1ST 9 WEEKS BENCHMARK STUDY GUIDE- Hodge 2016 GREEK AND LATIN ROOTS/AFFIXES (Language 8.4.A&B/6.4.A&B) Root = A word root is a part of a word. It contains the core meaning of the word, but it cannot stand alone. Prefix = A prefix is also a word part that cannot stand alone. It is placed at the beginning of a word to change its meaning. Suffix = A suffix is a word part that is placed at the end of a word to change its meaning. Often you can guess the meaning of an unfamiliar word if you know the meaning of its parts; that is, the root and any prefixes or suffixes that are attached to it. Definition Latin Greek Against contra-, contro-, anti – Around circu-, circum- peri- Inside, on; not in-, im- en-, em-(in); un-, a-, an- (not) Many multi- poly- Over super-, sur- hyper- Peace pac- eiren- Under, below sub- hypo- Based in the information in the chart above, circle the word in the parentheses that best completes the sentence. A subordinate probably works… (below beside above without against before) another person. 1
Transcript
1ST 9 WEEKS BENCHMARK STUDY GUIDE- Hodge 2016
GREEK AND LATIN ROOTS/AFFIXES (Language 8.4.A&B/6.4.A&B)
Root = A word root is a part of a word. It contains the core meaning of the word, but it cannot stand alone. Prefix = A prefix is also a word part that cannot stand alone. It is placed at the beginning of a word to change its meaning. Suffix = A suffix is a word part that is placed at the end of a word to change its meaning.
Often you can guess the meaning of an unfamiliar word if you know the meaning of its parts; that is, the root and any prefixes or suffixes that are attached to it.
Definition Latin GreekAgainst contra-, contro-, anti –Around circu-, circum- peri-Inside, on; not in-, im- en-, em-(in); un-, a-, an- (not)Many multi- poly-Over super-, sur- hyper-Peace pac- eiren-Under, below sub- hypo-Based in the information in the chart above, circle the word in the parentheses that best completes the sentence.A subordinate probably works…(below beside above without against before) another person.
A pacifist would be someone who is… (around all of the time in love in favor of peace in favor of war).
If someone is inconvenienced, they are probably…(happy not having a good day are against an idea very peaceful).
1
1ST 9 WEEKS BENCHMARK STUDY GUIDE- Hodge 2016
THEME (Reading Literary 8.2/6.2)
ThemeThe theme is the most important message in a story. The theme will say something about life or human nature. Sometimes the theme is a moral or short lesson about life. Because the theme is a message, it must be expressed in a complete sentence.Sometimes the author does not tell you the theme. Instead, you have to figure it out from the text.
Some Common Themes Found in Literature: Man is his own worst enemy. Good is stronger than evil. A person grows by facing obstacles. Treat others the way you want to be treated.
Notice that the themes aren't describing particular events or characters. They are broad ideas that can apply to all people.
Tips for Identifying Theme: Look closely at the title. Sometimes you will find a clue about the theme. Look for ideas that are repeated more than once. Look for lessons that the character learns. Think about what happens in the story and how it can apply to life. For example, if the main
character must survive an approaching tornado, the theme may be, "Nature is at war with mankind."
2
1ST 9 WEEKS BENCHMARK STUDY GUIDE- Hodge 2016
example:
The Fox and the Grapes
by Aesop
One afternoon, a fox was walking through the forest. The fox saw a bunch of grapes hanging from over a branch.
Just the thing I need when I'm thirsty, the fox thought.
Taking a few steps back, the fox jumped and just missed the hanging grapes. Again, the fox took a few steps back and tried to reach the grapes but still failed.
Finally, giving up, the fox said, "They're probably sour, anyway." Then, the fox walked away.
Question: Which of the following best describes a theme of the passage?
1. It is easy to dislike what you cannot have.2. It is easy to find food for tall animals.3. Many animals like to eat fruits.4. A fox always knows when grapes are sour.
Explanation: In the above story, the fox is trying to eat the grapes, but he or she cannot reach them. When the fox fails after trying, he or she says the grapes must be sour. One theme, or message, of this passage is, "It is easy to dislike what you cannot have."
3
1ST 9 WEEKS BENCHMARK STUDY GUIDE- Hodge 2016
ANALOGIES (Language 8.5.B/6.5.B) An analogy is a relationship between two things. Analogies can show similarities or differences
between objects, ideas, or situations. The purpose of an analogy is to make something clearer to the reader. Determining the type of relationship is the key to understanding an analogy.
Common Analogy Relationships
Relationship Definition Example
shared quality Synonyms faithful: loyal
lack of quality Antonyms exhausted: energetic
degree greater to lesser or lesser to greater ecstatic: happy / uncomfortable:agonizing
part to whole or whole to part
one word in the pair is a part, the other is the whole house: carpet / wheel: truck
kind specific to general or general to specific poodle: dog / music: jazz
sequence first to last or last to first enrollment: graduation
location or proximity how close one thing is to another Massachusetts: Rhode Island
cause/effect one thing causes another untied shoelace: trip
device or association object to user or user to object camera: photographer
Analogies in passages often use similes and metaphors to draw a comparison. You may recall that a simile is a comparison that uses "like" or "as." A metaphor is a comparison in which the writer is saying one thing is another thing.
examples:
Different types of people have different ideas about friendship, but I've found a couple of things to be true. Friendship is like a garden. Two people will plant seeds in a
4
1ST 9 WEEKS BENCHMARK STUDY GUIDE- Hodge 2016
plot of soil. Both people should agree on which seeds to plant. The seeds will need sunshine and water in order to grow properly. If each person works hard to cultivate the garden, it will grow beautifully over time. Each new friendship, each plot of soil, is like a blank canvas. Two people will work together to paint something fresh and original. Friendship, when given careful attention, can become a beautiful work of art.
This passage uses two analogies. The first one compares friendship to a garden. The metaphor used compares cultivating a friendship to cultivating a garden. The writer wants the reader to associate friendship with something that needs work and care to grow—a garden. The second comparison suggests that a plot of soil is like a blank canvas. The writer compares friendship to a work of art to show how unique and pleasant each friendship can be.
You may also be presented with analogies in sentence form:
My new car's engine purred at the stoplight like my cat purrs at mealtimes.
This analogy uses two completely unlike things—a car engine and a cat—and links them together by describing something they have in common—purring. The simile used here helps the reader "hear" the noise of the car's engine.
AUTHOR’S PURPOSE: (Reading Literary 8.6/6.6)
5
1ST 9 WEEKS BENCHMARK STUDY GUIDE- Hodge 2016
6
1ST 9 WEEKS BENCHMARK STUDY GUIDE- Hodge 2016
7
1ST 9 WEEKS BENCHMARK STUDY GUIDE- Hodge 2016
CENTRAL / MAIN IDEA (Reading Informational 8.2/6.2
8
1ST 9 WEEKS BENCHMARK STUDY GUIDE- Hodge 2016
9
1ST 9 WEEKS BENCHMARK STUDY GUIDE- Hodge 2016
INFERENCES (Reading Informational 8.1/6.1)
10
1ST 9 WEEKS BENCHMARK STUDY GUIDE- Hodge 2016
Directions: Read each passage and then respond to the questions. Each question will ask you to make a logical inference based on textual details. Explain your answer by referencing the text.
Every day after work Paul took his muddy boots off on the steps of the front porch. Alice would have a fit if the boots made it so far as the welcome mat. He then took off his dusty overalls and threw them into a plastic garbage bag; Alice left a new garbage bag tied to the porch railing for him every morning. On his way in the house, he dropped the garbage bag off at the washing machine and went straight up the stairs to the shower as he was instructed. He would eat dinner with her after he was “presentable,” as Alice had often said.
1. What type of job does Paul do? ____________________________________________________
3. What relationship do Paul and Alice have? _____________________________________________
Why do you feel this way?
11
1ST 9 WEEKS BENCHMARK STUDY GUIDE- Hodge 2016
Crack! Thunder struck and rain poured. Max stared blankly out the window, trying to contain his emotions that raged like the weather. He was beginning to lose it. Dropping the kite from his hand, Max broke out into full sobs. His mother comforted him, “There, there, Max. We’ll just find something else to do.” She began to unpack the picnic basket that was on the counter and offered him a sandwich. Max snapped, “I don’t wanna sand-mich!” A flash from the sky lit up the living room. Boom! Mom sighed.
4. Why is Max upset? ________________________________________________________________
How do you know this?
5. What was Mom planning on doing today? ______________________________________________
