesis, 1, 1-195
Signaling Pathways: Warburg Effect. (n.d.). Cell Signaling Technology. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://www.cellsignal.com/reference/pathway/warburg_effect.html