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REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM- CLASS XII BIOLOGY

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PREPARED BYPREPARED BY

S RATHS RATH

PGT BIOLOGY PGT BIOLOGY 

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(CHAPTER 1)(CHAPTER 1)

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LIFE SPANORGANISMS LIFE SPAN

May fy 1 day

Butter fy 1-2 weeks

crow 15 years

crocodile 60 years

man 100years

parrot 140 years

tortoise 100-150 yearsWheat plant 6 months

Banyan tree 200 years

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TYPES OF

REPRODCTION ASE!AL SE!AL A sinle parent isin!ol!ed"

#wo parents $a male anda %emale&

'o %ormation or %usion o%ametes

(ormation and %usion o%ametes

)n!ol!es mitotic di!ision )n!ol!es meiosis

)ndi!iduals areenetically identical i"e"clone

)ndi!iduals show !ariation i"e" o*sprin

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MODES OF ASE!ALREPRODCTION (ission- $a& +inary $+& multiple

Buddin

,pore %ormation eetati!e propaation

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 ASE!AL REPRODCTI"ESTRCTRES Motile microscopic .oospores -

(chlamydomonas)

/onidia (penicillium)

Buds $hydra&

emmules- $spones&

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 "EGETATI"E

PROPAGLES unner- oxalis ,ucker

#u+er- potato *set- water hyacinth, pistia

Bul+- onion3 arlic

hi.ome- iner Bul+il- aa!e

ea% +uds- Bryophyllum

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SE!AL REPRODCTION

Se#$%& 'e'o$c*+o,

e-e,*s

P'e/e'*+&+s%*+o,S0,%0 %,/e'*+&+s%*+o,

Pos*/e'*+&+s%*+o,

G%e*oe,es+s G%e*e *'%,s/e' 

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PREFERTILISATIONCHANGES

(%) %e*oe,es+s )t is the process o% %ormation o% haploidmale and %emale ametes"

ametes may +e oo%e*es(+so%e*es& or e*e'o%e*es.

)n heteroametes the male amete iscalled %,*e'o4o+ o' se' and the

%emale amete is called the o-$.

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PREFERTILISATIONCHANGES

(%) %e*oe,es+s )% the parent +ody is haploid ametesare %ormed +y mitosis3 i% diploidametes are %ormed +y meiosis"

 An oranism may +ehomothallicmonoecious orheterothallicdioecious" 

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PRE 5FERTILI6ATIONCHANGES

(b) %e*e *'%,s/e'  (usion o% male and %emale amete iscalled %ertilisation"

,o male and %emale amete must +e

+rouht toether" )n some oranisms +oth ametes are

motile $alae& +ut in most cases male

amete is motile where as %emale is not" Alae3 +ryophytes and pteredophytes3

water is the medium %or amete trans%er

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PRE 5FERTILI6ATIONCHANGES

(b) %e*e *'%,s/e'  ollination is the method o% ametetrans%er in hiher plants as pollenrains contain male ametes"

#he num+er o% male ametes arethousand times the num+er o% %emaleametes as there is loss o% male

ametes durin trans%er" )n dioecious animals there is special

mechanism %or amete trans%er"

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SYNGAMY ANDFERTILISATION )t results in the %ormation o% diploid

.yote"

)n some animals like roti%ers3 honey

+ees3 some li.ards and +irds $turkey&%emale ametes de!elop in to oranismwithout %ertilisation3 such a

phenomenon is called parthenoenesis"

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POSTFERTILISATIONE"ENTS #he e!ents a%ter .yote %ormation is

called post-%ertilisation e!ents"

7yote de!elopment $i& type o% li%e

cycle o% oranism and $ii& theen!ironment it is e8posed to"

)n alae and %uni it de!elops a thick

wall around it to resist desiccationsand damae and underoes a period o%rest"

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POSTFERTILISATIONE"ENTS ranisms showin haplontic li%e cycle3 .yote

underoes meiosis" While oranisms showindiplontic li%e-cycle underoes mitosis"

#he .yote de!elops into an em+ryo" 9m+ryoenesis in!ol!es $i& cell di!ision $ii& cell

enlarement or rowth $iii& cell di*erentiation"

)n o!iparous animals .yote de!elopment

occurs outside o% %emale:s +ody3 they are elayin e"" reptiles3 +irds"

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POSTFERTILISATIONE"ENTS )n !i!iparous animals .yote

de!elopment occurs inside o% %emale:s+ody" #hey i!e +irth to youn

indi!iduals" 9"" mammals )n plants .yote is %ormed inside o!ule3

where it de!elops into em+ryo3 theno!ule +ecomes seed and o!ary into %ruit"

ermination o% seeds produce newplants"

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TYPES OF FERTILISATION

E!TERNALFERTILISATION

INTERNALFERTILISATION

,ynamy occurs

outside o% the +ody o%oranisms"

,ynamy occurs inside

o% the +ody o%oranisms"

are num+er o%

amets $male ;%emale& are releasedinto surroundinmedium" 9"" +ony

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TYPES OF ANIMALS

O"IPAROS "I"IPAROS

 Animals lay %ertilise or

un%ertilised es"

i!e +irth to youn

indi!iduals"

9s ha!e calcareousshell to protect %rom

the harsh en!ironment"

'o shell3 they areprotected inside the

mother:s +ody"

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PRESENTATION BROGHTTO YO BY7

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>eople rarely succeed unless theyha!e %un in what they are doin">

D%&e C%',e+e

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