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ANATOMYPaper style:-
1. Single choice –30 {30 M}
2. Fill in the blanks -15 {15 M}
3. Terms -5 {15 M}
4. Long questions -4 {40 M}
Long questions:-1. State the names and number of pairs of spinal nerves. State the
part of the body supplied by the phrenic nerves, radial nerves, and
sciatic nerves.
Ans..
Name:-
A. cervical nerve 8pairs {C1-C8}
B. thoracic nerve 12pairs {T1-T12}
C. lumbar nerve5 pairs {L1-L5}
D. sacral nerve5 pairs {S1-S5}
E. coccygeal nerve1pair {Co1}
Pairs:-it consist of 31pairs.
Nerve & supply:-
a. pherenic nerve:-it supply motor & sensory innveration to
pleurae,pericardium & peritoneum of diaphragm .
b. radial nerve:-it innervates to extensor muscle of arm & fore-
arm and brachioraclialis.skin of back of arm,fore-arm & radial
side of dorsum of hand & radial two & one half fingers.
c. Sciatic nerve:- supply the muscle of posterior compartment of
thigh,leg,foot and skin of leg,foot.
2. State a function of each of the following cranial nerves:
a. Glosso-pharyngeal:-elevate pharynx during swallowing &
talking,taste-buds viseer sensation.
b. Olfactory;- sene of smell
c. Trigeminal:-invovles in sensory function of head & face.
d. Facial:-supply the movement of fascial muscle,sensation of skin of
the ear.prioprioceptive impulse of facial muscle.
e.Vagus :- 1.it impulses slow the heart rate. 2.constricts the
bronchioles. 3.increase peristalsis. 4.digestive secretion.
3. ***Describe the main differences between sympathetic and
parasympathetic nerve.
Ans…
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN→→
Sympathetic nerves Para-
sympathetic
nerves
Lower center Intermedio-lateral
nucleus (lateral gray
horn) of spinal cord
segments T1~L3
Four pairs
parasympathetic nuclei
and sacral
parasympathetic nucleus
Ganglia Paravertebral,
prevertebral
Terminal
Preganglionic f. Shorter Longer
Postganglionic f. Longer Shorter
Pre: Postganglionic 1: many more 1: a few
Distributions Throughout the body Limited primarily to head
and viscera of thorax,
abdomen, and pelvis
Different action Prepares for
emergency situation
(expends energy)
Conserve and restore
body energy (conserves
energy)
Different action Prepares for
emergency situation
(fight or flight)
Conserve and restore
body energy (rest and
relaxation)
Pupil Dilates Constricts
Heart Increases force of
contraction
Decreases force of
contraction
Rhythm of the heart To become more rapid To make slow
Blood pressure Heighten Depress
Bronchi Dilates bronchi Constricts bronchi
4. Describe the Pain, temperature and crude touch pathway of trunk
and limbs ?
Ans…
5. Name the part of the cerebrum concerned with each of the
following:
a. Feels the cutaneous sensations:-primary somatic sensory
cortex,parital lobe,sensory association area.it is the sensory
information from skin.
b. Contains the auditory areas:- located in transverse,temporal
gyri .receives auditory information frm both ears.
c. Contains the visual areas:- lies on either side of calcarine sulcus in
medial surface of occipital lobe.
d. Connects the cerebral hemispheres:-corpus cauosum.
e. Regulates accessory movements:-
f. Contains the olfactory areas:- loacated near the uncus.
g. Initiates voluntary movement:-initiates at the primary motor
cortex & motor association area.
h. Contains the speech areas (for most people):-language area in left
hemisphere in right handed person.
6.***A 60-year-old dock worker was brought to the emergency room
unconscious after he had collapsed while loading a truck. After
regaining consciousness, an examination was performed with the
following result: paralysis of right upper and lower extremities;
hypertonicity in upper and lower extremities; increased deep tendon
reflexes on the right side; dysarthria; deviation of the tongue to the
left when protruded; loss of conscious proprioception, pressure and
fine touch on the right side of the body. What is your preliminary
diagnosis?
Ans…
7. Describe the origin, nature, and passage of the trigeminal nerves ?
Ans…
Trigeminal nerve is the mixed nerve and largest 1 of the crainial
nerves .
Its origin:-
Components of fibers:-
Sve fibers:-orginates frm motor nucleous of trigrminal nerve &
supply masticatory muscles.
Gsa fibers:- sensory root contains gsa fibers.these fibers have
their cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion,which lies on the apex
of pterous part of temporal bone.these transmits fascial
sensation to sensory nuclei of trigeminal nerve.
Its nature:- complexity general somatic sensibility→skin and mucosa of head and face.
special visceral mobility→central process.
Its passage:-
8. Describe the neurological deficit resulting from hemorrhage into
the internal capsule (‘stroke’).
Ans…
9. A patient comes in complaining that her right eye isn’t working
correctly and she’s seeing double. Also, when she tries to walk, her
left leg shakes badly and she falls down. When she tries to reach for
something, her left arm and hand also shake. You observe that when
she is at rest, there is no tremor. When asked to move her eyes to
the right, both eyes move right. You notice a lateral strabismus of
the right eye. When you ask her to move her eyes left, the left eye
moves normally but the right eye does not move. Further
examination revealed that when the patient has lost fine touch
sensation in her left upper extremity but not her left lower extremity.
Right side body movement and sensory modalities are normal. What
is your preliminary diagnosis ?
Ans…
10. Name the three layers of the meninges, beginning with the
outermost ?
Ans…
the spinal cord and brain surrounded by 3 layers frm outside 2
inside:-dura-mater, arachnoid matter & pia-mater.
The meninges of spinal cord are:-spinal duramater,spinal
arachnoid matter,spinal piamater.
The meninges of brain are:- cerebral duramater,cerebral
arachnoid matter,cerebral piamater.
11. State all the locations of cerebrospinal fluid. What is CSF made
from? Into what is CSF reabsorbed? State the functions of CSF ?
Ans…
It is a colorless fluid.It plays a role like lymph in CNS.
Location:- it is located in CNS.arachoid is seprated frm piameter by
sub-arachoid space contains CSF.Central canal is filled with CSF.
production:- CSF is produced by the choroid plexus of lateral,3rd and
4th ventricles.
CSF volume=150ml
75ml in cisterns
50ml of sub-arachoid space
25ml in ventricles
CSF formation per day is 450-600ml/day.
CSF reabsorption:-
Arachnoid granulation:-project into sinuses of duramater,serve
as sites where CSF diffuses into blood stream.
CSF drains frm lateral ventricle to 3rd ventricle through inter-
ventricular foramina and frm 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle
through mesen-cepahalic aqueduet and frm 4th ventricle to
sub-archoid space via median and 2 lateral aperturs and frm
sub-archoid space to superior sagittal sinus through arachoid
granulation and finally reach to vein where it is reabsorbed.
Functions:-it has nutritive functions and serves to remove the waste
products of neuronal metabolism.CSF fills the sub-arachnoid space
and protects and cushions the CNS against trauma.CSF can disperse
the pressure on the brain caused by a blow and regulate the intra-
cranial pressure.
12. Explain how the sympathetic division of the ANS helps the body
adapt to a stress situation; give three specific examples.
Ans…
13. Explain how the parasympathetic division of the ANS promotes
normal body functioning; give three specific examples.
Ans…
14. With respect to the spinal cord:
a. Describe its location ?
ans…
It lies in vertebral canal.It is Continuous above with medulla
oblongata at level of foramen magnum.It Ends below at the lower
border of L1 in the adult; at birth the cord ends, at level of L3.
b. State what gray matter and white matter are made of:-
ans… BELOW ANS. IS NOT ENOUGH ,SO REF SPINAL ORD PPT. FRM
SLIDE NO.10TH TO 28TH,ONLY LAYERS NO NEED LAMINA.
gray matter:-collection of nerve cell bodies and dentrities
white matter:-collection of nerve fibres.
c. State the function of the dorsal root, ventral root, and dorsal root
ganglion
ans…
dorsal root:-contain sensory fibres whose cell bodies r in spinal
ganglion.
Ventral root:-contians motor fibers for skeletal muscle.
Dorsal root ganglion:-contain cell bodies of sensory fibers of
spinal nerve and cranial nerve.
15. Name the parts which the aorta divided into.
Ans…
Aorta arises frm lt. ventricle.
Inversion:- it extends upto inferior part of abdomen.
It is divided into:- 1.ascending aorta, 2.aottic arch, 3.descending
aorta which has thoracic & abdominal portion.
16.Name the arterial trunk of the local regions.
Ans.
The arterial trunk of the local regions are:-
a) Head & NECK --- the common carotid a.
b) Upper limbs --- rt. Sub-clavian a.
c) Throax --- thoracic aorta
d) Abdomen --- obdominal aorta
e) Pelvis --- internal iliac a.
f) Lower limbs --- external iliac a.
17.Name the branches of external carotid a., sub-clavian a.,axillary a.
Ans..
Branches of external carotid artery:-
1. superior thyroid a.
2. lingual a.
3. facial a.
4. occipital a.
5. maxillary a.
6. superficial temporal a.
branches of sub-clavian artery:-
rt. & lt. sub clavian a. has 3 branches.thet are 1. vertebral
arteries, 2.thyro-cervical trunk, 3. Costo-cervical trunk
branches od axillary artery;-
1. Thora-coacromial a.
2. Lateral thoracic a.
3. Sub-scapular a.
4. Anterior & posterior circumflex humeral arteries.
18.How the blood flows to the right or left hand from heart?
19.***DESCRIBE THE EXTERNAL FEATURES OF HEART ?
20. Describe the elementary structures in the right or left ventricle?
21. List the strutures keeping blood flowing in a fixed direction and
explain its function.
22. Describe the flow of electrical impulses through the cardiac
conduction system.
23.Describe the distribution of the left and right coronary artery.
24.list the structure of the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear and
explain the function of each as related to hearing.
25.**use a flow chart to describe the sound waves are transmitted to
the spiral organ in normal condition.
26. list the receptors of auditory and blance and explain their
functions.
27.List the accessory structures of the eye that either cause the eye
to move or protect it within the orbit.
28.describe the structures of the wall of the eyeball and explain their
acorresponding functions.
29.describe the function of the externalocular muscles of the eye.
30.**use the flow chart to describethe production and circulation of
aqueous humor.
Ans…
31.**what is the refractive media of eye and its function.
Ans..
***Refracte entering light and focus them on the:-
retina
Cornea
Aqueous humor
Lens
Vitreous body
The lens is particularly important for refining and altering
refraction.
Of the refractive media, only the lens can be altered in shape
to achieve precise refraction.
*** Function of the Eyeball:-
The focusing of light and stimulation of photoreceptors of the
retina require five basic processes:
1. transmission of light through transparent media of the
eyeball;
2. refraction of light through media of different densities;
3. accommodation of the lens to focus the light;
4. constriction of the pupil by the iris to regulate the amount of
light entering the posterior cavity; and
5. convergence of the eyeballs, so that visual acuity is
maintained.
32.***** Vertebral levels os spinal cord segments:-
ANATOMIC RELATIONSHIP OF SPINAL CORD WITH VERTEBRAL BODY IN
ADULTS
Spinal cord segments Vertebral bodies
C1-4 C1-4
C5-T4 C4-T3
T5-8 T3-6
T9-12 T6-9
L1-5 T10-12
S1-S4,Co1 L1
33.***Concept of reflex & compents of reflex arc?
Ans..
The response produced by reflex arc is called reflex.
Reflex arc is an basic functional unit of nervous system.it’s
components are 5 in number.they r :-
1. Receptor:-responds to stimuli and produces nerve impulse.
2. Sensory neuron;-transmits impulse to CNS.
3. Inter neuron;-synapse with motor neurons in CNS.
4. Motor neuron:- carries out impulse in CNS to effector organs
through PNS.
5. Effector organ:-such as musles/glands,responds to impulse.
34.arterial pathway frm the external iliac artery to the foot.
Ans…
***NOTE:-
WE THINK 1ST 14 QUESTIONS R ENOUGH.
NO NEED OF READING LONG QUES. FRM SENSE ORGANS,ONLY
BITS WILL COME.
____________________________________________________________
TERMS:-
1. INTER-ATRIAL SEPTUM:-
it locates between the rt. & lt.artery.it is formed by
endocardium,the connective tissue and a few myocardial
fibers.it is thin,at the oval fossa which is mainly formed by 2
layers of endocardium.it prevents the mixing of de-oygenated
blood in the rt.atrium with oxygenated blood in lt. atrium.an
atrial septum defect occurs when primary arterial septum fails
to fuse with muscular edge.
2. INTER VENTRICULAR SEPTUM:-
it locates between rt. & lt. ventricles.it is formed by the
division of septum in2 membranous & muscular part.it
prevents the mixing of de-oxygenated blod in rt.ventricle with
oxygenated blood in lt.venticle.it defect often occurs at the
inter-ventricular part.
3. CORNARY SINUS:-
it is located in posterior part of coronary sinus.it’s main
function is carring most of venus blood frm myo-cardium to rt.
Atrium.it’s tributaries are :-1.great cardiac vein,2.middle
cardiac vein,3.small cardiac vein,4.anterior cardiac
vein,5.smallest cardiac vein.
4. PERICARIDIUM:-
It is a covering of heart and its roots of its great vessels.it
encloses heart and roots of its great vessels.it consist of outer
fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium.serous
pericardium is divided into visceral layer & paritel layer.it is
important as pericardial cavity,the potential space between the
visceral and parietal layer.it contains serous fluid which
provides lubrication ,when heart beats.
5. ***TRANSVERSE SINUS OF PERICARDIUM:-
the recesses of pericardial cavity include the transverse
sinus.it extends posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary
trunk, between the superior vena cava and left atrium.it is
useful for heart operation in some cases.
6. ***OBLIQUE SINUS OF PERICARDIUM:-
The recess of pericardial cavity include the oblique sinus.it lies
between posterior wall of lt.atrium and posterior part of
pericardium .It extends posterior to heart, bounded by
pulmonary veins on either side and inferior vena cava on the
side。
7. ANTERIO-INFERIOR SINUS OF PERICARDIUM
It is formed by the reflexion of anterior wall into inferior wall of
parietal layer of serous pericardium.The recess of pericardial
cavity includes the anterio-inferior sinus.It liesAnterioinferior
to the cardiac apex.
8. CAROTID SINUS
A dilation at the bifurcation of the common carotid a. it
contains numerous nerve ends in its wall,which monitors the
blood pressure.
9. CARTIOD BODIES
Some small oval bodies on the posterior surface of the carotid
bifurcation,it is a chemical receptor monitoring the level of Co2
in the blood.
10. SUPERFICIAL PALMAR ARCHES
They r formed bt the anastomosis of the terminal part of the
ulnar a. & the superficial palmar branch of the radial a.,which
lies just under the palmar aponeurosis.3 common palmar
digital arteries arise frm the superficial palmar arch and finally
branch into 2 proper palmar digital arteries to supply the
fingers.
11. DEEP PALMAR ARCHES
They r formed by the anastomosis of the terminal part of the
radial a. & the deep palmar branch of the ulnar a. the main
branches of arch r:- Principal thumb a. that supplies the
thumb.the 3 palmar meta-carpal arteries that join to the 3
common palmar digital arteries.2 arches anastomosis each
other to regulate the blood of the hand.
12. Tricuspid valve complex
The tricuspid annulus,tricuspid valve,chordate tendineae &
papillary muscles make up of tricuspid valve complex.
these structures comprise a functional unit.
the complex guards the rt. Atrio-ventricular orifice.it permits
the bllod flowinf frm the rt. Atrium into rt.venticle,but prevents
the blood flowing in opposite direction.
when the atrium contracts,the blood flows into the
ventricle,the atrio-ventricular orifice is open.
when the ventricle contracts,the blood is ejected into the
artery,the artio-ventricular orifice is close.
So,the blood only can flow in a fixed direction frm atrium to
ventricle,then to the artery.
13. Mitral valve complex
Mitral valve annulus,the mitral valve,chordate
tendineae,papillary muscles form the mitral valve complex
which ensure the blood flow only frm the ventricle to the aorta.
14. Aortic valve
It guards the aortic orifice.
3 semi-lunar valves---rt.,lt. and posterior
3 aoritc sinuses---the bulges in aortic wall at level of
valve that correspond to cups.
i. Rt.---contains opening of rt.cornary artery.
ii. Lt.---contains opening of lt.cornary artery.
iii. Posterior---no opening.
15. Pulmonary valve
16. Systemic circulation:-
blood → left atrium → left ventricle →aorta and its
branches→capillaries of all the body →superior and inferior
vena cava→right atrium.
Its function is bring oxygen and nutrients to tissues and taking
back CO2 and metabolic productions.
After systemic circulation, the blood becomes the oxygen-poor
blood ( venous blood ).
17. Pulmonary circulation
the blood in right atrium → right ventricle →pulmonary trunk
and its branches →capillaries of lungs→pulmonary v. →left
atrium
Its function is making oxygen-poor blood into oxygen-rich
blood, which meet the need of the body.
The blood of the pulmonary circulation only flow to the lung
and then back to the heart.
18. Septomarginal trabecula*****
19. oval fossa
20. CAUDA-EQUINA****
The lumnar & sacral roots descend for a considerable distance
in the sub-archachiod space before reaching their resp.inter-
vertebral foramina.The large no.of lumbo-sacral roots
surrounding the filum terminale is known as the cauda-equina.
21. LUMBAR PUCTURE {CLINCAL NOTES}****
It may be necessary to insert a needle into sub-arachoid space
to obtain a sample of CSF for analysis or for other reasons.a
spinal lumbar pucture is the preferred method:-the needle is
inserted between the spines of the 3rd & 4th lumbar vertebrae
without risk of damaging the spinal cord.
22. NUCLEUS GRACILE & NUCLEUS CUNEATE
The gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus are located in the lower
medulla oblongate,deep to the gracile tubercle and cuneate
tubercle resp.axons frm the nuclei emerge as internal arcuate
fibers,at 1st curving ventro-laterally around the central gray matter
and then ventro-medially between tri-geminal spinal tract and
central grey matter and decussate,constituting an ascending
contralateral tract,the mediallemnisus.
23. WILLIS CIRCLE or CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE***
It is formed by the anterior & posterior cerebral arteries,the
arterior & posterior communicating arteries and a short
segement of internal carotid arteries.it encircles the optic
chiasma,the tuber cinereum and the mammillary bodies.the
branches derived frm the anterior,middle and posterior
cerebral arteries frm the cerebral arterial circle are divided
into cortical and the central branches.
24.BRAIN STEM;-
It is composed of the medulla oblongata,pons and mid-brain
which connects the cerebrum,cerebellum with spinal cord.it
occupies the posterior crainial fossa of the skull.
25.GANGLION
In PNS,the cell bodies are grouped together to form the
ganglion.sensory ganglion cells in dorsal roots of spinal
nerves & some cranial nerves give off both central and
peripheral process and do not have synpases on their cell
bodies,whilst ganglionic neurons of the visceral nervous system
receive synptic contacts frm various sources.
26.NUCLEUS
A nucleus is a aggregation of neuronal cell bodies and dentities,of
more or less similar shape and function,located inside the CNS.nuclei
is various in sizes and shapes,commonly spherical and oval and
sometimes in small flattened sheets.
27.TONSILLAR RING OF PHARYNX***
Pharyngeal tonsile,tubal tonsile,palatine tonsile,lingual
tonsile.it’s function is to defend & protection.
28.SUPRA-NUCLEAR PARALYSIS
Paralysis is caused by the injury of upper motor neuron.
29.INFRA-NUCLEAR PARALYSIS
Paralysis is caused by the injury of lower motor neuron.
30.LOWER MOTOR NEURONS
Includes crainial motor nuclei and motor neurons in anterior horn of
spinal cord.their axons leave CNS & extend through peripheral
nerves to supply skeletal muscles.
31.UPPER MOTOR NEURONS
It lie in the motor area of cerebral cortex.it connect directly or
through inter-neurons to lower motor neurons.
32.VPM
Special relay nuclei of dorsal thalamus.The medial region receiving
sensory data frm head & is termed as ventral postero-medial
nucleous.it receives trigeminal lemniscus and taste fibers.
33.VPL
Special relay nuclei of dorsal thalamus.Projects to 1st somatic sensory
area via central thalamic radition.it receives medial lemniscus and
spinal lemniscus.in the optic opticum,the fiber derived frm retina of 2
eyes,nasal side intersect while the temple side ones doesn’t
intersect.
34.ANTERIOR ROOT & POSTERIOR ROOT OF SPINAL NERVES
Spinal nerves are attached to spinal cord by anterior root & posterior
root.anterior root is a motor part and posterior root is a sensory
part.
35.CERVICAL PLEXUS
It is formed by anterior rami of C1-C4 spinal nerve.it lies infront of
origin of levator scapuleae and scalenus medius and deep to superior
part of sterno-cleido-mastoid.
36.****BRACHIAL PLEXUS
It is formed by anterior rami of C8-L8 & T1 spinal nerves.it passes
through scalene fissure to postero-superior of sub-clavian artery ,yhen
enters the axilla to form 3 cords.its branches are :-
Median nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Ulnar nerve
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve
37.TRACTS/FASCICULE
Fibers bundles having same orgin,course and termination are known
tracts.
_____________________________________________________________
DIGRAMS 4 LAB;-
HEART
BRAIN STEM
TELENCEPHALON { LANGUAGE AREA }
INTERNAL CAPSULE.
REF ALL PPT’S ALSO.
ALL THE BEST 4 UR
EXAM