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Pr. Konstantin M. LEBEDINSKY

Course : 1

Year : 2009

Language : EnglishCountry : Estonia

City : Tartu

Weight : 3624 kb

Related text : no http://www.euroviane.net

THE PHYSICAL LAWS, ESSENTIAL

FOR THE ANAESTHETIST

St. Petersburg 

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Matter 

Substance Field

States of matter:

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Plasma

• Electric

• Magnetic

• Gravitational• Torsion

• Biological

• Informational

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«Primary» Physical Values

(Mechanics)

• Mass М kg

• Length L m

• Time t s

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Derivative Physical Values

(Mechanics)•  Velocity v Lt-1 m/s

•  Acceleration a Lt-2 m/s2

• Force F MLt-2 N = kgm/s2

• Pressure P ML-1

t-2

Pa = N/m2

• Energy (work) E(A) ML2t-2 J = Nm

• Power N ML2t-3 W = J/s

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What is Power of a Pump?…What are we to do to get Power (ML2

t-3)?

We suppose, that it depends upon Pressure(ML-1t-2). Let’s divide Power by Pressure:

ML2t-3 /ML-1t-2 = L3t-1

Since m3 /s is Flow, for any kind of the pump –Power is Pressure multiplied by Flow :

N = PQ!

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Pressure Units

• Pa = N/m2

• cm Н2О 100 Pа = 0,1 к Pа = 1 hPа

• atm 10 m Н2О 100.000 Pа = bar

• mbar = 100 Pа 1 cm Н2О

• mm Hg = torr = 133,3 Pа

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Gas Laws

Boyle’s Law (1661):Condition: T=const (isotermic)

PV = const or P1 /P2 = V2 /V1

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Gas Laws

Charles’ Law (1787):Condition: V=const (isovolumic)

P/T = const or P1 /Р2 = T1 /Т2

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Gay-Lussac’s Law (1809):Condition: P=const (isobaric)

 V/T = const or V1 /V2 = T1 /Т2

Gas Laws

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Th. Andrew’s

isothermals (1869)

Boyle’s law: since T=const, PV = const

Charles’ law: since V=const, P /Т = const

Gay-Lussac’s law: since P=const, V/T = const

Hereby,

the equation of an ideal gas:

PV/T = const

or PV = mRT

P

 V 

T

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Critical Temperature –

the temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied no

matter how high the pressure (marked with bend point onthe isothermals). Critical temperature corresponds withcritical volume and critical pressure, above which liquid andgas coexists in the equilibrium.

Tcrit values, С:

Helium  –268 Carbon Dioxide 31

Oxygen  –118 Nitrous Oxide 36

Nitrogen  –147 Xenon 17

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Compressed Gases

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Liquefied Gases

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What gas is it?

!

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Where is Oxygen Cylinders?

http://www.made-in-jiangsu.com/

!

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Oxygen Sources

• Pressure cylinders with pressure-regulating valves• Centralized systems with cryogenic reservoirs

• «Oxygen Concentrators» and Zeolite-based systems

• O2-flush requirements: 4…5 atm for the input!

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Dalton’s Law (1801):

The total pressure exerted by the mixture of gases, which

do not interact, is the sum of the pressures which eachgas would exert if it were present alone in the entire

volume occupied by the mixture (i.e. partial pressures).

Partial pressure reflects the number of molecules and its

kinetic energy, depending upon the fraction of certaingas in the mixture (%) and the pressure of the entire

mixture, respectively:

PX = %XPmix

…What gas has the highest partial pressure in our blood 

under no rmal condi t ion? ...

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 Avogadro’s Law (1811,

«molecular hypothesis»):

1 mol (6,0231023 molecules) of any gas

under the same t and P occupies equal volume – 22,4 l

Molar mass (in g/mol) is numerically equal to

relative molecular mass (in Daltons):

Helium 4 Carbon Dioxide 44

Oxygen 32 Nitrous Oxide 44

Nitrogen 28 Xenon 131

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Pressure-Regulating and

Pressure Relief Valves

From: Bowie E, Huffman LM: The anesthesiamachine: essentials for understanding,

Madison, Wis, 1985, Ohmeda, a Division of BOC Health Care

P = F/S F = PS

Why does thepressure

reducing valve

freeze?

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Pressure

Measurement

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Flow

Measurement

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Flow

Measurement:

 Ancient

Rotametric

Flowmeters

Dräger apparatus (ca. 1910):

Munchen, Euroanaesthesia-2007

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Flow Measurement

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 Volume

Measurement

V =    Q(t)dt 

http://www.anesth.hama-med.ac.jp/AneDepartment/m-engstrome300.jpg

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Hagen-Poiseuille’s Law (1840)

and Reynolds’ number (1883)

R crit 1160

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Heat Capacity

and Heat ConductivitykJ/kgК  W/mК 

Nitrogen (N2) 1,04 0,024

Oxygen (O2) 0,91 0,024

 Air (mixture) 1,01 0,024

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 0,88 0,023

Helium (He) 5,02 0,140